Iberian Languages and Linguistics

Dr. Aengus Ward [email protected] Ashley Building 115

Tuesday 2-4 Law LT2 Course Outline

Week Topic

1. Introduction to Linguistics/Principles of linguistics

2. Native speaker's competence

3. Language change over time: the Indo-European group/Romance languages

4. Language change over region: Dialectology

5. Language change in society: Sociolinguistics

6. Reading Week

7. Principles of language planning/Language planning in Spain

8. Catalan

9. Galician

10. Basque

11. Conclusion

Assessment of Linguistics: One 2 hour examination in May/June Year 1 Linguistics: Reading List

April MacMahon, Understanding Language Change

Clare Mar Molinero, The Politics of Language in the Spanish-Speaking World

Clare Mar Molinero, The Spanish Speaking World

David Crystal (ed.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language

David Crystal, Linguistics

David Crystal, What is Linguistics?

David Graddol et al., Describing Language

Edward Sapir, Language: an introduction to the study of speech

Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics

Guillermo Rojo, El lenguaje, las lenguas y la lingüística

H G Widdowson, Linguistics

Ian Mackenzie, A linguistic Introduction to Spanish

Jean Aitcheson, The Seeds of Speech

Jesús Tusón, Linguistica : una introduccion al estudio del lenguaje

JMY Simpson, A First Course in Linguistics

John Lyons, Chomsky

Julia Kristeva, Language the Unknown

Leonard Bloomfield, Language

Maitena Extebarria, Bilingüísmo en el estado español

Maitena Extebarria, La diversidad de lenguas en España

Mark Abley, Spoken Here

Paul Lloyd, From Latin to Spanish

R.A. Hudson, Sociolinguistics

Rajend Mesthrie et al., Introducing Sociolinguistics

Ralph Penny, Variation and Change in Spanish

Ralph Penny, A History of the Spanish Language

Roger Lass, Historical linguistics and Language Change Stephen Pinker, The Language Instinct

William J. Entwhistle, Las lenguas de España

Week 1

What is Linguistics? Introduction to course

 Language as Social Activity

Cognitive beings depend on language

Language structures society

 What can language do?

 Language and reality

Language recreates reality

Language represents that which has no reality

Language frames reality

 Branches of linguisics

Empirical Studies

Language Change

Theoretical linguistics

Debate: “What is language for? What do we know about language? How do we learn it?

Reading: David Crystal, Linguistics

David Crystal, What is Linguistics

Week 2

Native speaker’s competence

Abilities of speakers:

Grammaticality Formulation of sentences Number of sentences Awareness of similarity and difference

Ferdinand de Saussure and the Linguistics sign

See http://faculty.smu.edu/nschwart/seminar/Saussure.htm

Inherited Borrowed Phonetic Translated Semantic Created

Spanish borrowed lexis

Catalan and Portuguese: buque, nao, muelle, rape, calamar, butifarra, almeja, mejillón, ostra French: cartucho, coronel, bayoneta, jefe Arabic: algebra, cero, almanaque, naranja, albaricoque, aceituna Basque: urraca, zurdo, boina, García, Íñigo, Javier, Sancho

Debate: What does it mean to be a native speaker? How do you identify other native speakers? How do we agree that a word is appropriate?

Mesthrie et al. Introducing Sociolinguistics, Chapters 8 and 9. Week 3

Language change over time

Indo-European and Romance Linguistics

Sir William Jones, Third Anniversary Discourse

The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists: there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanskrit; and the old Persian might be added to the same family, if this were the place for discussing any question concerning the antiquities of Persia. http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/books/read01.html

1. Anatolian 2. Tokharian 3. Indo-Iranian 4. Greek 5. Celtic 6. Slavonic 7. Baltic 8. Albanian 9. Germanic 10. Italic Sound changes

Assimilation

Dissimilation

Apocope

Syncope

Epenthesis

Metathesis

SEPTIMANA semana VINDICARE vengar HOSPITALE hospital/hostal ANIMA alma SANGUINE sangre CATENATU candado CUMULU colmo HUMERU hombro FEMINA hembra

FILIU hijo FORNU horno FARINA harina FONTE fuente FORTE fuerte FRONTE frente

Ralph Penny, Variation and Change in Spanish

Ralph Penny, A History of the Spanish Language

Roger Lass, Historical linguistics and Language Change Week 4

Definitions of dialect and language?

 Ideolect  Dialect  Supralect

 Mutual intelligibility  Dialect continuum

Standard language Dialect Accent Patois Vernacular Koiné

Pidgin languages Creoles

Non-standard ≠ Substandard

Ralph Penny, Variation and Change in Spanish Mesthrie et al. Introducing Sociolinguistics, Chapters 2 Week 5

Sociolinguistics

What is a language community?

Appropriateness in language

Principles of sociolinguistics

1. Style-shifting 2. Attention 3. Vernacular principle 4. Formality

Mesthrie et al. Introducing Sociolinguistics, Chapters 1 and 3 Trudgill, Sociolinguistics