DOCSLIB.ORG

Duralie Coal Mine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Duralie Coal Mine Annual Review 2013 DURALIE COAL MINE ANNUAL REVIEW Reporting Period: 1st July 2012 to 30th June 2013 Name of mine: Duralie Coal Mine. Mining Titles/Leases: ML1427, ML1646 MOP Commencement date December 2010 MOP Completion date December 2017 AR Commencement date 1st July 2012 AR End date 30th June 2013 Name of leaseholder: Duralie Coal Ltd Name of mine operator (if different): Leighton Mining Reporting Officer: Mr Tony Dwyer Tittle: Manager-Environment and Communiity Signature ………………………………………………… Date Duralie Coal Pty Ltd Page 2 Duralie Coal Annual Review Year Ending June 2013 Prepared by CARBON BASED ENVIRONMENTAL PTY LTD on behalf of Duralie Coal Pty Ltd Carbon Based Environmental Pty Ltd Unit 3, 2 Enterprise Crescent Singleton NSW 2330 Phone: 02 6571 3334 Fax: 02 6571 3335 Emaill:[email protected] Annual Review June 2013 Duralie Coal Pty Ltd Page 3 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 COAL PRODUCTS AND MARKETS ..................................................................................... 7 1.2 CONSENTS, LEASES, LICENCES AND OTHER APPROVALS ......................................... 8 1.2.1 Status of Leases, Licences, Permits and Approvals ...................................................... 8 1.2.2 Amendments to Approvals/Licences during the Reporting Period ............................... 10 1.3 MINE CONTACTS ................................................................................................................ 11 1.4 ACTIONS REQUIRED AT PREVIOUS AR REVIEW ........................................................... 11 2 SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS ................................................................................................. 12 2.1 EXPLORATION .................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Reserve/Resource Status ............................................................................................ 12 2.1.2 Estimated Mine Life ...................................................................................................... 12 2.1.3 Recovery / Dilution ....................................................................................................... 12 2.2 MINING ................................................................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Mining Equipment and Method ..................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 ROM Production History and Forecast ......................................................................... 13 2.3 COAL HANDLING AND BENEFICATION ........................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Coal Washery Rejects Management ............................................................................ 14 2.3.2 ROM Coal Processing On Site ..................................................................................... 14 2.3.3 Saleable Coal Production ............................................................................................. 14 2.3.4 Coal Stockpile Capacity (ROM) .................................................................................... 15 2.3.5 Product Transport ......................................................................................................... 15 2.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING ....................................................................... 15 2.4.1 Chemical Characterisation of Wastes .......................................................................... 15 2.4.2 Sewerage Treatment and Disposal .............................................................................. 16 2.4.3 Fuel Containment ......................................................................................................... 16 2.4.4 Oil and Grease Containment and Disposal .................................................................. 16 2.4.5 Used Tyres ................................................................................................................... 16 2.4.6 Rubbish Disposal .......................................................................................................... 16 2.5 WATER MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................................... 17 2.5.1 Water Supply and Demand .......................................................................................... 17 2.6 HAZARDOUS AND EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS MANAGEMENT ....................................... 18 2.6.1 Status of Dangerous Goods Approval .......................................................................... 18 2.7 OTHER INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT .................................................................... 19 2.7.1 Dams Safety Committee .............................................................................................. 19 3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE .................................................. 19 3.1 CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ........................................................................ 19 3.2 REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE ............................................................ 20 3.2.1 EPA Environment Protection Licence .......................................................................... 20 3.2.2 Project Approval Conditions ......................................................................................... 20 Annual Review June 2013 Duralie Coal Pty Ltd Page 4 3.3 METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING ................................................................................... 21 3.3.1 Rainfall .......................................................................................................................... 21 3.3.2 Evaporation .................................................................................................................. 22 3.3.3 Wind Speed and Direction ............................................................................................ 22 3.3.4 Temperature ................................................................................................................. 23 3.4 AIR QUALITY ....................................................................................................................... 23 3.4.1 Dust Control Procedures .............................................................................................. 23 3.4.2 Dust Monitoring and Criteria ......................................................................................... 24 3.4.3 Review of Dust Monitoring Results .............................................................................. 24 3.4.4 Reporting ...................................................................................................................... 27 3.5 SEDIMENT AND EROSION CONTROL .............................................................................. 27 3.6 SURFACE WATER ............................................................................................................... 28 3.6.1 Surface Water Management ........................................................................................ 28 3.6.2 Surface Water Monitoring ............................................................................................. 30 3.6.3 Biological Monitoring .................................................................................................... 32 3.6.4 Riparian Vegetation Monitoring .................................................................................... 33 3.6.5 Ecotoxicity Testing Program ......................................................................................... 34 3.7 GROUNDWATER ................................................................................................................. 34 3.7.1 Groundwater Management ........................................................................................... 34 3.7.2 Groundwater Monitoring ............................................................................................... 34 3.7.3 Groundwater Depressurisation ..................................................................................... 35 3.7.4 Reporting ...................................................................................................................... 36 3.8 IRRIGATION ......................................................................................................................... 36 3.8.1 Irrigation Area Soil and Vegetation Monitoring ............................................................. 37 3.8.2 Re-establishment of Coal Shaft Creek ......................................................................... 38 3.9 MANAGEMENT OF BIODIVERSITY ................................................................................... 38 3.9.1 Giant Barred Frog Report ............................................................................................. 38 3.9.2 Nest Box Program ........................................................................................................ 39 3.9.3 Weed Control ................................................................................................................ 39 3.9.4 Feral Animal Control ..................................................................................................... 40 3.10 VIBRATION AND AIRBLAST .............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The History of the Worimi People by Mick Leon
    The History of the Worimi People By Mick Leon The Tobwabba story is really the story of the original Worimi people from the Great Lakes region of coastal New South Wales, Australia. Before contact with settlers, their people extended from Port Stephens in the south to Forster/Tuncurry in the north and as far west as Gloucester. The Worimi is made up of several tribes; Buraigal, Gamipingal and the Garawerrigal. The people of the Wallis Lake area, called Wallamba, had one central campsite which is now known as Coomba Park. Their descendants, still living today, used this campsite 'til 1843. The Wallamba had possibly up to 500 members before white contact was made. The middens around the Wallis Lake area suggest that food from the lake and sea was abundant, as well as wallabies, kangaroos, echidnas, waterfowl and fruit bats. Fire was an important feature of life, both for campsites and the periodic 'burning ' of the land. The people now number less than 200 and from these families, in the main, come the Tobwabba artists. In their work, they express images of their environment, their spiritual beliefs and the life of their ancestors. The name Tobwabba means 'a place of clay' and refers to a hill on which the descendants of the Wallamba now have their homes. They make up a 'mission' called Cabarita with their own Land Council to administer their affairs. Aboriginal History of the Great Lakes District The following extract is provided courtesy of Great Lakes Council (Narelle Marr, 1997): In 1788 there were about 300,000 Aborigines in Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Riparian Vegetation Changes in Eastern NSW
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health - Honours Theses University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2016 Historical Riparian Vegetation Changes in Eastern NSW Angus Skorulis Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Skorulis, Angus, Historical Riparian Vegetation Changes in Eastern NSW, BSci Hons, School of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Wollongong, 2016. https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/120 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong.
    [Show full text]
  • The Permanent Walk Booklet Update
    1 2 THE OLD AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL COMPANY KARUAH TO TAHLEE WALK BOOKLET (Revised for 2015) We acknowledge and recognise the Worimi people on whose land we walk. GENERAL INTRODUCTION WHY WALK? Once every year, Karuah residents and friends walk the 5 kilometres or so from Karuah to Tahlee along the Old AACo Road. It only happens once a year because the road crosses Yalimbah Creek and the bridge that used to cross the creek has gone. In the late 1950s, the bridge which had been built under the direction of Robert Dawson in 1826 was burnt down by persons unknown. At that stage, the bridge was more than 130 years old, a remarkable age for a wooden bridge. Up to that point residents of the two villages had travelled back and forth on a daily basis. From then on, they were forced to take the current route which is 14 kilometres long. So, every year for the last five years, a local oyster farmer has offered an oyster barge to carry people over the creek and around 150 people re-enact the trip from village to village. Karuah Progress association hosts the day which includes a light lunch, guides, afternoon tea and an inspection of historic Tahlee House and a bus ride back to Karuah via the new route as well as a photocopied version of this booklet. TAHLEE AND KARUAH – IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY: In 1825 when the Australian Agricultural Company was formed, 10,000 shares were offered at one hundred pounds per share and they were snapped up by the rich and famous.
    [Show full text]
  • Flood Watch Areas
    ! ! Clermont Boulia ! ! Flood Watch Area No. Flood Watch Area No. Flood Watch Area No. Flood Watch Area No. Yeppoon Flood Watch Areas Barwon River 21 Camden Haven River 74! Lachlan River to Cotton's Weir 29 Nambucca River 76 Bega River 38 Castlereagh River 28 Lake Frome 1 Namoi River 40 !Longreach Barcaldine New South Wales Bellinger and Kalan!g Rivers 75 Central Coast Mount Morg6a3n Lake George 35 Newcastle Area 66 ! Curtis Is Belubula River 30 Central Murrumbidgee River 23 Lake Macquarie 64 Northern Sydney 61 Bemm, Cann and Genoa Rivers 33 Clarence River 72 Lower Lachlan River 14 Orange, Molong and Bell River 31 !Woorabinda Bogan River 19 Clyde River 46 Lower Murrumbidgee River 13 Orara River 77 Biloela !Blackall ! Brunswick River and Coffs Coast Moura 79 Macdonald River 53 Paroo River (NSW) 9 82 ! Marshalls Creek Colo River 48 Macintyre River 60 Parramatta River 56 Tambo Bulla-Bancannia District ! 5 Cooks River 57 Macleay River 69 Paterson and Williams Rivers 65 Bynguano-Lower Barrier Ranges 4 Cooper Creek 3 Macquarie River to Bathurst 37 Peel River 55 Windorah ! Culgoa Birrie Bokhara and Macquarie River Queanbeyan and Molonglo Rivers 34 18 25 Narran Rivers Taroom Gayndah downstream of Burrendong ! ! Richmond River 78 Augathella Birdsville ! Danggali Rivers and Creeks 2 Mandagery Creek 26 ! Shoalhaven River 43 Darling River 7 Manning River 67 Snowy River 27 Murgon Edward River 11 ! Mirrool Creek 16 !Charleville Southern Sydney 62 GeorgesR aomnda Woronora Rivers 54 Kingaroy Moruya and Deua Rivers 41 Quilpie ! ! Nambour ! Miles ! St
    [Show full text]
  • 2020-21 CWP Project Status.Xlsx
    Construction Project Project Location Scope of Works Current Phase Start Finish Current Progress Financial Status Financial Commentary Status Special Projects Design finalised in prep for relocating services and commencing tender process, target report to December Northern Gateway ‐ Roundabout ‐ stage 1 Cundletown Construction of Princes St roundabout Planning ‐ 2Dec‐20 Apr‐21 Council meeting. Northern Gateway ‐ Roundabout ‐ stage 2 Cundletown Construction of 2 lanes of bypass road up to industrial access road Planning ‐ 2Apr‐21 Jun‐21 Detailed design underway. Northern Gateway ‐ Off/On Ramps Cundletown Upgrade of on/off ramps for Pacific Highway Initiation TfNSW is developing design. Northern Gateway ‐ Cundletown Bypass Cundletown Construction of the remainder of the Cundletown bypass road Initiation Concept design being prepared. Rainbow Flat/Darwank/Ha Scope of works to be finalised ‐ provisionally a 2 lane lane roundabout for an The Lakes Way/Blackhead Rd ‐ Roundabout llidays Point 80km/hr speed zone Initiation Apr‐21 Sep‐21 Scope and concept design being developed. Replacement of a low level timber bridge with a new bridge at a higher level that Awaiting notification of grant funding to proceed with Cedar Party Creek Bridge Wingham reduces flood imapcts and services the heavy vehicle network more effeectively. Initiation design development for the current proposal. Urban Construction Combined with Horse Point Road (rural construction) ‐ 6m seal ‐ project is to Dogwood Road Bungwahl reduce sediment loads on Smiths Lake ‐ 1400m. Initiation Oct‐20 Dec‐20 Pavement design being developed. Construction of a bitumen sealed road between Saltwater Rd and currently constructed section of Forest Lane, approx. 600m. Phased construction of Forest Lane Old Bar intersection with Saltwater Rd.
    [Show full text]
  • Etymology of the Dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) Named by R.J. Tillyard, F.R.S
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of Sydney: Sydney eScholarship Journals online Etymology of the Dragonfl ies (Insecta: Odonata) named by R.J. Tillyard, F.R.S. IAN D. ENDERSBY 56 Looker Road, Montmorency, Vic 3094 ([email protected]) Published on 23 April 2012 at http://escholarship.library.usyd.edu.au/journals/index.php/LIN Endersby, I.D. (2012). Etymology of the dragonfl ies (Insecta: Odonata) named by R.J. Tillyard, F.R.S. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 134, 1-16. R.J. Tillyard described 26 genera and 130 specifi c or subspecifi c taxa of dragonfl ies from the Australasian region. The etymology of the scientifi c name of each of these is given or deduced. Manuscript received 11 December 2011, accepted for publication 16 April 2012. KEYWORDS: Australasia, Dragonfl ies, Etymology, Odonata, Tillyard. INTRODUCTION moved to another genus while 16 (12%) have fallen into junior synonymy. Twelve (9%) of his subspecies Given a few taxonomic and distributional have been raised to full species status and two species uncertainties, the odonate fauna of Australia comprises have been relegated to subspecifi c status. Of the 325 species in 113 genera (Theischinger and Endersby eleven subspecies, or varieties or races as Tillyard 2009). The discovery and naming of these dragonfl ies sometimes called them, not accounted for above, fi ve falls roughly into three discrete time periods (Table 1). are still recognised, albeit four in different genera, During the fi rst of these, all Australian Odonata were two are no longer considered as distinct subspecies, referred to European experts, while the second era and four have disappeared from the modern literature.
    [Show full text]
  • NSW Calendar and General Post Office Directory, 1832
    bury, and the mass of country drained by the Capertee Wiseman's Ferry, and here the newly made road and Wolgan streams. northward commences at the ten mile stone. 69 On the left is King George's Mount,-this is the From Twelve-mile Hollow, a branch road may be made saddle-backed hill seen from Sydney. extending easterly, to Brisbane water, avery interest- 77 Head of the Grose River; the Darling Causeway ing portion of the country, and where there is much divides it from the River Lett; descend to good land but partially taken up. There is already 78 Collett's Inn, on the Great Western Road. (See a track across Mangrove Creek, a branch of the page 109). Hawkesbury, on which are many small farms and set- tlers, and across the heads of Popran creek, a branch of GREAT NORTH ROAD. the Mangrove, and Mooney Mooney Creek, another branch of the Hawkesbury ; this track reaches Brisbane 49% Cross the river Hawkesbury by a punt, the breadth of water, at about 20 miles from the Hollow. the river being about 260 yards. 629 On the left the Huts, at a small place called Frog 504 Reach the summit of the ridge, by the new ascent, Hollow, belonging to Mr. Wiseman. Mangrove Creek which, as compared with the old road to that point is about two miles on the right, many streams flow to from the river, is shorter by 23 miles. Here, on the it from the valleys below the road. left, is the Soldier's encampment and stockade on a 622 On the right, Mount Macleod and beyond it, nearly little stream running into the Macdonald river, or first parallel to the road, is a deep ravine, with a fine rivulet brancbThe Macdonald is seen on the left, with a part of the purest water running to Mangrove Creek.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata Australian the to Guide Identification
    Identification Guide to theAustralian Odonata www.environment.nsw.gov.au Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data Theischinger, G. (Gunther), 1940– Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata 1. Odonata – Australia. 2. Odonata – Australia – Identification. I. Endersby I. (Ian), 1941- . II. Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW © 2009 Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW Front cover: Petalura gigantea, male (photo R. Tuft) Prepared by: Gunther Theischinger, Waters and Catchments Science, Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW and Ian Endersby, 56 Looker Road, Montmorency, Victoria 3094 Published by: Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 59–61 Goulburn Street Sydney PO Box A290 Sydney South 1232 Phone: (02) 9995 5000 (switchboard) Phone: 131555 (information & publication requests) Fax: (02) 9995 5999 Email: [email protected] Website: www.environment.nsw.gov.au The Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW is pleased to allow this material to be reproduced in whole or in part, provided the meaning is unchanged and its source, publisher and authorship are acknowledged. ISBN 978 1 74232 475 3 DECCW 2009/730 December 2009 Printed using environmentally sustainable paper. Contents About this guide iv 1 Introduction 1 2 Systematics
    [Show full text]
  • Statement of Environmental Effects Bowens Road North Open Cut
    BOWENS ROAD NORTH OPEN CUT JUNE 2010 MODIFICATION STATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS BOWENS ROAD NORTH OPEN CUT JUNE 2010 MODIFICATION STATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS JUNE 2010 Project No. GCL-09-11 Document No. 00346359 Bowens Road North Open Cut – June 2010 Modification Statement of Environmental Effects TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 GENERAL 1 1.1.1 Existing Operations 1 1.1.2 June 2010 Modification Overview 5 1.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 5 1.2.1 Environmental Planning Instruments 9 1.2.2 Other Approvals 15 1.3 CONSULTATION 15 1.3.1 State and Local Government Agencies 15 1.3.2 Public Consultation 16 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THIS SEE 18 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED MODIFICATION 19 2.1 MINING METHOD AND OPERATING HOURS 19 2.2 COAL AND WASTE ROCK PRODUCTION 19 2.3 CHPP REJECT MANAGEMENT 20 2.4 WORKFORCE 20 3 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 21 3.1 FLORA AND FAUNA 21 3.2 NOISE 29 3.2.1 Existing Environment 29 3.2.2 Potential Impacts 31 3.2.3 Mitigation Measures and Management 31 3.3 AIR QUALITY 32 3.3.1 Existing Environment 32 3.3.2 Potential Impacts 33 3.3.3 Mitigation Measures and Management 33 3.4 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 34 3.4.1 Existing Environment 34 3.4.2 Potential Impacts 34 3.4.3 Mitigation Measures and Management 34 3.5 SURFACE WATER RESOURCES 35 3.5.1 Existing Environment 35 3.5.2 Potential Impacts 35 3.5.3 Mitigation Measures and Management 36 3.6 GROUNDWATER RESOURCES 36 3.6.1 Existing Environment 36 3.6.2 Potential Impacts 36 3.6.3 Mitigation Measures and Management 37 3.7 GEOCHEMISTRY 37 3.8 LAND RESOURCES 37 3.8.1 Existing
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Review 2015
    Annual Review 2015 Duralie Coal Pty Ltd Page 2 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 CONSENTS, LEASES, LICENCES AND OTHER APPROVALS ......................................... 7 1.1.1 Status of Leases, Licences, Permits and Approvals ...................................................... 7 1.1.2 Amendments to Approvals/Licences during the Reporting Period ................................. 8 1.2 MINE CONTACTS .................................................................................................................. 8 1.3 ACTIONS REQUIRED AT PREVIOUS AR REVIEW ............................................................. 8 1.4 AUDITS ................................................................................................................................. 10 2 SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS ................................................................................................. 10 2.1 EXPLORATION .................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Estimated Mine Life ...................................................................................................... 11 2.2 MINING ................................................................................................................................. 11 2.2.1 Mining Equipment and Method ..................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 ROM
    [Show full text]
  • Dragonfliesdragonflies Inin Thethe Wildwild Aroundaround Melbournemelbourne
    PhotographingPhotographing andand IdentificationIdentification ofof DragonfliesDragonflies inin thethe WildWild aroundaround MelbourneMelbourne Presentation by Reiner Richter f o r t h e The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria 1 Gardenia St, Blackburn VIC 3130 Wednesday March 16, 2016 8:00 pm – 10:00 pm Notes from the presentation for The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, March 2016. Reiner Richter http://rnr.id.au Introduction I had always enjoyed photography, had a disposable camera as a child and took photography classes in high school. It wasn't until I got my first digital camera in late 2001 that I started taking lots of photos. I photograph anything in nature that I find interesting, including dragonflies, which is what I'll be covering here. These days I take mostly macro photos. In the beginning I wasn't trying to identify much but after several years came in contact with a few people over the internet that had an interest in Victorian dragonflies in particular and they helped me out. It was good to start in a restricted to a region with limited species rather than, for example, having to sift through more than 300 species found throughout Australia. It however still took me another 5 years before I started confidently being able to identify most of Victoria's 75 or so species. In this presentation I will discuss how I go about chasing them and detail some species found in around Melbourne. Photographing Odonata I almost always take photos free-hand as stalking small animals with a tripod is just too impractical. I also use flash most of the time, except sometimes when the dragonfly is perched in direct sunlight and that is the angle from which I am taking the photo.
    [Show full text]
  • Functioning and Changes in the Streamflow Generation of Catchments
    Ecohydrology in space and time: functioning and changes in the streamflow generation of catchments Ralph Trancoso Bachelor Forest Engineering Masters Tropical Forests Sciences Masters Applied Geosciences A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2016 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Trancoso, R. (2016) PhD Thesis, The University of Queensland Abstract Surface freshwater yield is a service provided by catchments, which cycle water intake by partitioning precipitation into evapotranspiration and streamflow. Streamflow generation is experiencing changes globally due to climate- and human-induced changes currently taking place in catchments. However, the direct attribution of streamflow changes to specific catchment modification processes is challenging because catchment functioning results from multiple interactions among distinct drivers (i.e., climate, soils, topography and vegetation). These drivers have coevolved until ecohydrological equilibrium is achieved between the water and energy fluxes. Therefore, the coevolution of catchment drivers and their spatial heterogeneity makes their functioning and response to changes unique and poses a challenge to expanding our ecohydrological knowledge. Addressing these problems is crucial to enabling sustainable water resource management and water supply for society and ecosystems. This thesis explores an extensive dataset of catchments situated along a climatic gradient in eastern Australia to understand the spatial and temporal variation
    [Show full text]