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Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2016 The Best Poor Man's Country?: William Penn, Quakers, and Unfree Labor in Atlantic Pennsylvania Peter B. Kotowski Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Kotowski, Peter B., "The Best Poor Man's Country?: William Penn, Quakers, and Unfree Labor in Atlantic Pennsylvania" (2016). Dissertations. 2138. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2138 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2016 Peter B. Kotowski LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO “THE BEST POOR MAN’S COUNTRY?”: WILLIAM PENN, QUAKERS, AND UNFREE LABOR IN ATLANTIC PENNSYLVANIA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN HISTORY BY PETER B. KOTOWSKI CHICAGO, IL AUGUST 2016 Copyright by Peter B. Kotowski, 2016 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the four years I have been working on this dissertation, I have incurred a staggering number of debts, both personal and professional, to those who have helped me along the path toward completion. I cannot hope in the space available to properly acknowledge all of those who have made this dissertation possible. One of the most enjoyable and rewarding aspects of the dissertation process has been the opportunity to form a community of mentors, colleagues, and friends who have helped shape this dissertation and my own development as a scholar and an educator. For those who I have inadvertently left off the page, I offer my most heartfelt and sincere thanks for all you have done to make this dissertation a reality. I cannot imagine a better place to spend my graduate career than Loyola University Chicago. I am incredibly fortunate to have worked with the wonderful faculty alongside Lake Michigan in the halls of Crown Center. Much of the value of this dissertation is due, in fact, to my dissertation committee, John Donoghue, Robert Bucholz, Kyle Roberts, and Michael Goode. Kyle Roberts provided timely and helpful feedback throughout the entire process. His grasp of historiography and ability to ask incisive questions helped me develop the framework of this project and produce a more sophisticated manuscript. I also owe him a debt for his constant encouragement to look beyond the walls of Loyola and connect with the larger world of early American historians. Robert Bucholz has been invaluable throughout my entire graduate career. To iii this day, I am in awe of Dr. Bucholz’s ability to produce exceptional scholarship and incredible lectures. He is a role model for how to act inside and out of the classroom. He is also one of the most generous individuals I have had the pleasure of meeting. His door was always open and I spent a staggering number of hours in his office discussing my teaching, my dissertation, and my struggles moving through the writing process. His advice and sympathy are so very appreciated. I am also thankful for the direct hand he had in making this dissertation a success, particularly in helping me unravel the mysteries of early modern England. The countless hours he spent writing extensive and illuminating comments vastly improved the content and style of this manuscript. I had the pleasure of meeting Michael Goode at a seminar at the Newberry Library. That seminar marked the beginning of what has become an incredibly rewarding and collegial relationship that I deeply value. Our professional relationship and friendship has since developed over countless dinners and drinks, as well as an extremely fun and productive summer researching in Philadelphia talking about early Pennsylvania. I am thankful to have met a fellow scholar of early Pennsylvania, particularly one so generous with his time as Michael. He helped me keep perspective on my dissertation and his sharp insights into the world of William Penn and early Pennsylvania have been extremely helpful. I owe him a debt not only for his feedback on this project, but for his own work, which has influenced my own scholarship in innumerable ways. My supervisor, John Donoghue, deserves far more credit and thanks than I could possibly hope to express in this acknowledgements section. I first met John in 2000, when he was a coach on my freshmen football team at Mt. Lebanon High School in Pittsburgh. He began influencing my life as a scholar three years later, in AP U.S. iv History, where he first opened my eyes to a world of history beyond rote memorization of names and dates. We maintained a friendly relationship over the next four years thanks to our shared time spent at the University of Pittsburgh, where I was an undergraduate and John was a PhD candidate. It was a stroke of luck that we would both end up at Loyola together. No one has made a greater impact on this project than John. He has constantly challenged me to think more deeply about so many topics at the heart of this project, and I am very fortunate to have benefitted from his impressive grasp of historiography and his intellectual depth. He pushed me to think more complexly about my dissertation as more than a project just about early Pennsylvania and to see its value to the larger community of Atlantic historians. I am also incredibly thankful to have worked with a scholar who works so passionately to wed scholarship and activism. His approach to the study of history has inspired me to consider the role of my scholarship beyond the walls of academia. Any success I have as a historian will be thanks to John’s encouragement, support, and insight. I am thankful to have gone from calling him a coach to a colleague and a friend. I am grateful for numerous institutions that have assisted me throughout this process. At Loyola, I was fortunate enough to benefit from seven years of funding. An Advanced Doctoral Fellowship allowed me to spend a year writing my dissertation proposal and begin researching. Additionally, an Arthur J. Schmitt Fellowship in Leadership and Service gave me two semesters to focus on revising and defending the dissertation. While at Loyola, I received much support from additional faculty— including Timothy Gilfoyle, Theodore Karamanski, and Suzanne Kaufman—and the Department’s administrative team, specifically Lillian Hardison, who spent years helping v me navigate paperwork and deadlines. Thanks also to the Graduate School, especially Jessica Horowitz. The Dissertation Boot Camp gave me the time and structure to write two chapters. I am also grateful for the members of the Dissertation Writing Group and the English Atlantic Writing Group, who have read and provided valuable feedback on dissertation chapters over the last two years. Finding primary sources about early Pennsylvania while living in Chicago can be a daunting task, and I am thankful for the institutions that provided grants and fellowships to finance research trips to Philadelphia. Thanks to the National Society of Colonial Dames in the State of Illinois for providing me with a research grant enabling me to take my very first trip to Philadelphia. A dissertation fellowship from the McNeil Center for Early American Studies gave me an extended period of time combing through the archives. Without that fellowship, I do not know how I would have found the time and financial support necessary to research this project so thoroughly. Finally, a fellowship from the American Philosophical Society and Jack Miller Center gave me two crucial months to come back to the archives after finishing my initial dissertation draft. With a completed draft, I had a much better idea of what sources I needed to consult, and this fellowship was incredibly helpful in that regard. A special note of thanks must be extended to the McNeil Center. There truly is no better place to spend your time as an early American historian than in the offices and seminar rooms at 3355 Woodland Walk. My experience at the McNeil Center was more than I could have hoped for, and I owe a debt of gratitude to Dan Richter for doing such a phenomenal job as Director. The success of the McNeil Center is also due to the wonderful administrative staff at the Center. Amy Baxter-Bellamy and Barbara Natello vi work tirelessly to organize seminars and conferences, and manage an often-boisterous cohort of fellows year after year. Their work is appreciated. I have spent a staggering number of hours in archives and libraries and was lucky to work with great people at those institutions. Thanks to the staff at Loyola’s Cudahy Library, particularly David Schimdt, who kept me comfortable in a nice, quiet study carrel, and the interlibrary loan team. The archivists at the Quaker and Special Collections Library at Haverford College were incredibly generous with their time and very patient with me during several fast and frantic research trips. At the Library Company of Philadelphia I had the pleasure of working with Jim Green. His knowledge of print material is staggering. I really enjoyed the conversations I had with Pat Spero at the APS, and Abby Shelton and Earle Spamer helped make my two months there a blast. Special thanks to Eleanor Gesensway for opening her home and allowing me to stay just a few blocks away from the archives. The most time I spent in a single archive was at the HSP, and I am truly thankful for the work of Sarah Heim and Steve Smith, who helped me track down page after page of manuscript material.
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