Control Capabilities Of DER And Evaluation Of Their Steady State Response

‘…fenia step towards the futurex of electricity networks’

Contract Nº: SES6 - 518272

FENIX Deliverable 4.1: Laboratory Demonstrations DRAFT 1 for Specification

Abstract and purpose of the document This document describes the demonstations of the FENIX concepts and the project’s develop- ments in four distinct parts dedicated to the laboratories at ISET, IDEA, LABEIN and IMPERIAL. Each part describes the laboratory environment, the integration of the FENIX architecture, and the demonstrations of the FENIX concept.

01/03/08 Page 1 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only ‘…fenia step towards the futurex of electricity networks’

Contract Nº: SES6 - 518272

FENIX Deliverable 4.1: Laboratory Demonstrations DRAFT 1 for Specification

PART A: ISET

01/03/08 Page 2 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Document type: Deliverable 4.1 Main authors: Martin Braun (ISET) Company: ISET e.V. Address: Königstor 59 34119 Kassel (GERMANY) Telephone: +49 561 7294 118 Fax: +49 561 7294 400 Email: [email protected] Further Authors:

01/03/08 Page 3 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Document information

Document ID: Task 3.1_2008-02-29_Deliverable D4.1_Specifications Date: 29/02/2008 Issued by: ISET Work Package / task: WP 4 / Task 4.1 Status: S4: Draft Dissemination level: CO – Consortium Only Distribution: FENIX Partners

Document history

Version Date Modification Author 1 29/02/2008 First Draft Version (for specifications) Martin Braun

Approvals

Name Company Date

01/03/08 Page 4 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

01/03/08 Page 5 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 5

1 INTRODUCTION...... 8

2 DESCRIPTION OF LABORATORY INFRASTRUCTURE: DEMOTEC...... 9

2.1 Description of DER units in DeMoTec...... 12 2.1.1 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset...... 12 2.1.2 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset...... 15 2.1.3 80 kVA WEC/Grid Simulator...... 18 2.1.4 100 kVA Multifunctional PV Inverter and PV Simulator ...... 19 2.1.5 15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator (SG or IG)...... 21 2.1.6 PV-Battery-Diesel-System...... 24 2.1.6.1 Battery Inverter (SMA Sunny Island 4500)...... 24 2.1.6.2 Battery Inverter (SMA Sunny Island 5048)...... 27 2.1.6.3 Diesel Aggregate...... 27 2.1.7 Mobile 11.55 kVA Loads...... 28 2.1.8 Mobile Ohmic Load 210 kW...... 28 2.1.9 Workshop...... 28 2.2 Description of Network Elements in DeMoTec...... 29 2.2.1 Crossbar Switch Cabinet...... 30 2.2.2 10 kV / 1.6-25 km Hardware Grid Simulator...... 32 2.2.3 LV Hardware Cable / Overline Simulator...... 36 2.3 ICT infrastructure, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition...... 38 2.3.1 ICT infrastructure...... 38 2.3.1.1 Local Area Network...... 38 2.3.1.2 Interbus S...... 40 2.3.1.3 LON Bus...... 40 2.3.1.4 PROFIBUS...... 40 2.3.2 Data Acquisition...... 41 2.3.2.1 Central Data Acquisition...... 41 2.3.2.2 Measurements Provided by the Generators...... 42 2.3.2.3 Mobile Measurements, Power Quality Measurements and Transient Recording...... 42 2.3.2.4 Comparison of Different Measurement Devices...... 43 2.3.3 Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)...... 44 2.3.3.1 RTU of the 80 kVA SG...... 45 2.3.3.2 RTU of the 15 kVA SG...... 46 2.3.3.3 RTU of the 12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate...... 46 2.3.3.4 Proprietary Protocol via RS232 to control the 100 kVA Multi-PV...... 46 2.3.3.5 Modbus via RS 232 to control the 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset...... 47 2.3.3.6 TCP/IP via Ethernet to control the Load Cabinets...... 47 2.3.3.7 TCP/IP via Ethernet to control the Workshop...... 47 2.3.3.8 XML-RPC via Ethernet to control 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset...... 51

01/03/08 Page 6 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 2.3.3.9 XML-RPC via Ethernet to control Sunny Islands...... 53 2.3.4 SCADA System...... 55

3 INTEGRATION OF FENIX CONCEPT IN DEMOTEC...... 56

3.1 Integration of FENIX Box...... 56

3.2 Integration of DEMS...... 57

4 LABORATORY TESTS & DEMONSTRATIONS ...... 58

4.1 Step Response Tests of Active and Reactive Power Control...... 58 4.1.1 Test Set Up...... 58 4.1.2 Results of Physical Tests...... 58 4.1.3 Software Simulation...... 59 4.2 Determination of Loading Capability Charts...... 59 4.2.1 Test Set Up...... 60 4.2.2 Results of Physical Tests...... 60 4.2.3 Software Simulation...... 60 4.3 Day-Ahead Market Participation (Active Power Control)...... 60 4.3.1 Test Set Up...... 63 4.3.2 Software Simulation...... 64 4.3.3 Results of Physical Demonstration...... 64 4.4 Frequency Control (Active Power Control)...... 64 4.4.1 Test Set Up...... 65 4.4.2 Software Simulation...... 66 4.4.3 Results of Physical Demonstration...... 66 4.5 Reactive Power Supply (Reactive Power Control)...... 66 4.5.1 Test Set Up...... 67 4.5.2 Software Simulation...... 69 4.5.3 Results of Physical Demonstration...... 69 4.6 Voltage Control (Active and Reactive Power Control)...... 69 4.6.1 Test Set Up...... 69 4.6.2 Software Simulation...... 69 4.6.3 Results of Physical Demonstration...... 69

REFERENCES...... 70

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...... 71

01/03/08 Page 7 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 1 INTRODUCTION

01/03/08 Page 8 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 2 DESCRIPTION OF LABORATORY INFRASTRUCTURE: DEMOTEC

The Design-Centre for Modular Supply Technology (DeMoTec) of ISET and the University of Kassel (see Figure 2-1) was built up as a laboratory with the main objective of studying DER units and their distribution network integration. Most of the hardware components were funded from the German government within national projects. The infrastructure was extensively used in many European projects such as DISPOWER, MICROGRIDS, MOREMICROGRIDS, DERlab and DGFACTS.

Figure 2-1: View into the Design-Centre for Modular Supply Technology (DeMoTec)

Conventional generators as well as new generating technologies have been set up. This laboratory environment enables tests concerning DG grid integration focussing on grid control, local generator control, power and communication interfaces. A primary role of the hardware environment is to assure the performance and safety of DG equipment and to help to develop stand- ards. Moreover, the laboratory grid environment will support the exploitation of the projects results by serving as a demonstration and training facility. DeMoTec comprises different Distributed Energy Resources (DER) units. A schematic overview is given in Figure 2-2 (status: December 2007). The following components are available: 1. 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset 2. 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset

3. 5.3 kWel Rape-oil CHP 4. 80 kVA WEC/Grid Simulator 5. Load Terminal 6. Crossbar Switch Cabinet 7. 100 kVA Multifunctional PV Inverter and PV Simulator (and optional Battery)

01/03/08 Page 9 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 8. 15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator (SG or IG) 9. PV-Battery-System 10. 5 kVA WEC Simulator 11. PV-Battery-Diesel-System 12. 10 kV / 1-30 km Hardware Grid Simulator 13. 90 kVA Hardware Grid Simulator (in planning) 14. Mobile Inductive Load 15. Mobile Capacitive Load 16. Mobile Ohmic Load 210 kW 17. LV Hardware Cable / Overline Simulator 18. Mobile Ohmic Load 3 x 4 kW 19. Control and Visualisation Unit 20. CHP Unit Terminal

21. 1.2 kWel CHP Steam Engine

22. 1.0 kWel CHP Stirling Engine 23. Heat Storage 24. Household Simulators 25. Water tank / Desinfection unit / Model Workshop 26. PV-Battery System 27. Virtual Battery 28. Battery Bank / Inverter 29. Photovoltaic Facade

01/03/08 Page 10 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 2-2: Schematic Overview of the DeMoTec Lab Infrastructure

The DeMoTec infrastructure allows a variety of different grid configurations which can be tested in the laboratory environment. The listed components can be connected via the Cross Bar Switch Cabinet at various combinations on low voltage level to the mains via a 175 kVA transformer or forming an island grid. They can be connected to the 10 kV MV network via three 100 kVA and one 250 kVA transformer (see Figure 2-3). This 10 kV network is connected to the mains via a 400 kVA transformer. Moreover, it is possible to simulate lines between the components via LV hardware network simulator or the MV hardware network simulator. The Cross Bar Switch Cabinet allows configuring three different grids in parallel as all components are connected radially and can be connected internally on three different cross bars.

01/03/08 Page 11 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 2-3: Grid Configurations at Medium Voltage Level

The control of the connection of the components to the grid, data acquisition, and visualisation is managed by professional software for visualisation and industrial process control. The communication needed for this purpose is done via an Interbus-S control line. Extra space is available to integrate custom devices on request. In order to enable a common control of the generators and to enable a monitoring of the operating states of the system, a SCADA system for the laboratory network was developed and implemented. XML-RPC was selected as communication protocol between the generators. The communication is done via a separate Ethernet communication line.

1 Description of DER units in DeMoTec

In the lab demonstrations for FENIX some selected DeMoTec components will be used. They are described in the following subchapters with regard to their characteristics and control capabilities.

1.1 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset

The 2007 installed 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset enhances the capabilities of DeMoTec consider- ably. This type of emergency genset provides 5 different operational modes. These are 1. emergency power with fixed frequency: - genset starts automatically after outage

01/03/08 Page 12 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only - provides emergency power - resynchronizes with network after restoration - disconnection and shut-down 2. grid-tied operation - starts automatically with command - synchronizes with network - sets target value of active power and power factor (ramp of 40 s to full load) 3. grid-tied operation with island grid (the rated values of the island grid have to be ful- filled) 4. grid-forming (fixed frequency) 5. grid-forming (droop mode)

Figure 2-4: 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset (Picture) Set: Manufacturer: POLYMA Model: KA 06 0200 5 C 62 T Type of Connection: 3-phase Rated Frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz Rated Voltage: 400 or 240 V Rated Current: 289 A

01/03/08 Page 13 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Rated Power 200 kVA, 160 KW Rated Cos(phi) 0.8 48.75-52.75 Hz (at 50 Hz) Frequency Range Control time constant of ramp: 13 s (from 48.75 to 52.75 Hz) Droop can be defined with SYMAP control 378-418 V (at 400 V) Voltage Range Control time constant of ramp: 13 s (from 378 to 418 V) Droop can be defined with SYMAP control

Motor: Manufacturer: KHD Model: BF6M 1013 FC Type: Biodiesel/Diesel engine (an also be operated with vetetable oil) 183 kW (at 50 Hz), 204 kW (at 60 Hz) Rated Power: limited active power (< 500 h/a): 201 kW (50 Hz), 225 kW (60 Hz) Rated Speed: 1500 rpm

Generator: Manufacturer: MARELLI MOTORI Model: MJB 250 LA4 Type:

Rated Voltage: 400 V or 240 V Rated Frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz Rated Current: 303 A 220 kVA, 176 kW (at 400 V) Rated Power 270 kVA, 216 kW (at 240 V) Rated cos(phi) 0.8 Model: M8B 160 SB4 Type of Connection: 3-phase, YN at 400 V and 50 Hz: Synchronous Reactance Xd 305% Synchronous Reactance Xq 150% Transient Reactance Xd’ 24% Subtransient Reactance Xd’’ 11.3% Subtransient Reactance Xq’’ 12.6% Negative Sequence Reactance X2 12%

01/03/08 Page 14 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Zero Sequence Reactance X0 2.4% Open Circuit Time Constant Tdo 1 s Transient Time Constant Td’ 0.095 s Subtransient Time Constant Td’’ 0.011 s Armature Time Constant Ta 0.013 Efficiency at 50% load (PF = 1): 95% Efficiency at 75% load (PF = 1): 94.9% Efficiency at 100% load (PF = 1): 94.6% Torque of inertia: 1.89 kg m² Short-Circuit-Ratio 0.4 3-phase short-circuit current >=300% Voltag e regulation accuracy +/- 0.5% Overload: 10% for one hour Phase resistance: 0.021 Ohm Table 2-1: 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset (Data)

1.2 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset

Diesel gensets belong to the central components in many hybrid power supply systems. The constraints on their environmental characteristics are gradually increased with the European emission limit values (noise, exhaust and particle emission). An option for complying to these requirements is the adaptation of the diesel engine’s rotational speed to the power requirements. In close cooperation, the companies SMA Regelsysteme GmbH and Kirsch GmbH have developed a speed variable diesel genset which consists of a 30 kW diesel motor (1100 – 3000 rpm), a 20 kVA Permanently Excited Synchronous (PEM) generator and a three-phase inverter (see Figure 2-5, Figure 2-6 and Table 2-2). The power output from the PEM generator feeds a static inverter, which builds a standard three-phase grid of 400 V and 50 Hz. This generator set is not a commercial product. It was developed for laboratory research. The expected advantages are in particular in the partial load range. In comparison to standard units with a fixed speed, the speed variable operation has several advantages during partial load:  lower fuel consumption  lower sound emission  lower exhaust gas emissions  less wear out resulting in an increased lifetime These advantages result in lower operating cost.

01/03/08 Page 15 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 2-5: 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset (Picture)

Set: Manufacturer: KIRSCH Model: D10-20 DDPME (this set is not a commercial product)

Motor: Manufacturer: Deutz Model: F3M 1011 F Type: Diesel engine Rated Power: 30 kW Rated Speed: 2450 rpm Usable Speed Range: 1100 – 3000 rpm (limited to a maximum of 2200 rpm by the controller)

Generator: Manufacturer: Kirsch GmbH Model: PME 250/2 Type: Permanently excited synchronous generator with 12 poles, water

01/03/08 Page 16 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only cooling Type of Connection: 3-phase Rated Frequency: 50 Hz Rated Voltage: 400 V

Converter: Manufacturer: SMA Type: Static Converter (rectifier + inverter) Type of Connection: 3-phase Rated Frequency: 50 Hz Rated Power: 22 kVA / 17.6 kW Rated Voltage: 400 V Rated Current: 32 A Control Mode: Grid-forming (droop mode), grid-tied (PQ control) Overload: 10 % for 1 hour Maximal Power: 35.2 kW / 44 kVA for 20 seconds Unbalanced Load: 1/3 rated power per phase Table 2-2: 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset (Data)

Figure 2-6: Layout of the 20 kVA Speed Variable Generator Set [DISPOWER Deliverable 6.1b]

The diesel motor rotational speed is controlled by the inverter to achieve the best compromise between available reserve power and motor efficiency. A higher rotational speed allows more reserve power but reduces the motor’s efficiency.

01/03/08 Page 17 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only The theoretical function power (P) versus rotational speed (n) has the following values:

For P < Pmin: n = nmin

For Pmin < P < Pmax: n = nmin + (nmax-nmin)/(Pmax-Pmin)*(P-Pmin)

For P > Pmax: n = nmax

1.3 80 kVA WEC/Grid Simulator

For testing generators and loads, a configurable electrical grid is a basic necessity. The available public supply grid cannot always be used since it does not allow specific requirements for the frequency or the grid reactions. In order to simulate an electric grid a motor-generator set has been built up. The simulator is forming the grid with the help of an 80 kVA synchronous generator, which is powered by a speed-variable rectifier-supplied DC motor. Thus, different frequen- cies are adjustable. It is suitable for a nominal frequency of 50 Hz and 60 Hz. In the case of feeding power into this grid, a four-quadrant static inverter transfers the back power to the public grid. Alternatively, an induction generator with a compensation unit is available to be mounted instead of the synchronous generator. The Grid Simulator is displayed in Figure 2-7: 80 kVA WEC/Grid Simulator (Picture). Table 2-3 lists the technical data of the Grid Simulator. A flywheel emulates the system’s inertia. In addition to grid-forming also grid-tied operation is possible. Active and reactive power values can be set. This enables emulating generating units such as wind turbines (with induction generator) or CHP plants (with synchronous generator).

Figure 2-7: 80 kVA WEC/Grid Simulator (Picture)

01/03/08 Page 18 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Manufacturer: Siemens

Motor: Manufacturer: Baumüller Model: GNA 200 MV Type: DC motor Rated Power: 97 kW Rated Current: 267 A Rated Speed: 1800 rpm Maximum Speed: 4100 rpm Efficiency at 100% load: 90 %

Synchronous Generator: Manufacturer: Siemens Model: 1 FC 6226 – LA 40 Z Type: Self-excited synchronous generator Type of Connection: 3-phase Rated Frequency: 50 Hz Rated Power: 80 kVA Rated Voltage: 400 V Rated Current: 116 A Power Factor: 0.8 Number of Pole Pairs: 2 Rated Speed: 1500 rpm

Power Factor Controller (compensation unit): Manufacturer: ABB Model: CLMW-400/50-5x10-L070 Rated Frequency: 50 Hz Hz Rated Power: 5 x 10 kVAr Rated Voltage: 400 V Table 2-3: 80 kVA WEC/Grid Simulator (Data)

1.4 100 kVA Multifunctional PV Inverter and PV Simulator

01/03/08 Page 19 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only This inverter has an apparent power of 100 kVA and is fed at the DC link either by battery or by DC current source (PV simulator). Compared to state-of-the-art PV inverters an additional storage and a decoupling inductor are installed which enhances the possible functionalities of the PV inverter significantly (see Figure 2-8). Figure 2-9 shows the laboratory sample of the Mul- ti-PV inverter.

dSPACE DS 1401 MicroAutoBox service switch bypass PV array

fast circuit-breaker

= ~ decoupling inverter inductor public grid d d d d a a a a o o o o L L L L Battery industrial load industrial loads with without additional services local sub-grid additional services Figure 2-8: 100 kVA Multifunctional PV Inverter (System Structure)

A rapid-control-prototyping system is used to control the inverter. This so-called DS 1401 Mir- coAutoBox (MABx) from dSPACE allows to develop the control and the operating control with the software tools Matlab, Simulink, and Stateflow. Using automatic code generation simplifies this process. Against this background, it is possible to implement additional functionalities which normal PV inverter cannot provide by default. With regard to the needs of the FENIX demonstrations. for instance, the injection of active and reactive power of the inverter can be controlled by external settings. A serial interface RS 232 is used for giving the set values.

01/03/08 Page 20 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 2-9: 100 kVA Multifunctional PV Inverter (picture of laboratory sample)

1.5 15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator (SG or IG)

In order to simulate small wind and diesel generator sets, a special 15 kVA motor generator set has been set up in DeMoTec. The set consists of a drive-controlled high-dynamic asynchronous motor which alternatively drives a synchronous generator or an induction generator. These two types of generators can be mounted as required by the simulation conditions. The power supply is provided by a controllable static drive inverter. The type of generator can be selected by mounting the desired generator on the test bed. Figure 2-10 and Figure 2-11 show pictures of the 15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator’s components and Table 2-4 shows its technical details.

01/03/08 Page 21 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 2-10: 15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator (Picture of Control Cabinet)

Figure 2-11: 15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator (Picture) on the left side: induction generator; in the centre: induction motor; on the right side: synchronous generator

01/03/08 Page 22 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Set: Manufacturer: SMA Technologie AG

Motor: Manufacturer: Siemens Model: 1 LA7 1664 AA6-Z Rated Power: 17.3 kW

Synchronous Generator: Manufacturer: Kemmerich Elektrotechnik Model: M8B 160 SB4 Type: Synchronous generator Type of Connection: 3-phase, YN Rated Frequency: 50 Hz / 60 Hz Rated Power: 16 kVA / 12.8 kW (at 50 Hz) and 19 kVA (at 60 Hz) Rated Voltage: 400 V (at 50 Hz) and 450 (at 60 Hz) Rated Current: 23.1 A (at 50 Hz) and 24.3 A (at 60 Hz) Power Factor: cosφ = 0.8 Synchronous Reactance Xd 290 % Synchronous Reactance Xq 140 % Transient Reactance Xd’ 22.4 % Subtransient Reactance Xd’’ 10.6 % Subtransient Reactance Xq’’ 12.7 % Negative Sequence Reactance X2 11.7 % Zero Sequence Reactance X0 1.2 % Open Circuit Time Constant Tdo 0.45 s Transient Time Constant Td’ 0.035 s Subtransient Time Constant Td’’ 0.008 s Armature Time Constant Ta 0.005 s Efficiency at 50% load: 85.4 % Efficiency at 75% load: 83.9 % Efficiency at 100% load: 81.9 % Torque of inertia: 0.141 kg m² Short-Circuit-Ratio 0.49 Overload: 10 % for 1 hour Phase resistance: 0.79 Ohm Table 2-4: 15 kVA Mini Grid/WEC Simulator (Data)

01/03/08 Page 23 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 1.6 PV-Battery-Diesel-System

In order to accelerate the planning, development and demonstration of the modular system technology, ISET and the Department of Electrical Energy Engineering (IEE) at the University of Kassel have developed a modular hybrid system in co-operation with industrial partners. This system is developed on common power unit sizes and serves as demonstration and development unit for the actual products of SMA Technologie AG. Furthermore, the plant is used for validating the efficiency of individual components as well as for the development of the modular power supply concept. The Three-Phase PV-Battery-Diesel-System comprises three single-phase PV inverters: two Sunny Boy 700 and one Sunny Boy 850 with a respective rated power of 700 W and 850 W. They are for standard low-voltage power networks with a rated frequency of 50 Hz and a rated RMS voltage of 230 V. Additionally, the system consists of three 3.3 kVA single-phase bi-directional battery inverters Sunny-Island, which form the three-phase grid supported by a 18 kWh battery bank and a 12.5 kVA Diesel-SG unit. A picture of the Three-Phase PV-Battery-Dies- el-System is given in Figure 2-12.

Figure 2-12: PV-Battery-Diesel-System (picture)

1.6.1 Battery Inverter (SMA Sunny Island 4500) A battery inverter uses a battery as a buffer to balance the fluctuating energy generation by solar or wind energy and the fluctuating energy demand. Additionally, the analysed battery inverter is able to manage the demand and the supply side. Therewith, an optimisation of the total system behaviour is possible. The ISET, SMA Technologie AG and the Department of Electrical Energy Engineering (IEE) at the University of Kassel have developed a three-phase, bi-directional battery inverter Sunny Is-

01/03/08 Page 24 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only land 4500. It has three different operating modes. These are the grid-tied mode (operation as a current source), the grid-forming mode (operation as a voltage source) and the droop mode. In grid-tied mode, the Sunny Island complies with the voltage and frequency which is defined by an additional component of the island grid which forms the grid. The battery inverter provides then an energy management. In grid-forming mode, in contrast, the Sunny Island keeps the voltage and the frequency of the grid autonomously at a constant level. In this mode, all other components in the grid have to operate as grid-controlled power generators or consumers. The task of the grid former is the stabilisation of the frequency and the voltage of the grid. A grid former operates similar to a voltage source. In contrast, other grid components which operate in parallel or supporting mode are considered to be current sources. In droop mode, the Sunny Island varies the grid’s frequency depending on its current active power supply and the grid’s voltage depending on its current reactive power supply. In case that the active power supply increases, the battery inverter reduces the frequency starting from the nominal frequency. In case that the reactive power supply rises, the battery inverter reduces the voltage starting from the nominal RMS voltage. The Sunny Island battery inverter also tries to affect the grid’s frequency according to its battery state. If the available power on the AC bus of the system is higher than the power demanded, all Sunny Islands will charge their batteries and let the idle frequency slightly rise, analogous to the amount of energy stored in their batteries. The other way around, if the available power is less than the power demanded, the missing amount will be fed into the AC bus by the Sunny Islands, slightly reducing the AC frequency. The droop mode with a frequency droop and a voltage droop allows connecting several Sunny Islands in parallel each of them acting as a grid-forming device. Also other grid-forming elements can be connected if they are capable of automatically synchronising themselves to the grid or if they have a droop characteristic. Therewith, the droop mode enables a simple expand- ability of supply systems. Additionally, it is possible to distribute the share of load automatically by using different slopes for the droops. At DeMoTec, three single-phase Sunny Island battery inverters can form a three-phase system. Two of these three-phase sets are available in DeMoTec. Figure 2-13 shows a picture of the Sunny Island battery inverter and Table 2-5 lists technical details. The structure of the Sunny Island is illustrated in Figure 2-14 which shows the battery connection on the left side as well as the grid connection on the right side. A Cuk converter connects the battery with the inverter. There are several parameters, e.g. battery temperature, diesel voltage and diesel current, which allow a control of the inverter as well as a control of external components which can be connected via relays. Moreover, three serial interfaces allow an information interchange with other components.

01/03/08 Page 25 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 2-13: SMA Sunny Island 4500 (picture)

Manufacturer: SMA Technologie AG Model: Sunny Island 4500 Type: Bi-directional battery inverter Type of Connection: 1-phase 3-phase possible Rated Frequency: 50 Hz / 60 Hz Frequency Range: 48 – 62 Hz Rated Power: 3300 kVA

Rated Voltage: 230 VRMS

Voltage Range : 200 – 260 VRMS Rated Current: 16 A Control Mode: Grid-tied, grid-forming, droop mode Efficiency at 100% load: >= 90 % Overload: 4500 kVA for 30 minutes 6600 kVA for 20 seconds Table 2-5: SMA Sunny Island 4500 (data)

01/03/08 Page 26 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 2-14: Structure of a SMA Sunny Island 4500 [Source: SMA]

PQ control of this Sunny Island cluster is difficult to implement and will be neglected. As a grid- forming device and with its droop mode it can assist laboratory demonstrations in islanded situations.

1.6.2 Battery Inverter (SMA Sunny Island 5048)

This cluster of new battery inverters may be used as well. In a future software version it may be possible to control active and reactive currents remotely.

1.6.3 Diesel Aggregate System back-up of the hybrid system is provided by a diesel unit with a synchronous generator rated at 12.5 kVA (see Table 2-6 and Figure 2-12 on the left hand side).

Set: Manufacturer: FG Wilson Model: L12.5

Generator: Type of Connection: 3-phase Rated Frequency: 50 Hz Rated Power: 12.5 kVA / 10 kW Rated Voltage: 400 V

01/03/08 Page 27 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Remote Control Remote control with starting/stop signal Table 2-6: 12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate (Data)

1.7 Mobile 11.55 kVA Loads

It is possible to simulate three-phase loads by means of resistances, inductances and capacitors (see Figure 2-15). The setting of the jumpers allows setting the power of the loads between 50 VA and 11550 VA for each load cabinet manufactured by Ruhstrat. Besides the jumper setting, it is also possible to remotely control the loads via an embedded OPC server.

Figure 2-15: Load cabinets with resistances, inductances and capacitors

1.8 Mobile Ohmic Load 210 kW

Not remotely controllable.

1.9 Workshop

A workshop with typical loads like lamps, pump drive, drilling and a welding machine has been build up in DeMoTec (see Figure 2-16). The power data of the loads are given in Table 2-7. These loads can be activated and deactivated by 8 relais for the different single-phase power sockets. The relais are controlled by a TINI netmaster which has an integrated webserver for setting new values of the relais.

01/03/08 Page 28 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Load: Power: Water disinfection 60 W Refrigerator 70 W Lamps 270 W Mixer 400 W Pump drive 600 VA Welding equipment 2.5 kVA Table 2-7: Loads of the Workshop

Figure 2-16: Workshop with different loads (picture)

2 Description of Network Elements in DeMoTec

The DeMoTec infrastructure allows a variety of different grid configurations which can be tested in the laboratory environment. The described DER units can be connected via the Cross Bar Switch Cabinet at various combinations on low voltage level to the mains via a 175 kVA transformer or forming an island grid. They can be connected to the 10 kV MV network via three 100 kVA and one 250 kVA transformer. This 10 kV network is connected to the mains via a 400 kVA transformer. Moreover, it is possible to simulate lines between the components via LV hardware network simulator or the MV hardware grid simulator. The crossbar switch cabinet allows configuring three different grids in parallel as all components are connected radially and can be connected internally on three different cross bars. Figure 2-3 describes this variety of configuration possibilities. The power grid components will be described in the following subchapters.

01/03/08 Page 29 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 2.1 Crossbar Switch Cabinet

The safe electrical connection is a basic condition for the flexible, safe and reproducible test operation of various power units in DeMoTec. For the setting up of an island grid, generators and loads are interconnected by an electric circuit. To make it as flexible as possible, every generat- or is connected by an independent power line to a central bus bar selector, which has been installed in DeMoTec (see Figure 2-17 and Figure 2-18). The selected units can be assigned over specified protection switches to one of the three three-phase circuits with a rated current of 630 A. By this easy configuration process, a great amount of grid configurations can be built simply and securely. The inserted synchronisation relays further allow the coupling on the low voltage side of the different three-phase grids. There are two 250 A, two 200 A, four 160 A, eight 100 A and two 63 A secured connections. The Cross Bar Switch Cabinet is controlled via an Interbus-S controller. A special software tool with a graphical user interface allows to check the safety relevant conditions and to activate the electric grid if only these conditions are allowed. The controller is accessed via a server. A graphical user interface displays the state of all switches and is used to carry out switching op- erations. All switches, which connect the plants to the island grid of DeMoTec, are situated in the Cross Bar Switch Cabinet and controlled via the Interbus-S controller.

Figure 2-17: Crossbar Switch Cabinet (picture)

01/03/08 Page 30 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only

Figure 2-18: Crossbar Switch Cabinet (connections on the LV side)

01/03/08 Page 31 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 2.2 10 kV / 1.6-25 km Hardware Grid Simulator

The 10 kV Hardware Grid Simulator (see Figure 2-19) comprises physical line models, which represent three interlinked transmission lines (overhead lines or cables of different length and cross sections), three 100 kVA transformers and one 250 kVA transformer with a rated voltage ratio of 10 kV / 0.4 kV. T-form equivalent circuits (see Figure 2-20) of concentrated resistive, inductive and capacitive elements are used as a basic representation of the lines. The connection of the transformers is switchable between YNyn0 and Dyn5. The grid simulator can be run both with and without connection to the 10 kV public grid. It is possible to investigate the transmission behaviour of the network on the MV level by varying the length and the cross section of the lines and cables, varying the loads and generators as well as the operation conditions in order to analyse the resulting influence on the devices which are connected on the LV side. The 10 kV Hardware Grid Simulator’s elements are illustrated in more detail in Figure 2-21 and the element’s data in Table 2-8.

Figure 2-19: 10 kV Hardware Grid Simulator (picture)

01/03/08 Page 32 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 2-20: 10 kV Hardware Grid Simulator (scheme)

01/03/08 Page 33 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 2-21: 10 kV Hardware Grid Simulator (Transformer and line element): on the left-hand side one of the transformers in security cage and on the right-hand side a view of the line which consists of adjustable resistive, inductive and capacitive elements

Set: Manufacturer: Moeller Electric GmbH Rated Voltage: 10 kV

100 kVA Transformers T-1, T-2 and T-3 Manufacturer: Pauwels Trafo Belgium N.V. Type of Connection: YNyn0 / Dyn5 (switchable) Rated Frequency: 50 Hz / 60 Hz Rated Power: 100 kVA Rated Voltage MV: 10 kV Rated Current MV: 5.77 A Rated Voltage LV: 400 V Rated Current LV: 144.34 A Rated Open Circuit Losses: 320 W Rated Short Circuit Losses: 2000 W Rated Short Circuit Voltage: 4 %

250 kVA Transformer T-4 Manufacturer: TMC Transformers Type of Connection: YNyn0 / Dyn5 (switchable)

01/03/08 Page 34 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Rated Frequency: 50 Hz / 60 Hz Rated Power: 250 kVA Rated Voltage MV: 10 kV Rated Current MV: 14.43 A Rated Voltage LV: 400 V Rated Current LV: 360.84 A Rated Open Circuit Losses: 600 W Rated Short Circuit Losses: 3500 W Rated Short Circuit Voltage: 6 %

Line 1.3:

Line Tappings (R12/2, L12/2, C12): Type of Line: 1.2 Ohm, 5.15 mH Overhead Line Al/St-120/20, 10 km 2.37 Ohm, 10.3 mH Overhead Line Al/St-120/20, 20 km 3 Ohm, 1.95 mH, 1.05 µF Cable Al 1x25, 5 km 4.18 Ohm, 5.75 mH Overhead Line Al/St-35/6, 10 km 6 Ohm, 3.9 mH, 2.1 µF Cable Al 1x25, 10 km 8.35 Ohm, 11.5 mH Overhead Line Al/St-35/6, 20 km

Line 2.3:

Line Tappings (R23/2, L23/2, C23): Type of Line: 0.31 Ohm, 1.35 mH Overhead Line Al/St-120/20, 2.6 km 0.59 Ohm, 2.57 mH Overhead Line Al/St-120/20, 5 km 1.09 Ohm, 1.5 mH Overhead Line Al/St-35/6, 2.6 km 1.56 Ohm, 1.0 mH, 0.525 µF Cable Al 1x25, 2.6 km 2.09 Ohm, 2.88 mH Overhead Line Al/St-35/6, 5 km 3.0 Ohm, 1.95 mH, 1.05 µF Cable Al 1x25, 5 km

Line 3.3:

Line Tappings (R24/2, L24/2, C24): Type of Line: 0.19 Ohm, 0.83 mH Overhead Line Al/St-120/20, 1.6 km 0.37 Ohm, 1.6 mH Overhead Line Al/St-120/20, 3.1 km 0.67 Ohm, 0.92 mH Overhead Line Al/St-35/6, 1.6 km 0.96 Ohm, 0.63 mH, 0.325 µF Cable Al 1x25, 1.6 km 1.3 Ohm, 1.8 mH Overhead Line Al/St-35/6, 3.1 km 1.86 Ohm, 1.2 mH, 0.64 µF Cable Al 1x25, 3.1 km Table 2-8: 10 kV Hardware Grid Simulator (Data)

01/03/08 Page 35 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 2.3 LV Hardware Cable / Overline Simulator

The 400 V Low Voltage Hardware Cable/Overline Simulator is a physical model, which consists of a resistance at each phase with 5 tappings. These tappings specify a low voltage line of different lengths (see Table 2-9 and Figure 2-22).

Figure 2-22: Low Voltage Hardware Cable/Overline Simulator (picture)

Manufacturer: Ruhstrat Rated Power: 3 x 18.4 kW or 4.6 kW per phase (incl. Neutral) Rated Voltage: 400 V Rated Current: 200 A (continuous operation) 2000 A (short-term operation) Rated Resistance: 0.115 Ohm Rated Frequency: 50 Hz / 60 Hz Tappings of Resistance: 14.37 mOhm 28.75 mOhm 57.5 mOhm

01/03/08 Page 36 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 86.25 mOhm 115 mOhm Table 2-9: Low Voltage Hardware Cable/Overline Simulator (Data)

01/03/08 Page 37 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 3 ICT infrastructure, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

This chapter provides a description of ICT infrastructure, data acquisition and supervisory control available in the DeMoTec.

3.1 ICT infrastructure

Several networks and supporting devices are installed in DeMoTec to satisfy different requirements arising from data acquisition, control and other services.

3.1.1 Local Area Network A Local Area Network (LAN) dedicated to the communication with generators and loads was installed in DeMoTec. The LAN follows the standard IEEE802.3. All cables are connected to a central patch panel (see Figure 2-23). Four separate switches are available for flexible realisa- tion of different networks. A connection to the computer network of ISET office is possible via a Virtual Private Network (VPN) gateway and firewall. An example for a network configuration with three independent networks is shown in Figure 2-24.

Figure 2-23: Central patch panel and switches. The different colours of the patch cables indicate the allocation to different communication networks

01/03/08 Page 38 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 2-24: Example configuration with three independent LAN and allocated generators. (Blue: Communication lines; Red: Power Lines)

01/03/08 Page 39 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 3.1.2 Interbus S The individual switches of the Cross Bar Switch Cabinet can be remotely controlled via an Inter- bus S connection. Interbus S is a serial bus system, which transmits data between control systems (e.g., PCs, PLCs etc.) and spatially distributed I/O modules that are connected to sensors and actuators. The Interbus system was developed by Phoenix Contact and is fully standardised according to d EN 50254 and IEC 61158.

3.1.3 LON Bus In DeMoTec, a Local Operating Network (LON) bus is used to connect several power measurement devices (type A2000) to a central control station. The LonWorks technology was developed by Echelon Corp. in partnership with Motorola. The main aim of interoperability is achieved through intelligent devices communicating via a common protocol over one or more media. The nodes may be sensors, controllers, human operator interfaces (displays, terminals, keyboards, and buttons), actuators and other interfaces. Routers, repeaters and gateways are available for easy interfacing to other networks and architectures. Nodes are built around the Neuron chip which is a three-CPU chip that includes RAM, ROM, EEPROM and a communication interface. Two of the CPUs take continuous care of network communications while the third is available for application implementation. Network communications are governed by the LonTalk protocol over a variety of media (e.g. power line, twisted pair, coaxial cable, wireless or fibre optic).

3.1.4 PROFIBUS In DeMoTec, a PROFIBUS (Process Field Bus) is used to connect several power measurement devices (type A2000) to a central control station. PROFIBUS is a standard (IEC 61158/IEC 61784) for fieldbus communication in automation technology.

01/03/08 Page 40 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 3.2 Data Acquisition

Power and other system data can be acquired by three different means, which are described in more detail in the following paragraphs:  Central data acquisitions by means of dedicated power measurement devices  Distributed data acquisition based on measurement data provided by the generator it- self  Data acquisition for power quality and transient measurements at selected points of the electrical network by means of a dedicated power quality measurement device

3.2.1 Central Data Acquisition Several power measurement devices from GMC, type A2000, are permanently installed in the electrical network (see Figure 2-25). Each device can measure:  active power on each phase  reactive power on each phase  frequency  voltage on each phase

Figure 2-25: Power measurement at selected points of the electrical network by A2000 devices from

A2000 devices are installed at each branch which is connected to the Cross Bar Switch Cabinet. The data are collected via a LON bus and transferred to the central control PC. This central control PC collects all the measurement data and stores it in an OPC server. OPC was designed to bridge Windows based applications and process control hardware and software applications. It

01/03/08 Page 41 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only is an open standard that permits a consistent method of accessing field data. The OPC server can then be contacted by any OPC client. Therewith, the measurement data is available throughout the intranet. The actual data is also transferred into a central SQL database.

3.2.2 Measurements Provided by the Generators Beside dedicated data acquisition devices further measurement data is available, which is provided by some of the generators and can be transferred to a data logging system by means of RTUs (see chapter ??).

3.2.3 Mobile Measurements, Power Quality Measurements and Transient Record- ing In order to perform measurements of energy flows, power quality, transients etc. several uni- versal power analysers from HAAG Elektronische Messgeräte GmbH, type EURO-QUANT and COMBI-QUANT are available. The EURO-QUANT (see Figure 2-26) can perform power quality assessment according to EN 50160. It is suitable for long-term measurements and can be controlled remotely. In addition to long-lasting power quality measurements, transient events like sags, swells, and voltage interruptions or breakdowns may be recorded. Each measurement device can measure up to 4 voltage and 4 current channels. Measurements from several devices can be synchronised by using a high precision time signal from GPS or DCF77. Intercon- nection boxes are available to connect the measurement device at selected points of the network.

Figure 2-26: The power analyser Haag EURO-QUANT

01/03/08 Page 42 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 3.2.4 Comparison of Different Measurement Devices

The power output of a three-phase battery inverter cluster has been measured in one experiment by three different logging systems [Braun et al. 2006]:

1. High precision power analyser (HAAG EURO-QUANT), which is providing for each second the mean, maximum and minimum for electric values

2. Main DeMoTec logging system based on distributed data loggers (A2000) connected via industrial busses (e.g. LON) to a central SCADA (Intouch software). The acquisition rate is about 2 seconds per sample

3. Measurements provided by the inverter internal meters through the RTU to the main database. This data logging is tested with a rate of 0.1 Hz.

Figure 2-27 shows that all three logging approaches have similar results and fulfil the requirements for basic EMS functions.

8 P_A2000 P_HAAG P_XML

6 ) W k (

r 4 e w o P

e v i t c A 2

0 150 210 270 330 390 450 510 570

-2 Time(s)

Figure 2-27: Comparison of different data logging approaches: the three curves represent the same parameter (= active power of a 3-phase battery inverter cluster) measured by three different data logging systems

ACTION LIST: 04-05/08: Different ways of measurements are compared and the resolution in time is analyzed

01/03/08 Page 43 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 3.3 Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)

Nowadays the exchange of information between components of different manufacturers in the lower power range (< 1 MW) is a problem due to a lack of standardised data exchange systems and protocols. Sophisticated systems (e.g. Profibus) and protocols (e.g. IEC 870-6 TASE.2) exist for larger units where the price of the communication system compared to the overall invest- ment is low. Especially in the low power segment, a large variety of different, proprietary solu- tions are available. However, some components do not even have a communication interface. In order to examine the interaction and control of components, it is inevitable to interlink them on a common and easy programmable interface. General characteristics of a communication interface should be:  vendor independent,  platform independent,  open specification,  rapid prototyping for laboratory purposes but professional, and  powerful in order not to be limited by e.g. bandwidth restrictions. Based on these characterisations, an analysis of available communication platforms has lead to the use of TCP/IP over Ethernet, one of the most widespread technologies which is even gain- ing market shares in industrial field applications. A SCADA system matching this concept was installed in DeMoTec (see ).

Figure 2-28: DeMoTec SCADA system

01/03/08 Page 44 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only In this system an Ethernet network is building the communication backbone. All components are linked to this backbone via remote terminal units (RTUs) which are Windows-based PCs with LabVIEW as a common application for controlling and interfacing the DER component. Dif- ferent types of RTUs are designed in DeMoTec for each component as an interface to the central SCADA. The software platform of choise is LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation En- gineering Workbench) which allows a communication and control of each component with its proprietary protocol and communication infrastructure on the one hand and a communication with the central SCADA on the other hand. Data collected by the RTUs may be stored in an SQL-database to which all necessary processes (e.g. visualisation, monitoring, supervisory control) have access. The different types of communication and control infrastructure are presented in the following consisting of:  direct analog signals to control o the 80 kVA SG o the 15 kVA SG o the 12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate  proprietary protocol via RS 232 to control o the 100 kVA Multi-PV  Modbus via RS 232 to control o the 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset  TCP/IP via Ethernet to control o the load cabinets o the workshop  XML-RPC protocol via Ethernet to control o the 20 kVA Speed Variable Genset o the three-phase cluster of Sunny Island 4500  CANopen via USB to control o the three-phase cluster of Sunny Island 5048

ACTION LIST: 01-05/08: RTUs and local control has to be adapted for FENIX

3.3.1 RTU of the 80 kVA SG The old RTU of the 80 kVA does not allow PQ control. Presently, it only controls the prime mover with regard to speed and torque. In addition, an automatic voltage regulator controls the excitation system to set target value (if required with droop). As PQ control is a basic feature of a SG and needed for the FENIX experiments a new RTU is developed which allows PQ control. A local control with LabVIEW is set up which uses analogue 10 V DC signals for control of target speed and target maximum torque. If target speed is higher than actual speed (given by the mains), e.g. maximum value, it is possible to control active power by defining the target torque (positive and negative quadrants may have different inputs). A controllable constant current source connected directly to excitation coils enables reactive power control. Measurement data is available from the A2000 (LONbus) measurement device

01/03/08 Page 45 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Control Approach (red: to be developed):

3.3.2 RTU of the 15 kVA SG The old RTU of the 15 kVA should be substituted as well. Presently, it only controls the prime mover with regard to speed and torque. As PQ control is a basic feature of a SG and needed for the FENIX experiments a new RTU is developed which allows PQ control. A local control with LabVIEW is set up which uses analogue 10 V DC signals for control of target speed and target maximum torque. When the SG is connected to the mains and operated at the grid’s frequency (grid-tied operation), it is possible to control active power by defining the target torque. With 10 V DC signals the power supply of the excitation system can be controlled for Q control. Measurement data is available from the A2000 (LONbus) measurement device.

Control Approach (red: to be developed):

3.3.3 RTU of the 12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate The Diesel aggregate can be started and stopped remotely by giving on/off signals.

3.3.4 Proprietary Protocol via RS232 to control the 100 kVA Multi-PV A serial RS232 interface enables the communication with the control system of the Multi-PV. A proprietary protocol is used for this communication in order to set active and reactive power target values.

01/03/08 Page 46 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 3.3.5 Modbus via RS 232 to control the 200 kVA Biodiesel Genset Remote control of the SYMAP-XG control system of the genset is possible by Modbus protocol via RS232/RS485 communication port. Measurement signals of electrical parameters (P,Q,V,I,f etc.) are available for output. In addition, commands can be given to SYMAP such as - event triggers for change of operation mode - setpoint for asymmetric load sharing - setpoint for asymmetric PF controller The genset’s control by the RTU has to be developed.

VERY IMPORTANT: Default values have to be set after changes to prevent unsecure parameter setting  reset after changes required!!!

3.3.6 TCP/IP via Ethernet to control the Load Cabinets It is possible to remotely control the loads via an embedded OPC server by the RTU. This OPC server has to be setup and the communication with LabVIEW has to be implemented.

3.3.7 TCP/IP via Ethernet to control the Workshop

The Elsist NETMASTER (see Figure 2-29) is a programmable controller based on a Dallas Tini module (see Figure 2-30). It is inserted in a standard DIN 43880 enclosure and by its con-

01/03/08 Page 47 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only nectivity in networks it allows an easy integration with other systems. The NETMASTER uses a bi-processor structure (both core MCS51 compatible), the DS80C390 from Dallas Semiconductor uses a central processor and the ADuC812 of the Analogue Devices uses an analogue I/O man- ager. The Netmaster is being programmed in Java and comprises the following features:  12 optoisolated inputs  8 relays logic outputs (or static)  4 analogue inputs 0-10Vdc 12bit  2 analogue outputs 0-2.5Vdc 12bit  I/O status gauges (LED)  Counter speed input  Interrupt external input  Ethernet interface  CAN Bus or RS422/485 interface  1-Wire interface  RS232C standard interface  I2C interface for extension modules  512K FLASH memory, 512K SRAM memory with battery  Real-Time Clock/Calendar  10-28Vdc power supply  Keyboard 6 keys and LCD 2*16 alph. display (option)

01/03/08 Page 48 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 2-29: Elsist NETMASTER The Tini Board (see Figure 2-30) is a little board from Dallas Semiconductor featuring an Ether- net interface, a 40 MHz 8051 descendant (the DS80C390), up to 2 MB of non-volatile storage (flash and battery backed RAM) and numerous other interfaces (RS232/CAN/OneWire).

Figure 2-30: Dallas® Tini Board

One NETMASTER is installed in the Workshop for load switching (see Figure 2-31). Another NETMASTER is installed at the 80 kVA Grid Simulator interfacing with the A2000 measurement device and the PC controlling the test rig to provide remote control capabilities (see Figure 2- 32).

01/03/08 Page 49 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 2-31: NETMASTER in the Workshop with controllable loads

Figure 2-32: NETMASTER (on the left hand side) and A2000 power measuerement unit (on the right hand side) of the 80 kVA Grid Simulator

01/03/08 Page 50 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 3.3.8 XML-RPC via Ethernet to control 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset As a high level communication protocol, the widespread XML dialect XML-RPC has been selected. XML-RPC is a Remote Procedure Calling (RPC) protocol that works over the Internet. A XM- L-RPC message is a HTTP-POST request. The body of the request is in XML. A procedure ex- ecutes on the server and the value it returns is also formatted in XML. Procedure parameters can be scalars, numbers, strings, dates, etc. and can also be complex record and list structures. Figure 2-33 gives an example of a XML-RPC request and Figure 2-34 an example for a XML-RPC encoded DataRequest telegram used in the RTU software.

POST /RPC2 HTTP/1.0 User-Agent: Frontier/5.1.2 (WinNT) Host: betty.userland.com Content-Type: text/xml Content-length: 181

examples.getStateName 41

Figure 2-33: Example of a XML-RPC request

DataRequest Serial XXXXX

Figure 2-34: Example of XML-RPC encoded DataRequest telegram

The interface to SMA hardware provides an embedded PC with Ethernet capability for XML-RPC communication:

01/03/08 Page 51 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only  Specification of the device: DSM Embedded Controller VIA Eden 667 MHz processor, fanless, 128 MB RAM, 128 MB Flash Disk, RS 232, RS 485  Operating system: White Dwarf Linux which is a special Linux distribution designed with respect to memory usage. A complete Linux system can be easily installed on a 16 MB flash disk.

Remote communication with the variable speed diesel unit is possible with XML-RPC via an OPC server. Table 2-10 presents all the parameters which can be remotely accessed. These values comprise also setpoints for active and reactive power.

01/03/08 Page 52 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Table 2-10: 20 kVA Variable Speed Genset (Control Parameters)

3.3.9 XML-RPC via Ethernet to control Sunny Islands Similar to the control approach of the 20 kVA variable speed genset, also the Sunny Island 4500 cluster has an embedded Linux PC which is presented in Figure 2-35. It is installed in the three- phase battery-inverter cluster which is displayed in Figure 2-36 and illustrates the inclusion of the protocol converter (the blue box).

01/03/08 Page 53 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 2-35: Embedded Linux PC

Figure 2-36: RTU in three-phase battery-inverter cluster of the Three-Phase PV-Battery-Dies- el-System (see blue box on the upper right hand side)

01/03/08 Page 54 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 3.4 SCADA System

In order to enable a central control of the different generators and loads available in the laboratory, a SCADA system for the DeMoTec was designed and implemented (see Figure 2-37). The core of the SCADA system is the collecting of data from the RTUs and the management of control requests. All relevant data are stored in a relational database. This database may also serve as interface to other programmes, e.g. an energy management system. Inside the database the following tables are defined. The ‘logical device’ (ld) table provides information for all RTUs. For each device a set of 4 tables is given: 1.) ld_device_con: table holding control parameters for the device 2.) ld_device_doc: table with general (data sheet) information of the device 3.) ld_device_log: table with logged data from the device 4.) ld_device_his: table with historical (i.e. averaged) data from the device

A process named ‘log’ is running for every RTU. This process is responsible  to periodically collect data from the RTU and  to forward any control request stored in the ld_device_con table. A second process ‘mean’ is producing averaged data out of the instantaneous data collected in the ld_device_log table; these data are stored in the ld_device_his table. The database was realised with the relation database management system MySql. Any MySql- enabled client can easily access it via standard SQL syntax. With phpMyAdmin, a comfortable, web-enabled user interface is available.

Figure 2-37: Central SCADA system with data base and relevant processes The ‘Central Control’ system provides a mean to control the generators and collect measured data via the RTU. It enables  the central control of the RTUs;  the access to the measurement data provided by the power quality measurement devices (A2000);  the interfacing with the data bases hosting the data collected from the RTUs;  the visualisation; and the  provision of human-machine interface. This functionality is achieved with the product LabVIEW from National Instruments.

ACTION LIST: 03-04/08: SCADA system has to be adapted for FENIX

01/03/08 Page 55 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 3 INTEGRATION OF FENIX CONCEPT IN DEMOTEC

The flexible design of the control architecture in DeMoTec allows implementing different types of EMS. One type is the FENIX architecture which can be installed in DeMoTec to demonstrate the functionality of the FENIX concept (see Figure 3-38). Set values of active and reactive power can be given to the different DER units and loads via the SQL database. The interface of the FENIX architecture to this database is the FENIX box which is connected via Ethernet and communicates with TCP/IP to the database. In the VPP architecture of FENIX, all commands to the aggregated DER units are given by the FENIX DEMS which communicates with the components via the FENIX boxes. The FENIX architecture will be implemented in DeMoTec, tested with regard to communication, and finally used for demonstration of the control concept.

Figure 3-38: FENIX Architecture in DeMoTec

4 Integration of FENIX Box

FENIX boxes will be installed in DeMoTec. They will be connected to the central lab SCADA database. The central SCADA provides the measurement data and the possibility to control their dedicated DER components by setting active and reactive power target values within the unit’s loading capability chart. We will analyse the proper communication and control of a variety of DER units by the FENIX Box. This test will evaluate the proper function of the local FENIX Box in a comprehensive man- ner through all the different services offered and executed, but always at individual level.

01/03/08 Page 56 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only ACTION LIST: 01-03/08: ISET facilitates components to be controlled by FENIX boxes via central database 31 March 2008: ZIV has specified the testing procedure 05/08: ZIV installs FENIX boxes in DeMoTec 05-06/08: Demonstration of DER control by FENIX boxes (ISET & ZIV)

5 Integration of DEMS

The Siemens DEMS will be installed in DeMoTec. It will communicate with the FENIX boxes and aggregate them as a CVPP. A comprehensive interoperability test will be performed of all the messaging and control situations between the FENIX Box and the DEMS.

ACTION LIST: 31 March 2008: SIEMENS has specified the testing procedure 06/08: SIEMENS installs DEMS in DeMoTec 06/08: Comprehensive interoperability test of all messaging and control situations between FENIX Box and DEMS (SIEMENS, ZIV, ISET)

01/03/08 Page 57 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 4 LABORATORY TESTS & DEMONSTRATIONS

ISET demonstrates the provision of ancillary services (such as frequency and voltage control) by DER units using active and reactive power control. Physical tests on LV and MV level are performed. Before starting the demonstrations with several components, each DER unit has to be charac- terized with regard to its dynamic response to set values and its loading capability chart which defines the domain of valid active and reactive power set values. With this information, the FENIX demonstrations can be performed.

6 Step Response Tests of Active and Reactive Power Control

The control of the lab’s DER units by the FENIX architecture will be tested basically with step response tests. For each included DER unit, the dynamic behaviour from setting the target value, the response of the DER unit until the target value is reached will be analysed. This is the fundamental test to analyse the proper control functionality with its time constants and time delays. For each of the following DER units the response will be analyzed:  200 kVA Biodiesel Genset  100 kVA Multi-PV  15 kVA SG  load cabinets  20 kVA genset  80 kVA SG  12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate  workshop

ACTION LIST: 03-05/08: ISET performs step response tests of all included components

6.1 Test Set Up

6.2 Results of Physical Tests

01/03/08 Page 58 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 6.3 Software Simulation

Models in PowerFactory are validated and adjusted to the lab’s DER units. This is the basic need to use software simulations for the preparation and validation of more complex demonstrations.

7 Determination of Loading Capability Charts

Each component has its individual loading capability chart (see examples in Figure 3-39). The limits of P and Q control have to be determined in order to make use of the full possible range of operating conditions in the FENIX demonstrations. This chart has never been determined but has to be as a basis for further tests of PQ control. For each of the following DER units the response will be analyzed:  200 kVA Biodiesel Genset  100 kVA Multi-PV  15 kVA SG  load cabinets  20 kVA genset  80 kVA SG  12.5 kVA Diesel Aggregate  workshop

Figure 3-39: Examples for Loading Capability Charts (left: inverter; right: SG)

ACTION LIST: 04-05/08: ISET analzes the loading capability chart of all included components

01/03/08 Page 59 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only 7.1 Test Set Up

7.2 Results of Physical Tests

7.3 Software Simulation

The models of the DER units are adjusted by the analyzed limits of the PQ control.

8 Day-Ahead Market Participation (Active Power Control)

A price curve according to the Power Exchange will be used (see Figure 3-40 as one example). The VPP participates on this virtual market with its pool of DER units (see lab components in Table 0-11). Each DER unit of the lab’s VPP will be given a cost characteristic. According to the aggregation via the DEMS the unit’s will be actvated, partly activated or deactivated depending on the actual market price. At minimum price only the cheapest generator should be active while at maximum price all VPP DG units should be generating power; Vice versa for the loads. As a demonstration for the Southern Scenario, similar DER units can be considered in the lab as in the field (see Table 2-12). An exact copy is not possible but the definition of the representation of the lab components takes into account the structure in the Spanish situation. Many DER units have a certain schedule for the next day which they plan to follow. However, due to inherent uncertainties in forecast the real profiles are different. One of the advantages of a pool of units is the possibility to balance these unbalances by controllable units. In addition, also a situation can be created where the network has certain congestions which require the limitation of one DER unit’s output.

h 40 W M /

€ 30

0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 hour of the average day in 2007

Figure 3-40: Day-ahead-price curve of the EEX (average day in 2007)

01/03/08 Page 60 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only DER unit (lab) DER unit (represented) Cost characteristic 200 kVA Biodiesel SG heat-driven CHP unit 0 €/MWh  heat profile followed 100 kVA Multi-PV To be defined (e.g. flexible CHP unit, 0 – 50 €/MWh (inverter) PV, loads, …)  flexible (e.g. PV profile of Figure 3-41) 15 kVA SG Hydro power 0 €/MWh  hydro profile followed 20 kVA genset (in- Biogas plant 30 €/MWh verter)  flexible (e.g. biogas profile of Figure 3-41) 80 kVA SG Wind turbine 0 €/MWh  wind profile followed (e.g. wind profile of Figure 3-41) 12.5 kVA Diesel Ag- Backup diesel 500 €/MWh gregate 210 kW load Base load 0 – 20 €/MWh load cabinets Variable loads 0 – 50 €/MWh workshop Variable loads 0 – 50 €/MWh Low voltage feeder Variable loads, to be defined 0 – 50 €/MWh Table 0-11: DER units in DeMoTec

DER unit Capacity P control capa- Selling Market participation city price (type)

Energyworks Vit-Vall 42 MVA + 8 - 0 €/MWh Demand profile forecasted  P (Michelin Factory) MVA generation fixed to real demand ( (follows the heat unbalances)  participation on SG (CHP unit) demand) power exchange Tertiary reserve not possible

Guascor I+D 10 MVA Full controllability ? Engine testing program  generation schedule  participation on SG (engine test bed) power exchange Tertiary reserve possible (via phone calls +/- 5 MW)

Guascor Biomasa 300 kVA + 370 Manually ? Forecast  schedule  power ex- kVA change participation SG (biogas plant) Not considered for tertiary reserve

Eolicas de Euskadi: 38 à 850 kVA Full controllability ? ? Urkila Wind Farm but limited due to wind conditions Tertiary reserve feasible but eco- DFIG (WTG) nomically questionable

01/03/08 Page 61 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Corporacion Zigor SA 850 KVA Full controllability ? No market participation SG (backup diesel) Flexibility can be used in FENIX Tertiary reserve possible

CH Antoñana 220 kW - ? Forecast  schedule  power exchange participation SG (hydro power) Tertiary reserve not possible Table 2-12: DER units in the Southern Scenario (active power control)

Figure 3-41: Generation profiles for PV, Wind and Biogas

ACTION LIST: 04-05/08: ISET simulates the demo with PowerFactory 06-09/08: ISET performs the demo

8.1 Test Set Up

The network is not considered in this demonstration. All components are connected to the mains and controlled by the central controller which is the FENIX CVPP. The test setup is depicted in Figure 3-42.

01/03/08 Page 62 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 3-42: Test set up for day-ahead market participation

8.3 Results of Physical Demonstration

9 Frequency Control (Active Power Control)

Frequency control cannot be tested with mains grid connection. Consequently, the DeMoTec will be operated as an island network. The automatically activated frequency response (primary frequency control) as well as secondary frequency control will be demonstrated. In addition, the tertiary reserve of the lab’s VPP will be activated via the FENIX architecture.

01/03/08 Page 63 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only DER unit (lab) DER unit (represented) Frequency control characteristic 200 kVA Biodiesel SG Electricity-driven CHP unit Droop mode (Vf-controlled)  primary frequency control 100 kVA Multi-PV (in- To be defined (e.g. flexible CHP Secondary frequency control verter) unit, PV, loads, …)  flexible (e.g. PV profile of Figure 3-41) 15 kVA SG Hydro power Negative tertiary reserve  hydro profile followed 0 €/MWh 20 kVA genset (in- Biogas plant Positive and negative tertiary verter) reserve  flexible 30 €/MWh 80 kVA SG Wind turbine Negative tertiary reserve  wind profile followed 0 €/MWh (e.g. wind profile of Figure 3-41) 12.5 kVA Diesel Ag- Backup diesel Positive tertiary reserve gregate 500 €/MWh 210 kW load Base load - load cabinets Variable loads Positive and negative tertiary reserve 0 €/MWh workshop Variable loads - Low voltage feeder Variable loads, to be defined - Table 2-13: DER units in DeMoTec

9.1 Test Set Up

The network is not considered in this demonstration. All components are disconnected from the mains and connected to the DeMoTec island network. The grid-forming unit of the island network is the 200 kVA biodiesel genset. In droop mode, it provides the required primary frequency control. In addition, one component provides the secondary control (which always aims at bringing the frequency back to 50 Hz.

01/03/08 Page 64 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only The FENIX concept then recovers the secondary control reserve by providing tertiary reserve to the system. The fictious TNO calls tertiary reserve from those units which provide respective capacity starting with the cheapest unit. The test setup is depicted in Figure 3-42.

Figure 3-43: Test set up for Frequency Control

10 Reactive Power Supply (Reactive Power Control)

The DNO has to follow certain characteristics of reactive power transfer via the GSP to the TN in order to optimize the TNO’s voltage profile. In active distribution networks the DNO might use a variety of reactive power sources to influence this profile. Depending on the costs of reactive power supply of each source an optimized allocation of reactive power supply can be achieved. The influence on network losses and the voltage profile will be analysed if different sources will be used in the lab grid with LV and MV levels.

01/03/08 Page 65 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only The DER units of the Southern scenario are given in Table 0-14 with regard to their reactive power control capacity. Only the wind farm and the Michelin CHP unit can contribute to reactive power supply by remote control. Even though these units could be represented by lab components the Alava network is difficult to represent. Consequently, the general influence of reactive power supply from DER units is investigated in the lab on LV and MV level including the voltage profile. Table 2-15 lists the DER units in DeMoTec and their respective reactive power control characteristics. These characteristics have never been tested so that first of all the loading capability chart of each unit has to be assessed according to chapter 7. A cost function for reactive power supply will be defined for each DER unit.

DER unit Capacity Q control capacity (type) Energyworks Vit-Vall (Michelin Factory) 42 MVA + 8 MVA Yes, PO 7.4 SG (CHP unit) Guascor I+D 10 MVA Manual SG (engine test bed) Guascor Biomasa 300 kVA + 370 kVA No voltage regulator SG (biogas plant) Eolicas de Euskadi: Urkila Wind Farm 38 à 850 kVA Yes, remote control possible DFIG (WTG) Corporacion Zigor SA 850 KVA Manual SG (backup diesel) CH Antoñana 220 kW manual SG (hydro power) Table 0-14: DER units in the Southern Scenario (reactive power control)

DER unit (lab) DER unit (represented) Reactive Power Control 200 kVA Biodiesel SG Electricity-driven CHP unit Cosφ = 0.8-1 (ind/cap) To be tested 100 kVA Multi-PV (in- To be defined (e.g. flexible CHP Q = 0-100 kVAr verter) unit, PV, loads, …) Cosφ = 0 -1 (ind/cap)  flexible To be tested (e.g. PV profile of Figure 3-41) 15 kVA SG Hydro power To be tested  hydro profile followed 20 kVA genset (in- Biogas plant To be tested verter)  flexible 80 kVA SG Wind turbine To be tested

01/03/08 Page 66 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only  wind profile followed (e.g. wind profile of Figure 3-41) 12.5 kVA Diesel Ag- Backup diesel - gregate 210 kW load Base load - load cabinets Variable loads Q = 0-11.5 kVAr (ind/cap) Capacitor bank To be tested workshop Variable loads To be tested Low voltage feeder Variable loads, to be defined To be tested Table 2-15: DER units in DeMoTec (reactive power control)

10.1 Test Set Up

A reactive power profile should be provided to the TNO. The reactive power can be supplied by different DER units which are at different distance to the GSP (see Figure 3-44). Different grid losses have to be considered in addition to the costs of reactive power from each component. The grid losses depend on the load flow between the connection point of the DER unit and the GSP where reactive power has to be provided to. This demonstration provides insights on the possibilities to use DER units as reactive power suppliers for the DNO. The influence on losses and the voltage profile are investigated. These hardware demonstrations will be accompanied by software simulations for validating the investigations of both approaches. These are basic investigations for the TVPP functionality of the FENIX concept where DER units offer their reactive power control services via the CVPP to the TVPP which then runs an OPF to estimate the optimal reactive power sources which cause the lowest costs. As the TVPP tool is not available in DeMoTec, the tests do not aim at finding the optimum but at providing a basic understanding of the dependencies, sensitivities and possibilities.

01/03/08 Page 67 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only Figure 3-44: Test set up for reactive power supply

11 Voltage Control (Active and Reactive Power Control)

The voltage profile in the DN can be influenced by the DER units. At LV and also at MV level not only the reactive power but also the active power has significant influence on the network’s voltage. This behaviour will be analysed in this experiment showing the possibilities of the DER units.

To be specified…

01/03/08 Page 68 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only ACTION LIST: 03/08: ISET describes the demo 04-05/08: ISET simulates the demo with PowerFactory 06-09/08: ISET performs the demo

11.1 Test Set Up

01/03/08 Page 69 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only REFERENCES

[Braun et al. 2006] M. Braun, T. Degner, M. Vandenbergh: “Laboratory DG Grid”, DISPOWER, Deliverable 6.3, 2006

01/03/08 Page 70 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DN DNO TN TNO GSP DeMoTec DG DER VPP WEC IG SG

01/03/08 Page 71 of 71 Restricted to FENIX Consortium Only