A) Chimps Learn to Use Tools

Final Exam BIOL 221

1. Imprinting is seen when …

A) Chimps learn to use tools B) Goslings automatically follow their mother (or the first living thing they see) C) Stickleback fish attack anything with a red belly D) Dogs learn to salivate at the sound of a bell E) A predator learns from previous experiences with a porcupine

2. Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification?

A) The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction. B) The two forms live in similar habitats. C) The two forms have many genes in common. D) The two forms have similar food requirements. E) The two forms are very similar in coloration

3. Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased, enabling greater interaction among races. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing

A) non-random mating. B) geographic isolation. C) genetic drift. D) mutations. E) gene flow

4. Two species in the same habitat attempting to utilize the same food resource results in the extirpation (localized loss) of one of those two species. This result is …

A) Competitive exclusion B) Resource partitioning C) Sympatric speciation D) Allopatric speciation E) Niche allocation 5. What do animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have in common?

A) body cavity between body wall and digestive system B) number of embryonic tissue layers C) type of body symmetry D) presence of Hox genes E) degree of cephalization

6. The most recent common ancestor of all land plants was probably similar to modern-day members of which group?

A) green algae B) red algae C) charophytes D) brown algae E) angiosperms

7. If nondisjunction occurs in meiosis II during gametogenesis, what will be the result at the completion of meiosis?

A) All the gametes will be diploid. B) Half of the gametes will be n + 1, and half will be n - 1. C) 1/4 of the gametes will be n + 1, one will be n - 1, and two will be n. D) There will be three extra gametes. E) Two of the four gametes will be haploid, and two will be diploid

8. What is the dominant stage of the bryophyte life cycle?

A) Spororphyte B) Gametophyte C) Sporangia D) Gametangia

9. Cephalization is primarily associated with

A) adaptation to dark environments. B) method of reproduction. C) fate of the blastopore. D) type of digestive system. E) bilateral symmetry 10. A species of fish is found to require a certain water temperature, a particular oxygen content of the water, a particular depth, a rocky substrate on the bottom, and a variety of nutrients in the form of microscopic plants and animals to thrive. These requirements describe its

A) dimensional profile. B) ecological niche. C) prime habitat. D) resource partition. E) home base.

11. What is the difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross?

A) A monohybrid cross involves a single trait, whereas a dihybrid cross involves two traits B) A monohybrid cross produces a single progeny, whereas a dihybrid cross produces two progeny C) A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters and a monohybrid only one. D) A monohybrid cross is performed for one generation, whereas a dihybrid cross is performed for two generations. E) A monohybrid cross results in a 9:3:3:1 ratio whereas a dihybrid cross gives a 3:1 ratio

12. How does logistic growth differ from exponential growth?

A) Logistic growth does not account for the carrying capacity (k) of the ecosystem for that species B) Logistic growth takes into consideration the carrying capacity (k) of the ecosystem for that species C) Logistic growth represents an idealized scenario showing maximum growth of the population D) Logistic growth indicates an accelerating rate of growth for a population E) Logistic growth is infinite 13. Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools?

A) phylogenetic B) ecological C) biological D) morphological

14. Operant conditioning is seen when…

15. Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?

A) Viridiplantae B) Plantae C) Pterophyta D) Bryophyta E) Charophycea

16. In a hypothetical population of 1,000 people, tests of blood-type genes show that 160 have the genotype AA, 480 have the genotype AB, and 360 have the genotype BB. What is the frequency of the B allele?

A) 0.001 B) 0.002 C) 0.100 D) 0.400 E) 0.600

17. Daughter cells of mitosis are ______and ______.

A) haploid, clones B) diploid, variable C) haploid, variable D) diploid, clones E) None of the above 18. What is the dominant stage of the gymnosperm lifecycle?

A) Sporophyte B) Gametophyte C) Sporangia D) Gametangia

19. A nonreciprocal crossover causes which of the following products?

A) Deletion only B) Duplication only C) Nondisjunction D) Deletion and duplication E) Duplication and nondisjunction

20. Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except

A) multicellularity. B) specialized cells and tissues. C) lignified vascular tissue. D) walled spores in sporangia. E) a reduced, dependent sporophyte.

21. In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype?

A) 0.20 B) 0.32 C) 0.42 D) 0.80 E) Genotype frequency cannot be determined from the information provided.

22. One species lives only in tree holes; another species lives only in streams. Which mode of reproductive isolation is occurring? A) behavioral B) gametic C) habitat D) temporal E) mechanical 23. The Allee effect is used to describe a population that

A) has become so small that it will have difficulty surviving and reproducing. B) has become so large it will have difficulty surviving and reproducing. C) approaches carrying capacity. D) exceeds carrying capacity. E) is in crash decline.

24. In the semiconserved model of DNA replication, what is the DNA content of daughter DNA strands?

A) One daughter molecule is all parent DNA material, the other is entirely newly synthesized DNA B) Both strands of daughter DNA are completely newly synthesized DNA C) Each daughter strand is half parent cell DNA and half new DNA D) Both strands of daughter DNA are entirely original parent DNA E) Each daughter strand is a random mix of old and new DNA

25. Calico cats are female because

A) a male inherits only one of the two X-linked genes controlling hair color. B) the males die during embryonic development. C) the Y chromosome has a gene blocking orange coloration. D) only females can have Barr bodies. E) multiple crossovers on the Y chromosome prevent orange pigment production

26. Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between

A) sympatric populations of a predator and its prey. B) sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches. C) sympatric populations of a flowering plant and its specialized insect pollinator. D) allopatric populations of the same animal species. E) allopatric populations of species with similar ecological niches 27. The genotypic and phenotypic frequencies for the F1 generation, produced by the cross between the two parents shown below, are....

1. B = Brown eyes b = blue eyes i. P: Bb x bb

A) Genotypic: bb (3) : Bb (1) : BB (0); Phenotypic: blue (3) : brown (1) B) Genotypic: bb (1) : Bb (2) : BB (1); Phenotypic: blue (1) : brown (3) C) Genotypic: bb (2) : Bb (2) : BB (0); Phenotypic: blue (2) : brown (2) D) Genotypic: bb (1) : Bb (1) : BB (1); Phenotypic: blue (1) : brown (2)

28. The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a

A) unicellular chytrid. B) unicellular yeast. C) plant. D) multicellular fungus. E) flagellated protist.

29. Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?

A) the postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability B) the postzygotic barrier called hybrid breakdown C) the prezygotic barrier called hybrid sterility D) gametic isolation E) adaptation

30. The DNA polymerases of all cellular organisms have proofreading capability. This capability tends to reduce the introduction of

A) extra genes by gene duplication events. B) chromosomal translocation. C) genetic variation by mutations. D) proofreading capability into prokaryotes 31. Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. This suggests

A) that the parents were true-breeding for contrasting traits. B) incomplete dominance. C) that a blending of traits has occurred. D) that the parents were both heterozygous. E) that each offspring has the same alleles

32. What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates

A) have a body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have a solid body. B) contain tissues derived from mesoderm, whereas pseudocoelomates have no such tissue. C) have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not. D) have a complete digestive system with mouth and anus, whereas pseudocoelomates have a digestive tract with only one opening. E) have a gut that lacks suspension within the body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have mesenteries that hold the digestive system in place

33. Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry?

A) an insect that resembles a twig B) a butterfly that resembles a leaf C) a palatable butterfly that looks like an unpalatable butterfly D) a fawn with fur coloring that camouflages it in the forest environment E) a snapping turtle that uses its tongue to mimic a worm, thus attracting fish

34. The term that is most appropriately associated with clade is

A) paraphyletic. B) polyphyletic. C) monophyletic. 35. A man who is an achondroplastic dwarf with normal vision marries a color-blind woman of normal height. The man's father was six feet tall, and both the woman's parents were of average height. Achondroplastic dwarfism is autosomal dominant, and red-green color blindness is X-linked recessive. How many of their daughters might be expected to be color-blind dwarfs?

A) All B) None C) Half D) One out of four E) Three out of four

36. What is one of the sources of genetic variation in gametes?

A) crossing over B) cytokinesis C) mitosis D) binary fission E) transduction

37. A sign stimulus is seen in…

A) Dog salivation at the sight of it’s food B) Chimpanzee learning of tool use C) Goslings automatically following their mother D) Male stickleback fish attacking anything with a red belly E) Sowbugs detecting and moving toward moist environments

38. Which of these is the smallest unit that natural selection can change?

A) a species' gene frequency B) a population's gene frequency C) an individual's genome D) an individual's genotype E) an individual's phenotype 39. Long-term studies of Belding's ground squirrels show that immigrants move nearly 2 km from where they are born and make up 1 to 8% of the males and 0.7 to 6% of the females in other populations. On an evolutionary scale, why is this significant?

A) These immigrants make up for the deaths of individuals keeping the other populations' size stable. B) Young reproductive males tend to stay in their home population and are not driven out by other territorial males. C) These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations. D) Those individuals that emigrate to these new populations are looking for less crowded conditions with more resources. E) Gradually, the populations of ground squirrels will move from a uniform to a clumped population pattern of dispersion.

40. A 0.1% frequency of recombination is observed

A) only in sex chromosomes. B) only on genetic maps of viral chromosomes. C) on unlinked chromosomes. D) in any two genes on different chromosomes. E) in genes located very close to one another on the same chromosome

41. A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism?

A) HT B) Hh C) HhTt D) T E) tt

42. Classical conditioning is seen when…

A) an area where two closely related species' ranges overlap. B) an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring. C) a zone that features a gradual change in species composition where two neighboring ecosystems border each other. D) a zone that includes the intermediate portion of a cline. E) an area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but experience no gene flow.

44. Which of the following is not one of the three Domains of life?

A) Eubacteria B) Protista C) Eukaryota D) Archaebacteria E) None of the above

45. Which is an example of cryptic coloration?

A) Colors of a peacocks tail B) Stripes on a skunk C) The red of a poison dart frog D) White of a snowshoe hare E) Pink of flamingoes

46. In anaphase of mitosis, what is the primary characteristic event?

A) Sister chromatids separate B) Homologous pairs separate C) Duplicated chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell D) Chromatin material is condensing E) Cytokinesis occurs 47. Starting with the Parental generation below, complete the dihybrid cross and provide the expected phenotypic frequences. Gene #1: B = Brown eyes b = blue eyes Gene#2: T = Tall t = short P: BbTt x bbtt

A) brown & tall 4: brown & short 4: blue & tall 4: blue & short 4 B) brown & tall 1: brown & short 3: blue & tall 3: blue & short 9 C) brown & tall 16: brown & short 0: blue & tall 0: blue & short 0 D) brown & tall 3: brown & short 9: blue & tall 9: blue & short 3

48. How many daughter cells result from meiosis?

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 6

49. Which of the following statements best summarizes the structural differences between DNA and RNA?

A) RNA is a protein, whereas DNA is a nucleic acid. B) DNA is a protein, whereas RNA is a nucleic acid. C) DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides. D) RNA is a double helix, but DNA is single-stranded. E) A and D are correct.

50. Which of the following describes having more than one reproductive episode during a lifetime?

A) cohort B) dispersion C) Allee effect D) iteroparous E) semelparous 51. Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures?

A) bat wing and human hand B) owl wing and hornet wing C) porcupine quill and cactus spine D) bat forelimb and bird wing E) Australian mole and North American mole

52. In what stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A) prophase B) G1 of interphase C) S of interphase D) G2 of interphase E) G0 of interphase

53. When in meiosis do sister chromatids separate?

A) metaphase II B) anaphase I C) metaphase I D) anaphase II E) telophase II

54. What is a hypothesis?

A) the same thing as an unproven theory B) a tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiable C) a verifiable observation sensed directly, or sensed indirectly with the aid of scientific instrumentation D) a fact based on qualitative data that is testable E) a fact based on quantitative data that is falsifiable

55. Cells of the body that are capable of undergoing mitosis include….

A) somatic cells B) germs cells C) Both A and B D) None of the above 56. When in meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

A) metaphase II B) anaphase I C) metaphase I D) anaphase II E) telophase II

57. If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms D, E, and F belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology?

A) A and B B) A and C C) B and D D) C and F E) D and F

58. Which of the following is the pattern of spacing for individuals within the boundaries of the population?

A) cohort B) dispersion C) Allee effect D) iteroparous E) semelparous

59. If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'ATTGCA3', the other complementary strand would have the sequence

A) 5'TAACGT3'. B) 3'TAACGT5'. C) 5'UAACGU3'. D) 3'UAACGU5'. E) 5'UGCAAU3' 60. Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex level?

A) organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population, organism B) cell, community, population, organ system, molecule, organelle C) organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ D) ecosystem, cell, population, tissue, organism, organ system E) molecule, cell, organ system, population, ecosystem, biosphere Essay: Choose and answer only 3 of the following. (10 pts ea.)

1. Using a Punnett square, complete the following di-hybrid cross. Provide the outcome of genotypic ratios, phenotypic ratios, and the probability of an offspring with the genotype AaBb.

AABb x Aabb

2. Describe the process by which a female cat may be calico. Be sure to include all correct terminology involved in this process.

3. Describe the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. What does it mean when a population is said to be in H-W Eq? What are the five criteria that must be met to be in H-W Eq? Include equations and variables.

4. Describe the life cycle of a fern. Include a diagram showing the stages involved. (Your entire answer may be a diagram, if complete)

5. Describe the process by which two different species of woodpecker might utilize insects on/in a dead tree so that both might survive. Devise a hypothetical scenario where these two may coexist. Provide the term for this interaction, as well as the term for if this coexistence failed.

6. Define and describe the following terms of interspecific interaction; competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism. Provide an example of each.