Breaking Through: The German Concept of Battle in 1918 Dr. Robert T. Foley (
[email protected]) The way in which the Germans planned and conducted their offensives in 1918 has been seemingly well covered by historiography. Details can be found in the German official history of 1918, as well as other interwar accounts.1 More recently, two scholarly works have covered the offensives in some considerable depth. Martin Kitchen’s The German Offensives of 1918 appeared in 2001and David Zabecki’s The German 1918 Offensives was published in 2006.2 Both of these works drew heavily on previously un- or at least under-used archival material. Both cover the planning and preparations for the offensives in some depth. Moreover, there are also good works on the tactics employed by the German forces in 1918 – Bruce Gudmundsson’s Stormtroop Tactics and David Zabecki’s Steel Wind address the development of the German infantry and artillery tactics, respectively, that found their ultimate expression in the German battlefield successes of March to June 1918.3 However, there are a number of flaws within this historiography. First, the overviews of the German 1918 campaign given by Kitchen and Zabecki owe much of their conceptual framework to more recent ideas of battle and the operational art. In other words, both have a modern-day view of battle that is in turn based on a First World War Anglo-French conception of battle.4 Both authors see battle as being a step-by-step process, with distinct phases and sub-objectives: Battle is won by achieving these goals, capturing a key rail network or taking an important enemy 1 Kriegsgeschichtliches Forschungsanstalt des Heeres, DerWeltkrieg Bd.