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Las Relaciones Civico – Militares En Estados Unidos 2 Fuerzas profundas e identidad. Reflexiones en torno a su impacto sobre la política exterior. Un recorrido de casos / Anabella Busso ... [et al.] ; compilado por Anabella Busso. - 1a ed. - Rosario: Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2008. EBook. ISBN 978-950-673-711-5 1. Política Exterior. I. Busso, Anabella II. Busso, Anabella, comp. CDD 327.1 Diseño Editorial: D.G. Joaquín Paronzini Fecha de catalogación: 23/12/2008 ÍNDICE Prólogo ……..........................................................................................................................................( 04) Fuerzas profundas, identidad y política exterior. Reflexiones teóricas y metodológicas Anabella Busso y María Eva Pignatta ……..........................................................................................................................................( 06) Identidad y fuerzas profundas en Estados Unidos. Excepcionalismo, tradición liberal-tradición conservadora, aislacionismo-internacionalismo, política y religión: su impacto en la política exterior Anabella Busso ……...........................................................................................................................................(19) Las relaciones cívico-militares en Estados Unidos. ¿Una fuerza profunda en proceso de cambio? Anabella Busso ……...........................................................................................................................................(82) Entender a Rusia a través de sus fuerzas profundas: dificultades y desafíos de una reflexión recurrente Graciela Zubelzú …….........................................................................................................................................(125) Rusia y la definición de sus intereses nacionales: la búsqueda de una guía en clave identitaria Graciela Zubelzú …….........................................................................................................................................(142) La religión como fuerza profunda en la Rusia contemporánea y en sus vínculos externos Marta Cabeza …….........................................................................................................................................(171) La incidencia de las fuerzas profundas en el proceso de construcción identitaria de Irán, Irak y Afganistán Rubén Paredes Rodríguez …….........................................................................................................................................(183) La lucha Global contra el Terrorismo Internacional: un análisis sobre el (fra)-caso de Irak y sus repercusiones en Medio Oriente Rubén Paredes Rodríguez …….........................................................................................................................................(235) Identidad y Fuerzas Profundas en China. La influencia de la experiencia histórica en la formulación de la Política Exterior Carla V. Oliva …….........................................................................................................................................(250) Cultura, nacionalismo, modernización y política exterior de China Gustavo Marini …….........................................................................................................................................(268) Acerca de los autores …….........................................................................................................................................(295) PRÓLOGO La obra que presentamos en este primer tomo es parte de los resultados obtenidos en los proyectos de investigación “Políticas exteriores comparadas: una primera aproximación” y “Políticas exteriores: enfoques comparativos aplicados a estudios de caso”, ambos desarrollados y financiados en el marco del programa 202 de la Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Las consecuencias de la severa crisis que atravesó nuestro país a partir de 2001 impactaron sobre los asuntos externos incrementando de manera significativa los condicionamientos domésticos sobre la conformación de la agenda y, simultáneamente, aunque parezca paradójico, paralizando nuestra política exterior. En un momento en que la República Argentina necesitaba aunar esfuerzos para lograr que sus necesidades internas encontrasen alguna oportunidad de solución en un mundo globalizado y complejo no pudimos hacerlo. Fuimos, nuevamente, vistos desde afuera como un país impredecible y como una sociedad que no encontraba un destino común. Fronteras adentro florecían las críticas sobre la ausencia de un proyecto nacional basado en ideas e intereses comunes que actuasen como parte de nuestra identidad y sobre la consecuente discontinuidad de nuestra política exterior. Así fue que nos interrogamos sobre cuáles podrían ser las razones que optimizaran o limitaran la capacidad de un Estado para hacer de su política exterior un instrumento útil en la tarea de dar respuestas a crisis típicas de la era de la globalización. En este marco decidimos incorporar un nuevo proyecto a nuestro programa de investigación donde sumábamos a los análisis sobre el peso de los intereses en la acción externa de los estados el rol de la ideas. Consecuentemente, nos planteamos un estudio exploratorio donde intentamos identificar fuerzas profundas y cuestiones identitarias que influyen sobre la política exterior de los estados favoreciendo –o no– su capacidad para generar cambios positivos que den respuestas a sus necesidades. Dicha tarea exploratoria estaba guiada por un supuesto tentativo: prima facie suponíamos que más allá de las diferentes capacidades de respuesta a las crisis por parte de cada Estado propias de la dicotomía desarrollo-subdesarrollo –visión ligada a las capacidades materiales– la historia de las relaciones internacionales parecería demostrar que aquellos países con determinadas fuerzas profundas que actuaron como elementos estructurales en la construcción de su identidad –sin limitar el dinamismo de este concepto– e impactaron en la política exterior, han logrado mejores resultados que aquellos que carecen de una identidad o que la han fundado sobre alguna fuerza profunda errónea como podría ser la raza, los nacionalismos exacerbados, entre otros. Nuestro equipo, integrado por investigadores y becarios de CONICET e investigadores del Programa de Categorización, posee una trayectoria significativa en el estudio tanto de política exterior argentina como de otros Estados nacionales. Con esta base de conocimientos adquiridos nos dedicamos a indagar la existencia de fuerzas profundas en el sentido aportado por la Escuela Francesa, su interconexión con la identidad nacional de un país y su impacto en la política exterior. En este primer Tomo presentamos nuestro marco teórico-conceptual y abordamos los casos de Estados Unidos, Rusia, Irán, Iraq, Afgnistán y China, mientras el próximo se concentrará principalmente en países latinoamericanos. 5 Esta tarea de investigación no hubiese sido posible sin la labor profesional y la dedicación permanente de mi colega y Codirectora de ambos proyectos, la Dra. Graciela Zubelzú. Asimismo, quiero manifestar mi mayor agradecimiento a María Eva Pignatta y María Elena Lorenzini, quienes no sólo han aportado al proyecto con sus propias investigaciones, sino que colaboraron a lo largo de estos años con la ardua tarea técnico- administrativa que involucra la presentación de informes y ahora con la edición de este e-book. Finalmente, sumo a lo anterior mi reconocimiento a los aportes de Natalia Ceppi y Gisela Pereyra Doval en la revisión de los artículos incluidos en este tomo y a las gestiones de Patricia Rojo para que las producciones de estos proyectos lleguen a esta publicación. En definitiva, destaco la riqueza del trabajo conjunto entre experimentados y jóvenes investigadores para la producción y difusión de conoci- mientos a través de esta modalidad electrónica y valoro, muy especialmente, el apoyo de UNR Editora para la consecución de este libro. Mg. Anabella Busso Directora de Proyecto Volver al índice Volver al índice Fuerzas profundas, identidad y política exterior Reflexiones teóricas y metodológicas Anabella Busso María Eva Pignatta 7 Resumen: Este artículo introduce los ejes que orientan esta investigación. En primer lugar, se plantea el objetivo que constituye el hilo conductor de esta investigación en general y cada uno de los casos en particular. Luego de explicitar las motivaciones que dieron origen a este proyecto, se abordan cuestiones metodológico-conceptuales y en ese marco se plantean los conceptos centrales por los que discurre esta investigación: fuerzas profundas, identidad y política exterior. Por último, se anuncian los casos incluidos y desarrollados. Palabras clave: fuerzas profundas, identidad, política exterior Abstract: This article introduces the main axes that orient this research. First, we present the purpose that constitute the conducting thread of this research in general and each of the cases in particular. After specifying the motivations that gave origin to this project, we address methodological and conceptual issues and in that context we develop the main concept which are central to this research: deep forces, identity, foreign policy. Last, we announce the cases that are included and developed. Key Words: deep forces, identity, foreign policy Volver al índice 8 Nuestro equipo de investigación posee una larga experiencia en el estudio y seguimiento de la política exterior argentina, tanto en sus dimensiones bilaterales y multilaterales, como en el conocimiento
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