HC 115 Week 1 Presentation

Hello everyone and welcome to Medical Terminology for Healthcare professionals. This week we are going to cover:

 Chapter 1  Introduction to Medical Terminology  Chapter 2  Body Structure Slide 2

We will start by understanding what you will need for this class. These needs will consist of the:

 Basic rules for building terms will help you both build and translate many different words  You must be able to put words together or build words from their parts  Studying medical terminology is like learning a new language  Like piecing together a puzzle Slide 3 Other things to consider

 It is impossible to memorize all of the thousands of medical terms  You can distinguish the meaning of many different words by analyzing the word parts  Word roots  Combining forms  Prefixes  Suffixes Slide 4

And our word parts consist of the following:

 Word root is the fundamental meaning of the term  Prefixes and suffixes modify the word root  Combining vowels connect other word parts  Always exceptions to rules Slide 5

Here are some examples of these word parts:

Word PartExample (Meaning) Word root cardiogram (record of the heart) Prefix pericardium (around the heart) Suffix carditis (inflammation of heart)

Combining form  cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease) Slide 6 The Word Root is the:  Foundation of the term  General meaning of word  Often gives body system or part  cardi = heart  Or may be an action  cis = to cut Slide 7 Other qualities of the word root are:  Medical terms may have more than one root  gastroenteritis  Many medical terms built without a word root  hyper– = prefix meaning excessive  –trophy = suffix meaning development  hypertrophy = excessive development Slide 8 The characteristics of the Combining Form are:  Typically used to write word roots  Also use the word root/combining vowel format  Examples:  cardi/o  arthr/o  gastr/o Slide 9 Examples of these Common Combining Forms are:  aden/o – gland  carcin/o – cancer  cardi/o – heart  chem/o – chemical  cis/o – to cut  dermat/o – skin  enter/o – small intestine  gastr/o – stomach  gynec/o – female  hemat/o – blood  hydr/o – water Slide 10 Examples of Other Common Combining Forms are:  immun/o – immune  laryng/o – voice box  morph/o – shape  nephr/o – kidney  neur/o – nerve  ophthalm/o – eye  ot/o – ear  path/o – disease  pulmon/o – lung  rhin/o – nose  ur/o – urine, urinary system Slide 11 Listed here are some examples of how prefixes are used:

 Added to the front of a term  May add meaning such as:  location of organ sub– = below  number of parts mono– = one  time (frequency) post– = after Slide 12 Other things to keep in mind are:  Not all medical terms have a prefix  When written by itself, followed by a hyphen  intra–  hyper–  multi– Slide 13 Here are some common examples of prefixes and how they are used:  a– without, away from  an– without  ante– before, in front of  anti– against  auto– self  brady– slow  dys– painful, difficult Slide 14 And in this slide we have more examples:

 endo– within, inner  epi– upon, over  eu– normal, good  hetero– different  homo– same  hyper– over, above  hypo– under, below Slide 15 Here we have examples of number prefixes:

 bi– two  hemi– half  mono– one  multi– many  nulli– none  poly– many  quad– four  semi– partial, half  tri– three  uni– one Slide 16 Now we will discuss suffixes. A suffix is:  Attached to the end of a term  Adds meaning such as:  condition –algia = pain  disease –itis = inflammation  procedure –ectomy = surgical removal Slide 17  All medical terms must have a suffix  Only mandatory word part  When written by itself, precede with a hyphen  –logy  –sclerosis  –cyte Slide 18 Now we will review common suffixes, how they are pronounced and how they change the meaning of the word.

 –algiapain  –cele hernia, protrusion  –cise cut  –cyte cell  –dynia pain  –ectasis dilatation  –gen that which produces  –genesis produces, generates Slide 19 Here are some other examples of commonly used suffixes:  –genic producing  –ia state, condition  –iasis abnormal condition  –ism state of  –itis inflammation  –logist one who studies  –logy study of  –lysis destruction Slide 20 Here are some examples of surgical suffixes used in the medical field:  –centesis puncture to withdraw fluid  –ectomy surgical removal  –ostomy surgically create an opening  –otomy cutting into  –pexysurgical fixation  –plasty surgical repair  –rrhaphy suture Slide 21 Here are some examples of procedural suffixes used in the medical field:

 –gram record or picture  –graph instrument for recording  –graphy process of recording  –meter instrument for measuring  –metry process of measuring  –scope instrument for viewing  –scopy process of visually examining Slide 22 Now we will concentrate on word building:  Putting together several parts to form a variety of terms to convey the necessary information  Begins with knowing the meaning of the various word parts in order to select the correct ones  Always remember the rules regarding the location of each word part Slide 23 You will need to learn how to interpret these medical terms by breaking them down to their individual word parts.  Term to be translated  gastroenterology  Divide the term into its word parts  gastr / o / enter / o / logy Slide 24 Next you will need to:  Define each word part  gastr = stomach  o = combining vowel, no meaning  enter = small intestine  o = combining vowel, no meaning  –logy = study of  Combine the meanings of the word parts  study of the stomach and small intestine Slide 25 Pronunciation is key in succeeding in the medical field. Pronunciation:

 Will differ according to place of birth and education  When in doubt, ask for spelling  New terms in the book are introduced in boldface type, with phonetic spelling in parentheses  Stressed syllable will be in capital letters:  pericarditis (per ih car DYE tis) Slide 26 Spelling is very important when learning medical terms. For spelling there is:  Only one correct way to spell a term  Changing one letter can change the meaning of a word  abduction (moving away) vs. adduction (moving towards)  ileum (small intestine) vs. ilium (hip bone) Slide 27 Abbreviations are very important to learn for a career in the medical field. Abbreviations are:

 Commonly used to save time  Can be confusing  If you are concerned about confusion, spell out the term  Do not use your own personal abbreviations Slide 28 Now we will learn about the medical record. The medical record:

 Documents details of hospital stay  Patient’s day-to-day condition  When and what services were provided  Response to treatment  All personnel with patient contact complete the appropriate report  Medical records department ensures that all documents are present, complete, signed, and in order Slide 29 Next we will learn the parts of the medical record. The first part is the:  History and Physical  Written by admitting physician  Details patient’s:  History  Exam results  Initial diagnosis  Physician’s plan of treatment The next part is the:  ``Physician’s Orders  Ordered by the doctor  Complete list of:  Care  Medications  Tests  Treatments Slide 30 And then you have the:  Nurse’s Notes  Records the patient’s care throughout the day  Includes vital signs, treatment specifics, patient’s response to treatment, and patient’s condition  Physician’s Progress Notes  Daily record of patient’s condition  Results of physical exam, summary of test results, updated assessment and diagnoses, further plans for treatment Slide 31 And the:

 Consultation Reports  Given by a specialist when the physician asks for patient evaluation  Ancillary Reports  From various treatments and therapies  Such as rehabilitation, social services, respiratory therapy, or dietetics Slide 32 You also have the:

 Operative Report  From surgeon detailing the operation  Includes pre- and post-operative diagnosis  Specific details of the procedure and how the patient tolerated the procedure  Anesthesiologist’s Report  Relates details of drugs given to patient  Response to anesthesia  Vital signs during surgery Slide 33 You also have the:  Diagnostic Reports  Results of all diagnostic tests performed on the patient  From lab to medical imaging  Pathologist’s Report  Report given by pathologist who studies tissue removed from patient Slide 34 The medical record should also contain the:  Informed Consent  Document voluntarily signed by the patient or responsible party  Clearly describes purpose, methods, procedures, benefits, and risks of procedures  Discharge Summary  Outline of patient’s entire hospital stay  Includes condition at admission, admitting diagnosis, test results, treatments, and patient’s response, final diagnosis, and follow-up plans Slide 35 Now we will discuss the various healthcare settings. Below are some examples of different healthcare settings:

 Nursing Home or Long-Term Care Facility  Provides long-term care for patients who need extra time to recover before going home  For persons who cannot care for themselves  Ambulatory Care, Surgical Center or Outpatient Clinic  For patients who do not need overnight care  Simple surgeries, therapy, or diagnostic testing Slide 36 And:  Physician’s Office  Individual or group of doctors providing diagnostic and treatment services in an office setting  Health Maintenance Organization  Group of primary care physicians, specialists, and other healthcare professionals  Provides wide range of services in a pre-paid system Slide 37 As well as:  Home Health Care  Agencies that provide nursing, therapy, personal care, or housekeeping services in patient’s home  Rehabilitation  Provides physical and occupational therapy  Inpatient and outpatient  Hospice  Organized group of health workers that provide supportive treatment to terminally ill patients and their families Slide 38 This slide contains information about confidentiality. Confidentiality is and consists of:  Any information or record relating to a patient is privileged  Moral and legal responsibility to keep all information private  Proper authorization must be signed by patient before any information can be released  Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) sets federal standards to protect records Slide 39 Now we will look at Chapter 2: Body Organization Slide 40 These are the levels of body organization:  Cells form tissues  Tissues form organs  Organs form systems  Systems form whole body Slide 41 This is the information you will need to know about cells:  Cytology – study of cells and their function  Fundamental unit of life  Has all properties of being alive  Responds to stimuli  Engages in metabolic activity  Reproduces itself  All tissues and organs in body formed of cells Slide 42  Individual cells perform functions for body  Reproduction  Hormone secretion  Energy production  Excretion  Special cells carry out very specific functions  Muscle contraction  Electrical impulse transmission Slide 43  Cells come in different sizes and shapes  But all cells have  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Cell membrane Slide 44 This is the information you will need to know about tissues. Histology – is the study of tissue  Formed when like cells are grouped together to perform an activity  Four types of tissue  Muscle tissue  Epithelial tissue  Connective tissue  Nervous tissue Slide 45 Muscle tissue:  Produces movement in body by contracting  Composed of individual muscle cells called muscle fibers  Three basic types of muscles  Skeletal muscle – attached to bones  Smooth muscle – internal organs like intestine and uterus  Cardiac muscle – only in the heart Slide 46 Epithelial tissue is:  Known as epithelium  Found as lining for internal organs and covering for the skin  Close-packed cells that function to  Form a protective barrier – skin  Absorb – lining of intestine  Secrete – sweat glands  Excrete wastes – kidney tubules Slide 47 Connective tissue  Supports and protects  Function depends on location  Many different forms  Adipose  Bone  Cartilage  Tendons Slide 48 Nervous tissue is:  Composed of cells called neurons  Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves  Allows for conduction of electrical impulses between brain and rest of the body Slide 49 Now we will talk about the organs. The organs are:  Composed of several types of tissue  Work together as a unit  Perform special functions  Example: stomach contains  Muscle fibers  Nerve tissues  Epithelial tissue Slide 50 Systems are:  Composed of several organs working together in coordinated manner  Perform complex functions  Example: stomach plus other digestive organs including mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, small intestines, and colon work together to break down, digest, and absorb food Slide 51 The Integumentary System is a:  Two-way barrier and temperature regulation  Organs  Skin  Hair  Nails  Sweat glands  Sebaceous glands Slide 52 The musculoskeletal system:  Supports and protects body, forms blood cells, stores minerals  Organs  Bones  Joints Slide 53 It also:  Produces movement  Organs  Muscles Slide 54 The cardiovascular system:  Pumps blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes  Organs  Heart  Arteries  Veins Slide 55 Blood or the Hematic System:  Transports oxygen, protects, and controls bleeding  Organs  Plasma  Erythrocytes  Leukocytes  Platelets Slide 56 The Lymphatic System:  Protects the body  Organs  Lymph nodes  Lymphatic vessels  Spleen  Thymus gland  Tonsils Slide 57 The respiratory system:  Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide  Organs  Nasal cavity  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchial tubes  Lungs Slide 58 The gastrointestinal system is where we:  Ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients  Organs  Oral cavity  Pharynx  Esophagus  Stomach  Small intestine  Colon  Liver & gallbladder  Pancreas Slide 59 The Urinary System:  Filters waste and removes from body  Organs  Kidneys  Ureters  Urinary bladder  Urethra Slide 60 The female reproductive system:

 Produces eggs and provides place for baby  Organs  Ovaries  Fallopian tubes  Uterus  Vagina  Vulva  Breast Slide 61 The male reproductive system:  Produces sperm  Organs  Testes  Epididymis  Vas deferens  Penis  Seminal vesicles  Prostate glans  Bulbourethral glands Slide 62 In this slide you will learn about the endocrine system. The endocrine system:  Regulates metabolic activity  Organs  Pituitary gland  Pineal gland  Thyroid gland  Parathyroid glands  Thymus gland  Pancreas  Adrenal glands  Ovaries & testes Slide 63 The nervous system:  Receives sensory information and coordinates response  Organs  Brain  Spinal cord  Nerves Slide 64 Other systems include our vision system.

 Vision  Organs  Eyes Slide 65 And our hearing:

 Hearing and balance  Organs  Ears Slide 66 Now we will learn about the different medical specialties related to these systems. The various medical specialties and their systems are:  Integumentary Dermatology  Musculoskeletal Orthopedics, Orthopedic Surgery  Endocrine Endocrinology  Cardiovascular Cardiology  Blood Hematology  Lymphatic Immunology  Respiratory Pulmonology, Thoracic Surgery Slide 67 And more medical specialties are:  Digestive Gastroenterology, Proctology  Urinary Urology  Female Gynecology, Obstetrics Reproductive  Male Reproductive Urology  Nervous Neurology, Neurosurgery  Eye Ophthalmology Slide 68 Now we will learn about anatomical position. Anatomical position is:

 Used when describing positions & relationships of structures in body  Assume person is in anatomical position even if body or parts of the body are in other positions Slide 69 And is considered:  Standing erect  Arms at side of body  Palms facing forward  Eyes straight forward  Legs are parallel  Feet and toes pointing forward Slide 70 Body Planes are:  Used to assist in describing the body and its parts  Three planes:  Sagittal plane  Frontal plane  Transverse plane Slide 71 The sagittal plane is:

 Also called median plane  Vertical plane  Runs lengthwise from front to back  Divides body into left and right portions  Cut along sagittal plane yields a sagittal section Slide 72 The frontal plane is:  Also called coronal plane  Vertical plane  Runs lengthwise from side to side  Divides body into front and back positions  Cut along frontal plane yields a frontal section or coronal section Slide 73 And now the transverse plane is:  Also called horizontal plane  Crosswise plane that runs parallel to the ground  Divides body into upper and lower portions  Cut along transverse plane yields a transverse section Slide 74 The additional sections are the:  Cross-section  Produced by slice perpendicular to long axis of structure  Longitudinal section  Produced by lengthwise slice along long axis of structure Slide 75 Now we will learn about the body regions. These regions are as follows:  Cephalic – head  Cervical – neck  Brachial – arm  Crural – leg Slide 76 The regions of the torso are the:  Anterior trunk  Thoracic – chest  Abdominal  Pelvic  Pubic – genitals  Posterior trunk  Dorsum – back  Vertebral Gluteal – buttocks Slide 77 In this slide we will learn about the body cavities. The:  Body is not a solid structure; has many open spaces or cavities  Two dorsal cavities  Cranial cavity  Spinal cavity  Two ventral cavities  Thoracic cavity  Abdominopelvic cavity Slide 78 The dorsal cavity consists of the:

 Cranial cavity  Contains brain  Spinal cavity  Contains spinal cord Slide 79 The thoracic cavity:

 Contains  Two lungs  Central mediastinum  Mediastinum contains  Heart  Aorta  Esophagus  Trachea  Thymus gland Slide 80 And now we will learn about the abdominal cavity. The abdominal cavity is:  Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm  Superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity  Contain digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs Slide 81 The viscera encased sac is a:  Double layered membranous sac  Parietal layer – outer layer that lines cavities  Visceral layer – inner layer that contacts viscera  Called pleura in thoracic cavity  Called peritoneum in abdominopelvic cavity Slide 82 The subdivisions of the pleura are the:

 Pleural cavity  Contains the lungs  Pericardial cavity  Contains the heart Slide 83 In this slide we will learn about the anatomical divisions of the abdomen. These divisions are the:  Upper row:  Right and left hypochondriac regions  Center epigastric region  Middle row:  Right and left lumbar regions  Center umbilical region  Lower row:  Right and left inguinal regions  Center hypogastric region Slide 84 The clinical divisions are the:

 Right upper quadrant (RUQ)  Majority of liver  Gallbladder  Small portion of pancreas  Small intestine  Colon  Right lower quadrant (RLQ)  Small intestine  Colon  Right ovary  Right fallopian tube  Appendix  Right ureter Slide 85

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)  Small portion of liver  Spleen  Stomach  Majority of pancreas  Small intestine  Colon And the:  Left lower quadrant (LLQ)  Small intestine  Colon  Left ovary  Left fallopian tube  Left ureter Slide 86 Now we will learn about the directional terms. The directional terms:  Assist medical personnel in position or location of patient’s complaint  Help to describe one process, organ, or system as it relates to another  They are listed in pairs that have opposite meanings in following table Slide 87 Other terms are the:  Superior or cephalic  More towards head  Inferior or caudal  More towards feet  Anterior or ventral  More towards front or belly-side of body  Posterior or dorsal  More towards back or spinal cord side of body Slide 88 And the:  Medial  More towards middle  Lateral  More towards side  Proximal  Nearer to the point of attachment to body  Distal  Farther away from point of attachment to body Slide 89 Also, you need to now the following directional terms:

 Apex  Tip or summit of organ  Base  Bottom or lower part of an organ  Superficial  More towards surface of body  Deep  Further away from surface of body Slide 90 Supine:

 Supine – lying horizontally facing upward Slide 91 And:  Prone – lying horizontally facing downward Slide 92 That brings us to the end of Chapter 1 and 2 and the end of the Week 1 presentation.

 Chapter 1  Introduction to Medical Terminology  Chapter 2  Body Structure