Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Small-Scale Elevational Variation in the Abundance of Eufriesea Violacea (Blanchard) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
446 July - August 2006 ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS Small-Scale Elevational Variation in the Abundance of Eufriesea violacea (Blanchard) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) MARCIO UEHARA-PRADO1 AND CARLOS A. GARÓFALO2 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Museu de História Natural, Univ. Estadual de Campinas, C. postal 6109 13084-971, Campinas, SP, [email protected] 2Depto. Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Univ.São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP Neotropical Entomology 35(4):446-451 (2006) Variação Altitudinal em Pequena Escala na Abundância de Eufriesea violacea (Blanchard) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) RESUMO - Machos de Eufriesea violacea (Blanchard) foram amostrados em um pequeno gradiente altitudinal no Sudeste do Brasil e apresentaram picos seqüenciais de abundância do ponto mais baixo (700 m) para o ponto mais alto (1.100 m) do gradiente durante o período de amostragem. A influência da temperatura sobre a duração do período de ovo-a-adulto e nas épocas de florescimento de plantas fornecedoras de alimento (néctar) sugere que esse seja um dos fatores que determinam a distribuição da abundância dos machos ao longo do gradiente altitudinal. Os resultados ressaltam a importância de se obter amostras estratificadas em função da altitude quando populações de Euglossini são estudadas, especialmente em localidades com grande variação topográfica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Distribuição altitudinal, Euglossini, Floresta Atlântica ABSTRACT - Eufriesea violacea (Blanchard) males were sampled in a small-scale elevational gradient in Southeastern Brazil and showed sequential peaks of abundance from lowest (700 m) to highest (1,100 m) altitudes during the sampling period. The influence of the temperature on the length of the egg-to-adult period and flowering dates of plants producing food (nectar) suggests that it may be one of the factors determining the distribution of male abundance along the altitudinal gradient. -
A Review of Sampling and Monitoring Methods for Beneficial Arthropods
insects Review A Review of Sampling and Monitoring Methods for Beneficial Arthropods in Agroecosystems Kenneth W. McCravy Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, 1 University Circle, Macomb, IL 61455, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-309-298-2160 Received: 12 September 2018; Accepted: 19 November 2018; Published: 23 November 2018 Abstract: Beneficial arthropods provide many important ecosystem services. In agroecosystems, pollination and control of crop pests provide benefits worth billions of dollars annually. Effective sampling and monitoring of these beneficial arthropods is essential for ensuring their short- and long-term viability and effectiveness. There are numerous methods available for sampling beneficial arthropods in a variety of habitats, and these methods can vary in efficiency and effectiveness. In this paper I review active and passive sampling methods for non-Apis bees and arthropod natural enemies of agricultural pests, including methods for sampling flying insects, arthropods on vegetation and in soil and litter environments, and estimation of predation and parasitism rates. Sample sizes, lethal sampling, and the potential usefulness of bycatch are also discussed. Keywords: sampling methodology; bee monitoring; beneficial arthropods; natural enemy monitoring; vane traps; Malaise traps; bowl traps; pitfall traps; insect netting; epigeic arthropod sampling 1. Introduction To sustainably use the Earth’s resources for our benefit, it is essential that we understand the ecology of human-altered systems and the organisms that inhabit them. Agroecosystems include agricultural activities plus living and nonliving components that interact with these activities in a variety of ways. Beneficial arthropods, such as pollinators of crops and natural enemies of arthropod pests and weeds, play important roles in the economic and ecological success of agroecosystems. -
Hymenoptera: Apidae), with Distributional Modeling of Adventive Euglossines
Comparative Genital Morphology, Phylogeny, and Classification of the Orchid Bee Genus Euglossa Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with Distributional Modeling of Adventive Euglossines BY ©2010 Ismael Alejandro Hinojosa Díaz Submitted to the graduate degree program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Chairperson Michael S. Engel Charles D. Michener Edward O. Wiley Kirsten Jensen J. Christopher Brown Date Defended: November 10, 2010 The Dissertation Committee for Ismael Alejandro Hinojosa Díaz certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Comparative Genital Morphology, Phylogeny, and Classification of the Orchid Bee Genus Euglossa Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with Distributional Modeling of Adventive Euglossines Chairperson Michael S. Engel Date approved: November 22, 2010 ii ABSTRACT Orchid bees (tribe Euglossini) are conspicuous members of the corbiculate bees owing to their metallic coloration, long labiomaxillary complex, and the fragrance-collecting behavior of the males, more prominently (but not restricted) from orchid flowers (hence the name of the group). They are the only corbiculate tribe that is exclusively Neotropical and without eusocial members. Of the five genera in the tribe, Euglossa Latreille is the most diverse with around 120 species. Taxonomic work on this genus has been linked historically to the noteworthy secondary sexual characters of the males, which combined with the other notable external features, served as a basis for the subgeneric classification commonly employed. The six subgenera Dasystilbe Dressler, Euglossa sensu stricto, Euglossella Moure, Glossura Cockerell, Glossurella Dressler and Glossuropoda Moure, although functional for the most part, showed some intergradations (especially the last three), and no phylogenetic evaluation of their validity has been produced. -
8-FIRST RECORD.P65
ZOOLOGÍA FIRST RECORD OF EUFRIESEA BARE GONZÁLEZ & GAIANI AND NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THREE SPECIES OF ORCHID BEES PERTAINING TO THE GENUS EUGLOSSA LATREILLE (APIDAE: EUGLOSSINI) IN COLOMBIA Por Alejandro Parra-H1 & Guiomar Nates-Parra1,2 Abstract Parra-H., A. & G. Nates-Parra: First record of Eufriesea bare González & Gaiani and notes on the distribution of three species of orchid bees pertaining to the genus Euglossa Latreille (Apidae: Euglossini) in Colombia Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 31(120): 415-423, 2007. ISSN 0370-3908. Knowledge on the geographical distribution of orchid bee species in Colombia and most of the Neotropics depends on monitoring and sample methodologies implemented and facilities to access diverse natural regions. In addition, for research on distribution of species, the taxonomic impediment is a problem for the identification and confirmation of some species, although the tribe Euglossini presents a relatively well developed taxonomy. Herein is presented the first record of Eufriesea bare in Colombia, an orchid bee species known only the Venezuelan Amazonian region; as well as the distribution of three euglossine species of the genus Euglossa. Key words: Amazon basin, Andes, Chocó region, Colombia, eastern llanos foothill, Eufriesea bare, Euglossa, Euglossini, first record, orchid bees, taxonomy. Resumen El conocimiento sobre la distribución geográfica de las especies de abejas de las orquídeas en Colombia y la mayor parte del neotrópico depende de las metodologías de monitoreo y muestreo que se implementen además de las facilidades de acceder a las diversas regiones naturales. Igualmente, para la investigación sobre la distribución de las especies, el impedimento taxonómico es un proble- ma para la identificación y confirmación de algunas especies, a pesar que la tribu Euglossini presen- 1 Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Abejas LABUN, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. -
First Record of the Orchid Bee Euglossa Imperialis Cockerell, 1922 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossina) in Mato Grosso Do Sul State, Midwestern Brazil
14 6 NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Check List 14 (6): 1059–1064 https://doi.org/10.15560/14.6.1059 First record of the orchid bee Euglossa imperialis Cockerell, 1922 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossina) in Mato Grosso do Sul state, midwestern Brazil Jessica Amaral Henrique, Ana Isabel Sobreiro, Valter Vieira Alves Júnior Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Apicultura, Rodovia Dourados, Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, CEP 79804-070, Dourados, MS, Brazil. Corresponding author: Jessica A. Henrique, [email protected] Abstract The occurrence of Euglossa imperialis Cockerell, 1922 is recorded for the first time in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. This paper extends the distribution of the species by about 800 km west of the São Paulo state, its nearest record. Key words Bait trap; Cerrado domain; Neotropical region; range extension. Academic editor: Filippo Di Giovanni | Received 9 August 2018 | Accepted 8 October 2018 | Published 16 November 2018 Citation: Henrique JA, Sobreiro AI, Alves Júnior VV (2018) First record of the orchid bee Euglossa imperialis Cockerell, 1922 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossina) in Mato Grosso do Sul state, midwestern Brazil. Check List 14 (6): 1059–1064. https://doi.org/10.15560/14.6.1059 Introduction Euglossa imperialis Cockerell, 1922, is a species of the subgenus Glossura Cockerell, 1917, distributed from The bees of the Euglossina subtribe (Silveira et al. 2002), Central America to São Paulo state and occurring in the also known as orchid bees, are distributed in 5 genera, Eufriesea Cockerell, 1908, Eulaema Lepeletier, 1841, Brazilian biomes of the Amazon Basin, Atlantic Forest Euglossa Latreille, 1802, Exaerete Hoffmannsegg, 1817 and Cerrado (Rebêlo and Moure 1995, Rebêlo and Garó- and Aglae Lepeletier & Serville, 1825, the latter being falo 1997, Rocha-Filho and Garófalo 2013, Storck-Tonon monotypic (Oliveira 2006, Nemésio 2009). -
New Species of Eufriesea (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from Venezuela
New species of Eufriesea (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from Venezuela Jorge M. González' and Marco A. Gaiani' I Universidad Simón Bolívar, Dpto. de Biología de Organismos, Apartado 89000, Sartenejas, Miranda, Venezuela. ,l[nstituto de ioología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apdo. 4579, Maracay, Aragua 2101-A, Venezuela. (Ree. 21-[·1989. Acep. 15.11-1989) Abstraet: Three ncw species of Eufriesea from Venezuela are described: E. chaconi and E. bare from amazo nie arcas and E. kimimari from an andean arca. Two of these species belong to the surinomensis group while the third one is in the caerulescens group. Two of the species here described have been black with a posterior green stripe covered with collected from the Amazon area of Venezuela scattered yellow hairs. Posterior fringe of and a third ane from so Ande!.n area with hairs yellow. Two knobs above spurs. amazonic characteristics. The format and ter Abdomen: Tergum 1 black, covered with minology is based on Kimsey (1982) and black pubescence. Terga 11 to VII dark green Dressler (1978 a, 1978b, 1982) with slight with coppery highlights covered with yellow modifications. hairs. Genitalia: Sternum VllI about as wide Eu[riesea chaconi sp. nov. as long as far apart (Fig. lA); sternum IX apically produced into two dorsal points in Male: body lenght 19 mm; tongue length lateral view (Fig. lB); gonostylus ventral lobe II mm reaching sternum 1lI. two thirds as long as dorsal ane; gonocoxal Head green with golden hues; genae and lobe half as long as gonostylus (Fig. IC). vertex black covered with black pubescence; labrum as long as wide with a median welt and two sublater.1 ridges, rounded in lateral view. -
Zootaxa, Orchid Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
ZOOTAXA 2041 Orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest ANDRÉ NEMÉSIO Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest ANDRÉ NEMÉSIO (Zootaxa 2041) 242 pp.; 30 cm. 16 Mar. 2009 ISBN 978-1-86977-341-0 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-342-7 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2009 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2009 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) 2 · Zootaxa 2041 © 2009 Magnolia Press NEMÉSIO Zootaxa 2041: 1–242 (2009) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest ANDRÉ NEMÉSIO1 1Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Caixa Postal 486, Belo Hori- zonte, MG. 30.161-970. Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] Table of contents Abstract..................................................................................................................................................................................................... -
Atlas of Pollen and Plants Used by Bees
AtlasAtlas ofof pollenpollen andand plantsplants usedused byby beesbees Cláudia Inês da Silva Jefferson Nunes Radaeski Mariana Victorino Nicolosi Arena Soraia Girardi Bauermann (organizadores) Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees Cláudia Inês da Silva Jefferson Nunes Radaeski Mariana Victorino Nicolosi Arena Soraia Girardi Bauermann (orgs.) Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees 1st Edition Rio Claro-SP 2020 'DGRV,QWHUQDFLRQDLVGH&DWDORJD©¥RQD3XEOLFD©¥R &,3 /XPRV$VVHVVRULD(GLWRULDO %LEOLRWHF£ULD3ULVFLOD3HQD0DFKDGR&5% $$WODVRISROOHQDQGSODQWVXVHGE\EHHV>UHFXUVR HOHWU¶QLFR@RUJV&O£XGLD,Q¬VGD6LOYD>HW DO@——HG——5LR&ODUR&,6(22 'DGRVHOHWU¶QLFRV SGI ,QFOXLELEOLRJUDILD ,6%12 3DOLQRORJLD&DW£ORJRV$EHOKDV3µOHQ– 0RUIRORJLD(FRORJLD,6LOYD&O£XGLD,Q¬VGD,, 5DGDHVNL-HIIHUVRQ1XQHV,,,$UHQD0DULDQD9LFWRULQR 1LFRORVL,9%DXHUPDQQ6RUDLD*LUDUGL9&RQVXOWRULD ,QWHOLJHQWHHP6HUYL©RV(FRVVLVWHPLFRV &,6( 9,7¯WXOR &'' Las comunidades vegetales son componentes principales de los ecosistemas terrestres de las cuales dependen numerosos grupos de organismos para su supervi- vencia. Entre ellos, las abejas constituyen un eslabón esencial en la polinización de angiospermas que durante millones de años desarrollaron estrategias cada vez más específicas para atraerlas. De esta forma se establece una relación muy fuerte entre am- bos, planta-polinizador, y cuanto mayor es la especialización, tal como sucede en un gran número de especies de orquídeas y cactáceas entre otros grupos, ésta se torna más vulnerable ante cambios ambientales naturales o producidos por el hombre. De esta forma, el estudio de este tipo de interacciones resulta cada vez más importante en vista del incremento de áreas perturbadas o modificadas de manera antrópica en las cuales la fauna y flora queda expuesta a adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones o desaparecer. -
Flight Energetics of Euglossine Bees in Relation to Morphology and Wing Stroke Frequency
J. exp. Biol. 116, 271-289 (1985) 271 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists limited 1985 FLIGHT ENERGETICS OF EUGLOSSINE BEES IN RELATION TO MORPHOLOGY AND WING STROKE FREQUENCY BY TIMOTHY M. CASEY, MICHAEL L. MAY Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.SA. AND KENNETH R. MORGAN Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024, U.SA. Accepted 10 September 1984 SUMMARY Mass-specific oxygen consumption of euglossine bees during free hovering flight is inversely related to body mass, varying from 66mlO2g~1h~1 in a 1 1 1-0-g bee to 154mlO2g~ h~ in a O10-g bee. Individuals of Eulaema and Eufreisea spp. have smaller wings and higher wing stroke frequency and energy metabolism at any given mass than bees olEuglossa spp. or Exaerete frontalis. Calculated aerodynamic power requirements represent only a small fraction of the energy metabolism, and apparent flight efficiency [aero- dynamic power ( = induced + profile power)/power input] decreases as size declines. If efficiency of flight muscle = 0-2, the mechanical power output of hovering bees varies inversely with body mass from about 480 to 1130 W kg"1 of muscle. These values are 1 -9 to 4-5 times greater than previous predictions of maximum mechanical power output (Weis-Fogh & Alexander, 1977; see also Ellington, 1984c). Mass-specific energy expenditure per wing stroke is independent of body mass and essentially the same for all euglossines. Differences in energy metabolism among bees having similar body mass is primarily related to differences in wing stroke frequency. -
DE ABEJAS NATIVAS: Biol
Margarita Medina Camacho Fue en Septiembre de 1999, cuando se instaló en el Aula Magna de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Veracruzana en Boca del Río, Veracruz, MÉXICO, el 1er Seminario Nacional sobre abejas sin aguijón bajo la organización de la empresa de recienteVIII CONGRESO MESOAMERICANO creación AIPROCOPA SA, con la dirección del MVZ Javier Ortiz Bautista y en colaboración de la DE ABEJAS NATIVAS: Biol. Margarita Medina Camacho. BIOLOGÍA, CULTURA Y USO SOSTENIBLE Era un evento sustentado en el sueño de que la Meliponicultura se reactivara en México como una actividad alternativa al manejo de la abeja africanizada y como rescate cultural y productivo que estas abejas 26 AL 31 DE AGOSTO habían tenido en pueblos indígenas del país. Sumado a la DE 2013 1 PATROCINADORES • Universidad Nacional (UNA) • Centro de Inverstigaciones Apícolas Tropicales (CINAT) (UNA) • UNA vinculación • Oficina de Transferencia Tecnológica y Vínculo Externo (OTTVE) (UNA) • Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierrra y el Mar (FCTM) (UNA) • Periódico CAMPUS (UNA) • Ministerio de Cultura y Juventud • Instituto Costarricense de Turismo (ICT) 2 COMISIÓN ORGANIZADORA Presidenta: Ingrid Aguilar M. Secretaria: Karla Barquero R. Tesorería: Ivonne Solano C. COMUNICACIÓN: Natalia Fallas M. José Pablo Vargas P. COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO: Luis A. Sanchez Ch. Johan van Veen Eduardo Umaña R. EDICIÓN DE LAS MEMORIAS DEL CONGRESO: Gabriel Zamora F. COMITÉ LOGÍSTICO: Ingrid Aguilar M., Ivonne Solano C., Karla Barquero R., Eduardo Herrera G., Rafael Calderón F. y Fernando Ramírez -
Redalyc.ORCHID BEES (APIDAE: EUGLOSSINI) in a FOREST FRAGMENT in the ECOTONE CERRADO-AMAZONIAN FOREST, BRAZIL
Acta Biológica Colombiana ISSN: 0120-548X [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá Colombia Barbosa de OLIVEIRA-JUNIOR, José Max; ALMEIDA, Sara Miranda; RODRIGUES, Lucirene; SILVÉRIO JÚNIOR, Ailton Jacinto; dos ANJOS-SILVA, Evandson José ORCHID BEES (APIDAE: EUGLOSSINI) IN A FOREST FRAGMENT IN THE ECOTONE CERRADO-AMAZONIAN FOREST, BRAZIL Acta Biológica Colombiana, vol. 20, núm. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2015, pp. 67-78 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=319040736004 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative SEDE BOGOTÁ ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/actabiol/index DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN / ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER ORCHID BEES (APIDAE: EUGLOSSINI) IN A FOREST FRAGMENT IN THE ECOTONE CERRADO-AMAZONIAN FOREST, BRAZIL Abejas de orquídeas (Apidae: Euglossini) en un fragmento de bosque en el ecotono Cerrado-Selva Amazónica, Brasil José Max Barbosa de OLIVEIRA-JUNIOR1,2,3, Sara Miranda ALMEIDA1,2, Lucirene RODRIGUES2, Ailton Jacinto SILVÉRIO JÚNIOR 2, Evandson José dos ANJOS-SILVA4. 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará. Rua Augusto Correia, n.º 1, Guamá, 66075-110. Belém, Brazil. 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso. Avenida Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, s/n, 78690-000. Nova Xavantina, Brazil. 3 Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Avenida Mendonça Furtado, n.º 2946, Fátima, 68040-470, Santarém, Pará, Brazil. -
Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Brazilian Amazon
doi:10.12741/ebrasilis.v10i1.672 e-ISSN 1983-0572 Publication of the project Entomologistas do Brasil www.ebras.bio.br Creative Commons Licence v4.0 (BY-NC-SA) Copyright © EntomoBrasilis Copyright © Author(s) Scientific Note/Comunicação Científica Notes on the nesting biology of five species of Euglossini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Brazilian Amazon Fernando da Silva Carvalho-Filho¹ & Favizía Freitas de Oliveira² 1. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Zoologia. 2. Universidade Federal da Bahia. EntomoBrasilis 10 (1): 64-68 (2017) Abstract. Orchid bees (Euglossini) are medium to large-sized species with fully or partially metallic body that are relatively common in the Neotropical Region. Nevertheless, the nesting biology of many species remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to provide new information on the nesting biology of five species of Euglossini found in urban and forested sites of Brazilian Amazon. The nests ofEufriesea pulchra (Smith) and Euglossa chalybeata Friese were recorded for the first time, found in an active nest of the ant Azteca sp. and in a fallen rotting tree, respectively. The nest of Euglossa townsendi (Linnaeus) was found in the leaf of an ornamental plant Cordyline sp. (Asparagaceae), also newly recorded. Euglossa intersecta Latreille was recorded nesting in an abandoned termite nest, and Euglossa cordata Cockerell was found nesting in a tubular metal window handle. Keywords: Apinae; Bee; Eufriesea; Euglossa; Nest. Notas sobre a biologia de nidificação de cinco espécies de Euglossini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) na Amazônia Brasileira Resumo. As abelhas-da-orquídea (Euglossini) possuem tamanho médio a grande, corpo parcialmente ou completamente metálico e são relativamente comuns na região Neotropical.