FTP Plug-In User Guide 2017.1 May 2017 Copyright © 2001-2017 Perforce Software
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Chrooting All Services in Linux
LinuxFocus article number 225 http://linuxfocus.org Chrooting All Services in Linux by Mark Nielsen (homepage) About the author: Abstract: Mark works as an independent consultant Chrooted system services improve security by limiting damage that donating time to causes like someone who broke into the system can possibly do. GNUJobs.com, writing _________________ _________________ _________________ articles, writing free software, and working as a volunteer at eastmont.net. Introduction What is chroot? Chroot basically redefines the universe for a program. More accurately, it redefines the "ROOT" directory or "/" for a program or login session. Basically, everything outside of the directory you use chroot on doesn't exist as far a program or shell is concerned. Why is this useful? If someone breaks into your computer, they won't be able to see all the files on your system. Not being able to see your files limits the commands they can do and also doesn't give them the ability to exploit other files that are insecure. The only drawback is, I believe it doesn't stop them from looking at network connections and other stuff. Thus, you want to do a few more things which we won't get into in this article too much: Secure your networking ports. Have all services run as a service under a non-root account. In addition, have all services chrooted. Forward syslogs to another computer. Analyze logs files Analyze people trying to detect random ports on your computer Limit cpu and memory resources for a service. Activate account quotas. The reason why I consider chroot (with a non-root service) to be a line of defense is, if someone breaks in under a non-root account, and there are no files which they can use to break into root, then they can only limit damage to the area they break in. -
The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide
The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide Peter Jay Salzman Michael Burian Ori Pomerantz Copyright © 2001 Peter Jay Salzman 2007−05−18 ver 2.6.4 The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide is a free book; you may reproduce and/or modify it under the terms of the Open Software License, version 1.1. You can obtain a copy of this license at http://opensource.org/licenses/osl.php. This book is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but without any warranty, without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The author encourages wide distribution of this book for personal or commercial use, provided the above copyright notice remains intact and the method adheres to the provisions of the Open Software License. In summary, you may copy and distribute this book free of charge or for a profit. No explicit permission is required from the author for reproduction of this book in any medium, physical or electronic. Derivative works and translations of this document must be placed under the Open Software License, and the original copyright notice must remain intact. If you have contributed new material to this book, you must make the material and source code available for your revisions. Please make revisions and updates available directly to the document maintainer, Peter Jay Salzman <[email protected]>. This will allow for the merging of updates and provide consistent revisions to the Linux community. If you publish or distribute this book commercially, donations, royalties, and/or printed copies are greatly appreciated by the author and the Linux Documentation Project (LDP). -
LM1881 Video Sync Separator Datasheet
Product Sample & Technical Tools & Support & Folder Buy Documents Software Community LM1881 SNLS384G –FEBRUARY 1995–REVISED JUNE 2015 LM1881 Video Sync Separator 1 Features 3 Description The LM1881 Video sync separator extracts timing 1• AC Coupled Composite Input Signal information including composite and vertical sync, • >10-kΩ Input Resistance burst or back porch timing, and odd and even field • <10-mA Power Supply Drain Current information from standard negative going sync NTSC, • Composite Sync and Vertical Outputs PAL (1) and SECAM video signals with amplitude from • Odd and Even Field Output 0.5-V to 2-V p-p. The integrated circuit is also capable of providing sync separation for non- • Burst Gate or Back Porch Output standard, faster horizontal rate video signals. The • Horizontal Scan Rates to 150 kHz vertical output is produced on the rising edge of the • Edge Triggered Vertical Output first serration in the vertical sync period. A default vertical output is produced after a time delay if the • Default Triggered Vertical Output for Non- rising edge mentioned above does not occur within Standard Video Signal (Video Games-Home the externally set delay period, such as might be the Computers) case for a non-standard video signal. 2 Applications Device Information(1) • Video Cameras and Recorders PART NUMBER PACKAGE BODY SIZE (NOM) SOIC (8) 4.90 mm × 3.91 mm • Broadcasting Systems LM1881 • Set-Top Boxes PDIP (8) 9.81 mm × 6.35 mm • Home Entertainment (1) For all available packages, see the orderable addendum at the end of the data sheet. • Computing and Gaming Applications (1) PAL in this datasheet refers to European broadcast TV standard “Phase Alternating Line”, and not to Programmable Array Logic. -
Ecaccess User Guide
ECaccess User Guide User Support Operations Department Version 3.3.0 May 2009 c Copyright 2009 European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Shinfield Park, Reading, RG2 9AX, United Kingdom Literary and scientific copyrights belong to ECMWF and are reserved in all countries. The information within this publication is given in good faith and considered to be true, but ECMWF accepts no liability for error, omission and for loss or damage arising from its use. CONTENTS Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Ecaccess concepts 4 2.1 ECaccess gateway ......................................... 4 2.2 Using an ECaccess gateway ................................... 5 2.3 Plugins ............................................... 5 3 Security authentication 7 3.1 ECaccess certificate ........................................ 7 3.2 ECcert command ......................................... 7 4 Unattended file transfers initiated from ECMWF 10 4.1 Target location ........................................... 10 4.2 ECtrans command ......................................... 11 4.2.1 Transfer to a Member State host via gateway ....................... 12 4.2.2 Transfer from a Member State host via gateway ...................... 12 5 Shell commands 14 5.1 Environment ............................................ 14 5.2 Access to Shell commands .................................... 15 5.3 General information ........................................ 15 5.4 File management ......................................... 15 5.5 Batch job management ..................................... -
Argus Research (July 2020)
EQUITY RESEARCH REPORT July 13, 2020 MOLECULAR DATA INC. (NCM: MKD) Founded in 2013, China-based Molecular Data operates an e-commerce platform that KEY STATISTICS connects and serves participants of the Chinese chemicals industry across the value chain. Key Stock Statistics COMPANY HIGHLIGHTS Recent price (7/7/20) $2.40 * MKD: Connecting China’s Chemical Industry Value Chain 52 week high/low $11.80/$0.57 ADS Outstanding (M) 115 * In our view, Molecular Data has assembled a comprehensive network that can capture value across multiple previous pain points in China’s fragmented chemicals industry. Market cap (M) $276.0 Dividend Nil * After several years of organically building platform capabilities to include financial services, warehousing, logistics and software as a service (SaaS) offerings, Molecular Yield Nil Data should now be able to diversify its revenue stream beyond its core chemical direct e-commerce sales. This should lead to enhanced profit margins and, ultimately, sustainable Sector Overview profitability. Sector Materials * At the end of 2019, Molecular Data completed an initial public offering that yielded net Sector % of S&P 500 2.5% proceeds of approximately $55 million. As a result, we view the company as well posi- tioned to invest in its integrated e-commerce platform with new higher-margin services, and to pursue the acquisition of new capabilities and services globally. Financials ($M) * Although we expect near-term financial results to be impacted by the COVID-19 outbreak, Cash & Mkt Securities 8.3 which forced many customers and suppliers to halt operations throughout the first half of Debt 2.0 2020, we are encouraged by continued robust traffic on the Molbase platform. -
Openvms: an Introduction
The Operating System Handbook or, Fake Your Way Through Minis and Mainframes by Bob DuCharme VMS Table of Contents Chapter 7 OpenVMS: An Introduction.............................................................................. 7.1 History..........................................................................................................................2 7.1.1 Today........................................................................................................................3 7.1.1.1 Popular VMS Software..........................................................................................4 7.1.2 VMS, DCL................................................................................................................4 Chapter 8 Getting Started with OpenVMS........................................................................ 8.1 Starting Up...................................................................................................................7 8.1.1 Finishing Your VMS Session...................................................................................7 8.1.1.1 Reconnecting..........................................................................................................7 8.1.2 Entering Commands..................................................................................................8 8.1.2.1 Retrieving Previous Commands............................................................................9 8.1.2.2 Aborting Screen Output.........................................................................................9 -
Supplementary Material for Traditional Agricultural Practices and the Sex Ratio Today Alberto Alesina1,2, Paola Giuliano3,2,*, Nathan Nunn1,2
Supplementary Material for Traditional agricultural practices and the sex ratio today Alberto Alesina1,2, Paola Giuliano3,2,*, Nathan Nunn1,2 1 Harvard University. 2 NBER. 3 UCLA. *Correspondence to: [email protected] The Supplementary Material provides details on the data sources and the robustness of the analysis for the results derived in the paper. Additional details on the Ethnographic Atlas The Ethnographic Atlas was constructed by George Peter Murdock. It contains ethnographic information for 1,265 ethnic groups worldwide. The period in which the information was collected varies by ethnicity, with the earliest observation dates coming from ethnicities in the Old World (where early written evidence is available) and the most recent information dating around the 20th century, for those parts of the world without a written history and directly observed by anthropologists. All societies are observed prior to industrialization. In total, 23 ethnicities are observed during the 17th century or earlier, 16 during the 18th century, 310 during the 19th century, 876 between 1900 and 1950, and 31 after 1950. For nine ethnicities, an exact year is not provided. The variable v39 classifies each ethnic group as being in one of the following three categories: (1) the plough was absent, (2) the plough existed at the time the group was observed, but it was not aboriginal, and (3) the plough was aboriginal, having existed prior to contact. Using this information, we construct an indicator variable that equals one if the plough was ever adopted during the pre-industrial period (whether aboriginal or not) and zero otherwise. Of the 1,156 ethnicities for which information exists, for 997 the plough was absent, for 141 the plough was adopted (and aboriginal), and for 18 it was adopted, but after European contact. -
26 Disk Space Management
26 Disk Space Management 26.1 INTRODUCTION It has been said that the only thing all UNIX systems have in common is the login message asking users to clean up their files and use less disk space. No matter how much space you have, it isn’t enough; as soon as a disk is added, files magically appear to fill it up. Both users and the system itself are potential sources of disk bloat. Chapter 12, Syslog and Log Files, discusses various sources of logging information and the techniques used to manage them. This chapter focuses on space problems caused by users and the technical and psy- chological weapons you can deploy against them. If you do decide to Even if you have the option of adding more disk storage to your system, add a disk, refer to it’s a good idea to follow this chapter’s suggestions. Disks are cheap, but Chapter 9 for help. administrative effort is not. Disks have to be dumped, maintained, cross-mounted, and monitored; the fewer you need, the better. 26.2 DEALING WITH DISK HOGS In the absence of external pressure, there is essentially no reason for a user to ever delete anything. It takes time and effort to clean up unwanted files, and there’s always the risk that something thrown away might be wanted again in the future. Even when users have good intentions, it often takes a nudge from the system administrator to goad them into action. 618 Chapter 26 Disk Space Management 619 On a PC, disk space eventually runs out and the machine’s primary user must clean up to get the system working again. -
How UNIX Organizes and Accesses Files on Disk Why File Systems
UNIX File Systems How UNIX Organizes and Accesses Files on Disk Why File Systems • File system is a service which supports an abstract representation of the secondary storage to the OS • A file system organizes data logically for random access by the OS. • A virtual file system provides the interface between the data representation by the kernel to the user process and the data presentation to the kernel in memory. The file and directory system cache. • Because of the performance disparity between disk and CPU/memory, file system performance is the paramount issue for any OS Main memory vs. Secondary storage • Small (MB/GB) Large (GB/TB) • Expensive Cheap -2 -3 • Fast (10-6/10-7 sec) Slow (10 /10 sec) • Volatile Persistent Cannot be directly accessed • Directly accessible by CPU by CPU – Interface: (virtual) memory – Data should be first address brought into the main memory Secondary storage (disk) • A number of disks directly attached to the computer • Network attached disks accessible through a fast network - Storage Area Network (SAN) • Simple disks (IDE, SATA) have a described disk geometry. Sector size is the minimum read/write unit of data (usually 512Bytes) – Access: (#surface, #track, #sector) • Smart disks (SCSI, SAN, NAS) hide the internal disk layout using a controller type function – Access: (#sector) • Moving arm assembly (Seek) is expensive – Sequential access is x100 times faster than the random access Internal disk structure • Disk structure User Process Accessing Data • Given the file name. Get to the file’s FCB using the file system catalog (Open, Close, Set_Attribute) • The catalog maps a file name to the FCB – Checks permissions • file_handle=open(file_name): – search the catalog and bring FCB into the memory – UNIX: in-memory FCB: in-core i-node • Use the FCB to get to the desired offset within the file data: (CREATE, DELETE, SEEK, TRUNCATE) • close(file_handle): release FCB from memory Catalog Organization (Directories) • In UNIX, special files (not special device files) called directories contain information about other files. -
Resource Management: Linux Kernel Namespaces and Cgroups
Resource management: Linux kernel Namespaces and cgroups Rami Rosen [email protected] Haifux, May 2013 www.haifux.org 1/121 http://ramirose.wix.com/ramirosen TOC Network Namespace PID namespaces UTS namespace Mount namespace user namespaces cgroups Mounting cgroups links Note: All code examples are from for_3_10 branch of cgroup git tree (3.9.0-rc1, April 2013) 2/121 http://ramirose.wix.com/ramirosen General The presentation deals with two Linux process resource management solutions: namespaces and cgroups. We will look at: ● Kernel Implementation details. ●what was added/changed in brief. ● User space interface. ● Some working examples. ● Usage of namespaces and cgroups in other projects. ● Is process virtualization indeed lightweight comparing to Os virtualization ? ●Comparing to VMWare/qemu/scaleMP or even to Xen/KVM. 3/121 http://ramirose.wix.com/ramirosen Namespaces ● Namespaces - lightweight process virtualization. – Isolation: Enable a process (or several processes) to have different views of the system than other processes. – 1992: “The Use of Name Spaces in Plan 9” – http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/sys/doc/names.html ● Rob Pike et al, ACM SIGOPS European Workshop 1992. – Much like Zones in Solaris. – No hypervisor layer (as in OS virtualization like KVM, Xen) – Only one system call was added (setns()) – Used in Checkpoint/Restart ● Developers: Eric W. biederman, Pavel Emelyanov, Al Viro, Cyrill Gorcunov, more. – 4/121 http://ramirose.wix.com/ramirosen Namespaces - contd There are currently 6 namespaces: ● mnt (mount points, filesystems) ● pid (processes) ● net (network stack) ● ipc (System V IPC) ● uts (hostname) ● user (UIDs) 5/121 http://ramirose.wix.com/ramirosen Namespaces - contd It was intended that there will be 10 namespaces: the following 4 namespaces are not implemented (yet): ● security namespace ● security keys namespace ● device namespace ● time namespace. -
Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training Slides
Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training Linux Kernel and Driver Development Training © Copyright 2004-2021, Bootlin. Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license. Latest update: October 9, 2021. Document updates and sources: https://bootlin.com/doc/training/linux-kernel Corrections, suggestions, contributions and translations are welcome! embedded Linux and kernel engineering Send them to [email protected] - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 1/470 Rights to copy © Copyright 2004-2021, Bootlin License: Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode You are free: I to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work I to make derivative works I to make commercial use of the work Under the following conditions: I Attribution. You must give the original author credit. I Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. I For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. I Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Document sources: https://github.com/bootlin/training-materials/ - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 2/470 Hyperlinks in the document There are many hyperlinks in the document I Regular hyperlinks: https://kernel.org/ I Kernel documentation links: dev-tools/kasan I Links to kernel source files and directories: drivers/input/ include/linux/fb.h I Links to the declarations, definitions and instances of kernel symbols (functions, types, data, structures): platform_get_irq() GFP_KERNEL struct file_operations - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 3/470 Company at a glance I Engineering company created in 2004, named ”Free Electrons” until Feb. -
Installing the Data Broker on a Linux Host : Cloud Sync
Installing the data broker on a Linux host Cloud Sync Ben Cammett April 11, 2021 This PDF was generated from https://docs.netapp.com/us-en/cloudsync/task_installing_linux.html on September 23, 2021. Always check docs.netapp.com for the latest. Table of Contents Installing the data broker on a Linux host. 1 Linux host requirements. 1 Networking requirements . 1 Enabling access to AWS . 1 Enabling access to Google Cloud . 2 Enabling access to Microsoft Azure . 2 Installing the data broker . 2 Installing the data broker on a Linux host When you create a new data broker, choose the On-Prem Data Broker option to install the data broker software on an on-premises Linux host, or on an existing Linux host in the cloud. Cloud Sync guides you through the installation process, but the requirements and steps are repeated on this page to help you prepare for installation. Linux host requirements • Operating system: ◦ CentOS 7.0, 7.7, and 8.0 ◦ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.7 and 8.0 ◦ Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS ◦ SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP1 The command yum update all must be run on the host before you install the data broker. A Red Hat Enterprise Linux system must be registered with Red Hat Subscription Management. If it is not registered, the system cannot access repositories to update required 3rd party software during installation. • RAM: 16 GB • CPU: 4 cores • Free disk space: 10 GB • SELinux: We recommend that you disable SELinux on the host. SELinux enforces a policy that blocks data broker software updates and can block the data broker from contacting endpoints required for normal operation.