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Leaf Structure and Taxonomy of Petunia and Calibrachoa (Solanaceae)

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Leaf Structure and Taxonomy of Petunia and Calibrachoa (Solanaceae) 59 Vol. 45, N. 1 : pp. 59 - 66, March, 2002 ISSN 1516-8913 Printed in Brazil BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Leaf Structure and Taxonomy of Petunia and Calibrachoa (Solanaceae). Claudia dos Reis1*; Maria das Graças Sajo 1 and João Renato Stehmann2 1Departamento de Botânica, IBUNESP, Rio Claro, C. Postal 199, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro - SP, Brazil; 2Departamento de Botânica, ICBUFMG. Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-110, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brasil ABSTRACT We studied the leaf anatomy of sixteen species of Calibrachoa and eight species of Petunia. In Calibrachoa leaves, the vascular bundles sheath (endodermis) was formed by parenchymatous developed cells, different from those of the mesophyll. In Petunia, this sheath did not show a marked morphological differentiation. The Calibrachoa leaves could be separated according to the type of leaf margins, the distribution of the stomata on leaf surfaces, the organization of the mesophyll and the morphology of the trichomes. Based on these results, an indented dichotomous identification key was elaborated for the species of the genus Calibrachoa. Key words: Solanaceae, Calibrachoa, Petunia, leaf anatomy, taxonomy INTRODUCTION (1985) as two genera: Petunia (2n=18) and Stimoryne Rafin. (2n=14). According to this work, Solanaceae is an important family for possessing the garden petunia (2n=14) was included in the countless ornamental, medicinal and nutritious genus Stimoryne. However, as the name Petunia species (Heywood, 1993; Sauer, 1994). Petunia was previously established among horticulturists, Jussieu, which belong to the subfamily Wijsnands et al. (1986) suggested the conservation Cestroideae Schltdl - tribe Nicotianeae G. Don. of P. nyctaginiflora Juss. (2n=14) as the (Hunziker, 1979; Cosa de Gastiazoro, 1991) is a nomenclatural type of the genus Petunia genus with many ornamental species. It is native (Brummitt, 1989) and revalidated the genus of South America and is popularly known as the Calibrachoa La Llave & Lex. (2n=18). Twelve garden petunia, a highly cultivated hybrid for species remained in the genus Petunia (Ando & ornamental purposes derivated from a cross Hashimoto 1996) and 24 were recombined to between Petunia axillaris (Lamarck) Britton, Calibrachoa (Wijsman, 1990; Stehmann & Semir, Sterns & Poggemburg and P. integrifolia (Hooker) 1997). Schinz & Thellung (Wijsman, 1982). In his study on the limits between the genera Studies accomplished during the last decade, Petunia and Calibrachoa, Stehmann (1999) concentrating mainly on the genetic improvement confirmed that they wese morphologically and of the garden petunia, showed that in Petunia cytologically distinct. Petunia is characterized by sensu Fries (1911) there wese two genetically an imbricate prefloration, a chromosome number distinct groups designated by Wijsman & Jong n=7 and seed coat formed by cells with wavy, *Author for correspondence Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 60 Reis, Claudia dos et al. anticlinal walls. Calibrachoa possesses a C. humilis (R. E. Fr.) Stehmann & Semir, J. R. conduplicate prefloration, a chromosome number Stehmann (1584) et al.; C. linoides (Sendtn.) n=9 and seed coat cells with straight, anticlinal Wijsman, J. R. Stehmann (1743, 1950) et al.; C. walls. Moreover, the species of Calibrachoa are micrantha (R. E. Fr.) Stehmann & Semir, J. R. predominantly subarbustive and perennial, while Stehmann (2237) & C. dos Reis; C. ovalifolia the species of Petunia are mostly herbaceous and (Miers) Stehmann & Semir, J. R. Stehmann (1584) annual (Stehmann, 1999). et al.; C. paranensis (Dusén) Wijsman, J. R. Although the morphological (Stehmann, 1999), Stehmann (1692) & A. Ippolito; C. parviflora cytogenetic (Wijsman, 1983) and chemical (Juss.) Wijsman, J. R. Stehmann (1580) et al; C. (Elliger et al. 1992) aspects have already been pygmaea (R. E. Fr.) Wijsman, J. R. Stehmann investigated, anatomical information is scarce for (2048) et al.; C. sellowiana (Sendtn.) Wijsman, J. the species of the two genera. Cosa de Gastiazoro R. Stehmann (1767, 1774, 1778, 1862, 1894) et al; (1991) studied the anatomical structure of the C. sendtneriana (R. E Fr.) Stehmann & Semir, J. vegetative organs of some species of Petunia R. Stehmann (1799) et al; C. spathulata (L. B. Sm. sensu lato, embracing representatives of the two & Downs) Stehmann & Semir, J. R. Stehmann genera; however, the author did not relate the (1671) & A. Ippolito; Petunia altiplana T. Ando & results obtained to the taxonomic alterations of the Hashim., J. R. Stehmann (1876) et al.; P. axillaris group. Recently, Watanabe et al. (1999) described (Lam.) Britton, Sterns &t Poggenb., J. R. for Petunia sensu lato three different seed surface Stehmann (1579) et al; P. bonjardinensis T. Ando patterns: 1) thick, wavy middle lamellae and & Hashim., J. R. Stehmann (1808) et al; P. exserta anticlinal cell walls (all the species of Petunia Stehmann, J. R. Stehmann (1603); P. sensu Wijsman), 2) thin, wavy middle lamellae guarapuavensis T. Ando & Hashim., J. R. embedded in straight anticlinal cell walls (C. Stehmann (1688) & A. Ippolito; P. integrifolia parviflora and C. pygmaea), and 3) straight middle (Hook.) Schinz & Thell., J. R. Stehmann (1836) et lamellae and anticlinal cell walls (all the other al; P. reitzii L. B. Sm. & Downs, J. R. Stehmann species of Calibrachoa). (1741) et al; P. scheideana L. B. Sm. & Downs, J. Anatomical studies with representatives of R. Stehmann (1721) et al. Solanaceae, are those of Ahmad (1964), Roe Adult leaves, unrelated with the reproductive (1971), Bernardello (1982), Ogundipe (1992) and organs, located between the 3rd and 8th nodes were Cosa de Gastiazoro (1993; 1994). fixed in FAA 70 (Johansen, 1940). The middle The present study describes the leaf structure of region of the leaves were cut by free hand or by a eight Petunia and sixteen Calibrachoa species microtome in the case of material included in with the purpose of pointing out anatomical paraffin (Johansen, 1940); the sections were characters useful for the separation of these two stained with astra blue and basic fucsin (Sass, genera and for the characterization of Calibrachoa 1951) and mounted in “Entellan” (included species. material) or glycerinated gelatin (free hand sections). The diagrams were executed by hand under the MATERIAL AND METHODS optical microscope, using a camera lucida and projection of a micrometric scale. The a JVC video Plant material was collected from its natural camera coupled to a photomicroscope and a habitats in São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and computer. Rio Grande do Sul States and the vouchers wase deposited in the Herbarium of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UEC) under the following RESULTS AND DISCUSSION specifications: Calibrachoa caesia (Sendtn.) Wijsman, J. R. Stehmann (1946) et al.; C. The leaves of Petunia and Calibrachoa showed a eglandulata Stehmann & Semir, J. R. Stehmann significant difference. In Calibrachoa species, the (1763) et al.; C. elegans (Miers) Stehmann & parenchymatous sheath that surrounded the Semir, Stehmann (1160) et al.; C. ericifolia (R. E. vascular bundle (endodermis) was formed by Fr.) Wijsman, J. R. Stehmann (s/n) et al. (UEC developed cells, different from those of the 72579); C. excellens (R. E. Fr.) Wijsman, J. R. mesophyll (Fig. 1); in Petunia, the endodermis did Stehmann (1684) & A. Ippolito; C. heterophylla not present a marked morphological differentiation (Sendtn.) Wijsman, J. R. Stehmann (1826) et al.; (Fig. 2). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology Leaf Structure and Taxonomy of Petunia and Calibrachoa 61 Figures 1-2 - Micrographs of the middle region of leaves of Calibrachoa and Petunia in cross section. 1) Calibrachoa paranensis, 2) Petunia integrifolia. (En=endodermis). These results brought evidence to support the externally and internally. When observed in a acceptance of Petunia sensu lato as an artificial transversal section, they can be revolute (Fig. 3, genus. Table 1), semi-revolute (Fig. 4, Table 1), Of the 16 species of Calibrachoa studied (about conduplicate (Fig. 5, Table 1), semi-conduplicate 70% of the genus), only in Calibrachoa (Fig. 6, Table 1) or plane (Fig. 7, Table 1). parviflora and C. pygmaea the endodermis was Morphological variations could be observed even less developed. among individuals of the same species (Table 1). In Cosa de Gastiazoro (1991) studied the anatomy C. sellowiana the leaves wese plane, conduplicate or of the vegetative organs of Petunia sensu lato semi-conduplicate and in C. linoides they wese plane but did not report any morphological differences or semi-revolute. But on both species the mesophyll in the endodermis leaves, in spite of having was always dorsiventral with a palisade parenchyma studied species of the two genera. According to in the adaxial surface and a spongy parenchyma with the same author, in Petunia the leaf structure lobed cells in the abaxial surface. was relatively uniform and showed a Considering the size of the epidermal cells and the dorsiventral mesophyll (in most of the species), distribution of the stomata in the surfaces, it was epidermis formed by isodiametric cells, stomata possible to recognize in Calibrachoa two different on both surfaces and glandular, uniseriated groups of leaves (Table 1): one with the epidermis trichomes with a stalk of two to six cells. These formed by cells of similar sizes and stomata results could be due to the reduced number of distributed on both surfaces (Fig. 8) and other with species studied: two from the genus
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