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ASTERACEAE) SPECIES USED in TRADITIONAL MEDICINE Caracteres Epidérmicos De Las Especies Del Género Baccharis (Asteraceae) Usadas En La Medicina Popular

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ASTERACEAE) SPECIES USED in TRADITIONAL MEDICINE Caracteres Epidérmicos De Las Especies Del Género Baccharis (Asteraceae) Usadas En La Medicina Popular www.unal.edu.co/icn/publicaciones/caldasia.htm Caldasia 29(1):23-38.Freire et2007 al. EPIDERMAL CHARACTERS OF BACCHARIS (ASTERACEAE) SPECIES USED IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE Caracteres epidérmicos de las especies del género Baccharis (Asteraceae) usadas en la medicina popular SUSANA E. FREIRE ESTRELLA URTUBEY DANIEL A. GIULIANO División Plantas Vasculares, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. [email protected] ABSTRACT A morphological study of 38 species of Baccharis used in traditional medicine was carried out to provide some epidermal characters that will contribute to the knowledge of the genus. The present study revealed: 1) seven different types of trichomes: conical, aseptate fl agellate, fi liform fl agellate, 1-armed, 2-4-armed, bulbiferous fl agellate, and glandular biseriate; 2) that 28 of the total of 38 species have trichomes in tufts; 3) six different types of stomata: anomocytic, anisocytic, cyclocytic, actinocytic, tetracytic, and staurocytic; 4) that some trichome types, such as 2-4-armed (B. dracunculifolia) and aseptate fl agellate branched (B. triner- vis), show a high diagnostic value; 5) that the stomata types can be used to dif- ferentiate species with similar trichomes type (e.g. B. trimera and B. articulata). Illustrations of the studied characters are provided. Key words. Baccharis, Compositae, medicinal species, stomata, trichomes. RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio de caracteres epidérmicos de las hojas de las 38 especies de Baccharis usadas en la medicina popular. El análisis de los caracteres revela: 1) siete tipos de tricomas: cónicos, fl ageliforme aseptados, fi liformes fl agelados, 1-armados, 2-4-armados, bulbíferos fl agelados y glandulares biseriados; 2) que 28 especies del total de 38 especies medicinales estudiadas presentan tricomas en “nidos pilosos”; 3) que seis tipos de estomas están presentes: anomocíticos, anisocíticos, ciclocíticos, actinocíticos, tetracíticos y estaurocíticos; 4) que algunos tricomas muestran un alto valor diagnóstico, por ejemplo, los tricomas 2-4-armados son exclusivos de B. dracunculifolia y los fl agelados-aseptados ramifi cados están presentes sólo en B. trinervis; 5) que los tipos de estomas permiten la diferenciación de especies con igual tipo de tricoma, (por ejemplo B. trimera de B. articulata). Se incluyen ilustraciones de los caracteres diagnósticos. Palabras clave. Baccharis, Compositae, especies medicinales, aparatos entomáticos, tricomas. 23 Medicinal Baccharis INTRODUCTION drugs of pharmaceutical use are made up of dried and bruised parts in which the different Baccharis L. is one of the largest genera macroscopical characteristics of the species of the tribe Astereae (Nesom, 1994). It are not generally distinguishable (e.g. Amat, comprises c. 400 American species of shrubs 1988; Rapisarda et al., 1997). Within this or subshrubs, occasionally small trees and context, this study pretend to contribute to herbs, nearly all dioecious. the knowledge of the medicinal species of the genus Baccharis. According to Zin (1922), Amat (1983), Zardini (1984), Girault (1987), Boldt MATERIAL AND METHODS (1989), Correa & Bernal (1990), Iharlegui & Hurrell (1992), Soria (1993), Heinrich The study was performed using dried leaves (1996), Rojas et al. (1999), Pérez-García or winged stems (if only bract-like leaves are et al. (2001), Erazo et al. (2002), Baggio present) taken from herbarium specimens et al. (2003), Vidari et al. (2003), Souza (Appendix 2). Accepted names, synonyms, (2004), and a recent webpage (Harding- vernacular names, distribution, medicinal Barlow), 38 medicinal species of uses, and biological activity for each studied Baccharis with folk medicinal use (or species are given in Table 1. mentioned at least as medicinal herbs) are recognized (Table 1); many of these The epidermal microcharacters were species can be distinguished by their leaf studied in samples cleared using the or winged stem morphology (Appendix 1). technique of Dizeo de Strittmatter (1973), In 22 of these species biological activity and stained ussing safranin in 80% ethanol. was tested (Gutkind et al. 1981, Vidari Measurements of stomata (length) were et al. 2003, Verdi et al. 2005). Baccharis taken using a Nikon light microscope megapotamica and B. pedunculata are also equipped with an ocular micrometer. The included in this study since they can be average size of stomata was determined considered promisory medicinal species based on measurements performed on 15- judging from their tested biological 20 replicates per sample. activity (Verdi et al. 2005). Descriptive terminology for the trichomes Heering (1899), Volkens (1890), Quentin basically follows Ramayya (1962). (1911), Ariza Espinar (1973), Barroso Whenever possible, additional synonyms (1976), Pertusi (1987), Hellwig (1990, of trichome terminology were added 1992), Müller (2006) and, are among authors (Ariza Espinar 1973, Metcalfe & Chalk who have contributed most to the solving 1989, Müller 2006). The classifi cation taxonomic problems through the analysis of anticlinal epidermal cell wall patterns of micromorphology of leaf surface in follows Stace (1965). Stomata types were Baccharis. classifi ed according to Stace (1965), Van Cotthem (1970), Metcalfe & Chalk (1979). Epidermal traits, i.e. epidermal cells, The nomenclature of the included species stomata, and hairs, have proven to be follows Matuda (1957), Cuatrecasas (1967), an important tool in taxa delimitation in Ariza Espinar (1973), Barroso (1976), many plant families (e.g. Lackey 1978, Giuliano (2000) and Oliveira et al. (2006). Metcalfe & Chalk 1950-1979, Sinclair & Drawings were made by the authors using Sharma 1971, Uphof et al. 1962), and also a microscope Leitz SM Lux with camera in distinguishing medicinal species since lucida. 24 Freire et al. Table 1. Distribution, vernacular names, folk medicinal uses and tested biological activity of Baccharis species. AN = Antilles; AR = Argentina; BO = Bolivia; BR = Brazil; CH = Chile; CO = Colombia; CR = Costa Rica; EC = Ecuador; ES = El Salvador; GU = Guatemala; HO = Honduras; ME = Mexico; NC = Nicaragua; PA = Paraguay; PE = Peru; PN = Panama. UR = Uruguay; US = United States; VE = Venezuela. Folk medicinal Tested biological Species Distribution Vernacular name use activity vagina and Baccharis anomala DC. AR, BR, PA, wounds wash, Pingraea anomala (DC.) F.H. -- -- UR general infections Hellwig (Souza, 2004) “mío-mío blanco”, antirrheumatic, Baccharis artemisioides Hook. “pichana blanca”, for treating antifeedant (Verdi et & Arn. AR, UR “romerillo”, “romerillo traumatisms al., 2005) blanco”, “romerillo (Zardini, 1984) malo” (Argentina). “caápé guasú”, “carqueija”, “carqueja”, “carqueja amarga”, “carqueja blanca”, digestive, “carqueja cenicienta”, hepatoprotective, Baccharis articulata (Lam.) “carqueja crespa”, diuretic, Pers. “carqueja gris”, antirrheumatic, Conyza articulata Lam; AR, BO, BR, antioxidant (Verdi et “carquejilla”, “chirca antiseptic, for Molina articulata (Lam.) Less.; PA, UR al., 2005) melosa” (Paraguay), male sexual Pingraea articulata (Lam.) F.H. “cola de yacaré”, impotence, for Hellwig “planta del yaguareté”, female sterility “yaguaretá-caá” (Zardini, 1984) (Argentina); “carqueja”, “carqueja-do-morro”, “vassoura” (Brazil). Baccharis boliviensis (Wedd.) Cabrera antibacterial (Erazo et Heterothalamus boliviensis AR, BO, “chijua”, “romero”, medicinal (Erazo al., 2002) Wedd.; Pseudobaccharis CH, PE “tola” (Argentina). et al., 2002) allelopathic (Verdi et boliviensis (Wedd.) Cabrera; al., 2005) Psila boliviensis (Wedd.) Cabrera for stomach- B. conferta Kunth ache, laxative, spasmolytic, Baccharis xalapensis Kunth; “quauhizquiztli” stornutatory, ME antibacterial (Verdi et Baccharis orizabaensis Sch. (Mexico). for baldness, al., 2005) Bip. ex Hemsl. for insect bites (Heinrich, 1996) “ajenjo del campo”, “mío”, “mío-mío”, antiviral, Baccharis coridifolia DC. “neo-neo”, “neomo”, allelochemical, AR, BO, BR, digestive, sudorifi c Eupatorium montevidense “nía”, “nío”, “niyo”, antioxidant, citotoxic, PA, UR (Amat, 1983) Spreng. “ñío-ñío”, “romerillo” insecticide (Verdi et (Argentina); “mio-mio” al., 2005) (Brazil). Baccharis crispa Spreng. Molina crispa (Spreng.) digestive, Less; M. cylindrica Less.; antibiotic (Gutkind et “carqueija”, hepatoprotective, Baccharis cylindrica (Less.) al., 1981) “carqueja”, “carqueja antispasmodic, DC.; B. genistelloides var. AR, BR, PA, antifeedant, crespa”, “carquejilla” against fever, crispa (Spreng.) Baker; B. UR antimicrobial, (Argentina), “yaguareté- antirrheumatic, genistelloides var. cylindrica antioxidant (Verdi et ka’á” (Paraguay). antiseptic (Zardini, (Less.) Baker; B. perplexa I.L. al., 2005) 1984) Teodoro & J.E. Vidal; Pingraea crispa (Spreng.) F.H. Hellwig 25 Medicinal Baccharis Folk medicinal Tested biological Species Distribution Vernacular name use activity antiinfl ammatory, Baccharis decussata (Klatt) “almanga”, “armanga”, for favouring Hieron. CO, EC, PE, “machimbí” scaring (in cows; -- Pluchea decussata Klatt; VE (Colombia). Correa & Yesid Baccharis moritziana Hieron. Bernal, 1990) for treating sores Baccharis douglasii DC. ME, US -- and wounds -- Baccharis haenkei DC. (Boldt, 1989) Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. Baccharis leptospermoides “caápé guasú”, DC.; B. bracteata Hook. “chilca”, “chilca-y”, & Arn.; B. dracunculifolia “chilca mata ojo”, AR, BO, BR, abortive (Iharlegui var. integerrima Kuntze “suncho” (Argentina); -- PA, UR & Hurrell, 1992) f. subviscosa Kuntze; “alecrim-de-vassoura”, B. tandilensis Speg.; B. “alecrim-do-campo”, dracunculifolia
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