Philippinen: Internationale Aufmerksamkeit Aufgrund Populistischer Töne

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Philippinen: Internationale Aufmerksamkeit Aufgrund Populistischer Töne Götz Heinicke Philippinen: Internationale Aufmerksamkeit aufgrund populistischer Töne 30 Jahre nach Diktator Marcos schafft es erneut ein philippinischer Präsident, re- gelmäßig in der internationalen Presse zu erscheinen. Die Schlagzeilen werden be- stimmt durch Beschimpfungen, geschmacklose Witze, Prahlereien mit Straftaten und den Aufruf zur Tötung von Drogenkriminellen und -abhängigen. Die tatsächliche Entwicklung des Landes mit seinen Problemen und Möglichkeiten bleibt hierbei etwas außen vor. Präsident Duterte ist in seinem Auftreten und mit sei- ner Sprache nach internationalem Verständnis zumindest sehr gewöhnungs- bedürftig. Ganz anders wird die Situation auf den Philippinen gesehen: Präsident Duterte genießt eine rekordverdächtige Popularität. Er nutzt po- pulistische Rhetorik gezielt, um sich von dem bisherigen Politikertypus ab- zugrenzen. Wir haben 5 unterschiedliche philippinische Bürger aus An- hänger- und Gegnerschaft Dutertes gebeten, dieses Phänomen zu erklären. Schlagwörter: Philippinen - Duterte - Popularität - Populismus als Instrument - Hoffnung auf Veränderung Philippinen: Internationale Aufmerksamkeit auf- grund populistischer Töne || Götz Heinicke Der international heftig kritisierte Staats- und der Sicherheitslage „unter Präsident präsident Duterte ist in der Bevölkerung Duterte“. Dies steht im Widerspruch zu mei- beliebt wie keiner seiner Vorgänger nem persönlichen Empfinden, wonach die Lebensqualität und auch Sicherheitslage auf Seit Februar 2016 lebe und arbeite ich den Philippinen durchaus positiver und an- nun in Manila. Fast zeitgleich mit meiner genehmer als im Kongo sind. Für mich stellt Ankunft wurde Rodrigo Duterte im Mai 2016 sich daher die Frage, weshalb ist dies so? von über 16 Mio. Filipinos (ca. 38 Prozent) Weshalb genießen die Philippinen internati- zum neuen Präsidenten der Philippinen ge- onal so viel Aufmerksamkeit? Ist es auf- wählt. Bereits seinen Wahlkampf dominier- grund der vielen Toten, sei es durch Sicher- ten populistische Töne; nahezu alle westli- heitskräfte oder Unbekannte, die seit Amts- chen Regierungschefs und sogar der Papst antritt Dutertes seinem Kampf gegen den bedachte er mit Kraftausdrücken. Dies führ- Drogenhandel zugeschrieben werden (je te zu einer erhöhten Aufmerksamkeit der nach Zählweise zwischen 3.800 – 13.000 westlichen Medien. Für mich persönlich war Menschen1)? Vermutlich nicht, denn sonst dies alles komplett neu. Von 2005 bis Ende wären einige afrikanische Staaten mögli- 2015 arbeitete ich für die Hanns-Seidel- cherweise täglich in den deutschen Medien. Stiftung in Kinshasa in der Demokratischen Nein, der Grund liegt sicherlich darin, dass Republik Kongo. Dort gab es zwar im Laufe Präsident Duterte sehr großmäulig – zumin- der Jahre immer wieder kriegerische Ausei- dest nach unserem deutschen Empfinden – nandersetzungen zwischen Regierung und dieses Vorgehen angekündigt hatte und er Opposition, in den Anfangsjahren durchaus darüber hinaus keine Möglichkeit zur Be- auch noch mit Panzern und einer eigenen schimpfung der westlichen Welt auslässt. Armee der Opposition, aber die internationa- Genau dies bringt ihm aber auch viel Zu- le oder deutsche Aufmerksamkeit für das stimmung in der Bevölkerung. Für uns viel- Land war – abgesehen vom deutschen Bun- leicht paradox, für die philippinische Reali- deswehreinsatz in Kinshasa im Jahr 2006 tät jedoch ganz normal. unter Verteidigungsminister Jung – relativ gering und überschaubar. Auch empfinde ich, Wer ist Präsident Duterte? seitdem meine Frau und ich auf den Philippi- nen leben, eine erhöhte Sorge und Nachfrage, Der 72-jährige Rodrigo Duterte war mit wie es uns gehe, von Freunden, Bekannten einigen Unterbrechungen seit 1988 Bürger- und auch Mitarbeitern in der Hanns-Seidel- meister der Millionenstadt Davao auf Stiftung, die nicht direkt in das Projekt ein- Mindanao. In den Jahren, in denen er nicht gebunden sind, im Vergleich zu den Jahren Bürgermeister war, übernahm seine Tochter im Kongo. Selbst Freunde aus Kinshasa er- diese Position und er übernahm die Funktion kundigen sich nach unserem Wohlbefinden des Vize-Bürgermeisters. Nach seinem Wech- ARGUMENTE UND MATERIALIEN D ER ENTWICKLUNGSZUSAMMENARBEIT 22 39 GÖTZ HEINICKE sel in das Präsidentenamt sind seine Tochter schen in der Bucht von Manila zum Fraß hin- und sein Sohn Bürgermeisterin und Vize- zuwerfen, für Schlagzeilen.3 Bürgermeister der Stadt Davao. Dies hielt ihn Aufgrund dieser markanten Ankündi- nicht davor ab, zuvor im Wahlkampf öffent- gungen steht die Entwicklung der Menschen- lichkeitswirksam gegen die „politischen rechtslage auf den Philippinen international Dynastien“, in denen die Kinder die politi- unter besonderer Beobachtung. Und Präsi- schen Posten ihrer Eltern quasi „erbten“, zu dent Duterte machte seine Wahlkampfankün- wettern. digung wahr: Er forderte die Sicherheitskräf- Rodrigo Duterte ist ein Rechtsanwalt, te und die Bevölkerung auf, mit aller Härte der nach eigenen Aussagen alle Schulen nur gegen den Drogenhandel vorzugehen. Er mit mäßigem Erfolg besuchte. Bevor er poli- betonte zwar stets, dass sich die Polizei an tische Posten ausübte, arbeitete er in den Recht und Ordnung auf den Philippinen zu 70/80er Jahren bei Polizei und Staatsanwalt- halten habe, aber er erweckte zumindest schaft. den Eindruck, die Tötung von Drogenkrimi- Er war mit einer deutsch-amerikanisch nellen und auch Drogenabhängigen sei zu- stämmigen Philippinin namens Elisabeth mindest während seiner Amtszeit legitim Zimmermann verheiratet. Die Ehe wurde im und er werde persönlich die entsprechenden Jahre 2000 annulliert. Dies ist nach philippi- Sicherheitskräfte schützen. Auch betonte er nischem Recht die einzige Möglichkeit, eine wiederholt, er werde persönlich Drogenkri- Ehe zu beenden, da es eine Scheidung nach minelle umbringen, sofern dies niemand philippinischem Recht nicht gibt. anders erledige.4 Dieser Aufruf blieb nicht ohne Folgen: Allein im zweiten Halbjahr Während seiner Amtszeit als Bürger- 20165 wurden über 6.700 Menschen, die in meister genoss er den Ruf, die Sicherheit in den Drogenhandel involviert gewesen seien der Millionenstadt Davao während seiner sollen, getötet; über 2.200 Menschen hier- Amtszeit als Bürgermeister erheblich ver- von im Rahmen von Polizeioperationen und bessert zu haben. Seine Kritiker warfen ihm über 4.500 durch unbekannte Täter – Fälle aber vor, schon während dieser Amtszeit mit die auf den Philippinen als „außergerichtli- sog. Todesschwadronen zusammen gearbei- che Tötungen“ bezeichnet werden. Damit tet zu haben, um Kriminelle und auch mögli- wurde innerhalb von sechs Monaten die cherweise politische Gegner eliminieren zu gesamte Amtszeit von Diktator Ferdinand lassen. Duterte widersprach dem zwar, Marcos in den 70er und 80er Jahren weit prahlte aber selber damit, er habe Kidnap- übertroffen, in der etwa 3.500 Menschen per erschossen, in Davao „Unruhestifter“ ermordet wurden. Auch die Gesamtbilanz für getötet und Verdächtige aus einem Hub- das Jahr 2017 sieht nicht besser aus. Nach schrauber geworfen.2 Angaben der Polizei wurden im Jahr 2017 (bis Ende November) 1.800 Menschen im Verschlechterung der Menschenrechtslage Rahmen von Polizeioperationen (was einen als Kernpunkt der internationalen Kritik Rückgang bedeutet), aber auch knapp 12.000 Menschen durch unbekannte Täter getötet – Das zentrale Thema seines Regierungs- Fälle, die dem „Kampf“ der Regierung gegen programms ist die Herstellung von Sicherheit den Drogenhandel zugeschrieben wurden.6 und die Bekämpfung von (Drogen-) Kriminali- Die Rolle der philippinischen Polizei in- tät. Bereits im Wahlkampf hatte Duterte an- nerhalb dieses Kampfes gegen den Drogen- gekündigt, einen brutalen und mörderischen handel ist zweifelhaft. Zunächst (im zweiten Kampf gegen die Drogenkriminalität zu füh- Halbjahr 2016) waren ausschließlich die ren und für „Recht und Ordnung“ zu stehen. operativen Spezial-Einheiten der Polizei (PNP Auch in Deutschland sorgte seine Ankündi- Anti-Illegal-Drug-Group) zuständig und betei- gung, Kriminelle zu exekutieren und den Fi- ligt. Auch aufgrund massiver Kritik (nach der 40 ARGUMENTE UND MATERIALIEN DER ENTWICKLUNGSZUSAMMENARBEIT 22 PHILIPPINEN – INTERNATIONALE AUFME RKSAMKEIT AUFGRUND P OPULISTISCHER TÖNE Tötung eines südkoreanischen Geschäfts- tungen gekommen ist, wurde vorgetragen, mannes und eines Bürgermeisters aus Leyte die Polizei habe stets in Notwehr gehandelt, in Polizeigewahrsam) fiel die Zuständigkeit da die Verdächtigten sich ihrer Festnahme zur Bekämpfung der Drogenkriminalität im widersetzt hätten. Dies erscheint aus straf- Januar 2017 den allgemeinen Polizeidienst- rechtlichen und somit auch automatisch stellen (und somit allen 170.000 philippini- menschenrechtlichen Gesichtspunkten sehr schen Polizisten) in Zusammenarbeit mit fragwürdig. Untersuchungen12 haben erge- den lokalen, staatlichen Stellen und dem ben, dass 97 Prozent der Schusswechsel im Innenministerium zu. Die Tötungszahlen Rahmen dieser Polizeiaktionen tödlich für (durch die Polizei) gingen darauf zurück den Verdächtigen verliefen. Grundsätzlich (s.o.). Seit Oktober 2017 ist nun die „Phi- ist die Tötung eines anderen Menschen im lippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)“ Rahmen einer Notwehrhandlung das „letzte für die Bekämpfung des Drogenhandels ver- Mittel“. Immerhin konnten im Jahr 2017 antwortlich.7 Da die PDEA allerdings zu klein rückläufige Tötungszahlen (im Rahmen von für diese Aufgabe scheint, ordnete Präsident Polizeioperationen), möglicherweise auch Duterte im Dezember an, die PNP solle die aufgrund nationaler und internationaler PDEA zwar bei Operationen
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