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Provincia De Monte-Líbano : Estudio Regional Y Ordenación De La Zona Alta Desde Wadi De Jamajim Hasta El Norte

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Provincia De Monte-Líbano : Estudio Regional Y Ordenación De La Zona Alta Desde Wadi De Jamajim Hasta El Norte UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA TESIS DOCTORAL Provincia de Monte-Líbano : estudio regional y ordenación de la zona alta desde Wadi de Jamajim hasta el norte MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Hanna Sassine DIRECTOR: José Manuel Casas Torres Madrid, 2015 © Hanna Sassine, 1980 Hanna Sassine llllllllllll ‘ 5309854747* UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE y PROVINGIA DE MONTE-LIBANO: ESTUDIO REGIONAL Y ORDENACION DE LA ZONA ALTA DESDE WADI AL JAMAJIM HASTA EL NORTE Departamento de Geografîa Seccién de Geograffa Facultad de Geograffa e Historia Unlversidad Complutense de Madrid 1981 BIBLIOTL'CA @ Hanna Sassine Edita e imprime la Editorial de la Unlversidad Complutense de Madrid. Servlclo de Reprografla Noviciado, 3 Madrid-8 Madrid, 1981 Xerox 9200 XB 480 Dep6sito Legal: M-40119-1980 PROVINCIA DE MONTE-LIBANO t ESTUDIO REGIONAL Y ORDENACION DE LA ZONA ALTA DESDE WADI AL JAMAJIM HASTA EL NORTE . Memorla presentada por HANNA - SASSINE para la obtencion del Grade de Doctor , dirigida por D» José Manuel Casas Torres CatedrAtlco de Geograffa de la Unlversidad Complutense . UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFIA E HISTORIA , MADRID 1 9 8 0 Il Dedico este trabajo a mis querldos padres , hermano , hermanas « amlgos y a ml querlda Patrla • Ill INDICE PAGINAS INTRODUCCION CAPITULO I t PRESENTACION DE EL LIBANO , 11 1.1.- Introduccirfn . 12 1.2.- El medlo ffslco . Ik 1,3»** Potenclal humano y economfa « 27 I.U,- Historia y Arte • 37 1 .5 .- Prosontaclrfn de algunos lugares 4l turfstlcos • 1.6,- Citas blbllogrdfIcas . 4 3 CAPITULO II I LA REGION OBJETO DE ESTUDIO . 4? 11.1.-Introduccl^n * 48 11.2,- El medlo ffslco . 49 11.2.1.- El relieve . 50 11.2.2.- Cllma , 62 1 1 .2 .3 .- Hldrograffa . 74 11.2.4.— VegetacltSn natural • 76 II.2.5»- Lugares naturales de 82 Interns turfstlco . II.3»** Potenclal humano • 86 11.3*1'- OriginalIdad histJrlca . 86 II.3 .2.- Orfgen y composlcl6n rellglosa de la poblacl6n • 97 11.3*3*- Movlmlentos mlgratorlos de la poblaol<$n . IO7 11.3*4.- Movlmlentos naturales y estructura de la poblacl6n . 118 1 1 .3 *5 *- El habitat . 132 II.4,- Agrlcultura y Ganaderla . l46 II.4.1.— Caracterfstlcas y evolucl<fn de la agrlcultura • l46 IV II»4.2.- Cultives tradlclonàles . I 5 I 11.4.3.- Técnlcas agrfcolas actuales y I53 principales cultives • II.4.3 *I«- Manzanos * I38 11.4.3*2.- Cerezos . I6l 1 1 .4 .3 .3 ,- Perales * I6 2 1 1 *4 .3 *4 .— La vld . 1 6 3 1 1 .4 .3 *5 *- La patata . 165 1 1 *4 .3 *6 .- El trlgo . 166 1 1 .4 .3 *7 *- Otros productos agrfcolas . 166 11.4.4.- Problemas actuales de la agrlcultura . I7 0 1 1 .4 .5 .- La ganaderïa . 1 7 6 1 1 .4 .5 *1 *- Caracterlstlcas y especles* I76 II.4.5*2.- Ganaderla tradlclonal y ganaderfa moderna . J8I 11.5 .- Industrie y servlclos . I92 11.5*1*- La actlvldad Industrial . I92 II.5 .2 .- Los servlclos . 201 11.6.- Problemas y ordenacl6n de la economfa. 2 0 7 11.6.1.- Caractères générales . 2 0 7 11.6.2.- La ordenaclon . 208 11.6.2.1.- Ordenacl<$n del sector prlmarlo . 211 11.6.2.2.- Ordenacl6n en la vegetacl6n natural . 221 II.6 .2.3 *- Ordenacl6n de la ganaderfa. 222 11.6.2.4.- Ordenacl<$n del sector secundarlo . 2 2 3 1 1 .6 .2 .5 *- 0rdenacl6n del sector terclarlo * 225 II.7*- Citas blbllograflcas , 227 CAPITULO III : EL TURISMO EN LA REGION DE ESTUDIO , 2 3 8 III.I.- Conslderaclones générales . 2 3 9 Ill•2*— Equlpaoilentos , problemas de flnanciacl6n e Influencias del turlsmo • 248 111*2*1*- Alojamlentos hoteleros y extrahoteleros • 248 111.2*2*- Otros equlpamientos para activldades complementarias . 2 5 5 111.2*3*- Problemas de flnanclacltfn e influencias del turlsmo . 263 III*3*- El turlsmo tradlclonal estival . 2 6 8 111*3.1.- Caracterfstlcas générales . 268 111*3*2.- Capacldad y catégorie de los estableclmlentos . 2?4 111.3*3*- Volumen y orfgen de los turlstas * 2 7 8 111*3*4*- Problemas del turlsmo estival * 2 8 7 111.4.— El turlsmo Invernal de montaAa . 2 8 9 111*4*1*- Caraoteristlcas générales * 2 8 9 111*4.2*— Caracteristlcas de la zona en que se localIzan las esta- clones de esqul . 292 111*4*3*- Los centres de esqui y sus Instalaclones . 296 111*4.4.- Evolucl6n y volumen del turlsmo Invernal . 3 0 7 1 1 1 *4 .5 .- Orfgen geogr^flco,demandas y bénéficiés de este turlsmo. 320 111.5 .- Integracl6n del turlsmo en los génè­ res de vida y sus perspectlvas . 327 III.6*- Turlsmo y transformacl6n del espaclo * 3 4 1 111*7.- Citas blbllogrAflcas . 348 CAPITULO TV : ORDENACION TURISTICA DE LA ZONA . 351 VI IV.I.- Perspectlvas de la evolucl<(n de la zona . 3 5 2 IV.I.I.- Conslderaclones générales . 352 IV. 1.2.- Los promotores , metas y proyectos actuales . 356 IV.1.3»- Critlcas a los proyectos • 364 IV.2«- Principles para una ordenacl6n turistlca . 372 IV.3#- Proyecto de ordenacl6n . 3^3 IV.4.- Citas blbllogrdflcas . 399 CONCLUSIONES . 400 BIBLIOGRAFIA GENERAL . 407 APENDICE FOTOGRAFICO . 422 INTRODUCCION El trabajo " Pro vino la de Mpnte-Ldtbano t estudlo regional y ordenaol<(n de la zona alta t Desde Wadl al Jamajliù has ta el — Norte " , Constltuye la Memorla para la abtencl^n del Grade de Doctor y fue reallzado bajo la dlreccl6n del catedrdtlco Doctor Don J o aé Manuel Casas Terres • La zona de estudlo abarca 39*741 hect&reas y estd llmltg da al Norte por la provlncia del Norte , al Sur por el valle - ” Wadl al Jamajlm ” , al Este por la provlncia de la Beqaa y al Geste por los limites que proporclona el fen^meno turfstlco y que se refiejan en el Norte en aquellos pueblos que conocen un mayor contingente turistlco y en el Sur en los que conocen el - mener , es deolr este limite occidental est^ marcado por una lj[ nea que dlsta 10,5 kms. de la costa y termina en el extreme Su£ oeste a 18 kms de la capital , Beyrouth , y en el extreme Nor— oeste a 27,7 kms. de la aegunda gran cludad llbanesa , Tripoli* La causa principal que me empua estudlar esta zona fue no haber sldo estudlada y la fama que algunas de sus poblaclo— nés tlenen a nlvel naclonal e Incluse Internaclonal por su rl— queza artistloa , orlglnalldad hlst6rloa , rlqueza natural , - original Idad humana y atractlvo turistlco en los tSltlmos dlez - aüos * En la delimitacl6n de la zona de estudlo , hemos apuntado ya , al hacer los limites occidentales , un fen^meno , el turlf, mo , que es el que trataremos de destacar en todo nuestro estu- dlo • Al ser llban^s y conocer la zona suflclentemente , nos p& recl6 que una région en la que se habian producIdo unas trans— formaclones totales en los Jltlmos 20 aflos , merecia un estudlo clentifIco a fin de , no solamente darle una mayor dlvulgacldn, slno tambl^n Intentar de una forma ordenada y clara proponer - una serle de medldas orlentatlvas , a fin de que su future desg rrollo pueda tener una mejor planlflcacl<$n * Este deseo de ord£ nacl^n y planlflcaol6n del espaclo estudlado , fue el prlmero - de los objetlvos que nos propuslmos , Al ahondar y avanzar en - •1 estudlo , tuvlmos que reourrlr al an^llsls de toda una serle de caractères tanto fislcoe como humanoe , no solo de la zona , slno de todo el pals en el que se encuentra . Es por esto , que en si presents trabajo , se anallzan en primer lugar las carao- terlstleas générales del Llbano para pasar despu^s a un estudlo m4s especlflco de la zona a fin de podernos explloar , por ult m# t las peculiarIdades turlstloas y de ordenaclon de dlcho fe- nOneno y general que es el objetlvo principal de este trabajo • E# deolr , hemos pretendldo el anOllsls de una actlvldad Impor*- tantlslma para nuestra zona , slgulendo un mOtodo eminentemente deductive basado en una presentaolOn del pals , la zona y la - actlvldad • La zona présenta como caractères flslcos una altltud en - le# fondes de valles de 5 2 0 a 5 8 0 métros y en los puntos mis - altos de 2.187 a 2.625 metros , es deolr una altltud media cer- oana a 1.700 metros * Esta orografla responde a dos reglones 1- | ReglOn alta o meseta alta sln cublerta vegetal y reglOn baja - | corn vegetaclOn y cultives * Los materlales dominantes son las - | callzas dispuestas en una estructura de anticlinal que forma — ! parte del ” Dome llbanOs ” al que corresponde casl toda la zona - occidental del Llbano , es declr le que se denomlna Monte-Lfba- r ne • ; La ceroanla a la costa y su elevada altltud media hacen — que el cllma sea de tlpo medlterr6ieo con clertas matIzaclonee debldas a la altltud que se manlflestan en un Incremento de la hunedad hacla las zonas taéa altas • Las cuatro estaclones se - I dlferenolan claramente , slendo los Invlemos lluvlosos y frioa ! y los veranos templados y secos • Las caracterlstlcas lltol<(glcas y cllmdtlcas expllcan clj^ remonte el que la zona sea un gran dep<(slto de agua que allmen- j ta numerosos manantlales y que su hldrograffa presents cursos — de agua con caudales temporales « ! La vegetaclon natural es esjcasa slendo la especle arborea mfs caracterfstlca el Cedro . Respecte a los aspectos humanos la zona se caracterlza - por haber estado poblada desde ^pocas muy antlguas y porque su poblacl<$n demostr*^ gran dlnamlsmo desde sus comlenzos • Estd hg bltada desde hace 6.000 afios , como lo atestlguan los vestlglos prehlst6rlcos , fenlclos , grlegos y romanos enoontrados .
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