DOCSLIB.ORG

Molecular Diversity of Dunedin Peripatus (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Molecular Diversity of Dunedin Peripatus (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1999, Vol. 26: 381-393 381 0301-4223/2604-0381 $7.00/0 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 1999 Molecular diversity of Dunedin peripatus (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) S. A. TREWICK Keywords New Zealand; mtDNA; Peripatoides; Department of Zoology invertebrate; population structure; habitat; genetics; University of Otago PCR primers; mitochondrial rearrangement; cyto- P. O. Box 56 chrome oxidase; COI; SSCP Dunedin, New Zealand email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Abstract Onychophora tend to be morphologi- The living Onychophora are morphologically cally conservative. Several studies using molecular conservative although they can be variable in size techniques have revealed the existence of cryptic and colour within populations. It is of no surprise species and population structuring. The application therefore that early morphology-based taxonomy of allozyme electrophoresis to New Zealand also tended to be conservative and to underestimate peripatus that were thought to belong to a single the true diversity of the group. Molecular studies and widespread species (Peripatoides novaezealandiae) the use of electron microscopy have revealed the has revealed several undetected species, including existence of many cryptic species and genera, most a taxon specific to Dunedin (southern South Island, notably in Australia (Briscoe & Tait 1995; Reid New Zealand). However, almost nothing is known 1996) although the first genetic study was on about the geographic range and variability of this Jamaican peripatus (Hebert et al. 1991). The species, nor indeed whether it comprises one or more Australian onychophoran fauna appears to be both cryptic taxa. I used analysis of cytochrome oxidase diverse, including some 80% of the described global I mtDNA sequences to explore these aspects of fauna (Briscoe & Tait 1995; Reid 1996), and locally peripatus found in the vicinity of Dunedin. Eighteen rich with some areas having as many as five genera different haplotypes were detected in 47 individu- (Sunnucks et al. in press). Contrary to the usual rule als from 21 locations. The sequence of a 540 bp COI of conservatism, some of these taxa possess very fragment contained 64 parsimony informative sites distinctive morphology in the form of mating-related and nucleotide diversity of up to 11% among ingroup structures on the head resolved using electron taxa. Phylogenetic analyses, and genetic distance by microscopy (Tait & Briscoe 1990; Reid 1996). geographic distance correlation, indicated probable In comparison, the onychophoran fauna of New species-level divisions within the sample. Two prin- Zealand appears to be generally less diverse and lo- cipal groups with a boundary on the east coast of cally depauperate. Until recently, only five species New Zealand near the mouth of the Taieri River can of peripatus were recognised in New Zealand be defined, and these are denoted "Dunedin" and (Ruhberg 1985), belonging to two genera; the "Catlins" peripatus. There is a third, possibly distinct egglaying Ooperipatellus and the livebearing lineage at Piano Flat. A rearrangement of the mito- Peripatoides. Of these, Peripatoides novaezealan- chondrial genome, relating to the position of the diae (Hutton) was apparently the most numerous and tLEU rna gene, was detected in these and other New widespread (Ruhberg 1985). Hutton's (1876) de- Zealand peripatus and may be present in all scription was based on specimens from Wellington, Onychophora. Nelson and Dunedin. However, analyses of allozyme data have indicated the existence of a species com- plex (involving at least five taxa) in Norm Island and a separate taxon in Dunedin (south South Island) Z99006 (Tait & Briscoe 1995; Trewick 1998). While the Received 3 March 1999; accepted 4 June 1999 North Island P. novaezealandiae species complex 382 New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1999, Vol. 26 has so far revealed no gross morphological differ- Onychophora for instance, a group noted for their ences among sister species (Trewick 1998), Tait & morphological conservatism, genetic methods have Briscoe (1995) noted that a combination of morpho- revealed extensive cryptic diversity (Briscoe & Tait logical characteristics (15 pairs of legs, midventral 1995), stimulated revision of morphology based tax- openings of anal glands in males, and lack of crural onomy (Reid 1996) and provided insights into the glands) in the Dunedin taxon distinguished it from origin of diversity within, and biogeography of, spe- other described genera. Allozyme data revealed no cies (Hebert et al. 1991; Gleeson et al. 1998). close relatives among the limited number of New Previous genetic studies of New Zealand Onycho- Zealand and Australian peripatus studied (Tait & phora have used allozyme variation (Tait & Briscoe Briscoe 1995). A survey of Australasian Onycho- 1995; Trewick 1998). These nuclear loci can have phora using mitochondrial DNA, that supported many different alleles (arising from changes in the monophyly of the New Zealand Peripatoides, also sequence of amino acids comprising a particular included specimens from one location in Dunedin protein), and as such are especially useful for (Gleeson et al. 1998). observing gene flow among populations of sexually At present, however, Dunedin peripatus have been reproducing organisms (Murphy et al. 1996). In represented in studies only by specimens from two cases of sympatry, the lack of exchange of alleles sites (Caversham and Leith valleys), both of which are between sexually reproducing individuals demon- close to the city centre (Tait & Briscoe 1995, Gleeson strates the presence of distinct species, even if those et al. 1998). Before any interpretation of nationwide species are not outwardly distinguishable (King & phylogeographic patterns can be made, a more Hanner 1998; Trewick 1998). The other most complete understanding of local diversity and frequently used genetic marker in the 1990's, geographic range is required. Any exploration of mitochondrial DNA, is however, generally non- diversity is likely to raise questions of species recombining (but see Wallis 1999) and in most definition, sympatry and conservation status. organisms is maternally inherited. Although this There are advantages in a morphology based tax- means mtDNA is not appropriate for tests of genetic onomy (e.g., presumed ability to undertake identifi- exchange on its own, it is a powerful indicator of cation in the field and without specialist equipment), historical subdivision, and extensive datasets enable but genetic approaches also have much to offer sys- among-taxa comparisons of diversity and structure tematists, biogeographers and conservationists alike. (Avise 1994). MtDNA sequence data is particularly This is because (a) information is derived, by defi- useful for interspecific phylogenetic analysis. By nition, from the material that is transmitted between using faster-evolving genes and sampling individuals individuals during reproduction, and (b) these mol- throughout the range of a presumed species it is also ecules evolve in a more or less predictable manner feasible to explore intraspecific phylogeography across taxa. (Riddle 1996). The use of mtDNA also has the Perceived conflicts between genetic and morpho- benefit of requiring less sample tissue than allozyme logical approaches arise because morphology has electrophoresis so that the morphological integrity traditionally been a prerequisite of taxonomy, and of specimens can more easily be maintained. This at a fine scale at least, taxonomy can proceed with- is particularly helpful in the study of small or soft out a phylogenetic basis. Genetic analyses assume bodied organisms such as peripatus. an evolutionary process in order to interpret the his- I surveyed mtDNA sequence variation in Dunedin torical relationships of genes and therefore their peripatus in order to identify their geographic range, "hosts". Whilst this is in principle also true of intraspecific variability, possible existence of cryptic cladistic methods, an absence of suitably variable species, and conservation status. The Dunedin morphological characters, or problems of homology, peripatus is already perceived to be of special status can be overwhelming. Many phylogenetic analyses to the extent that New Zealand's first peripatus of genetic data produce gene trees, or their approxi- reserve has been gazetted for it by the city council. mation. It is the job of molecular biologists to infer Whether this action is justified, or the location well how well these trees estimate organismal phylogeny, chosen, has remained untested. By documenting and an extensive array of analytical tools have been diversity of peripatus within the Dunedin region we developed to do this. In a sense this is a reversal of will be better placed to explore the benefit of such the situation that arises from morphology-based reserves, and the status of the Otago and Southland analyses which, naturally, tend to underestimate bio- regions with respect to the wider biogeography of genetic diversity (Avise 1994). In the study of onychophorans in New Zealand. Trewick—Molecular diversity of Dunedin peripatus 383 METHODS and NotLEUr (see Results for details). PCR reactions were performed in 25 jal volumes and products gel- Peripatus specimens were collected in the environs purified in 2% agarose stained with ethidium of Dunedin City and up to 220 km from it (Fig. 1). bromide. Bands of expected molecular weight were This collecting area is probably close to the range excised
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction Methods Results
    Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume l 25, 1991 11 ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF TASMANIPATUS BARRETT/ AND T. ANOPHTHALMUS, PARAPATRIC ONYCHOPHORANS (ONYCHOPHORA: PERIPATOPSIDAE) FROM NORTHEASTERN TASMANIA by R. Mesibov and H. Ruhberg (with two text-figures and four plates) MESIBOV, R. & RUHBERC, H., 1991 (20:xii): Ecology and conservation of Tasmanipatus barretti and T anophthalmus, parapacric onychophorans (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) from northeastern Tasmania. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 125: 11- 16. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.125.11 ISSN 0080- 4703. PO Box 431, Smithton, Tasmania, Australia 7330 (RM); and Zoologischcs lnstitut und Zoologischcs Museum, Universitat Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-2000 Hamburg 13, Germany (HR). Tasmanipatus barretti and T anophthalmus are parapatrically distributed in northeasternTasmania with known ranges of about 600 km2 and 200 km2 respectively. Both species occur in wet sclerophyll forest. Both appear to tolerate habirat disturbance such as occasional bushfires, but are eliminated by forestclearing foragriculture or pine plantations. Both are found in forest reserves, and are to be furtherprotected by a habitat management programme devised by the Tasmanian Forestry Commission. Key Words: Onychophorans, northeastern Tasmania, parapatry, sderophyii forest, conservation. INTRODUCTION and (i) records ofincidental collections by RM during private field trips, 1984-90 (13 localities). Two rare and unusual species of peripatopsid onychophorans At each site visited in studies (a), (b), (d) and (h), have recently been found in northeastern Tasmania. One onychophorans were hunted by gently breaking apart rotting species, Tasmanipatus barretti, locally known as the giant logs and stumps. Less thorough inspections were made velvet worm, is the largest Tasmanian onychophoran.
    [Show full text]
  • Arachnida, Solifugae) with Special Focus on Functional Analyses and Phylogenetic Interpretations
    HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SOLIFUGES Comparative studies of organ systems of solifuges (Arachnida, Solifugae) with special focus on functional analyses and phylogenetic interpretations HISTOLOGIE UND ULTRASTRUKTUR DER SOLIFUGEN Vergleichende Studien an Organsystemen der Solifugen (Arachnida, Solifugae) mit Schwerpunkt auf funktionellen Analysen und phylogenetischen Interpretationen I N A U G U R A L D I S S E R T A T I O N zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald vorgelegt von Anja Elisabeth Klann geboren am 28.November 1976 in Bremen Greifswald, den 04.06.2009 Dekan ........................................................................................................Prof. Dr. Klaus Fesser Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Gerd Alberti Erster Gutachter .......................................................................................... Zweiter Gutachter ........................................................................................Prof. Dr. Romano Dallai Tag der Promotion ........................................................................................15.09.2009 Content Summary ..........................................................................................1 Zusammenfassung ..........................................................................5 Acknowledgments ..........................................................................9 1. Introduction ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Onychophora, Peripatidae) Feeding on a Theraphosid Spider (Araneae, Theraphosidae)
    2009. The Journal of Arachnology 37:116–117 SHORT COMMUNICATION First record of an onychophoran (Onychophora, Peripatidae) feeding on a theraphosid spider (Araneae, Theraphosidae) Sidclay C. Dias and Nancy F. Lo-Man-Hung: Museu Paraense Emı´lio Goeldi, Laborato´rio de Aracnologia, C.P. 399, 66017-970, Bele´m, Para´, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. A velvet worm (Peripatus sp., Peripatidae) was observed and photographed while feeding on a theraphosid spider, Hapalopus butantan (Pe´rez-Miles, 1998). The present note is the first report of an onychophoran feeding on ‘‘giant’’ spider. Keywords: Prey behavior, velvet worm, spider Onychophorans, or velvet worms, are organisms whose behavior on the floor forests (pers. obs.). Onychophorans are capable of preying remains poorly understood due to their cryptic lifestyle (New 1995) on animals their own size, although the quantity of glue used in an attack and by the fact they are rare in the Neotropics (Mcglynn & Kelley increases up to about 80% of the total capacity for larger prey (Read & 1999). Consequently reports on hitherto unknown aspects of the Hughes 1987). It may be that encounters with larger prey items, such as biology and life history of onychophorans are urgently needed. that observed by us, are more common than previously supposed. Onychophorans are almost all carnivores that prey on small invertebrates such as snails, isopods, earth worms, termites, and other ACKNOWLEDGMENTS small insects (Hamer et al. 1997). They are widely distributed in Thanks to G. Machado (USP), T.A. Gardner (Universidade southern hemisphere temperate regions and in the tropics (Reinhard Federal de Lavras), and C.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Rotokare Scenic Reserve Invertebrate Ecological Restoration Proposal
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lincoln University Research Archive Bio-Protection & Ecology Division Lake Rotokare Scenic Reserve Invertebrate Ecological Restoration Proposal Mike Bowie Lincoln University Wildlife Management Report No. 47 ISSN: 1177‐6242 ISBN: 978‐0‐86476‐222‐1 Lincoln University Wildlife Management Report No. 47 Lake Rotokare Scenic Reserve Invertebrate Ecological Restoration Proposal Mike Bowie Bio‐Protection and Ecology Division P.O. Box 84 Lincoln University [email protected] Prepared for: Lake Rotokare Scenic Reserve Trust October 2008 Lake Rotokare Scenic Reserve Invertebrate Ecological Restoration Proposal 1. Introduction Rotokare Scenic Reserve is situated 12 km east of Eltham, South Taranaki, and is a popular recreation area for boating, walking and enjoying the scenery. The reserve consists of 230 ha of forested hill country, including a 17.8 ha lake and extensive wetland. Lake Rotokare is within the tribal area of the Ngati Ruanui and Ngati Tupaea people who used the area to collect food. Mature forested areas provide habitat for many birds including the fern bird (Sphenoeacus fulvus) and spotless crake (Porzana tabuensis), while the banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) and eels (Anguilla australis schmidtii and Anguilla dieffenbachii) are found in streams and the lake, and the gold‐striped gecko (Hoplodactylus chrysosireticus) in the flax margins. In 2004 a broad group of users of the reserve established the Lake Rotokare Scenic Reserve Trust with the following mission statements: “To achieve the highest possible standard of pest control/eradication with or without a pest‐proof fence and to achieve a mainland island” “To have due regard for recreational users of Lake Rotokare Scenic Reserve” The Trust has raised funds and erected a predator exclusion fence around the 8.4 km reserve perimeter.
    [Show full text]
  • Onychophorology, the Study of Velvet Worms
    Uniciencia Vol. 35(1), pp. 210-230, January-June, 2021 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ru.35-1.13 www.revistas.una.ac.cr/uniciencia E-ISSN: 2215-3470 [email protected] CC: BY-NC-ND Onychophorology, the study of velvet worms, historical trends, landmarks, and researchers from 1826 to 2020 (a literature review) Onicoforología, el estudio de los gusanos de terciopelo, tendencias históricas, hitos e investigadores de 1826 a 2020 (Revisión de la Literatura) Onicoforologia, o estudo dos vermes aveludados, tendências históricas, marcos e pesquisadores de 1826 a 2020 (Revisão da Literatura) Julián Monge-Nájera1 Received: Mar/25/2020 • Accepted: May/18/2020 • Published: Jan/31/2021 Abstract Velvet worms, also known as peripatus or onychophorans, are a phylum of evolutionary importance that has survived all mass extinctions since the Cambrian period. They capture prey with an adhesive net that is formed in a fraction of a second. The first naturalist to formally describe them was Lansdown Guilding (1797-1831), a British priest from the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent. His life is as little known as the history of the field he initiated, Onychophorology. This is the first general history of Onychophorology, which has been divided into half-century periods. The beginning, 1826-1879, was characterized by studies from former students of famous naturalists like Cuvier and von Baer. This generation included Milne-Edwards and Blanchard, and studies were done mostly in France, Britain, and Germany. In the 1880-1929 period, research was concentrated on anatomy, behavior, biogeography, and ecology; and it is in this period when Bouvier published his mammoth monograph.
    [Show full text]
  • Care and Husbandry of Epiperipatus Barbadensis
    Care and Husbandry of Epiperipatus barbadensis Velvet Worms, or Peripatus, belong to the phylum Onychophora and are fascinating panarthropods. They are found throughout tropical and temperate areas of Asia, Africa, Australia, the Americas, and the Caribbean. Their unique appearance, hunting behaviors, and social structure create an appealing challenge for experienced hobbyists. And with the proper environmental conditions and care velvet worms will thrive and become an interesting addition to any menagerie. Epiperipatus barbadensis is a species with moderately difficult husbandry for the average invertebrate keeper due to its unique care requirements, but in comparison to other onychophora they are great beginner velvet worm. For those that have kept poison dart frogs, much of the basic care and the optional advanced terrarium setup is quite similar; they like it warm, humid, and a balanced environment. Velvet worms do great in groups as many species throughout the world thrive in familial units dominated by adult females. Social species share the same hiding places, take care of their young, and share large prey items with any nearby kin after subduing the prey with a jet of goo. The more of these elusive creatures one has the more hunting and social behavior one will witness. An adult Epiperipatus barbadensis female Trade Name(s) Known only as Epiperipatus barbadensis this velvet worm is the first tropical species to successfully enter the hobby. With the Latin nomenclature of Onychophora still remaining relatively unfamiliar the common name ‘Barbados Brown Velvet Worm’ may be utilized. This could help differentiate between this variety and the periodically available New Zealand species (Peripatoides spp.).
    [Show full text]
  • An Approach Towards a Modern Monograph
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Berichte des naturwissenschaftlichen-medizinischen Verein Innsbruck Jahr/Year: 1992 Band/Volume: S10 Autor(en)/Author(s): Ruhberg Hilke Artikel/Article: "Peripatus" - an Approach towards a Modern Monograph. 441- 458 ©Naturwiss. med. Ver. Innsbruck, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Ber. nat.-med. Verein Innsbruck Suppl. 10 S. 441 - 458 Innsbruck, April 1992 8th International Congress of Myriapodology, Innsbruck, Austria, July 15 - 20, 1990 "Peripatus" — an Approach towards a Modern Monograph by' Hilke RUHBERG Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Abi. Entomologie, Martin-Luther-King Pfalz 3, D-2000 Hamburg 13 Abstract: What is a modern monograph? The problem is tackled on the basis of a discussion of the compli- cated taxonomy of Onychophora. At first glance the phylum presents a very uniform phenotype, which led to the popular taxonomic use of the generic name "Peripatus" for all representatives of the group. The first description of an onychophoran, as an "aberrant mollusc", was published in 1826 by GUILDING: To date, about 100 species have been described, and Australian colleagues (BRISCOE & TAIT, in prep.), using al- lozyme electrophoretic techniques, have discovered large numbers of genetically isolated populations of as yet un- described Peripatopsidae. The taxonomic hislory is reviewed in brief. Following the principles of SIMPSON, MAYR, HENNIG and others, selected taxonomic characters are discussed and evaluated. Questions arise such as: how can the pioneer classification (sensu SEDGWICK, POCOCK, and BOUVIER) be improved? New approaches towards a modern monographic account are considered, including the use of SEM and TEM and biochemical methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Runholders 09/03/2013 Where a Plus Sign Is Given Along with a Map Number More Than One Map Is Required for the Route
    RUNHOLDERS 09/03/2013 WHERE A PLUS SIGN IS GIVEN ALONG WITH A MAP NUMBER MORE THAN ONE MAP IS REQUIRED FOR THE ROUTE PAGE 1 IMP MET NAME PHONE A.B.C. CAVE I 43 + MR MALLOCH 03 465 7202 ABSEIL ROCK WAINAK. S 146 J 42 RAY PERNISKIE 439 5052 NORTH SIDE OF RIVER ABSEIL ROCK WAINAK. S 146 J 42 DAVE ALLAN 439 4830 VIA McKERROW'S AHURIRI VALLEY S 99+ G 38 DOC ALTAVADY MGR. GRAHAM ARLIDGE 431 7843 ANDERSONS'S LAGOON to Shag River Mouth JIM IRONSIDE – Lambing till mid Oct 03 465 1320 To check on state of lagoon - Phone Scott Clearwater 03 465 1655 15 Thomas St Palmerston ARTHURS PASS ALPINE CLUB HUT ANTONY 03 323 6348 OR 025 24 888 24 JOHN 03 366 1810 MALCOLM 03 318 9239 ASHLANDS RD KEMPS RD KATIKI JEFF NICHOLSON 4394608 TREVOR NIMMO 4394852 AVOCA HOMESTEAD S 108 H 38 WAITAKI BOYS H. SCH. 437 0529 LAKE MIDDLETON AVOCA VALLEY S 66+ K 34 MIKE MEARES 03 318 5818 RYTON STN. (MONK HUT TO HARPER) AWAKINO SKI FIELD S 126 I 40 JOHN HAMILTON 434 9781 WAITAKI SKI CLUB For Key to gate – John works for MorCom – 03 434 1221 AWAKINO GORGE LYNDSAY PATON 03 436 0085 cell 027 201 5402 See Kurow Hill AWAKINO STN. S 126 I 40 LYNDSAY PATON 03 436 0085 cell 027 201 5402 AWAMOKO STREAM I 41+ ALISON SIMPSON 431 2529 LIMAVADY AWAMOKO STREAM I 41+ SEE SEPARATE LIST AT END BALMORAL HUTS S 136 I 41 JOHN HANNON 431 2535 11 C R.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Extensive and Evolutionary Persistent Mitochondrial Trna Editing in Velvet Worms (Phylum Onychophora) Romulo Segovia Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2010 Extensive and evolutionary persistent mitochondrial tRNA editing in velvet worms (Phylum Onychophora) Romulo Segovia Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Segovia, Romulo, "Extensive and evolutionary persistent mitochondrial tRNA editing in velvet worms (Phylum Onychophora)" (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 11865. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/11865 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Extensive and evolutionary persistent mitochondrial tRNA editing in velvet worms (Phylum Onychophora) by Romulo Segovia A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Genetics Program of Study Committee: Dennis Lavrov, Major Professor Lyric Bartholomay Bing Yang Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2010 Copyright © Romulo Segovia, 2010. All rights reserved. ii Dedicated to My parents, Romulo Segovia and Alejandrina Ugarte, my family, my friends, and my support iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vi ABSTRACT
    [Show full text]
  • Otago CMS 2016 Volume II
    Map 6: Detail maps index Map 1 of 19 Map Map Map 3 of 19 4 of 19 5 of 19 Map 2 of 19 Map 11 of 19 Map Map Map Map Map 6 of 19 7 of 19 8 of 19 9 of 19 10 of 19 Map Map Map Map Map 12 of 19 13 of 19 14 of 19 15 of 19 16 of 19 Map 19 of 19 Map Map 17 of 19 18 of 19 Map 6 Detail maps index Conservation Management Strategy Otago 0 5 10 20 30 40 Km G 25 Inventory of public conservation land and waters Otago Map table 7.1 NaPALIS ID Protected Area Name Area (ha) Legal Description NO RECORD NO RECORD NO RECORD 26 Maps 7.1–7.19: Inventory of public conservation land and waters Map 5 Map 7.1 Inventory of public conservation land and waters Conservation Management Strategy Otago 0 1 2 4 6 8 Km G Map 1 of 19 Conservation unit data is current as of 31/10/2015 27 Inventory of public conservation land and waters Otago Map table 7.2 NaPALIS ID Protected Area Name Area (ha) Legal Description NO RECORD NO RECORD NO RECORD 28 Map 3 Map 6 Map 7.2 Inventory of public conservation land and waters Conservation Management Strategy Otago 0 1 2 4 6 8 Km G Map 2 of 19 Conservation unit data is current as of 31/10/2015 29 Inventory of public conservation land and waters Otago Map table 7.3 NaPALIS ID Protected Area Name Area (ha) Legal Description 2800619 Conservation Area - Aspiring Hut 16.14 Stewardship Area - s.25 Conservation Act 1987 2800620 Arawata Conservation Area 22.91 Stewardship Area - s.25 Conservation Act 1987 2800624 Lochnagar Marginal Strip 17.47 Fixed Marginal Strip - s.24(3) Conservation Act 1987 2800628 Rees River Marginal Strip 6.57 Fixed Marginal
    [Show full text]
  • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
    SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 65, NUMBER 1 The Present Distribution of the Onychophora, a Group of Terrestrial Invertebrates BY AUSTIN H. CLARK (Publication 2319) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION JANUARY 4, 1915 Z$t £orb Qgattimovt (preee BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. THE PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE ONYCHOPHORA, A GROUP OF TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES. By AUSTIN H. CLARK CONTENTS Preface I The onychophores apparently an ancient type 2 The physical and ecological distribution of the onychophores 2 The thermal distribution of the onychophores 3 General features of the distribution of the onychophores 3 The distribution of the Peripatidae 5 Explanation of the distribution of the Peripatidae 5 The distribution of the American species of the Peripatidae 13 The distribution of the Peripatopsidae 17 The distribution of the species, genera and higher groups of the ony- chophores in detail 20 PREFACE A close study of the geographical distribution of almost any class of animals emphasizes certain features which are obscured, or some- times entirely masked, in the geographical distribution of other types, and it is therefore essential, if we would lay a firm foundation for zoogeographical generalizations, that the details of the distribution of all types should be carefully examined. Not only do the different classes of animals vary in the details of their relationships to the present land masses and their subdivisions, but great diversity is often found between families of the same order, and even between genera of the same family. Particularly is this true of nocturnal as contrasted with related diurnal types. As a group the onychophores have been strangely neglected by zoologists.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conservation Status of Costa Rican Velvet Worms (Onychophora): Geographic Pattern, Risk Assessment and Comparison with New Zealand Velvet Worms
    The conservation status of Costa Rican velvet worms (Onychophora): geographic pattern, risk assessment and comparison with New Zealand velvet worms Bernal Morera-Brenes1, Julián Monge-Nájera2 & Paola Carrera Mora1 1. Universidad Nacional, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Genética y Evolución (LabSGE), Laboratorio de Sistemática, Heredia, Costa Rica; [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8042-4265 [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7534-6511 2. Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana, 2050 San José, Costa Rica; [email protected], http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7764-2966 Received 07-XII-2018 • Corrected 16-III-2019 • Accepted 01-IV-2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22458/urj.v11i3.2262 ABSTRACT: Introduction: Charismatic species, like the panda, play an RESUMEN: “Estado de conservación en Costa Rica de gusanos de ter- important role in conservation, and velvet worms arguably are charis- ciopelo (Onychophora): patrones geográficos, evaluación del riesgo matic worms. Thanks to their extraordinary hunting mechanism, they y comparación con onicóforos de Nueva Zelanda”. Introducción: Las have inspired from a female metal band in Japan, to origami worms especies carismáticas, como el panda, desempeñan un papel impor- in Russia and video game monsters in the USA. Objective: To assess tante en la conservación, y los gusanos de terciopelo posiblemente their conservation status in Costa Rica (according to data in the UNA sean gusanos carismáticos. Gracias a su extraordinario mecanismo de Onychophora Database) and compare it with equivalent data from caza, han inspirado a una banda de rock femenina en Japón, gusanos elsewhere. Methods: we located all collection records of the 29 spe- de origami en Rusia y monstruos de videojuegos en los Estados Unidos.
    [Show full text]