Changing the Face of Medicine: Celebrating America’S Physicians

The National Library of Medicine gratefully acknowledges the following individuals and institutions that provided assets for Changing the Face of Medicine: Celebrating America’s Physicians.

Featured Physicians

Maude Elizabeth Seymour Abbott, M.D.C.M. National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B030311; B01504

Jill Nina Afrin, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Tenley E. Albright, M.D. Courtesy private collection Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-115875, © Bettman/CORBIS Photo Researchers, Inc. Photograph by Ray Foto Services, Inc.

Hattie Elizabeth Alexander, M.D. Archives and Special Collections, Columbia University Health Sciences Division

Virginia M. Alexander, M.D., M.P.H. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine

Ethel D. Allen, D.O. Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine

Lori Arviso Alvord, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Jack Newsom

Dorothy Hansine Andersen, M.D., Med.Sc.D. Archives and Special Collections, Columbia University Health Sciences Division Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, New York World Telegram and Sun Collection

Jean R. Anderson, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Kathryn Dorothy Duncan Anderson, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Walter Urie

Marcia Angell, M.D. Boston University Photo Services, 99-2828C-3

Kathleen R. Annette, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Virginia Apgar, M.D., M.P.H. Eric Apgar Selma Harrison Calmes, M.D. Archives and Special Collections, Columbia University Health Sciences Division, Photograph by Elizabeth Wilcox The Association of the Alumni of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-117750; New York World Telegram and Sun Collection The Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections, Bachrach Photography; photograph by Henry Benson; others National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B01860 NYC Municipal Archives, photograph by Bob Oliver

Vivia Belle Appleton, M.D., M.P.H. Hawaii Medical Library

Linda Susan Aranaydo, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Carol A. Aschenbrener, M.D., M.S. Courtesy private collection

Linda S. Austin, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Mary Ellen Avery, M.D. Courtesy private collection Bachrach Photography Reprint from Avery’s Diseases of the Newborn with permission from Elsevier Cover Born Early, with permission: Little, Brown and Company Georgia Litwack Royal College of Physicians White House Press Office

Emily Partridge Bacon, M.D. Courtesy private collection

S. Josephine Baker, M.D., Dr.P.H. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-058326 National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B02220; B011625

Barbara Barlow, M.A., M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Hakim Mutlag Photograph By Chie Nishio

Emily Dunning Barringer, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine Gouverneur Health Care Services, New York City, NY Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-123460, Haines Photo Co., Conneaut, Ohio; LC-USZCN4-45; LC-USZ62-55950; LC-USZ62-16068, photograph by Underwood and Underwood National Archives and Records Administration The New York Public Library New York Times Archive

Doris Gorka Bartuska, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Barbara Bates, M.D., M.A., M.A. Joan E. Lynaugh, Ph.D.

Patricia E. Bath, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Constance Elizabeth Urciolo Battle, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Leona Baumgartner, M.A., Ph.D., M.D. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-G612-20945; LC-USF34-024329-D; LC-USW3 014483-D National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B02511; B09531; B08579, photograph by Homer Page NYC Municipal Archives, photograph by George Doherty; photograph by Walter Donegan; photograph by James Connaughton, Jr.; others

Lillian M. Beard, M.D. Courtesy private collection

G. Valerie Beckles-Neblett, M.B., B.S. Courtesy private collection © ASAP Photo

Regina Marcia Benjamin, M.D., M.B.A. Courtesy private collection

Mary Alice Bennett, M.D., Ph.D. From the Collections of the University of Pennsylvania Archives

Michelle Anne Bholat, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Grete Lehner Bibring, M.D. Archives of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston

JudyAnn Bigby, M.D. Courtesy private collection Brigham and Women's Hospital Photograph by Michael T. Quan and courtesy of Patriots Trail Girl Scout Council

Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D. Glasgow University Archives Blackwell Family Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. National Library of Medicine National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, A027556 The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, photograph by W. A. Thomas (Hastings, England); others

Emily Blackwell, M.D. The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University

Karin J. Blakemore, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Ruth Harriet Bleier, M.D. History of Medicine Department, University of Wisconsin

Susan J. Blumenthal, M.D., M.P.A. Courtesy private collection Algerina Perna, The Baltimore Sun Information Television Network National Archives and Records Administration TVN Communications Group

Jo Ivey Boufford, M.D. New York University Office of Public Affairs Parklawn Health Library

Nina Starr Braunwald, M.D., M.S. Eugene Braunwald, M.D. Parklawn Health Library

Clara Arena Brawner, M.D. Spelman College Archives

Susan M. Briggs, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Benjy Frances Brooks, M.S., M.D. University of Texas Medical School at Houston

Anna Elizabeth Broomall, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine

Dorothy Lavinia Brown, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Rowine Hayes Brown, M.D., J.D. Special Collections Department, Library of the Health Sciences, The University Library University of Illinois at Chicago

Judith Martin Cadore, M.D. Courtesy private collection © Connie's by Glenn

Mary Steichen Calderone, M.D., M.P.H. Milton Berger, M.D. The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, photograph by Henry Grossman; photograph by Jack Marshall and Co. LTD.; others Wayne State University School of Medicine

Helen Mary Caldicott, M.B., B.S. Courtesy private collection

Clair Mills Callan, M.D., B.Ch., B.A.O., M.B.A. Courtesy private collection

Selma Harrison Calmes, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Toyo Miyatake Studio

Alexa Irene Canady, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Myrtelle May Canavan, M.D. Harvard Medical Library in the Frances A. Countway Library

Lucy Candib Courtesy private collection

Consuelo E. M. Carmona, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Mary E. Schmidt Case, M.D. Courtesy private collection National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women’s Health, and Office of Science Education

Christine Karen Cassel, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Rita Charon, M.D., M.A., Ph.D. Courtesy private collection Parallel Charts by Mary Sabatini and Rose Cohen

Alice Drew Chenoweth, M.A., M.D. Historical Collection, Eskind Biomedical Library, Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Eliza Lo Chin, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection Photograph by G. Paul Bishop

May Edward Chinn, M.D. George B. Davis, Ph.D., photograph by Ideal Studio; photograph by E. F. Foley, N.Y.; others National Library of Medicine May Edward Chinn Collection, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations Photographs and Prints Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations New York University School of Medicine Archives Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, Behring Center

Donna M. Christian-Christensen, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Shanna O’Reilly United States House of Representatives

Patricia StandTal Clarke, M.Div., M.D. Courtesy private collection

Emeline Horton Cleveland, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine

Elizabeth D. A. Magnus Cohen, M.D. Touro Infirmary Archives

Raquel Eidelnan Cohen, M.D., M.P.H., Ph.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Joan Knight Photography

Rebecca J. Cole, M.D. Historical Society of Washington, D.C. The Library Company of Philadelphia National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, A029999 The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University

Lorraine Hanlon Comanor, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Peter Lennihan

Frances K. Conley, M.D., M.S. Courtesy private collection

Gerty Theresa Radnitz Cori, M.D. Becker Medical Library, Washington State University School of Medicine Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, New York World Telegram and Sun Collection; LC USZ62-120920; AN US GEOG - New York, no. 152 (E size); LC-USF33-001878-M5; LC-USF33-001879-M4 The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B05353; B09600

Rhonda Cornum Fayetteville Observer

Nereida Correa, M.D., M.A. Courtesy private collection

Molly Joel Coye, M.A., M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection © Maurice Ramirez Photo

Margaret D. Craighill, M.D. National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B05519; B05209 Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine National Archives and Records Administration

Rebecca Lee Crumpler, M.D. Ellen S. More, Ph.D.

Leigh Ann Curl, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Bill Klosicki, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center

Sadye Beatryce Curry, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Ruth E. Dayhoff, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Catherine D. DeAngelis, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Prestwood Studio Robert Smith Photography, Inc.

Leila Alice Daughtry Denmark, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Carolyn R. Denning, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Jane R. Desforges, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Oscar and Associates, Inc.

Katherine Maria Drechsler Detre, M.D., M.P.H., Dr.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Helen Octavia Dickens, M.D., M.S. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, photograph by G. M. Wilson; others National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B07139 From the Collections of the University of Pennsylvania Archives

Nancy Wilson Dickey, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Helen Aird Dickie, M.D. Courtesy University of Wisconsin Archives, Madison

Leah J. Dickstein, M.D., M.A. Courtesy private collection

Marie Amos Dobyns, M.D., P.A. Courtesy private collection

Sarah Read Adamson Dolley, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine Edward G. Miner Library, Rochester, N.Y. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division National Library of Medicine

Joanne Froio Domson, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Janice Green Douglas, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Ethel Collins Dunham, M.D. Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library at Yale University

Harriet Pearson Dustan, M.D. The University of Vermont Development and Alumni Relations

Georgia Rooks Dwelle, M.D. Spelman College Archives

Sara K. Dye, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Ruth Marguerite Easterling, M.D. Tufts University School of Medicine

Lena Frances Edwards, M.D. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University

Louise Eisenhardt, M.D. Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library at Yale University American Association of Neurological Surgeons' Archive

M. Joycelyn Elders, M.D., M.S. Parklawn Health Library Historical Research Center of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Library Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USF33-006050-M5, photograph by Ben Shahn; LC-USF33-006108-M3; LC-USF34-000422-D

Martha May Eliot, M.D. The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, photograph by Leo Rosenthal, New York, N.Y.; others National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B09844, Bachrach Photography National Archives and Records Administration, photograph by Eileen Darby, Graphic House, New York, N.Y. National Archives and Records Administration Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, Behring Center National Library of Medicine Richard A. Meckel, Ph.D. National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C.

Lois Taylor Ellison, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Mary Jane England, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph © Zona Photo

Roselyn Payne Epps, M.D., M.P.H., M.A. Courtesy private collection Photograph by George Allan

Marie Diana Equi, M.D. Oregon Historical Society, #OrHi23491

Angela M. Erdrich, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Alice Ettinger, M.D. Tufts University School of Medicine, Archives

Audrey Elizabeth Evans, L.R.C.P. and S.Edin. Courtesy private collection The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia photograph by Jean E. Bubaker

Matilda Arabella Evans, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine Etta B. Trottie From A True Likeness, © Estate of Richard Samuel Roberts, used by permission of Bruccoli Clark Layman, Inc. South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia

Denise L. Faustman, Ph.D., M.D. Courtesy private collection

Dorothy Celeste Boulding Ferebee, M.D. Dorothy Ferebee Collection, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University National Archives and Records Administration

M. Irené Ferrer, M.D. Marianne J. Legato, M.D.

Marcella Farinelli Fierro, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Frances McLemore Fisk, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Kim Jew Photography studio

Faith Thayer Fitzgerald, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Katherine A. Flores, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Olan Mills

Virginia Davis Floyd, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Kathleen M. Foley, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Justina Laurena Carter Ford, M.D. Black American West Museum and Heritage Center

Jean L. Fourcroy, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Virginia Kneeland Frantz, M.D. Archives and Special Collections, Columbia University Health Sciences Division

Bernadette T. Freeland-Hyde, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Vanessa Northington Gamble, M.D., Ph.D. Courtesy private collection

Nancy E. Gary, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Marilyn Hughes Gaston, M.D. Courtesy private collection Parklawn Health Library

Helene D. Gayle, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Beatrice Elizabeth Gee, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Julie Louise Gerberding, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Jennifer A. Giroux, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Nunzia Bettinsoli Giuse, M.D., M.L.S. Courtesy private collection

Helen Hofsommer Glaser, M.D. Robert J. Glaser, M.D.

Lynn R. Goldman, M.S., M.P.H., M.D. Courtesy private collection

Eliza Ann Grier, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine

Mary Elizabeth Guinan, M.D., Ph.D. Courtesy private collection

Connie Myers Guion, M.A., M.D. National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B010549

Margaret Hamburg, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Rick English

Alice Hamilton, M.D. The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Scope Weekly Photo; others Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, Behring Center Jane Addams Memorial Collection (JAMC neg. 557, JAMC neg. 400), The University Library, The University of Illinois at Chicago Swarthmore College Peace Collection National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B014010; B014009 Harvard Medical Library in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine National Library of Medicine Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, M. P. Catherwood Library, Cornell University

Margaret Irving Handy, M.D. Historical Society of Delaware

Harriet Louise Hardy, M.D. The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University

Réjane M. Harvey, M.D. The Association of the Alumni of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

Florence Pat Haseltine, M.D., Ph.D. Courtesy private collection

Elizabeth Dexter Hay, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Maxine Hayes, M.D., M.P.H Courtesy private collection

Margaret Caroline Heagarty, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Bernadine Healy, M.D. Courtesy private collection The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions American Red Cross

Karen Hein, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Patricia Nez Henderson, M.P.H., M.D. Courtesy private collection

Jane Ellen Henney, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Maria Isabel Herran, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Jane E. Hodgson, M.D., M.S. Courtesy private collection Photograph by William C. Minarich Photography, Inc.

Jimmie C. Holland, M.D. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

Mary Ann Hopkins, M.A., M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Nicki Pardo Photography

Minnie Frances Hayden Howard, M.D. Idaho State Historical Society

Susan Emma Hertz Howard, M.D. Vermont Historical Society

Mary Catherine Raugust Howell, Ph.D., M.D., L.L.B. Yeou-Cheng Ma, M.D., photograph by Marlene Drescher

Christie Ann Huddleston, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Gertrude Teixeira Hunter, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Jeffrey John Fearing, Biomedical Communications, Howard University College of Medicine

Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine

Lisa I. Iezzoni, M.D., M.Sc. Courtesy private collection

Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi, M.D. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-61783 The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, photograph by Bogardus; others M. Donald Blaufox Harvard Medical Library in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine National Library of Medicine National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, A02180

Georgiana Mary Jagiello, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Grace Marilynn James, M.D. David M. James

Lissy Feingold Jarvik, Ph.D., M.D. Courtesy private collection

Nancy E. Jasso, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Mae C. Jemison, M.D. Courtesy private collection NASA NASA Johnson Space Center Photography by Martha Neuman

Renee Rosalind Jenkins, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Ann Connor Jobe, M.S.N., M.D. Courtesy private collection

Carol Johnson Johns, M.D. Wellesley College Archives

Hallie Tanner Dillon Johnson, M.D. Photographs and Prints Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations

Paula A. Johnson, M.D., M.P.H. Photograph by Sue Owrutsky

Olga Jonasson, M.D. Photograph by Stuart-Rogers, Ltd.

Edith Irby Jones, M.D. Courtesy private collection EBONY Magazine, Courtesy Johnson Publishing Company, Inc. Photograph by Phil Stern

Georgeanna Seegar Jones, M.D. Howard W. Jones, Jr., M.D.

Harriet B. Jones, M.D. West Virginia State Archives

Julia M. Jones, M.D. Charles Felton, M.D.

Mary Amanda Dixon Jones, M.D., M.D. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZC2-3356; LC-USZC4-4632 The New York Academy of Medicine, Copy by RD Rubic

Elizabeth Karlin, M.D. History of Medicine Department, University of Wisconsin

Susan Veronica Karol, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Judith Salmon Kaur, M.A., M.D. Courtesy private collection

Frances Kathleen Oldham Kelsey, M.Sc., Ph.D., M.D. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, New York World Telegram and Sun Collection National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, A018057

Mary Margaret Kemeny, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Catharine Gail Kincaid, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Mary Elizabeth Dickason King, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Ruth L. Kirschstein, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Perri Klass, M.D. Courtesy private collection Reach Out and Read National Center

Irena Grasberg Koprowska, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Lila Stein Kroser, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, M.D. © Ken Ross Photography Ken Ross Johanna Treichler

Yvette Laclaustra, M.D. Courtesy private collection National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women’s Health, and Office of Science Education

Joyce Cohen Lashof, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Jane Scherr

Roz Diane Lasker, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Miller Photography

Agnes D. Lattimer, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Risa J. Lavizzo-Mourey, M.D., M.B.A. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Bob Clink

Margaret Morgan Lawrence, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Elizabeth Theresa Lee-Ray, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Marianne J. Legato, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Murray Tarr, Inc.

Delores Maria Leon, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Elise Depew Strang L'Esperance, M.D. Photograph courtesy of NewYork Weill Cornell Medical Center Archives

Edithe J. Levit, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Edith M. Lincoln, M.D. Ehrman Medical Library-Archives, New York University School of Medicine

Iris F. Litt, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Hannah E. Myers Longshore, M.D. National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B017284

Susan M. Love, M.D., M.B.A. Courtesy private collection

Esther Clayson Pohl Lovejoy, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine

Theresa Loya, M.P.H., M.D. Courtesy private collection

Amneris E. Luque, M.D. Courtesy private collection

D. Joanne Harley Lynn, M.D., M.A., M.S. Courtesy private collection

Catharine Macfarlane, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine

Sharon M. Malotte, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by d'Joyce Bismark

Audrey Forbes Manley, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection Parklawn Health Library

JoAnn Elisabeth Manson, M.D., M.P.H., Dr.P.H. Courtesy private collection Brigham and Women's Hospital, photograph by Mark Morelli; others

Shirley F. Marks, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Clara Marshall, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine

Loy McAfee, M.D. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, Behring Center

Melvina L. McCabe, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Anita Newcomb McGee, M.D. National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B017724; B09272; B09273; B30326

Anne Bishop McKusick, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Laurie A. McLemore, M.A., M.D. Courtesy private collection

Barbara J. McNeil, M.D., Ph.D. Courtesy private collection, Bachrach Photography

Martha Alicia Medrano, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Dorothy Reed Mendenhall, M.D. Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College

Flavia Elaine Mercado, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Maria J. Merino, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Doris Honig Merritt, M.D. Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

Jean Baker Miller, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Lillie Rosa Minoka-Hill, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine

Janet L. Mitchell, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection, photograph by Rocco Galatioto

Kelly Roberta Moore, M.D. Courtesy private collection © Burtchaeil Photography © Val Vista Lakes Studio

Alma Dea Morani, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B019206

Kathryn Ann Morsea, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Rosalie Slaughter Morton, M.D. Rosalie S. Morton Papers, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library

Carol Cooperman Nadelson, M.D. Courtesy private collection Bachrach Photography Brigham and Women's Hospital

Lillian Heath Nelson, M.D. Carbon County Museum Rawlins Wyoming

Maria Iandolo New, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Kate Pellham Newcomb, M.D. Dr. Kate Museum

Mary Modelle Newman, M.D. Photograph by Maximilian Franz

Carol M. Newton, Ph.D., M.D. Photograph by Merritt T. Smith

Jennifer R. Niebyl, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Antonia Novello M.D., M.P.H., Dr.P.H. Courtesy private collection National Library of Medicine Parklawn Health Library

Elizabeth Odilile Ofili, M.B.B.S., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

June E. Osborn, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Janet Rose Osuch, M.D., M.S. Courtesy private collection

Frances Owl-Smith, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Judith Ann Pachciarz, M.S., Ph.D., M.D. Courtesy private collection National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women’s Health, and Office of Science Education

Adriana R. Padilla, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Conchita Marie Paz, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Louise Pearce, M.D. American Philosophical Society Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-100711 National Archives and Records Administration Rockefeller University Archives

Pamela M. Peeke, M.P.H., M.D. Courtesy private collection

Fernande Marie Pelletier, M.D. Medical Mission Sisters

Lucille C. Norville Perez, M.D. National Medical Association

Muriel Petioni, M.D. Courtesy private collection Friends of the Harlem Hospital Center

Susan La Flesche Picotte, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (54751, 54752) The National Archives and Records Administration Nebraska State Historical Society Photograph Collections

Vivian W. Pinn, M.D. Courtesy private collection Living Fit Magazine © September 1997, Weider Publications, LLC. Reprinted with permission

Mary Lake Polan, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Deborah Elizabeth Powell, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Ann Preston, M.D. Chester County Historical Society, West Chester, PA Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine The Library Company of Philadelphia National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B021871; A29998; A030083

Deborah Prothrow-Stith, M.D. Harvard University School of Public Health, Division of Public Health Practice, Bachrach Photography

Helen Cordelia Putnam, M.D., LL.D. Special Collections, Vassar College Libraries

Fannie Almara Dunn Quain, M.D. State Historical Society of North Dakota 0091-252

Sylvia M. Ramos, M.D., M.S. Courtesy private collection, photograph by Kim Jew

Theresa Ramos, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Helen M. Ranney, M.D. Courtesy private collection Albert Einstein College of Medicine Library, photograph by Guy Gillette-Lensgroup Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp. The Association of the Alumni of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University Health Sciences Archives University of San Diego Medical Center

Joan Y. Reede, M.D., M.P.H., M.S. Courtesy private collection

Clarice D. Reid, M.D. Courtesy private collection, photograph by Studio One

Lynne McArthur Reid, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Rachel Naomi Remen, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Ina Park Rhee, M.D., Ph.D. Courtesy private collection

Karen Schulder Rheuban, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Laurel Wysong Rice, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Barbara L. Riley, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Elena V. Rios, M.S.P.H., M.D. Courtesy private collection

Carolyn Bauer Robinowitz, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Merlyn Meneze Rodrigues, M.D., M.S., Ph.D. National Library of Medicine

Helen Rodriguez-Trias, M.D. JoEllen Brainin-Rodriguez M.D. The Cinema Guild Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, photograph by Jim Hansen for Look magazine; LC USF34-012580-E, photograph by Edwin Rosskam © by Glenn Matsumura National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, A02159; A02161 Photograph by Rafael Pesquera Photograph by Mel Rosenthal Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Ciencias Médicas

Irene Elizabeth Roeckel, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Mary Hasbah Roessel, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Cecilia M. Romero, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Marian Wilkins Ropes, M.S., M.D. Harvard Medical Library in the Frances A. Countway Library

Linda Rosenstock, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Barbara Ross-Lee, M.A., D.O. Courtesy private collection © Jay Brandy Photography, Inc. Michigan State Photographic Laboratory Official U.S. Navy Photograph by Cadaret

Yvette Roubideaux, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Marilyn A. Roubidoux, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Janet Davison Rowley, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by David Bentley Photography Inc. © Christy Bowe ImageCatcher News Photography Inc. © 1991 Paul Elledge © Joe Vericker/PHOTOBUREAU Inc.

Florence Rena Sabin, M.D. Colorado Historical Society Denison Memorial Library, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, photograph by Kaiden Kazanjian; others Rockefeller Archive Center Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, Behring Center Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College

Gloria E. Sarto, M.D., Ph.D. Courtesy private collection University of Wisconsin Center for Women's Health and Women's Health Research

Louise Schnaufer, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Edyth Hull Schoenrich, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Peter C. Howard

Marianne Schuelein, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Bradford Bachrach © Betty Medsger Photograph by Terry's Photography

Rosalyn P. Scott, M.D., M.S.H.A. Courtesy private collection National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women’s Health, and Office of Science Education

Jessie Boyd Scriver, M.D.C.M. Charles R. Scriver, M.D.

Ida Sophia Scudder, M.D. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine

Linda M. Dairiki Shortliffe, M.D. Courtesy private collection The American Board of Urology

Omega Cecile Logan Silva, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by James Carroll

Charlotte Silverman, M.D., M.P.H., Dr.P.H. The Johns Hopkins University Hygiene Development Office

Marjorie Spurrier Sirridge, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Photographic Audiovisual Services, UMKC

Anneliese Lotte Sitarz, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Eve Elizabeth Slater, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Susan Potts Sloan, M.D. Courtesy private collection Larry Smith, ETSU Photo Lab

Diane Gail Snustad, M.D. Courtesy private collection Brent Gamma Photography

Nancy L. Snyderman, M.D. Courtesy private collection © Deborah Feingold Cover Image licensed by Harper Collins Publishers, Inc. KPIX-TV

Anna Lenore Skow Southam, M.D. The University of Idaho Alumni Association

Jeannette E. South-Paul, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Edith E. Sproul, M.D. Photograph by Ed Hajjar

Jeanne Spurlock, M.D. American Medical Women's Association

Lucy Frank Squire, M.D. Downstate Medical Center Archives

Sarah M. Stelzner, M.D. Courtesy private collection Indiana University School of Medicine

Esther M. Sternberg, M.D.C.M. Courtesy private collection New England Journal of Medicine, Massachusetts Medical Society Scientific American: Robert Osti, article artwork; Melissa Szalkowski, cover art

Victoria M. Stevens, M.D. Courtesy private collection National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women’s Health, and Office of Science Education

Paula L. Stillman, M.D., M.B.A. Courtesy private collection University of Texas Medical Branch Standardized Patient Program

Katharine Boucot Sturgis, M.D., M.P.H. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine

Judith Lea Swain, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Natalia M. Tanner, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Olan Mills

Helen Brooke Taussig, M.D. The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, photograph by Greystone; photograph by Karsha; photograph © Tadder/Baltimore; others Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-118942 National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B024747 National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C.

Caroline Bedell Thomas, M.D. The Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions

Lois Pendleton Todd, M.D. Elinor Todd Christiansen, M.D.

Adela S. Valdez, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Terry Creative Photography

Bertha Van Hoosen, M.D. American Medical Women's Association

Ileana Vargas-Rodriguez, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Mary Edwards Walker, M.D. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-112180, photograph by M.J. Powers, Plumb Gallery, Washington, D.C.; LC-USZ62-8542 National Archives and Records Administration, photograph by Mathew Brady Studio National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B010947 Oswego County Historical Society, gift of Arling Worden Oswego County Historical Society

Sara Ellen Walker, M.D. American College of Physicians

Lila Amdurska Wallis, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Rebekah May Wang-Cheng, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Ethel Schwartz Weinberg, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by The Photo Studio

Virginia Verral Weldon, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Nanette Kass Wenger, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Anna Wessels Williams, M.D. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University

Laura Ann Williams, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection

Marjorie Price Wilson, M.D. Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates

Mary Ellen Beck Wohl, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Norma Spielman Wohl, M.D. Courtesy private collection

Stephanie Joan Woolhandler, M.D., M.P.H. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Koby-Antupit Photographers

Jane Cooke Wright, M.D. National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B026209; B026210; A017826; A017861; A019985; A020035 Photographs and Prints Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College

Terri L. Young, M.D. Courtesy private collection Photograph by Crane Photography National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women’s Health, and Office of Science Education

Marie E. Zakrzewska, M.D. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-D4-68113; LC-D4-68112 Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College

Activity Zone

The Doctor is In National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorder National Eye Institute Valdmin Zlinsky, M.D.

Sickle Cell Anemia Marilyn Hughes Gaston, M.D. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases University of Tennessee Health Science Center

CromaZoom David Adler, Ph.D. National Human Genome Research Institute