For the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Site Hellertown, Pennsylvania

ENVIRONMENTAL. STRATEGIES CORPORATION 8521 LEESBURG PIKE, SUITE 650 VIENNA, VIRGINIA 22182 703-821-3700 ESC FAX-703-821-3734

REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION REPORT FOR THE FORMER HELLERTOWN MANUFACTURING COMPANY SITE HELLERTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA

DRAFT REPORT

VOLUME I

PREPARED BY

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES CORPORATION

JUNE 17, 1991

San Jose, California • Boxborough, Massachusetts • Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania!! fl O U t) 0 / U London and Chester, England Contents Page

1.0 Introduction 1-1 1.1 Purpose and Objectives 1-1 1.2 Site Background 1-2 1.2.1 Site Description 1-2 1.2.2 Site History 1-7 1.2.3 Previous Investigation 1-27 1.2.3.1 Soils Investigation 1-29 1.2.3.2 Groundwater Investigation 1-29 1.2.3.3 Domestic Well Sampling 1-36 1.2.3.4 Surface Water Sampling ' 1-40 1.3 Report Organization 1-42 References 1-44 2.0 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area 2-1 2.1 Meteorology and Climatology 2-1 2.2 Surface Features 2-6 2.3 Surface Water Hydrology 2-8 2.4 Geology 2-10 2.4.1 Physiographic Setting 2-10" 2.4.2 Stratigraphy 2-13 2.4.2.1 Regional Stratigraphy 2-13 2.4.2.2 Local Stratigraphy 2-15 2.4.3 Structure 2-17 2.4.3.1 Regional Structure 2-17 2.4.3.2 Local Structure 2-18 2.5 Soils 2-20 2.6 Hydrogeology 2-22 2.6.1 Regional 2-22 2.7 Demography and Land Use 2-27 2.7.1 Regional Setting 2-27 2.7.2 Demographics 2-28 2.7.3 Land Use 2-28 2.7.4 Economy and Employment 2-31 2.7.5 Waste Disposal and Wastewater Treatment 2-31 2.7.6 Natural Resources 2-34 2.8 Ecology 2-35 References 2-39

3.0 Study Are* Investigations 3-1 3.1 Topography and Surface Features 3-1 3.2 Contaminant Source Investigations • 3-3 3.3 Geological Investigations 3-8 3.4 Soil Investigation Program 3-17 3.4.1 Background Soil Sample 3-28 3.4.2 Lagoon 1 3-33 3.4.3 Lagoon 2 3-40 3.4.4 Lagoon 3 3-50

- i - &R3Q557I Contents (continued) Page 3.4.5 Lagoon 4 3-60 3.4.6 Lagoon 5 3-70 3.4.7 Summary of Lagoon Soil Sampling Results 3-80 3.4.8 Underground Storage Tank Borings 3-84 3.4.9 Other Soil Samples 3-89 3.5 Surface Water and Stream Sediment Investigation 3-101 3.5.1 Surface Water Characteristics 3-107 3.5.2 Stream Sediment Characteristics 3-110 3.5.3 Surface Water Analyses . 3-110 3.5.4 Stream Sediment Analyses • 3-115 3.6 Groundwater Investigations 3-118 3.6.1 Groundwater Sampling and Analysis 3-146 3.6.2 Summary of Groundwater Analytical Results 3-174 3.6.3 Domestic Wells Sampling 3-179 3.7 Ecological Investigation 3-185 3.7.1 Ecological Study Area 3-186 3.7.2 Ecological and Wetland Assessment 3-186 3.7.2.1 Characteristics of the Study Area 3-186 3.7.2.2 Surface Water Quality 3-193 3.7.2.3 Vegetation and Land Cover 3-193" 3.7.2.4 Wildlife 3-200 3.7.2.5 Wetland Delineation 3-200 3.7.2.6 Other Wetlands Soil and Water Sampling 3-203 References 3-209 4.0 Nature and Extent of Contamination 4-1 4.1 Sources 4-1 4.2 Soils 4-2 4.2.1 Halogenated Organic Compounds 4-3 4.2.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 4-12 4.2.3 Inorganic Constituents 4-13 4.3 Groundwater 4-15 4.3.1 Halogenated Organic Compounds 4-16 4.3.2 Inorganic Compounds 4-21 4.4 Surface Water and Stream Sediment Sampling 4-24 4.4.1 Surface Water 4-25 4.4.1.1 Physical Characteristics and Inorganics 4-25 4.4.2 Stream Sediment 4-26 4.4.2.1 Physical Characteristics and Inorganics 4-26 4.4.2.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 4-27 References 4-30 5.0 Contaminant Fate and Transport 5-1 5.1 Overview 5-1 5.2 Mobilization of Contaminants in Media 5-1 5.2.1 Volatile Organic Compounds 5-2, 5.2.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 5-11

- n - Aft305572 Contents (continued) Page 5.2.3 Inorganic Contaminants 5-12 5;2.3.1 Chromium 5-12 5.2.3.2 Cadmium 5-13 5.2.3.3 Cyanide 5-15 5.2.4 Summary of Potential Migration Pathways 5-15 5.3 Physical Characteristics of the Site 5-16 5.4 Potential for TCE migration 5-17 .5.5 Contaminant Fate 5-20 5.5.1 TCE and Associated Compounds 5-20 5.5.2 Inorganic Compounds 5-21 5.6 Summary of Fate and Transport 5-22 References 5-24 6.0 Human Health Evaluation 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.1.1 Overview 6-1 6.1.2 Organization 6-1 6.2 Identification of Contaminants of Potential Concern 6-2, 6.2.1 Historical Chemical Use and Disposal 6-2 6.2.2 Data Evaluation Considerations 6-3 6.2.2.1 Methodology for Quantifying Data 6-3 6.2.2.2 Methodology for Selecting Contaminants of Concern 6-4 6.2.3 Contaminants of Concern in Soils 6-6 6.2.3.1 Volatile Organic Compounds Detected in Soils 6-7 6.2.3.2 Base-Neutral and Acid Extractables Detected in Soils 6-7 6.2.3.3 Inorganic Compounds Detected in Soils 6-7 6.2.4 Groundwater 6-13 6.2.4.1 Volatile Organic Compounds Detected in Groundwater 6-14 6.2.4.2 Base-Neutral and Acid Extractables Detected in Groundwater 6-14 6.2.4.3 Inorganic Compounds Detected in Groundwater 6-17 6.2.5 Surface Water and Sediments 6-20 6.2.5.1 Compounds Detected in Surface Water 6-21 6.2.5.2 Compounds Detected in Sediments 6-21 6.2.6 Domestic Wells 6-22 6.2.7 Summary of Compounds of Potential Concern 6-23 6.3 Toxicity Assessment 6-23 6.3.1 Toxicity Information for Noncarcinogenic Effects 6-25 6.3.2 Toxicity Information for Carcinogenic Effects 6-32 6.3.3 Compounds for Which No EPA Toxicity Values Are Available 6-33 6.4 Exposure Assessment 6-39 6.4.1 Characterization of Exposure Setting 6-40 6.4.1.1 Physical Setting 6-40 6.4.1.2 Potentially Exposed Populations - Current Uses of the Site 6-41 6.4.1.3 Potentially Exposed Populations - Hypothetical Uses of the Site 6-42

- HI - Aft305573 Contents (continued) Page 6.4.2 Identification of Exposure Pathways 6-42 6.4.2.1 Soils 6-42 6.4.2.2 Groundwater 6-43 6.4.2.3 Summary of Exposure Pathways 6-44 6.4.3 Quantification of Exposure 6-44 6.4.3.1 Soil - Inadvertent Ingestion 6-44 6.4.3.2 Soil - Dermal Absorption , 6-50 6.4.3.3 Groundwater - Ingestion 6-51 6.4.3.4 Groundwater - Dermal Absorption 6-54 6.4.3.5 Groundwater - Inhalation 6-60 6.4.4 Summary of Exposure Assessment 6-65 6.5 Risk Characterization 6-65 6.5.1 Methodology - Noncarcinogenic Effects 6-65 6.5.2 Methodology - Carcinogens 6-66 6.5.3 Potential Risks Presented by Soil 6-68 6.5.4 Potential Risks Presented by Groundwater 6-68 6.5.5 Summary of Risk Characterization 6-71 6.6 Sensitivity Analysis 6-73 6.6.1 Conservatism in Exposure Estimates 6-73 6.6.2 Ingestion of Groundwater - Average Exposure 6-74• 6.7 Summary of the Human Health Evaluation 6-78 References 6-81 7.0 Environmental Evaluation 7-1 7.1 Overview 7-1 7.2 Scope of Investigation 7-1 7.3 Site and Study Area Description 7-2 7.3.1 Saucon Creek 7-4 7.3.2 Wetlands 7-6 7.4 Contaminants of Concern 7-8 7.4.1 Site-related Contaminants 7-12 7.4.2 Background Levels 7-12 7.4.3 Potential Migration Pathways 7-16 7.5 Saucon Creek and Wetlands 7-16 7.5.1 Surface Water in Saucon Creek 7-16 7.5.2 Sediments in Saucon Creek 7-18 7.5.3 Wetlands 7-23 7.6 Summary of the Environmental Evaluation 7-29 References 7-32 8.0 Summary and Conclusions 8-1 8.1 Summary 8-1 8.1.1 Nature and Extent of Contamination 8-1 8.1.1.1 Soils 8-2 8.1.1.2 Groundwater 8-3 8.1.2 Fate and Transport 8-3 8.1.3 Risk Assessment and Environmental Evaluation 8-4

- iv - fl.R30557i» Contents (continued) Page 8.2 Conclusions 8-6 8.2.1 Data Limitations and Recommendations for Future Work 8-6 8.2.1.1 Data Limitations 8-6 8.2.1.2 Recommendations 8-7 8.2.2 Recommended Remedial Action Objectives 8-9 List of Figures: Figure 1-1 - Site location map 1-4 Figure 1-2 - Plant layout 1-5 Figure 1-3 - Location of neighboring residences and businesses 1-6 Figure 1-4 - Chemical storage areas 1-10 Figure 1-5 - Aerial photograph of site in 1947 1-12 Figure 1-6 - Aerial photograph of site in 1958 1-13 Figure 1-7 - Aerial photograph of site in 1971 1-14 Figure 1-8 - Aerial photograph of site in 1981 1-15 Figure 1-9 - Underground storage tank locations 1-26 Figure 1-10 - 1986 soil borings 1-30 Figure 1-11 - 1987 soil borings 1-31 Figure 1-12 - Groundwater well locations - December 1984 and January 1985 1-32 Figure 1-13 - Groundwater well locations - January and February 1987 1-34 Figure 1-14 - Kniha & Sheesley well locations 1-37 Figure 1-15 - Preliminary well survey 1-38 Figure 1-16 - Reichard & Kniba well locations 1-39 Figure 1-17 - Saucon Creek sample locations 1-41 Figure 2-1 - Tributaries to Saucon Creek near the former HMC site 2-9 Figure 2-2 - Water level elevations in Saucon Creek from February 1989 to July 1990 2-11 Figure 2-3 - Physiographic map of the former HMC site 2-12 Figure 2-4 - Geological map of the former HMC site 2-16 Figure 2-5 - Location of the outcrop north of the former HMC site 2-19 Figure 2-6 - Soils map of the former HMC site 2-21 Figure 2-7 - Location of the New Jersey zinc mine company 2-24 Figure 3-1 - Surface features at the former HMC site 3-2 Figure 3-2 - Location of underground storage tanks and former equipment wash area at the former HMC site 3-7 Figure 3-3 - Location of gioundwater monitoring wells and geologic cross-section E-E' at the former HMC site ' 3-10 Figure 3-4 - West-east geologic cross-section E-E' 3-14 Figure 3-5 - Location of all soil borings drilled at the former HMC site 3-19 Figure 3-6 - Soil borings completed during the remedial investigation - 1990 3-20 Figure 3-7 - West-east cross-section A-A' through lagoons no. 1 and no. 2 3-22 Figure 3-8 - North-south cross-section B-B' through lagoons no. 2, no. 3, and no. 4 3-23 Figure 3-9 - West-east cross-section C-C* through lagoons no. 1 and no. 3 3-24

- v - A83Q5575 Contents (continued) Page List of Figures (continued): Figure 3-10 - West-east cross-section D-D' through lagoons no. 4 and no. 5 3-25 Figure 3-11 - Contour map of the surface of the saprolite beneath the former lagoons 3-85 Figure 3-12 - Soil surface sampling locations at the former HMC site in Hellertown, Pennsylvania 3-92 Figure 3-13 - Surface water and stream sediment sampling locations at Saucon Creek, Hellertown, Pennsylvania 3-105 Figure 3-14 - Groundwater monitoring well locations at the former HMC site 3-121 Figure 3-15 - Well construction diagrams - wells CSP-5A, CSP-5B, and CSP-5C 3-123 Figure 3-16 - Sample well construction diagram for bedrock monitoring wells 3-125 Figure 3-17 - Piezometric elevation contour map - November 16, 1990 3-132 Figure 3-18 - East-west cross-sections showing profiles of water table and potentiometric surfaces at the former HMC site, (CSP-14 to CSP-1) 3-133" Figure 3-19 - East-west cross-sections showing profiles of water table and potentiometric surfaces at the former HMC site, (CSP-12 to CSP-9) 3-134 Figure 3-20 - East-west cross-sections showing profiles of water table and potentiometric surfaces at the former HMC site, (CSR-16 to CSP-5A,B,C) 3-135 Figure 3-21 - Water table contour map, former lagoon no. 4 3-139 Figure 3-22 - Hydrographs of the upgradient monitoring wells 3-141 Figure 3-23 - Hydrographs of two downgradient monitoring wells 3-142 Figure 3-24 - Weekly precipitation near Hellertown, Pennsylvania 3-143 Figure 3-25 - Hydrograph for well CSP-4 using historical data 3-144 Figure 3-26 - Domestic well sampling locations near the former HMC site 3-180 Figure 3-27 - Location of the ecological study area near Saucon Creek, Hellertown, Pennsylvania 3-187 Figure 3-28 - Topography of the ecological study area 3-188 Figure 3-29 - Relationship of study area to FIA-delineated 100-year flood plain and 500-year flood plain 3-189 Figure 3-30 - Extract from sheet 48 of the soil survey of Northampton County which includes the study area 3-191 Figure 3-31 - Location of samples collected from ecological study area 3-195 Figure 3-32 - National wetland inventory map to the Hellertown, Pennsylvania, 7.5 minute quadrangle 3-201 Figure 3-33 - Wetland sampling locations in the ecological study area near the former HMC site 3-204 Figure 4-1 - Maximum concentration of TCE in soil samples per boring 4-6 Figure 4-2 - Cross-section A-A' in lagoons showing distribution of TCE and PAHs 4-7 Figure 4-3 - Cross-section B-B' in lagoons showing distribution of TCE and PAHs 4-8

- vi - AR305576 Contents (continued) Page List of Figures (continued): Figure 4-4 - Cross-section C-C' in lagoons showing distribution of TCE and PAHs 4-9 Figure 4-5 - Cross-section D-D' in lagoons showing distribution of TCE and PAHs 4-10 Figure 4-6 - TCE in groundwater at the former HMC site 4-20 Figure 7-1 - Location of neighboring residences and businesses 7-3 Figure 7-2 - Location of water quality monitoring station 45 on Saucon Creek 7-7 Figure 7-3 - Location of the ecological study area 7-9 Figure 7-4 - Topography of the ecological study area (based on 1989 photograph) 7-10 Figure 7-5 - Types of vegetation in the ecological study area 7-11 Figure 7-6 - Saucon Creek sample locations 7-14 Figure 7-7 - Wetland sampling locations in the ecological study area 7-15 Figure 7-8 - Direction of Drainage from the former HMC site 7-17 List of Tables: Table 1-1 - Spark plug manufacturing steps 1-8 Table 1-2 - Trade name chemicals used at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility 1-11 Table 1-3 - Hellertown Manufacturing Company lagoon inventory 1-17 Table 1-4 - Lagoon supernatant samples 1-21 Table 1-5 - Total constituent analyses of lagoon sludges 1-22 Table 1-6 - Quality of water from neighboring water supply wells 1-23 Table 2-1 - Mean monthly temperatures, Allentown, Pennsylvania 2-2 Table 2-2 - Mean monthly precipitation, Allentown, Pennsylvania 2-3 Table 2-3 - Precipitation for the Hellertown area, 1989-1990 2-4 Table 2-4 - Mean monthly wind speed, Allentown, Pennsylvania 2-5 Table 2-5 - Mean monthly relative humidity, Allentown, Pennsylvania 2-7 Table 2-6 - Stratigraphic units in the valley of Saucon Creek near the former HMC site 2-14 Table 2-7 - 1980 population profile for Hellertown and Bethlehem 2-29 Table 2-8 - Population forecasts, 1990-2020 2-30 Table 2-9 - Major industrial employers in Lehigh and Northampton counties 2-32 Table 2-10 - Lehigh and Northampton counties employment forecast 2-33 Table 2-11 - Species of concern, Northampton and Lehigh counties 2-36 Table 3-1 - Lagoon inventory 3-4 Table 3-2 - Approximate elevation of the top of the sandstone strata beneath the HMC site 3-16 Table 3-3 - Analytical parameters for lagoon soil samples, Hellertown Manufacturing Company site, December 1989 to January 1990 3-27 Table 3-4 - Background soil sampling results for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility 3-29

-vii- 5R305577 Contents (continued) Page

List of Tables (continued): Table 3-5 - Background soil sampling results for TAL metals and __additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility 3-30 Table 3-6 - Average concentrations for inorganics in background soil samples at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility 3-32 Table 3-7 - Fill sampling results from lagoon no. 1 for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-35 Table 3-8 - Fill sampling results from lagoon no. 1 for TAL metals and additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 ^and January 1990 3-36 Table 3-9 - Residual lagoon sediment and below lagoon sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 1 for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-38 Table 3-10 - Residual lagoon sediment and below lagoon sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 1 for TAL metals and additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility 3-39 Table 3-11 - Fill sampling results from lagoon no. 2 for VOCs and BNAs, former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility 3-42 Table 3-12 - Fill sampling results from lagoon no. 2 for TAL metals and additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-44 Table 3-13 - Residual lagoon sediment and below lagoon sampling results from lagoon no. 2 for VOCs and BNAs at the former Helleitown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-46 Table 3-14 - Residual lagoon sediment and below lagoon sampling results from lagoon no. 2 for TAL metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-48 Table 3-15 - Residual lagoon sediment and below lagoon sampling results from lagoon no. 2 for additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company .facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-49 Table 3-16 - Fill sampling results from lagoon no. 3 for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-52 Table 3-17 - Fill sampling results from lagoon no. 3 for TAL metals and additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-53

- viii - ftR305578 Contents (continued) Page List of Tables (continued): Table 3-18 - Residual lagoon sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 3 for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-54 Table 3-19 - Residual lagoon sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 3 for TAL metals and additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-55 Table 3-20 - Below residual! lagoon sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 3 for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-57 Table 3-21 - Below lagoon sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 3 for TAL metals and additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-58 Table 3-22 - Natural sediment sampling results from lagoons no. 3, 4 & 5 for VOCs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-59 Table 3-23 - Natural sediment sampling results from lagoons no. 3, 4 & 5 for TAL metals and additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-61 Table 3-24 - Fill sampling results from lagoon no. 4 for VOCs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-62 Table 3-25 - Fill sampling results from lagoon no. 4 for VOCs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-63 Table 3-26 - Additional fill sampling results from lagoon no. 4 for VOCs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-64 Table 3-27 - Fill sampling results from lagoon no. 4 for BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-65 Table 3-28 - Fill sampling results from lagoon no. 4 for TAL metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-67 Table 3-29 - Fill sampling results from lagoon no. 4 for additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-68 Table 3-30 - Residual lagoon sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 4 for VOCs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-69

- ix - A8305579 Contents (continued) Page List of Tables (continued): Table 3-31 - Residual lagoon sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 4 for BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-71 Table 3-32 - Residual lagoon sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 4 for TAL metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-72 Table 3-33 - Residual lagoon sediment sampling results _from lagoon no. 4 for additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 199D 3-73 Table 3-34 - Below lagoon sediment soil sampling results from lagoon no. 4 for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December _J989 and January 1990 3-74 Table 3-35 - Below residual sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 4 for TAL metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-75 Table 3-36 - Below residual sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 4 for additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-76 Table 3-37 - Fill sampling results from lagoon no. 5 for VOCs and _BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-78 Table 3-38 - Fill material sampling results from lagoon no. 5 for TAL metals and additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December . 1989 and January 1990 3-79 Table 3-39 - Residual lagoon sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 5 for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-81 Table 3-40 - Residual lagoon sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 5 for TAL metals and additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-82 Table 3-41 - Below residual sediment sampling results from lagoon no. 5 for TAL metals and additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1989 and January 1990 3-83 Table 3-42 - Contents of the underground storage tanks 3-87 Table 3-43 - Soil boring sampling results from the underground storage tank area for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, January 1990 3-88

- x - flR305580 Contents (continued) Page List of Tables (continued): Table 3-44 - Soil boring sampling results from the underground storage tank area for TAL metals and additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, January 1990 3-90 Table 3-45 - Surface soil sampling results for BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, October 1990 3-93 Table 3-46 - Surface soil sampling results for TAL metals and additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, October 1990 3-94 Table 3-47 - Other soil sampling results for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, January 1990 3-96 Table 3-48 - Other soil sampling results for TAL metals and additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, January 1990 3-97 Table 3-49 - Metal shavings sample from near the conveyor belt at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company site, January 1990 3-99 Table 3-50 - Shelby tube sampling results from the lagoon soil borings at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company site, December 1989 to January 1990 3-100 Table 3-51 - Soil samples from wells CSP-12, CSP-13, and CSP-14 analyzed for VOCs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, January and February 1990 3-102 Table 3-52 - Soil samples from wells CSP-15, CSP-16, and CSP-17 analyzed for VOCs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, January and February 1990 3-103 Table 3-53 - Analytical parameters for surface water and sediment samples at the former Hellertowu Manufacturing Company facility, November 1989 and April 1990 3-106 Table 3-54 - Surface water characteristics in Saucon Creek at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, November 15-16, 1989 3-108 Table 3-55 - Surface water characteristics in Saucon Creek at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, April 24, 1990 3-109 Table 3-56 - Stream sediment characteristics in Saucon Creek at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, November 15-16, 1989 3-111 Table 3-57 - Stream sediment characteristics in Saucon Creek at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, April 24, 1990 3-112 Table 3-58 - Surface water sampling results for TAL metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, November 15-16, 1989 3-113 Contents (continued) Page

List of Tables (continued): Table 3-59 - Surface water sampling results from Saucon Creek for TAL metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, April 24, 1990 3-114 Table 3-60 - Sediment sampling results from Saucon Creek for BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, November 15-16, 1989 3-116 Table 3-61 - Sediment sampling results from Saucon Creek for VOCs and^ BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, April 1990 3-117 Table 3-62 - Sediment sampling results from Saucon Creek for metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, November 15-16, 1989 3-119 Table 3-63 - Sediment sampling results from Saucon Creek for metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, April 24, 1990 3-120 Table 3-64 - Monitoring well construction information at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility 3-127- Table 3-65 - Water table and piezometric level elevation data at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility 3-129 Table 3-66 - Water level elevations for the piezometers at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility 3-137 Table 3-67 - Analytical parameters for groundwater samples collected at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company site 3-147 Table 3-68 - Groundwater sampling results for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990, CSP-1 to CSP-6 3-148 Table 3-69 - Groundwater sampling results for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990, CSP-7 to CSP-15 3-149 Table 3-70 - Groundwater sampling results for total metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990, CSP-1 to CSP-7 3-151 Table 3-71 - Groundwater sampling results for total metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990, CSP-8 to CSP-15 3-152 Table 3-72 - Groundwater sampling results for dissolved metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990, DCSP-1 to DCSP-7 3-153 Table 3-73 - Groundwater sampling results for dissolved metals at the -former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990, DCSP-8 to DCSP-15 3-154 Table 3-74 - Groundwater sampling results for additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990, CSP-1 to CSP-7 3-155 Table 3-75 - Groundwater sampling results for additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990, CSP-8 to CSP-15 3-156

- xn - AR3G5582 Contents (continued) Page

List of Tables (continued): Table 3-76 - Groundwater sampling results for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, June 1990, CSP-1 to CSP-8 3-157 Table 3-77 - Groundwater sampling results for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, June 1990, CSP-9 to CSP-15, 3-158 Table 3-78 - Groundwater sampling results for total metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, June 1990, CSP-1 to CSP-8 3-160 Table 3-79 - Groundwater sampling results for total metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, June 1990, CSP-9 to CSP-15 3-161 Table 3-80 - Groundwater sampling results for dissolved metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, June 1990, DCSP-1 to DCSP-8 3-162 Table 3-81 - Groundwater sampling results for dissolved metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, June 1990, DCSP-9 to DCSP-15 3-163" Table 3-82 - Groundwater sampling results for additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, June 1990, CSP-1 to CSP-8 3-164 Table 3-83 - Groundwater sampling results for additional inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, June 1990, CSP-9 to CSP-15 3-165 Table 3-84 - Groundwater sampling results for VOCs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, September 1990, CSP-1 to CSP-8 3-166 Table 3-85 - Groundwater sampling results for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, September 1990, CSP-9 to CSP-15 3-167 Table 3-86 - Groundwater sampling results for total metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, September 1990, CSP-1 to CSP-8 3-168 Table 3-87 - Groundwater sampling results for total metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, September 1990, CSP-9 to CSP-15 3-169 Table 3-88 - Groundwater sampling results for dissolved metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, September 1990, DCSP-1 to DCSP-8 3-170 Table 3-89 - Groundwater sampling results for dissolved metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, September 1990, DCSP-9 to DCSP-15 3-171 Table 3-90 - Groundwater sampling results for inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, September 1990, CSP-1 to CSP-7 3-172 Table 3-91 - Groundwater sampling results for inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, September 1990, CSP-8 to CSP-15 3-173 --ii- 48305583 Contents (continued) Page List of Tables (continued): Table 3-92 - Groundwater sampling results for VOCs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1990 3-175 Table 3-93 - Groundwater sampling results for total metals and inorganics at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1990 3-176 Table 3-94 - Groundwater sampling results for dissolved metals, at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, December 1990 3-177 Table 3-95 - Field measurements of groundwater samples at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March, June, and September 1990 3-178 Table 3-96 - Previous domestic well sampling results near the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company site, 1975-1987 3-181 Table 3-97 - Specifications for residential wells in the vicinity of the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company site 3-182 Table 3-98 - Domestic well sampling results for VOCs near the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company site, March 19-23, 1990 3-183 Table 3-99 - Domestic well sampling results for TAL metals and additional inorganics near the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company site, March 19-23, 1990 3-184 Table 3-100 - Descriptions of representative soil samples taken during the wetland investigation near the former HMC facility 3-194 Table 3-101 - List of plants observed in the wetland study area near the former HMC facility 3-197 Table 3-102 - Wetlands soil sampling results for VOCs and BNAs near the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990 3-206 Table 3-103 - Wetlands soil sampling results for TAL meials and additional inorganics near the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990 3-207 Table 3-104 - Wetlands water sampling results for TAL metals and additional inorganics near the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990 3-208 Table 4-1 - Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in lagoon soils at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company site 4-4 Table 4-2 - Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soils below the former lagoons at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company site 4-11 Table 4-3 - VOCs above background in groundwater at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company site in 1990 4-17 Table 4-4 - Major VOCs in the groundwater at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company site, 1990 4-19 Table 4-5 - Inorganics above background levels in groundwater at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company site in 1990 4-22

- xiv - /5R30558U Contents (continued) Page List of Tables (continued): Table 4-6 - Comparison of elemental ranges in sediment samples collected in November and April 1989 to elemental averages in limestone, shale, and soil 4-28 Table 5-1 - Chemical and physical properties of volatile organic compounds of concern 5-3 Table 5-2 - Assumptions used for calculating the Summers model 5-6 Table 5-3 - Chemical and physical properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of concern 5-10 Table 6-1 - The VOCs detected in subsurface soil samples from lagoon no. 4 at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, January 1990 6-8 Table 6-2 - BNAs found in subsurface soil samples from lagoon no. 4 at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, January 1990 6-9 Table 6-3 - BNAs in surface soil samples from lagoon no. 4 at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, October 1990 6-10 Table 6-4 - Inorganic compounds in subsurface soil samples from lagoon no. 4 at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, January 1990 6-11 Table 6-5 - Inorganic compounds in surface soil samples from lagoon no. 4 at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, October 1990 • 6-12 Table 6-6 - VOCs found in samples from onsite groundwater monitoring wells at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March, June, and September 1990 6-15 Table 6-7 - VOCs in samples from offsite groundwater monitoring wells at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March, June, and September 1990 6-16 Table 6-8 - Inorganic compounds from onsite groundwater monitoring well samples an the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March, June, and September 1990 6-18 Table 6-9 - Inorganic compounds from offsite groundwater monitoring well samples at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March, June, and September 1990 6-19 Table 6-10 - Summary of chemicals of concern 6-24 Table 6-11 - Health criteria for the compounds of concern, noncarcinogenic effects with oral exposure 6-26 Table 6-12 - Health criteria for the compounds of concern, noncarcinogenic effects with inhalation exposure 6-29 Table 6-13 - Health criteria for the compounds of concern, carcinogenic effects with oral exposure 6-34 Table 6-14 - Health criteria for the compounds of concern, carcinogenic effects with inhalation exposure 6-36 Table 6-15 - Conversion of PAH concentrations in soils to benzo(a)pyrene equivalents 6-38 Table 6-16 - Summary of exposure pathways 6-45

AR305585 Contents (continued) Page

List of Tables (continued): Table 6-17 - Assumptions used for calculating maximum intakes of chemicals in surface soils 6-48 Table 6-18 - Reasonable maximum ingestion of compounds of concern in surface soil 6-49 Table 6-19 - Assumptions used for calculating maximum dermal intake of compounds in surface soil 6-52 Table 6-20 - Reasonable maximum dermal intake of compounds of concern in surface soil 6-53 Table 6-21 - Assumptions used for calculating maximum ingestion of chemicals in groundwater 6-55 Table 6-22 - Reasonable maximum ingestion of compounds of concern in onsite groundwater 6-56 Table 6-23 - Assumptions used for calculating maximum dermal intakes of chemicals in groundwater 6-58 Table 6-24 - Reasonable maximum dermal intake of compounds of concern in onsite groundwater 6-59 Table 6-25 - Equations to estimate reasonable maximum inhalation exposure to VOCs in the shower 6-61 • Table 6-26 - Assumptions used for calculating maximum inhalation of chemicals in groundwater 6-63 Table 6-27 - Reasonable maximum inhalation of compounds of concern in onsite groundwater 6-64 Table 6-28 - Reasonable maximum potential risks presented by the compounds of concern in surface soil 6-69 Table 6-29 - Reasonable maximum potential risks presented by ingestion of^compounds of concern in onsite groundwater 6-70 Table 6-30 - Reasonable maximum potential risks presented by showering with onsite groundwater 6-72 Table 6-31 - Assumptions used for calculating average ingestion of chemicals in groundwater 6-76 Table 6-32 - Potential risks presented by average iugestion of compounds of concern in onsite groundwater - 6-77 Table 6-33 - Summary of potential risks presented by exposure to compounds of concern at the former Hellertown Manufacturing facility 6-80 Table 7-1 - March 1991 STORET biological data for water quality Station 145 on Saucon Creek, Bingen, Pennsylvania 7-5 Table 7-2 - Summary of chemicals of concern 7-13 Table 7-3 - Surface water sampling results for TAL metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, November 15-16, 1989 7-19 Table 7-4 - Surface water sampling results from Saucon Creek for TAL Metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, April 24, 1990 7-20 Table 7-5 - Sediment sampling results from Saucon Creek for BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, November 15-16, 1989 7-21

- xvi - 5R305586 Contents (continued) Page

List of Tables (continued): Table 7-6 - Sediment sampling results from Saucon Creek for VOCs and BNAs at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, April 1990 7-22 Table 7-7 - Sediment sampling results from Saucon Creek for metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, November 15-16, 1989 7-24 Table 7-8 - Sediment sampling results from Saucon Creek for metals at the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, April 24, 1990 7-25 Table 7-9 - Wetlands soil sampling results for VOCs and BNAs near the former Hcsllertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990 7-26 Table 7-10 - Wetlands soil sampling results for TAL metals and additional inorganics near the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990 7-28 Table 7-11 - Wetlands water sampling results for TAL metals and additional inorganics near the former Hellertown Manufacturing Company facility, March 1990 7-30- List of Appendices: Appendix A - Boring logs for wells CSP-1 through CSP-7 Appendix B - Geologic cross sections prepared in 1985 Appendix C - Boring logs for soil borings completed in 1986 and 1987 Appendix D - Analytical results for soil samples collected in 1986 and 1987 Appendix E - Boring logs for soil borings completed during the RI Appendix F - Quality Assurance/Quality Control reports of all analytical data included in the RI Appendix G - Field gas chromatogram analytical results Appendix H - As-built diagrams for wells CSP-1 through CSP-7 Appendix I - Drilling and construction activities discussion Appendix J - As-built diagrams for wells and piezometers completed during the RI (CSP-8 through CSP-19 and PZ-1A through PZ-6A) Appendix K - Boring logs for wells and piezometers completed during the RI (CSP-8 through CSP-19 and PZ-1A through PZ-6A) Appendix L - Figure illustrating the estimated position of the water table in the former lagoon areas Appendix M - Analytical data for groundwater samples collected in 1985 through 1987 Appendix N - Material safety data sheets for drilling muds used during installation of the bedrock wells Plate A - Survey map of all soil boring locations (back pocket)

- XVH - SR305587 1.0 Introduction The Hellertown Manufacturing Company (HMC), a former subsidiary of the

'hampion Spark Plug Company, is located within the Borough of Hellertown, approximately 1.5 miles southeast of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The site was formerly used to manufacture spark plugs. Spark plug manufacturing ceased at the site in October 1982. The site is currently used by a small laboratory and as warehouse space. The site was ranked and proposed for addition to the National Priorities List (NPL) in January 1987 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a result of the discovery of perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), vinyl chloride, and trans-1,2- dichloroethylene in groundwater and the presence of chromium in soils. The EPA added the site to the NPL in March 1989 under the authority of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), subsequently reauthorized by Congress in the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986. In February 1988, Champion Spark Plug Company and the EPA entered into an Administrative Order by Consent that requires Champion to complete a Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) at the former HMC site. This report presents the results of the RI conducted at the site. The RI collects data to characterize the site, establishes potential pathways of contaminant migration, assesses the risks of the contaminants to human health and the environment, and determines the appropriate remedial response actions.

1.1 Purpose and Objectives An RI/FS Workplan was prepared and submitted to Region III of the EPA in August 1989. The workplan defines the scope of the investigations to be conducted at the site. The results of investigations conducted in accordance with the workplan are covered in this document. Companion documents also prepared and submitted to the EPA in August 1989 include the Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP), Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP), and 1'1 AR305588 Health and Safety Plan (HASP). The QAPP defines the laboratory performance requirements and the data quality objectives for the investigation. The SAP defines the number and types of samples to be collected, media, and sample collection protocol. The HASP defines .the health and safety procedures to be followed during the field investigations. All documents submitted were reviewed and approved by EPA before the initiation of the investigation. The objectives of the work conducted at the site were to collect additional site data to define more clearly the extent of potential contamination in groundwater and soils; to determine the source of contamination; to determine the migratory pathways of contaminants; to determine environmental receptors; and to determine other site-specific features including soil characterization, bedrock characteristics, and groundwater quality. Another objective was to collect data to further define the area's demography, land usage, climatology, natural resources, surface water uses, and flora and fauna. Several investigations were conducted at the site before it was included on the NPL. The results of these investigations indicated the existence of contamination in site groundwater and lagoon soils. Based on the knowledge of existing site contamination, the RI was designed to collect additional data in areas of known contamination and to define the extent of that contamination. The RI was also designed to collect data in other areas of suspected contamination.

1.2 Site Background 1.2.1 Site Description The former HMC plant is an inactive spark plug manufacturing facility that ceased operations in October 1982. The site covers 8.75 acres and contains a 124,000-square foot building in its southeastern quadrant. The former HMC facility is located along the northern border of the Hellertown Borough limits and approximately 1.5 miles southeast of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in Northampton County. The site is located in a combination commercial and residential area. The site location is indicated on a portion of the U.S. 1-2 AR305589 Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute series topographic map, Hellertown Quadrangle, in Figure 1-1. The coordinates of the facility are 40 degrees, 35 minutes, 43.5 seconds north latitude, and 75 degrees, 20 minutes, 34 seconds west longitude. The site, was developed in approximately 1918 as a spark plug manufacturing facility by the Bethlehem Spark Plug Company. The site was acquired by the Edison- Splitdorf Company in the 1930s and sold to HMC in the spring of 1951. Champion Spark Plug Company acquired the facility in 1952. HMC expanded the original 60,000-square foot manufacturing building to its current size in 1976. Other significant site features include a wastewater treatment system and associated drying beds and five closed wastewater handling lagoons (Figure 1-2). The facility previously included five underground storage tanks and a series of underground concrete tanks used for potential spill containment. These concrete tanks have been abandoned in place. One of the five storage tanks has been removed, and the other four have been closed in place. Three of the four closed underground storage tanks formerly contained no. 2 fuel oil and one contained cutting oil. The site is bordered by commercial businesses and residences to the south, Interstate Highway 78 to the north, Main Street and vacant land to the east, and a Conrail railyard to the immediate west. Vacant land interrupted by Ravena Street and residences lies between the railyard and Saucon Creek. The locations of residences and businesses south and west of the site are presented in Figure 1-3. The site boundaries have remained generally unchanged with the exception of the site's northwest corner. Part of the northwest corner was sold to the state of Pennsylvania, Department of Transportation, as part of the right-of-way for Interstate Highway 78. This portion is shown on Plate A. The intent of this purchase was also to install a driveway from Silvex Road to the former HMC site, within this right-of-way. With the construction of Interstate Highway 78, however, the driveway was installed from Main Street to the site. The northwest corner of the site has not been disturbed.

1-3 AR305590 1000 2000 FEET Source: USGS 7 5-Minute Scries Topographic Map QUADRANGLE LOCATION Hellertown Quadrangle

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1.2.2 Site History Throughout its history, the former HMC facility was dedicated to the manufacture of spark plugs. Modifications to the manufacturing process occurred during the most recent tenure at the plant. When the plant closed in 1982, it was a modern factory with continuous in-line assembly operations. Manufacturing activities were divided into shell manufacturing and spark plug assembly. The spark plugs were manufactured using automatic screw machines and bar stock. This activity was curtailed in favor of a centralized manufacturing effort at a sister plant. Subsequent manufacturing steps are summarized in Table 1-1. The information listed in Table 1-1 was obtained from Champion's records describing site operations. The plant operated a small degreaser. Methylene chloride and TCE were used in the operation of the vapor degreaser. PCE and TCE were used in a dielectric testing procedure. According to former plant personnel, fewer than 300 gallons per year of these materials were purchased. Because of the high vapor pressure of these materials, little waste liquid was generated. Spent solvents and sludges from the degreasing tank were picked up by a wastehandler servicing the plant and hauled offsite. Spent solvents used as dielectric fluid were given to a local dry cleaning firm. Vapor degreasing was halted in the early 1970s in favor of detergent cleaning. The vapor degreaser was located in the production area of the manufacturing building. The chemicals used in vapor degreasing were stored in the loading dock area of the annex storage building on the southwestern end of the main building (Figure 1-4). Table 1-2 lists the chemical information for several of the trade names listed in Figure 1-4. When HMC acquired the site in 1952, four lagoons (1 through 4) were already in existence. Former plant employees indicated the lagoons were constructed in the mid-1930s; however, aerial photographs indicated the lagoons were not in existence in 1947 (Figure 1-5). Figure 1-6 shows four lagoons were present at the site in 1958. Lagoon no. 5 was constructed around 1966 and is evident in Figure 1-7, a 1971 aerial photograph. A 1981 aerial photograph verifies that the lagoons were closed before 1981 (Figure 1-8). The Table 1-1

Spark Plug Manufacturing Steps

Shell Manufacturing 1. Cold Forming Presses These machines cold form or extrude the one-piece spark plug shells from coils of solid wire.

2. Gauge Room The incoming parts and tooling are inspected for accuracy. Also, new gauges are set up for use in production while other gauges are changed and calibrated. 3. Automatic Chucking Machines Secondary operations are performed on the extruded shell blanks. On leaving these machines, shells are complete except for threads and side electrodes. 4. Davenport Automatics These machines fabricate the terminals by which ignition cables are attached to spark plugs. 5. Chip Disposal Machining scraps from cutting operations are centrifuged and the cutting oil is reclaimed. The chips are then squeezed into briquets and shipped to steel mills.

6. Automatic Screw Machines Bars of steel are fed into the automatic screw machines which completely form, drill, and ream shells. Shells are complete, except for threads and ground electrodes.

7. Shell Inspection Detailed inspections of shells from each machine are made constantly. Similar inspection facilities exist in all departments. 8. Side Electrode Welding and Roll Threading The ground electrode, special nickel alloy wire, is fed from rolls into the electric welder, straightened, welded to the shell, cut to the proper length, and given a partial bend. The threads are then rolled on the shells.

9. Plating Completed shells are given a permanent and lasting silvery finish using an electrolytic process. This provides a protective coating and improves the appearance of the plug. 10. Center Electrode Fabrication To resist deterioration from heat and corrosion, the lower half of the center electrode is a specially developed nickel alloy. A head is formed which later becomes part of the seal. Table 1-1 (continued) Spark Plug Manufacturing Steps

Spark Plug Assembly 11. Welding of Center Electrode The lower half nickel alloy center electrode is electrically welded to the basic steel upper half of the electrode. 12. Automatic Rotary Core Tamping and Stud Cementing Machine The special nickel alloy wires are sealed into the insulators by Sillment tamped under extreme pressure. The terminal or stud is then cemented into the insulator. 13. Core Push Out Test Random sampling to test pressure tolerances of seal for center electrode. 14. Plug Tamping Insulator assemblies are sealed in the shell with Sillment under 3,000 to 6,000 pounds of pressure. After reaming to correct depth and angle, the shell flange is crimped to complete the gas-tight seal.

15. Fixed Gasket Machine The gasket is crimped over the thread body to prevent its falling off. 16. Automatic Gasket Trim and Gap Machines The completely assembled spark plug is placed in a rotating table. The center electrode is trimmed to the correct specifications and the ground electrode is given the final bend to form the proper gap. Outside gaskets are automatically attached. 17. Final Inspection In addition to the step-by-step inspections and tests, Champion plugs are given a final visual inspection to ensure that they have been assembled in accordance with rigorous specifications. 18. Automatic Packaging The cartons are formed and the plugs are placed in the open cartons on the conveyor. They are wrapped in plastic film, placed into a container and then a shipping box and sent to the shipping room.

AR305596 Table 1-2 Trade Name Chemicals Used at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility (a)

Trade Name CliemiQiil Name T-fa7«]pr1ous Components

Wyandote R-2 Rust Inhibitor Sodium Nitrate

Oxyprep 142 Udylite Multi-Purpose Cleaner Alkaline

Oxyprep 108 Udylite Soak Cleaner Alkaline

Oxyprep 270 Udylite Alkaline

Oxyprep 345 Udylite-Dry Acid Salt-Pickling Acidic

Cyanogram Sodium Cyanide Sodium Cyanide

Metex Zinc Stripper Metex Alkaline

Zinc Purifier Zinc Purifier Sulfite a/ Refer to Figure 1-4 for storage locations at the facility.

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i6t:?*' lagoons were used to handle wastewater residuals from metal treatment processes. A physical characterization of each lagoon is described in Table 1-3. The source of this information is a lagoon inventory conducted by HMC in 1970 at the request of the Pennsylvania Department of Health. The lagoons provided a total storage capacity of approximately 500,000 cubic feet and ranged in capacity from 186,000 cubic feet (lagoon 1) to 21,600 cubic feet (lagoon 5). Metal finishing before 1952 probably consisted of parts washing and high- temperature bluing. Bluing salts consisted of sodium and potassium nitrates and nitrites. The wastes discharged to the lagoons probably would have consisted of oily and corrosive liquids and sludges. Wastewater flowed from the plant to lagoons 1, 2, 3, and 4 in series. A low-temperature blackening process replaced the high-temperature bluing process and was employed by HMC from 1953 to 1959. The blackening process was used to provide a uniform blackened finish and corrosion resistance on metal parts. Materials used in"the blackening process included blackening salt, sulfuric acid, metal cleaner, alkaline derusting compound, dry oil dip solution, and acrylic resin. The blackening salt consisted of 70 percent sodium hydroxide, 15 percent sodium nitrate, and 15 percent sodium nitrite by weight. The blackening process consisted of the following steps. 1. Immerse parts in an alkaline metal cleaner bath (sodium nitrate) to remove oil, grease, and wax coatings. 2. Rinse parts by dipping in a continuous overflow of cold water. 3. Dip parts in an alkaline derusting solution or sulfuric acid to remove rust and scale. 4. Rinse parts by dipping in hot water. 5. Immerse parts in low-temperature blackening bath (nitrate/nitrite/caustic bath). 6. Rinse parts by dipping in a continuous overflow of cold water. 7. Rinse parts in warm water. Drain off excess water.

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< S * ~ Z *> rP~ s Ov ure \—o• u ifii iiiiiif m ^o 11^ u* 5 OS? JQU « ^ S 8. Dip parts in acrylic resin dip solution. Drain off excess acrylic resin material. 9. Spin shells in extractor to remove excess acrylic resin dip solution.

10. Unload parts, let air dry, and apply black wax. HMC changed from the black wax to a soluble resin and then an acrylic resin for rust prevention. Wastes from the low-temperature blackening process likely consisted of oily alkaline wastes and acid wastes from parts washing and alkaline wastes from the blackening operation. Wastes from the blackening process were routed to the lagoon system. Beginning in 1959, a cyanide-based zinc electroplating operation was implemented. Wastewater from the electroplating process probably consisted of acid wastes, zinc, hexavalent chromium (Cr+6), trivalent chromium (Cr+3), and cyanide-containing wastes from metal pretreatment and treatment. Lagoon 5 was constructed in around 1966 and received the effluent from lagoon 4. Based on reports from Champion officials and correspondence from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (PADER) to Champion, dated May 18, 1972, there was a breach in the northwest corner of lagoon 4. This breach resulted in state regulatory authorities requiring the installation of a wastewater treatment system. No records exist to show the exact location of the affected area, and Champion officials do not recall the specific details of the breach. The above-mentioned correspondence indicates only that the northwest corner of the dike was eroded. During 1965, an integrated wastewater treatment system was installed to treat cyanide and hexavalent chromium. The system consisted of an alkaline chlorination step to oxidize cyanide and a closed loop Lancy package treatment system for the reduction and subsequent precipitation of hexavalent chromium. Before 1967, floating oils were typically present on the surface of each lagoon. In 1967, an underflow system was installed to retain all floating oils in lagoon 1. The oil was collected by a pump truck and transported offsite.

1- 18 &R305605 Pursuant to state requests, an upgraded wastewater treatment system was installed between 1971 and 1972. The system was completed in 1972 and included oil removal, cyanide destruction, chromium reduction and precipitation, and sludge drying beds. Treatment was performed in concrete basins and steel tanks. The sludge drying beds, located south of the plant building, were concrete-lined and had an underdrain system that was plumbed back to the wastewater treatment system. Treated wastewater was discharged to the municipal sanitary sewer system and treated in the Bethlehem Municipal Waste Treatment System. The treated sludges were dewatered in the sludge drying beds and hauled to a local disposal site, the Chrin Landfill. On implementation of the Resource, Conservation, and Recovery Act (RCRA) in 1980, the wastes were sent offsite under manifests as hazardous wastes to a site operated by Waste Conversion, Inc. Manifests for these wastes are included in Volume I (Response 8) of the September 29, 1986, response to the EPA Region III CERCLA H04(e) information request. In correspondence dated June 15, 1971, to Novak Sanitation, a landfill company, the contents of the sludge were described as powdered and agglomerated, ceramic-like materials combined with 15 percent metallic hydroxides. In further correspondence dated October 16, 1971, to the PADER, the wastewater treatment system is discussed, and the sludge waste content is estimated to be 80 percent by weight magnesium-aluminum silicates, with small amounts of zinc, chromium, and aluminum oxides and hydroxides. Hydroxides would have been formed by the neutralization of treated waters from finishing zinc and chrome parts. Former plant officials report that until the construction of the initial wastewater treatment plant, lagoon 1 was dredged at least annually. Lagoon 2 was dredged at least once. Dredged residuals were placed on the berms surrounding the two lagoons, where they were left in place until the lagoons were closed. According to Champion personnel, emulsified oils were scraped from the lagoons and disposed of offsite as part of the closure process. The berms around the lagoons and much of the lagoon contents were also removed in dredging operations. The amount of sludge removed could not be determined. A review of plant documents and records and interviews with former employees have 1-19 W305606 provided no information on the amount of sludge disposed of in the lagoons. No records were kept on lagoon wastes. Based on the Lagoon Inventory prepared by Gilbert Associates, Inc., in October 1970 and Champion correspondence, flows to the lagoon system have been variously reported as ranging from 10 gallons per minute (gpm) to 62 gpm. Documentation suggests that the plant operated an average of 12 hours per day. Assuming an average flow of 15 gpm and an average 12-hour work day, the upgraded wastewater treatment system produced approximately 27 cubic feet of sludge daily. The information on the volume generated, average flow rate, and average number of operating hours was obtained from a Champion memorandum to files dated October 17, 1980, regarding factors used to determine process loads. Solids generated by the initial wastewater treatment system have been estimated to be approximately 50 cubic yards monthly. This estimate was obtained from correspondence dated June 1971, from HMC to Novak Sanitation Landfill, regarding disposal of HMC solid and liquid wastes. When construction of the upgraded wastewater treatment plant was completed in 1972, closure of the five lagoons was coordinated with the PADER. Gilbert Associates, Inc., performed some waste characterization on the impoundment solids and supernatant in 1975. This effort was performed to support the proposal to close the abandoned lagoons by allowing the supernatant to seep through the lagoon bottoms and subsequently backfilling the lagoons. Surface impoundment residuals as well as neighboring water supply wells were sampled by Gilbert Associates, Inc. Results of lagoon supernatant sampling are summarized in Table 1-4. A total constituent analysis of the sludge from four of the lagoons is reported in Table 1-5. No analytical results are available for lagoon 5. Water quality in the neighboring water supply wells is summarized in Table 1-6. It should be noted that well A (Kniha, located about 500 feet west of the site) was not used as a potable water supply for the Kniha residence or for any other purpose. The well has been disconnected from the house. The Sheesley Concrete Company well (located about 700 feet north of the site) was used to supply process water only. The Sheesley well was later closed.

1-20 HR3056Q7 Table 1-4 Lagoon Supernatant Samples (mg/1) Lagoon Lagoon Lagoon Lagoon Constituent No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 Chloride 136 Chromium, hexavalent 0.02 Chromium, total 0.83 0.086 0.046 0.021 Copper 0.097 Cyanide, amenable to chlorine 0.60 Cyanide, total 0.60 0.61 0.15 0.14 Lead 0.14 <0.04 <0.04 0.04 Nickel 0.07 Nitrate QNSb pH (S.U.) 9.6 9.3 9.1 9.4 Phenols (ug/1) QNS Dissolved solids 904 920 1,060 1,090 (180° C) Solvent extractables 972 Sulfate 292 Zinc 15.9 3.4 2.7 0.8 a/ Source - Gilbert Associates, Inc. (1975). All units mg/1 unless otherwise noted. b/ QNS - Quantity of sample not sufficient for analysis.

SR3GS6Q8 Table 1-5

Total Constituent Analyses of Lagoon Sludges (mg/l)a

Lagoon Lagoon Lagoon Lagoon Constituent No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 Chloride 154 Chromium, hexavalent <0.01

Chromium, total 115.0 7.7 63.1 15.4 Copper 13.7 Cyanide, amenable to chlorine 1.28

Cyanide, total 1.28 22.60 73.20 3.80

Lead 5.1 1.3 6.0 1.8 Nickel 7.1 Nitrate 3.8 pH (S.U.) 9.9 9.2 9.0 9.3 Phenols (ug/1) 191 Dissolved solids 1,120 1,166 1,170 1,280 (180° C)

Solvent extractables 7,776 Sulfate 289 Zinc 1,594 426 3,142 676 a/ Source - Gilbert Associates, Inc. (1975). All units mg/1 unless otherwise noted. b/ Special sample preparation required for metal analyses.

ftR3G5609 Table 1-6

Quality of Water from Neighboring Water Supply Wells (mg/l)a Sheesley Concrete Constituent Well A - Kniha Company Chloride 8.0 Chromium, hexavalent <0.01 Chromium, total <0.01 Coppery 0.014 Cyanide, amenable to chlorine <0.02 Cyanide, total <0.02 Lead 0.04 <0.04 Nickel 0.01 Nitrate 33.0 pH (S.U.) 7.3 7.3 Phenols (ug/1) 1.8 Dissolved solids 278 418 (180* C) Solvent extractables 9.6 Sulfate 37.2 Zinc 0.32 a/ Source - Gilbert Associates, Inc. (1975). All data in mg/1 unless otherwise noted.

AR3056JO The state approved the closure of the lagoons after reviewing the Gilbert Associates, Inc., documentation, summarized here in Tables 1-4 through 1-6. On closure of the lagoons, the supernatant liquid was allowed to seep through the bottom of the lagoons. Much of the lagoon contents was dredged and disposed of offsite. The lagoons were backfilled with materials from offsite locations. The following materials were disposed of in the lagoons as part of the fill; however, the amount of the materials disposed is not known: • sillment powder • spark plug insulators • reject spark plug core assemblies • reject spark plugs • crushed stone and fine crushed stone • sand and highly diluted cement wash • broken cinder and concrete blocks • broken bricks • plaster • fill from the expansion of the Bethlehem publicly owned treatment works • asphalt surface and stone ballast from a street expansion project Champion correspondence dated October 4, 1976, to the PADER stated that the lagoons had been backfilled and 60,000 cubic yards of excavated materials from the construction of the Bethlehem Municipal Sewage Treatment plant-were used as lagoon fill material. Soil types and site geology are addressed in subsequent sections of this report. Lagoons 2, 3, and 4 were seeded after backfilling. Lagoons 1 and 5 were paved with asphalt. Figures 1-5 through 1-8 are aerial photographs of the site for the years 1947, 1958, 1971, and 1981. These aerial photographs chronicle changes to the site over the periods of record. The lagoons are absent in Figure 1-5 (the 1947 photograph). An obvious surface water feature can be discerned west of the manufacturing building in what was, at the time, the future location of the lagoons. The four lagoons are present in Figures 1 -24 AR30561I 1-6 and 1-7 (years 1958 and 1971). In addition, the building expansion previously discussed can be seen. Figure 1-8 is a more recent view of the site (1981), which shows that the lagoons have been covered with asphalt or vegetation. When the RI field work began in December 1989, there were five underground storage tanks onsite located south of the manufacturing building. The five tanks included two 10,000-gallon tanks, two 20,,000-gallon tanks, and one 1,000-gallon tank. The two 20,000-gallon tanks and a 10,000-gallon tank were used to store no. 2 fuel oil. The other 10,000-gallon tank was used to store a machining oil. The 1,000-gallon tank was used to store stoddard solvent, used as a degreasing agent. Stoddard solvent is a straight run naphtha from petroleum distillate and is synonymous with mineral spirits. The stoddard solvent tank was removed during the remedial investigation at the site. The stoddard solvent tank was formerly located in Area B of Figure 1-9. The four remaining tanks were emptied and closed in place in accordance with Pennsylvania underground storage tank closure procedures. These tanks are located southeast of the building (Figure 1-9, Area A). The 20,000-gallon tanks are approximately 10 years old. The 10,000-gallon tanks are older, but their ages are unknown. The former HMC facility had an additional underground tank system for the control and storage of catastrophic spills from the electroplating area. The emergency storage system was located just northeast and outside of the main plant building (Figure 1-9, Area C). The system consisted of several 1,000-gallon concrete septic tanks that were plumbed to valved drains in the electroplating area. In the event of a large spill in the electroplating area, the valve on the drain could be directed to the underground tanks. HMC officials reported that the tanks were never used and were abandoned in place. In addition, a company official reported that an area filled with gravel was used to clean equipment and received spillage associated with deliveries of products to the underground tanks (Figure 1-9). This area is reportedly between former lagoon 1 and the factory. Two soil borings were installed in the graveled equipment wash area in February 1987 to identify potential soil contamination associated with equipment wash l-25 AR3056I2 I

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ftR3Q56i3 activities. Samples were also collected from the boring for well CSP-7, located downgradient of the former equipment wash area. Samples were analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Analytical results indicated no detectable concentrations of VOCs. More information on these soil borings can be found in the report entitled "Remedial Investigation of the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility in Hellertown, Pennsylvania," Environmental Strategies Corporation (ESC), 1986. In January 1987, the site was proposed by EPA to be added to the Superfund NPL. In March 1989, the site was included on the NPL. In February 1988, Champion Spark Plug Company and the EPA Region III entered into an Administrative Order of Consent that required Champion to conduct environmental investigations. The Consent Order formally outlines the requirements for the RI/FS of the property. The RI/FS work is designed to lead to the selection and implementation of a cleanup alternative that will ensure that the site poses no environmental problems for the community. 1.2.3 Previous Investigations Previous investigations at the former HMC site were conducted from 1975 through 1987 by Gilbert Associates, Inc., O.H. Materials Company (OHM), and ESC. Investigations have included lagoon supernatant characterization, soil borings in the lagoon area and the former parts wash area, installation and sampling of onsite groundwater monitoring wells, a preliminary local well survey, domestic well sampling, and sampling of surface water in Saucon Creek. Initial investigations at the former HMC site were conducted by Gilbert Associates in 1975. Gilbert developed a closure plan for the five lagoons based on their characterization of lagoon solids and supernatant and water quality of neighboring water supply wells. Based on a review of the sample results presented in the report, "Impoundment Sampling Study, Hellertown Manufacturing Company," April 1975, Gilbert Associates, Inc., the lagoon closure plan was approved by the PADER.

1-27 AR3056II* Additional investigations were conducted at the former HMC site by OHM in December 1984 and January 1985. The investigations consisted of the installation of groundwater monitoring wells to evaluate groundwater quality. The PADER conducted a Preliminary Assessment (PA) at the HMC facility in late 1984 and prepared a report at the request of the EPA in January 1985. In May 1985, after the PADER review of the PA and the groundwater data in the OHM report and at the PADER's suggestion, Champion prepared and submitted a workplan to conduct further studies of the site. Because the initial workplan did not sufficiently address the PADER's concerns, Champion retained the services of Risk Science International of Washington, D.C., and later ESC of Vienna, Virginia, to revise the workplan and address the concerns. The PADER's concerns included the need for a defined schedule with interim reports, the need for soil borings during the first 6 months of work; the need for a well survey of the surrounding area; and clarification of* the surface water sampling protocol. The workplan was revised by ESC, and the concerns of the PADER were addressed in the report entitled "Revised Proposal for Site Characterization Services at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Facility, Hellertown, Pennsylvania," June 16, 1986, ESC. The workplan was implemented by ESC in June 1986. Components of the work performed included 1 year of quarterly sampling of groundwater monitoring wells, sampling the surface water in Saucon Creek, drilling and sampling soil borings upgradient of and within the closed lagoon areas, and hydrostatic testing of underground storage tanks. Subsequent investigations have included reviewing pertinent documents, interviewing former HMC plant personnel, conducting a preliminary local well survey, installing and sampling additional groundwater wells, and sampling surface and subsurface soils. Based on an initial review of available data, it is not anticipated that there are any special waste considerations (e.g., explosive, radioactive, or acutely hazardous wastes).

1-28 AR3056I5 1.2.3.1 Soils Investigation In June 1986, 19 borings were installed, of which 18 were within the 5 lagoon areas and 1 on the northeast portion of the property (Figure 1-10). A total of 87 soil samples were collected from the borings, 31 of which were selected for analysis. Samples were analyzed for organic priority pollutants, metals, fluoride, nitrate, sulfate, phenolics, cyanide, and RCRA Extraction Procedure (EP) toxic metals. Soil boring analyses indicated the presence of cyanide in one soil sample, sulfate in one sample, and fluoride in several samples. Metals that exceeded the typical range found in natural soils in one or more samples included manganese, cadmium, copper, chromium, and zinc. The RCRA EP toxicity test standards were not exceeded in any of the surface impoundment samples. In February 1987, additional soil borings were drilled at the site, three downgradient of the underground storage tanks and three within lagoon 1 (Figure 1-11). A total of 34 soil samples were collected and screened for VOCs, using an HNu photoionization detector. Based on the HNu readings, visual appearance, and obvious odors, three of the samples were selected for hazardous substance list (HSL) organic analysis. The sampling results indicated low levels of VOCs compared to a background sample. The most prevalent class of organic priority pollutants detected in the surface impoundment borings were base-neutral extractable organic compounds, specifically, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The most likely source of these materials was the waste oil residues from shell forming and alkaline cleaning. 1.2.3.2 Groundwater Investigation In December 1984 and January 1985, OHM conducted a groundwater investigation at the former HMC site. The investigation included the installation and sampling of four monitoring wells (CSP-1, CSP-2, CSP-3, and CSP-4): one upgradient well northeast of the facility and three downgradient wells west of the facility (Figure 1-12). Details of the investigation can be found in the report entitled "Final Report, Hydrogeologic Characterization, Hellertown Manufacturing Facility," April 3, 1985 (OHM). The results

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fl.8305619 from sampling the four groundwater wells indicated the presence of 1,2-dichloroethane and TCE at concentrations above 50 ug/1. Inorganic compounds were also detected, including nitrate, barium, iron, and manganese. OHM determined that nitrate levels found were slightly above groundwater quality standards (i.e., 10 mg/1 of nitrate) established in 40 CFR, section 265.92, in all wells, including the background well. Section 265.92 of 40 CFR lists parameters that require evaluation by owners or operators of surface impoundments, landfills, or land treatment facilities, including parameters characterizing the suitability of groundwater as a drinking water supply, parameters establishing groundwater quality, and parameters indicating groundwater contamination. Nitrate levels ranged from 20 to 42 mg/1. OHM concluded that although analytical results indicated several constituents were above the Appendix III primary drinking water standards, only marginal contamination was evident. OHM determined that groundwater was flowing from east to west across the site. Samples were collected by ESC on June 24, 1986, from the wells installed by OHM between December 17, 1984, and January 5, 1985. These sampling data indicated the presence of volatile chlorinated organic compounds in groundwater from two downgradient wells and nitrates in upgradient and downgradient wells at levels exceeding the EPA maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). ESC installed five additional monitoring wells, CSP-5A, CSP-5B, CSP-5C, CSP-6, and CSP-7, in January and February 1987 (Figure 1-13). The ESC investigation detected several organic priority pollutants in downgradient wells onsite at concentrations above the MCLs. Methylene chloride, TCE, PCE, vinyl chloride, and 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene were detected in downgradient wells onsite. These constituents were not detected in wells upgradient of the site. In addition, nitrate was detected in upgradient and downgradient wells above the MCL. The ESC investigation also confirmed that groundwater is flowing from east to west across the site. The groundwater investigations did not determine whether contaminants had migrated downward into relatively deep zones in the bedrock at the site, whether these

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flR30562i contaminants had moved westward offsite to a surficial discharge zone along Saucon Creek, or whether pollutants had moved into water-bearing strata on the west side of Saucon Creek. The delineation and extent of groundwater contamination is complicated by the geology of the site. The soil in the area is underlain by a creviced and cavernous limestone formation known as the Leithsville Formation, which may extend to a depth of 1,000 feet. Reportedly, all of the water-yielding fractures are in the upper few hundred feet of the formation. There is evidence that shallow bedrock in the vicinity of the site contains numerous fractures or solution openings capable of transmitting relatively large volumes of water. The presence of such voids is indicated on the boring log for monitoring well CSP-1 (Appendix A). A high loss of drilling fluid was reported at 25 feet and at 50 feet, presumably in lime and shale bedrock. Drilling fluid was not used during drilling of the boreholes for the other three monitoring wells; therefore, data on fluid "loss could not be ascertained. Only one of the other three borings (CSP-4) reached bedrock. In 1984 and 1985, borings were made on the north side of Silvex Road to ascertain shallow subsurface conditions before the construction of Interstate Highway 78. Four borings were drilled due north of the former HMC site. All four borings encountered limestone within 12 feet of the land surface, and all were terminated within 30 feet of land surface. For two of the borings, it was reported that water was lost in the limestone during drilling. The water level in the borings suggests a western groundwater flow toward Saucon Creek. r Numerous other borings of similar depth installed in conjunction with the highway construction also reported loss of drilling fluid and the presence of highly fractured limestone. Additional information on the subsurface hydrogeologic conditions and the nature and extent of water quality problems at the site can be found in the report entitled "Phase I Remedial Investigation Report, Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility in Hellertown, Pennsylvania," August 28, 1989, ESC.

1-35 5R305622 1.2.3.3 Domestic Well Sampling Gilbert Associates, Inc., was engaged by HMC to characterize the lagoons and the quality of neighboring water supply wells in response to the PADER's requirement for closure of the lagoons. Gilbert Associates sampled the Kniha residence and the Sheesley Concrete Company wells in March 1975 (Figure 1-14). The Sheesley Concrete well was used for process water; the Kniha well was not in use. The wells were sampled for chloride, chromium, copper, cyanide,-lead, nickel, zinc, nitrate, phenols, sulfate, dissolved solids, and solvent extractables. Gilbert determined that the sampling results for the Kniha well met drinking water standards for parameters that might be affected by the former HMC lagoons. Quarterly sampling was performed subsequently by Gilbert on the Kniha and Sheesley Concrete Company wells in compliance with the PADER requirements. Gilbert determined that the quarterly sampling results met drinking water standards. In September 1986, ESC conducted a preliminary local well survey to identify water supply wells within a 2-mile radius of the former HMC site (Figure 1-15). Area wells were identified using a state water well inventory, USGS records, and information supplied by the Bethlehem Water Department. Selected domestic wells identified in the well survey were sampled based on their proximity to the site. Most of the wells identified during the preliminary survey and shown on Figure 1-15 are not within the limits of the Borough of Hellertown. Three of the wells are private domestic wells. Well #75 is located in Friedensville and the Kniha and Reichard wells are in the Borough of Bethlehem. The remaining wells are used for irrigation, emergency municipal supply, and water level monitoring. The Sheesley Concrete well cannot be found, and it is unknown if it is still in existence. The two Hellertown municipal wells are only used for backup, emergency water supply for the borough. In August 19877 ESC sampled the Reichard and Kniha wells (Figure 1-16). The samples were analyzed for HSL organic compounds. In addition, the Reichard well was sampled for inorganic compounds and volatile purgeable organic compounds, using the 601 analytical method, which provides lower detection limits. The 601 scan is a gas

AR305623 Source: USGS 7. 5-Minute LOCATO* S.n.S Topographic Map Hellertown Quadrangle , Figure 1-14 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES CORPORATION • ° 8521 Leesburg Pike Suite 650 Kniha & Sheesley Well Locations Vienna, Virginia 22182 Former HMC Site ESC 703^21-3700 Hcllertown, Pennsylvania AR30562it Hellertown Durham Street ' •••* ' ^

Source: USGS 7. 5-Minute Ser ies Topograpfii c Map He 11ertown Quadrang! e

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES CORPORATION Figure 1-15 8521 Leesborg Pike Suite 650 Preliminary Well Survey Vienna, Virginia 221S2 Former HMC Site ESC 703-821-3700 Hellertown, Pennsylvania AR3Q56: 7 o___looo 2000 rerr ~)>, . Source USGS 7 5-Minute ————————^ ' Series Topographic Map QUADRANGLE LOCATKW He 11ertown Quadrang I e

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES CORPORATION Figure 1-16 8521 Leesburg Pike Suite 650 Reichard & Kniha Well Locations Vienna, Virginia 22182 Former HMC Site ESC 703-821-3700 Hellertown, Pennsylvania chromatographic method used in the determination of halogenated organics in water samples. The sampling results for HSL organics indicated detectable concentrations of acetone, toluene, and methylene chloride. All three compounds were detected below method detection limits, and acetone and methylene chloride were present in the sampling blanks as well. The 601 scan for VOCs in the Reichard well indicated the presence of extremely low concentrations of chloroform and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) compared to the EPA MCLs. The reported concentrations for these compounds are 0.33 ug/1 for chloroform and 1.3 ug/1 for TCA The MCL for total trihalomethanes (of which chloroform is one of the major components) is 100 ug/1. The MCL for TCA is 200 ug/1. 1.2.3.4 Surface Water Sampling ESC collected three surface water samples from Saucon Creek on June 23, 1986 (Figure 1-17). A sample was collected 1,800 feet upstream from the former HMC site, adjacent to the site, and approximately 1,000 feet downstream from the site. The samples were analyzed for organic priority pollutants, metals, and inorganic compounds, including fluoride, nitrate, sulfate, phenolics, cyanide, and total dissolved solids (TDS). The analytical results showed no organic priority pollutants. A relatively high concentration of TDS was found in the two samples downstream of the site compared to the upstream sample. The upstream TDS result was 10 ug/1 compared to 260 ug/1 and 270 ug/1 in the two downstream samples. These levels may be the result of the construction activities associated with the interstate highway passing over Saucon Creek in this vicinity. The downgradient water quality results for the remainder of the parameters evaluated are generally similar to the upgradient sampling results. Inorganic constituents with the potential to affect the TDS concentration (barium, chromium, copper, cyanide, nitrate, fluoride, and nickel) were not present at unusually high concentrations, so it is unlikely that these constituents could account for the downgradient water quality characteristics.

1-40 AR305627 _s • ouutbcSource:. Uiiuo/^'miiiuiUSGS 7 5-Minutec QUADRANGLE LOCATION S«f I «S Topogfapt) i C Map ______HelItrlown Quadrangle

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES CORPOJIATON Figure 1-17 8521|jM9burgP*» Saucon Creek Sample Locations Vienna. Virginia 22182 June 1986 - Fornier HMC Site ESC 703-821-3700 Hellertown, Pennsylvania 1.3 Report Organization This draft RI report summarizes the data collected during site investigation activities at the former HMC site and the results of the investigations. The RI report is generally organized in accordance with the format presented in the EPA document entitled Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies Under CERCLA: Interim Final. August 1988. Section 1.0, Introduction, contains information relating to the history of previous site operations, waste streams, and waste handling procedures. It also contains information and a summary of data generated from previous site investigations. Section 2.0, Physical Characteristics of the Study Area, contains information relating to the area climatology and meteorology, surface features, demography and land use, and ecology. It also describes the surface water hydrology, regional and local geology, soils, and regional hydrogeology. Section 3.0, Study Area Investigation, describes the field activities performed at the site and a summary of the data collected during the remedial investigations. Section 4.0, Nature and Extent of Contamination, evaluates the results of the data collected and the contamination found at the site. Section 5.0, Contaminant Fate and Transport, evaluates the contaminant migration in the affected media and routes of potential exposure to site contaminants. Section 6.0, Human Health Evaluation, contains information related to the impact of site contaminants on public health. Section 7.0, Environmental Evaluation, examines the potential for site-related contaminants to have an adverse effect on the ecology in the vicinity of the site. Section 8.0, Summary and Conclusions, contains a summary of the findings on the nature and extent of contamination, fate and transport, and risk assessment, and conclusions drawn based on the data collected with recommendations for remedial action objectives. The tables in the report containing analytical results present only the constituents that were detected in one or more samples above instrument or method detection limits for each sample analyzed. The absence of a constituent from a table indicates that the

*'42 A83G5629 parameter was either not analyzed for during that particular sampling event or was determined not to be present by the analysis performed.

1-43 References

Champion Spark Plug Company. 1971. Correspondence to Gilbert Associates, Inc. Champion Spark Plug Company. Oct. 4, 1976. Correspondence to PADER.

Champion Spark Plug Company. 1971. Correspondence to PADER. Champion Spark Plug Company. 1980. Correspondence to file. Environmental Strategies Corporation. 1986. Remedial Investigation of the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Facility in Hellertown, Pennsylvania.

Environmental Strategies Corporation. June 16, 1986. Revised Proposal for Site Characterization Services at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Facility, Hellertown, Pennsylvania. Environmental Phase 1 R.I. Report Aug. 28, 1989. Hellertown Manufacturing Company in Hellertown, Pennsylvania. Gilbert Associates, Inc. 1970. Hellertown Manufacturing Company, Hellertown, Pennsylvania, Lagoon Inventory. Gilbert Associates, Inc. April 1975. Impoundment Sampling Study, Hellertown Manufacturing Company, Hellertown, Pennsylvania. Hellertown Manufacturing Company. June 15, 1971. Correspondence to Novak Sanitation. Hellertown Manufacturing Company. Oct. 16, 1971. Correspondence to PADER. O.H. Materials Company. April 3, 1985. Final Report, Hydrogeologic Characterization, Hellertown Manufacturing Facility. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (PADER). May 18, 1985. Correspondence to Champion Spark Plug Company. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (PADER). May 18, 1972. Correspondence to Hellertown Manufacturing Company. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). August 1988. Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies Under CERCLA: Interim Final.

1-44 &R3Q5631 2.0 Physical Characteristics of the Study Area

2.1 Meteorology and Climatology The former HMC site is in Northampton County, which is characterized by a moderate climate with well defined seasons. Blue Mountain and South Mountain have moderating control over extreme temperatures throughout the region. There was no published meteorologic data specifically for the former HMC site or Hellertown; however, published data was available for Allentown, which is near Hellertown and the former HMC site. The former HMC site is located approximately 8 miles southeast of Allentown and the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton Airport. The coldest months of the year are January and February, with mean monthly temperatures of 27 "F and 29 "F. The warmest months of the year are July and August, when the mean monthly temperatures are 73 "F and 72 °F. Table 2-1 lists the mean daily minimum and maximum temperatures and the mean monthly and record minimum 'and maximum monthly temperatures from 1950 to 1988 at Allentown, Pennsylvania, approximately 8 miles northwest of Hellertown (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] 1950-1988). Precipitation data were obtained from 1950 through 1988 also for Allentown (Table 2-2, NOAA 1950-1988). On average, Allentown receives 44.31 inches of precipitation per year. The mean monthly precipitation ranges from 3.02 inches in February to 4.44 inches in August. Precipitation data were obtained from the Joint Planning Commission Lehigh- Northampton counties for February 1989 through July 20, 1990 (Table 2-3). These data indicate that the annual precipitation for 1989 was similar to the long-term annual mean reported for 1950 through 1988. However, the monthly precipitation rates for 1989 and 1990 vary widely from the long-term mean values. The general prevailing wind direction for Allentown is from the west to west- northwest between November and April and southwest to west-southwest from May through

October (NOAA 1950-1988). Table 2-4 lists the mean monthly wind speed and prevailing

AR305632 Table 2-1 Mean Monthly Temperatures Allentown, Pennsylvania (a)

. Mean Mean Mean Extreme Extreme Daily Daily Monthly Record Record Month Max f'F) Min ('¥) LlEl High ('¥) Low ('F) January 34.9 19.5 27.2 72 -12

February 37.8 20.9 29.3 76 -7 March 47.6 29.2 38.5 86 -1

April 61.0 39.0 50.0 93 16 May 71.1 48.8 60.0 97 28

June 80.1 58.3 69.2 100 39

July 84.6 63.0 73.8 105 48 August 82.4 61.6 72.1 100 41 September 75.3 54.1 64.8 99 30 October 64.2 42.6 53.4 90 21 November 51.3 33.6 42.5 81 11 December 39.2 23.8 31.5 72 -8

Annual Mean 70.8 41.2 51.0 89 17

a/ Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1950-1988).

A8305633 Table 2-2

Mean Monthly Precipitation (inches) Allentown, Pennsylvania (a)

Mean Maximum Minimum Maximum Month, Monthly Monthly Monthly 24 Hour

January 3.35 8.42 0.67 2.47 February 3.02 5.44 1.01 2.05 March 3.88 7.21 0.97 3.08 April 3.93 10.09 0.61 2.52 May 3.57 10.62 0.09 3.36

June 3.45 8.58 0.34 . 3.55 July 4.13 10.42 0.42 4.54

August 4.44 12.10 0.93 5".84 September 4.03 8.87 0.94 7.85

October 3.05 6.84 0.15 2.96 November 3.73 9.69 0.68 3.40 December 3.73 7.89 0.39 2.86

Annual Mean 44.31 (Total) 8.85 0.60 3.71 a/ Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1950-1988).

AR30563U Table 2-3 Precipitation for the Hellertown Area (a) 1989-1990

1989

Precipitation

January NA (b) February 220 March 420 April 2.00 May 6.40 June 6.50 July 455 August 4.15 September 625 October 4.10 November 2.00 December 030 43.05 Yearly total 1990 January 6.05 February 220 March 2.50 April 3.10 May 8.15 June 355 July(c) 2.65 a/ Data was collected in n rain gauge with a continuous recording device attached. b/NA- not available. c/ Data only available through the 20th,

Source: Joint Planning Csinmission Lehigh-Normampton Counties; unpublished data (Fournier 1990).

AR305635 Table 2-4

Mean Monthly Wind Speed Allentown, Pennsylvania (a)

Mean Prevailing Peak Gust Peak Gust Month Speed (mph) Direction Speed (mph) Direction January 10.6 W 54 W

February 11.0 WNW 51 E March 11.6 WNW 53 W April 10.9 W 51 W

May 9.0 WSW 46 SW June 8.1 SW 47 NE July 7.1 WSW 66 W August 6.9 SW 48 NW September 7.2 SW 60 W October 8.2 WSW 43 NW November 9.7 W 54 W December 10.1 W 62 NW Annual Mean 9.0

a/ Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1950-1988).

&R3Q5636 wind direction for Allentown. The mean monthly wind speed ranges from 6.9 miles per hour (mph) in August to 11.6 mph in March. Winds are greatest from December through April; however, during violent storms, winds have reached 66 mph. Relative humidity data for Allentown were obtained from the NOAA. Table 2-5 lists the mean monthly relative humidity for Allentown for 1988. The annual mean relative humidity was 78%, 81%, 54%, and 62% for the hours (local time) of 0100, 0700, 1300, and 1900, respectively.

2.2 Surface Features The former HMC site and surrounding area are relatively flat or gently sloping. Elevations range from approximately 269 to 309 feet above mean sea level (MSL) across the site. In nearby valleys, however, elevations can be as low as 243 feet above MSL. Conrail borders the former HMC property along its western boundary, with Interstate 78, a major elevated highway, along the northern boundary and Hellertown Road (or Main Street of Hellertown) along the eastern boundary. A car dealership and residences border the site to the south. Saucon Creek is located approximately 500 to 600 feet west of the former HMC site. The surface elevation of the HMC site is approximately 40 feet above the base of the creek. This creek flows toward the north and eventually discharges to the Lehigh River approximately 1.5 miles to the north. The Lehigh River then discharges to the Delaware River farther east. The surrounding area is composed mostly of gently to steeply sloping hills and valleys. The site is located in the borough of Hellertown and borders the city of Bethlehem. A large integrated steel plant is located approximately 1,000 feet northeast of the site. Most of the land surrounding the site is residential or industrial.

2"6 AR305637 Table 2-5 Mean Monthly Relative Humidity (%) (a) Allentown, Pennsylvania

Local Time Month 0100 0700 1300 1900 January 75 80 • 61 64 February 76 78 58 65 March 67 73 44 51 April 72 77 53 59 May 87 85 61 65

June 76 73 43 51 July 86 86 53 61 August 87 91 57 65 - September 87 89 57 69 October 81 85 50 63 November 77 80 59 68 December 68 71 51 57

Annual Mean 78 81 54 62 a/ Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1988).

&R305638 2.3 Surface Water Hydrology The former HMC site is located within the Saucon Creek Drainage Basin. The western boundary of the site is located about 600 feet east of Saucon Creek. There are four tributaries that contribute to Saucon Creek, which is perennial. The four tributaries include Polk Valley Run, Silver Creek, Black River, and East Branch (Figure 2-1). Saucon Creek flows through Northampton County; however, its headwaters are in Lehigh County. From its headwaters, Saucon Creek flows northward and is joined by Polk Valley Run, which drains the upper southeastern portion of the Saucon Creek Drainage Basin. Saucon Creek continues to flow northward and is joined by Silver Creek. The confluence of Silver Creek and Saucon Creek is located west of the center of Hellertown. Silver Creek drains the upper eastern portion of the Saucon Creek Drainage Basin. Downstream, approximately 0.5 mile north of the mouth of Silver Creek, is the confluence of the Black River and Saucon Creek. Black River, which has its headwaters in Lehigh County, drains the western portion of the Saucon Creek Drainage Basin. Approximately 1.6 miles north of the mouth of the Black River, the East Branch joins Saucon Creek. The westward flowing East Branch drains the lower eastern portion of the Saucon Creek Drainage Basin. Saucon Creek empties into the Lehigh River approximately 1.6 miles east of the gaging station located along the Lehigh River near the center of the city of Bethlehem (approximately 1.5 miles north of the former HMC site, Figure 2-1). The Lehigh River drains east-northeast and empties into the Delaware River, approximately 12.5 miles east of its confluence with Saucon Creek. The Lehigh River and its tributaries are part of the Middle Delaware River Sub-basin. Saucon Creek drains an area of approximately 57.9 square miles and is approximately 16.5 miles long. The lower 12.5 miles of Saucon Creek have a gradient of 15.5 feet per mile. The channel of Saucon Creek is confined within limestone bedrock, which is comprised primarily of the Allentown Limestone formation. Stream flow is maintained partially by groundwater discharging from the limestone bedrock in the form

2'8 AR305639 •^f • :--^VJ./£'.: '.':" -^17. •- -.^4V SffS^SfesSs^Mj^wV'4- •"^ .. i'1*/I ' O///f. ;- .--•'.: a .la-tra m„- Wl-1^; -'• '/V-*^K - "^ i, • ^';ft^* •^^>f .%:;•. '•m^^-^-y^^^ ^^"-,|-,,..T «^rS*€S. T- ^----•r^s^^-%'^a^^ s-^^^^'if^K^^^^ -:--^>^^^ : '^ x>-t?4^Tf ;r .'-.2". •* ;. ^ ' '--^ -,•»JSr^^~:;.."/?^if-^^f^^^?. ;. ^ **«£ K^rt" ' ' ^^- ^^ ,^^.,::^•'i , \^/fHi = r,f f'-'i'"-—• ' W.*.,

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ENVIRONMENTAL STRATECHES CORP. Figure 2-1 8521 Loosburg Pttw SuitflSSO Tributaries to Saucon Creek Vienna, Virginia 22182 Near the Former HMC Site ESC 703-821-3700 Hellertown, Pennsylvania L of springs. For example, the source of Silver Creek is a subterranean spring located in the vicinity of Lost Caverns, east of Hellertown. Flow in the western portion of the Saucon Creek Drainage Basin was influenced greatly in the past by groundwater dewatering for lead and zinc mining activities between 1953 and 1983 (Miller et al. 1939). A staff gage installed by the Joint Planning Commission Lehigh-Northampton counties beneath a bridge that crosses Saucon Creek, approximately 3,500 feet northwest of the former HMC site, records flow. Weekly measurements have been recorded by the commission from February 1989 to the present. A graph showing the changes in elevation of the water surface in the creek is presented in Figure 2-2.

2.4 Geology 2.4.1 Physiographic Setting Regionally, the former HMC site is located within a southwest-trending belt of-low mountains that extends from New England across southern New York and northern New Jersey and terminates near Reading, Pennsylvania. The belt is a section of the New England physiographic province known as the Reading Prong. Locally, it is about 6 to 8 miles wide. The mountains, whose cores are composed of various Precambrian crystalline rocks, are separated by valleys underlain by Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, mostly limestones. In the vicinity of the former HMC site, the mountains reach altitudes of approximately 700 to 1,000 feet above sea level. The floor of the valley of Saucon Creek ranges in altitude from approximately 250 to 300 feet. The Reading Prong is bordered on the northwest by the Valley and Ridge physiographic province (Figure 2-3), which is underlain by Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. To the southeast is the Piedmont province which, in this area, is underlain by sedimentary rocks and some intrusive igneous rocks of the Triassic age.

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ftR3056U3 The site, whose western boundary is approximately 500 feet east of Saucon Creek, is situated between South Mountain, west of the creek, and Kirchberg, a mountain whose crest is about 1.5 miles to the east. 2.4.2 Stratigraphy The discussions that follow relate to stratigraphy and structure of the geology in the regional as well as local areas surrounding the former HMC site. They are presented so that the degree of complexity of the geology in the area can be better understood when relating it to the distribution and movement of contaminants beneath the site. This relationship will be discussed in later sections of this report. 2.4.2.1 Regional Stratigraphy The following discussion is restricted to the geologic formations underlying the valley of Saucon Creek in the general vicinity of the former HMC site. Table 2-6 presents a general description of the stratigraphic units in the area. The Cambrian and Precambrian rocks have been deeply weathered. The mantle of residual materials resulting from the chemical disintegration of the rocks, which will be referred to in subsequent discussions as the saprolite, extends to varying depths. The depth depends on the topographic setting, degree of resistance of the particular rock type to mechanical or chemical disintegration, and extent to which the materials of the mantle have been subsequently eroded. It should be mentioned that the overlying colluvium of Holocene age is frequently difficult to distinguish from the saprolite, having been derived in part from it. The thickness of the overburden materials generally depends on the type of rock from which it is derived. Miller et al. (1939) state that the thickness of talus on hill slopes seldom can be determined because excavations for new structures on the lower slopes rarely encounter the solid rock in place. Parker et al. (1964) report that the weathered material of the Glenarm Series (schistose and gneissose rocks) in the Piedmont Province exceeds 25 feet, and possibly 50 feet. However, carbonate rocks in the Piedmont can weather to as much as 50 feet of overburden.

2- 13 Table 2-6 Stratigraphic Units in tiie Valley of Saucon Creek Near the Former HMC Site (a)

Era Age Thrmatinn

Cenozoic Holocene Undifferentiated alluvium Alluvium-clay, silt, sand, and gravel and colluvium (including deposited along streams; Colluvium-mixtures talus), and surficial of fine-grained sediments and blocks of rock soils. on lower slopes of hills Pleistocene Pre-Wisconsiin terminal Reddish clayey till, containing gravel and moraine deposits. boulders. Paleozoic Upper Allentown Dolomite Rythrnically bedded, gray, ftagmental Cambrian (1,700 feet) dolomitic rocks. Included are scattered lenses/beds or orthoquarzite. Middle Leithsville Rnnation Gray to buff dolomite, dolomitic limestone, Cambrian (1,000 feet) and seritic limey clay- and silt-shale, in places phyllitic. Bedding is rhythmic; shaly beds give way to platy bedded material, which in turn passes into massive beds. Lower Haidyston quartzite Gray to brown sandstone, arkose, and ortho- Cambrian (100 feet) quartzite with lesser quartz pebble conglomerate and silty shale. Contact with overlying Leithsville Formation is transitional. Proterozoic Pre- Various metamorphic and igneous rock units Cambrian such as gneiss, granite, gneissoid granite, and granite-gneiss. a/ Compiled from data in Aaron (1969); Drake (1969); Drake, et al. (1967); Miller, et al. (1939); and Parker et al. (1964).

SR3G56lf5 2.4.2.2 Local Stratigraphy According to Miller, the former HMC site is underlain by the Tomstown Formation, which is the equivalent of the Leithsville Formation (Table 2-6; Miller et al. 1939). Figure 2-4 is a geologic map of the area surrounding the site. The map was originally constructed in 1939 by Miller, but was revised in 1966 and again in 1973 (Miller et al. 1939). To better understand the lithologic characteristics of this formation, a description by Miller follows: "The Tomstown Formation-is composed almost entirely of dolomitic limestones. Several types have been recognized. The most common is a thin- bedded, high magnesian, impure limestone with the individual beds less than one foot thick. This grades into a more argillaceous variety with an abundance of sericite, which produces a glistening silvery appearance on the bedding planes. In turn this passes into a true sericitic shale in which there are practically no carbonates. These shales have been noted in many places and may have a thickness up to ten feet although usually less than one foot... All these thin-bedded varieties break into thin fragments on weathering and are conspicuous in the surface soil or sub-soil. Another phase of the Tomstown is a massively bedded dense dolomitic limestone in which individual beds are upwards of ten feet thick...On weathering it breaks into thinner layers than may be observable in the fresh rock. The variations of the Tomstown are frequent and abrupt both within the individual beds and from bed to bed... Almost everywhere in the region the Tomstown has been shattered by earth movements and the old fissures filled with quartz veins..." (Miller et al. 1939). Another author describes the Leithsville Formation of the Riegelsville Quadrangle (scale 1:24,000), which is located about 5 miles east of the site, as: "Dark gray, buff-weathering dolomite, dolomitic limestone, and sericitic limey clay- and silt-shale, in places phyllitic...The formation is rhythmically bedded, shaly beds give way to platy bedded material, which in turn passes into massive beds. The massive bedded rock is much more abundant in the lower half of the formation..." (Drake et al. 1967). The lithologic characteristics of the rocks under the former HMC site, which have been observed in drive-core samples, auger samples from boreholes, and cutting samples from rotary drill holes, are discussed in more detail in section 3.3. Miller states that rarely are there beds of sandstone within the Leithsville Formation that may be completely devoid of carbonates (Miller et al. 1939). One of the thickest

2- 15 Source: Plate 1 (Wood et al. 1939) "Geologic map of Northampton County Pennsylvania" reprinted 1973, Moravian Heights formation

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES CORP. Figure 2-4 8521 Leosbury Pike Suits 650 Geological Map of the Vienna, Virginia 22182 Former HMC Site ESC 703-821-3700 Hellertown, Pennsylvania

£83056^7 lenses of sandstone was seen in a quarry at Redington (about 4.5 miles northeast of the site). It is 10 inches thick and overlain by dolomitic limestone. The fresh sandstone is compact and dark bluish-gray, but iron staining resulting from weathering has turned the rock brownish. Also, a gray calcareous sandstone, a few feet thick, can be found just east of the Lost River Caverns, whose entrance is in Hellertown (about 1.25 miles southeast of the site). The sandstone contains considerable pyrite and, on weathering, the calcium carbonate is removed and the pyrite is oxidized to limonite, producing a porous ferruginous (yellowish-brown) sandstone. It is possible that this is the type of sandstone that was encountered in the borings for the deep wells onsite.

2.4.3 Structure 2.4.3.1 Regional Structure To better understand the complex geology of the region surrounding the former HMC site, a brief description of the structure of the rocks is presented. According to Drake, the deformation of the Precambrian and lower Paleozoic rocks is related to the characteristics of the two major Appalachian Mountains structural elements: the Reading Prong, in which the site is located, and the so-called Great Valley (part of the Valley and Ridge physiographic province), which borders the Reading Prong on the northwest (Drake 1969). The Great Valley, which extends the entire length of the Appalachians, is generally interpreted as a synclinorium. The rocks within the core of the Reading Prong (various metamorphic and igneous rocks) were deformed plastically during the Precambrian Age and, together with the younger rocks of the Great Valley, have been deformed during three orogenies (periods of mountain building) during and at the end of the Paleozoic Era and in the Triassic period. Owing to the structural and stratigraphic complexity of the region and the paucity of extensive rock outcrops, there have been conflicting interpretations of the relation of the Precambrian rocks of the Reading Prong to the Paleozoic rocks of the Great Valley and of the smaller valleys within the Reading Prong, for example, the valley of Saucon Creek in which the site is located. 2_17 Although it is not universally accepted, according to Drake, many geologists who have worked in the region have come to accept the interpretation that thrust faults and overturned folds were more responsible for the occurrence of the ridges of crystalline rocks than had been recognized earlier (Drake 1969). Subsequently, additional data resulted in the evolution of the interpretation that the rocks of the Reading Prong, both Precambrian and lower Paleozoic, were part of a major thrust sheet (nappe) that appears to have been emplaced by movements on flat-lying thrust faults over distances of as much as a few miles, probably during the first of the three orogenies mentioned above. Superimposed on the earlier structural deformations is imbricate thrust faulting, some of which is at angles of 25-30 degrees to the southeast (A.A. Drake, Jr., personal communication, June 5, 1990). Drake now believes that this type of faulting has resulted in the movement, in places, of Precambrian rocks over Paleozoic rocks, rather than the stratigraphic succession having been reversed in overturned folds, as shown on the geologic cross sections on the Riegelsville Quadrangle (Drake et al. 1967). 2.4.3.2 Local Structure Published reports on the regional structure indicate such an extreme degree of complexity that it would be impossible to define the local structure without examining numerous nearby outcrops. Describing these gives clues to what structures might be found in the rocks at depth beneath the former HMC site. Miller describes an exposed section of rocks in the western end of a low ridge, in a north-south cut behind the Reading Railroad roundhouse (now unused), that is about 900 feet north of the northwest corner of the former HMC site (Figure 2-5; Miller et al. 1939). The ridge is a spur extending northwest from Kirchberg, the low mountain east of the site. Over a horizontal distance of about 1,000 feet, repeated thrust faulting in an imbricate pattern has resulted in the alternation of sheared Leithsville limestone and highly sheared Byram granite gneiss. Six generally parallel faults are mapped on the cross section, apparently dipping south; the apparent direction of thrust is to the north. The limestone is said to disappear to the east, and Hardyston Quartzite is reported at the eastern end of the ridge.

2- 18 AH305649 Source: USGS 7.5 minute series TOPO map, ______Hellertown Quadrangle.

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES CORP. Figure 2-5 6521 Leosburg Pike Suite 650 Location of the Outcrop North of Vienna. Virginia 22182 the Former HMC Site ESC 703-821-3700 Hellertown, Pennsylvania

AR305S5Q A reconnaissance examination by ESC revealed that a sericitic shale similar to that found interlayered with limestone on site exists at one location near the northern end of the section. The shale was found beneath granite gneiss, which would appear to confirm to some extent the structural and stratigraphic relations described above. Other evidence showing major structural deformation in the vicinity of the former HMC site was mapped by A.A. Drake, Jr., of the United States Geological Survey. He describes an area to the west and southwest of the site where a body of Allentown Dolomite is bounded on the east, generally along Saucon Creek, by a major thrust fault. With the evidence of intense, complicated structural deformation in the general vicinity of the site along with evidence of mylonitized (sheared) and brecciated fabric of sandstone and shale in drill cuttings onsite, it is reasonable to assume that the Leithsville Formation is similarly deformed under the former site. More discussion on evidence of structural deformation found onsite will be presented in section 3.3.

2.5 Soils The general soil map for Northampton County (Figure 2-6), published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service, indicates the soils in the vicinity of the site belong to the Washington-Urban Land Association (Staley 1974). The mapping units shown for the site and immediate areas indicate soils belong primarily to the Urban Land series (UrA), with some Washington series (WaA) east of Hellertown Road. The major portion of the area surrounding the former HMC site consists of urban land that is nearly level and has been disturbed by the development of residences, railroads, roads, and other urban and industrial facilities. Urban land is typically found on hilltops and uplands that have low relief. Slopes are smooth or slightly convex. The surface of most areas is stabilized artificially or by vegetation. The hazard of erosion is high if the surface cover is inadequate. The color and texture of the soil material vary. Urban structures and works obscure the land, making identification of the soils impractical. Most areas of UrA soils are suitable only as sites for urban and industrial 2-20 AR30565! ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES CORP. p. 8521 Leesburg Pike Suite 650 o'^^, r ,_ ^ ESC Vienna-W9inia 22182 Soils Map of the Fonner HMC Site HeUertown, Pennsylvania 703-821-3700

AR305652 developments. Further investigation of individual areas is needed to determine the hazards of and limitations to most uses. The area east of Main Street is occupied by WaA silt loam (0% to 3% slopes). Soils in the WaA generally consist of deep, well drained, nearly level to very steep soils on smooth to mildly karst uplands (Staley 1974). Washington soils typically have high available moisture capacity and moderate permeability. Closed depressions, potholes, and sinks limit the movement of eroded soil materials to short distances. These soils developed from glacial till and frost-churned material weathered mostly from limestone. It is suspected that before the industrial activity at the former HMC site, the soils would have been classified as belonging to the WaA soil.

2.6 Hydrogeology 2.6.1 Regional In section 2.4.2.1, the discussion on the regional stratigraphy was restricted to the geologic formations underlying the valley of Saucon Creek in the general vicinity of the former HMC site. However, to obtain a comprehensive view of the hydrogeology of the entire basin, one must include some additional carbonate rocks (lower and middle Ordovician age) that are part of the overall groundwater flow system of the basin. These rocks occur in the upstream portion of the basin, mostly in Lehigh County, and they include some productive aquifers. This portion of the basin is also underlain by sedimentary and igneous rocks of Triassic age, but they are not particularly significant water-bearing units. To understand the hydrologic properties governing the flow system beneath the former HMC site, it is important to understand the regional hydrogeologic setting. A comprehensive discussion of the hydrogeology of the basin, which includes the site, follows. Much of this discussion provides supporting evidence that the groundwater flow system in the area is discharging to Saucon Creek. A complete discussion of the relationship of

/JR305653 contaminant movement and distribution with the groundwater flow regime is presented in later sections. The Saucon Creek Basin covers an area of about 58 square miles. The valley is surrounded almost completely by low mountains whose cores consist of Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks of generally low permeability. Within the basin, the bulk of the groundwater is moving through the following carbonate-rock aquifers, which are most likely interconnected hydraulically: Leithsville Formation, Allentown Dolomite, Beekmantown Group (lower Ordovician age), and Jacksonburg cement limestone (middle Ordovician age). Most of the water in the carbonate-rock aquifers occurs in bedding-plane openings, joints, fault zones, and fractures that have been enlarged by solutions moving through them. Below the water table, all openings in the rocks are saturated. According to Wood, the soils in Lehigh County (similar to those in Northampton County), formed most commonly on the carbonate rocks, allow a relatively large amount of precipitation to recharge the underlying formations, an average of about 15.6 inches annually (Wood et al.. 1972). This is a significant percentage of the average annual precipitation of 43 to 46 inches. Water that infiltrates the soils is transmitted downward and then laterally to the nearest surface streams (e.g., Saucon Creek) or to such deeper formations as the carbonate-rock formations whose zones of active groundwater circulation extend to an unknown depth. Some of the natural discharge and flow characteristics of the groundwater system in the carbonate rocks of the Saucon Creek Basin can be inferred from observations that were made concurrent with and subsequent to the pumping that was done to dewater the zinc mine of the New Jersey Zinc Company at Friedensville, about 4.5 miles southwest of the site (Figure 2-7). The effects of this pumping, which were widespread, had a serious impact on the water supplies of the basin and on Saucon Creek. These effects are discussed by Wood and include observations pertaining to the hydrogeologic characteristics of the basin (Wood et al. 1972).

2-23 AR30565U

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H ml ftR305655 A thorough discussion of the effects of mine pumping is provided below at the request of the EPA It provides supporting evidence that groundwater is discharging from the bedrock to Saucon Creek, including from grent depths, and describes the cone of influence and h.ow it is related to the former HMC site. Mining was started in 1853, and various mines were active in the Friedensville area until 1893. In 1872, a large pump with an estimated capacity of 17.28 to 23.04 million gallons per day (mgd) was installed and operated at around 12.96 mgd until 1876 (Wood et al. 1972). During this period, many wells and springs reportedly went dry. Also, Saucon Creek was reported to disappear in a large sinkhole near the mine. When the pump was stopped in 1876, the flow of the creek downstream from the pump discharge reportedly diminished, but regained its normal flow after the mine filled with water. In 1893 mining operations ceased, but in 1948 construction of a new shaft was started. The shaft was completed at 1,261 feet after having been flooded four times. Pumping was started at the Friedensville mine in 1953, and soon afterward water levels again declined rapidly in nearby wells, and shallow wells and springs dried up. The initial pumping rate was 10 mgd. By the end of the year, the rate had increased to 21 mgd and remained at this level until 1955. From 1956-1964, the discharge was increased to about 30 mgd, then decreased gradually to 24 mgd in 1967. The mining company made many water-level observations over a long period of time on company property and throughout the basin. The company concluded that the consistent and gentle hydraulic gradients indicated that the groundwater reservoir consisted of a multiplicity of hydraulically interconnected fractures. A water-level map of the basin for 1967 shows an elongated cone of depression generally parallel to the axis of the valley in Lehigh County (Wood et al. 1972). The deepest part of the cone is at the mine where the lowest water-level elevation is 347 feet below MSL. The highest closed water-level contour around the depression (250 feet below MSL) is situated about 0.5 mile southwest of the site. The size and shape of the cone of depression were reported to have changed little from 1957 to 1967, although some

2'25 &R3G5656 deepening occurred over much of the valley. At this near-equilibrium stage in the development of the cone, the amount of groundwater flowing into some surface streams was reported to be diminished and, in some places, flow was established from the stream channels to the water table. According to Wood, the water-level map shows differences in transmissivity between different areas and between different geologic units (Wood et al. 1972). The most obvious of these differences is a discontinuity in the hydraulic gradient at the contact between the carbonate rocks and the Precambrian crystalline rocks in the hills surrounding much of the valley. The permeability of the carbonate rocks is many times greater than that of the crystalline rocks. Mine pumping reportedly ceased in October 1983. Water levels were measured subsequently by R.E. Wright & Associates, Inc., of Middletown, Pennsylvania, to document their recovery. According to M.D. Brehm (personal communication, October 7, 1986),"the cone was considered to be filled or obliterated by May 1986. The site is about 0.5 mile within the boundary of an area on the map that is designated as not having been affected by mine pumping or where declines in water level caused by mine pumping were too small to be observed. From a water-budget analysis of the relationship of streamflow to groundwater movement during the period of prolonged mine pumping, it was concluded that all of the recharge to the mine occurred fiom the 46-square mile drainage area of Saucon Creek upstream from the groundwater divide (about 0.5 mile southwest of the former HMC site). Further, it was stated that the geologic conditions (permeability characteristics of the formations) in the basin were such that any water induced to flow across the basin divide by mine pumping would have to come from the Little Lehigh Basin, the next basin to the west, and flow under South Mountain, which separates the two. The conclusion regarding the possibility of groundwater flow under South Mountain probably was based in part on the interpretation of the subsurface geology as presented on the geologic cross sections of the Riegelsville Quadrangle in which the stratigraphic

2'26 AR305657 succession was reversed in overturned folds (Drake et al. 1967). However, during personal communications with Mr. Drake, he later changed his interpretation of the subsurface geology and now believes that the stratigraphic sequence is not reversed, but that thrust faulting was the major structural control. Regardless of the subsurface structural and stratigraphic conditions, it was stated finally that if groundwater was flowing under South Mountain toward the Saucon Creek Basin, the water table on the northwest side of South Mountain would slope toward Saucon Valley (Wood et al. 1972). In fact, the slope of the water table in April 1968 was away from Saucon Valley on the northwest side of South Mountain (Wood et al. 1972). A complete discussion of the site-specific hydrogeology and how it relates to the regional setting is included in section 3.6.

2.7 Demography and Land Use 2.7.1 Regional Setting Northampton County is located in the central eastern region of Pennsylvania. This region is known as the Lehigh Valley. Northampton County has a total area of 374 square miles. The Lehigh Valley is bordered by the Blue Mountains to the north, Delaware River to the east, and Lehigh Mountain Range (South Mountain) to the south. To the west, the plain breaks into low, rolling hills that rise to form a divide between lands drained by the Lehigh and Schuylkill Rivers. The region is located within 300 miles of the cities of Philadelphia, New York City, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., and Boston. The borough of Hellertown is located in Northampton County. Two major rivers, the Lehigh and Delaware, and their tributaries drain Northampton County. Saucon Creek, west of the former HMC site, flows in the southern part of the region, through Hellertown and Bethlehem, and drains into the Lehigh River. The entire county is within the Delaware River Basin.

2-27 ftR305658 The topography of the region ranges from elevations of 200 feet above MSL along some parts of the Lehigh and Delaware rivers to greater than 1,600 feet above MSL on the Blue Mountain and 1,000 feet above MSL on South Mountain. 2.7.2 Demographics According to the 1980 census, Northampton County has a population of 225,418 and a population density of 685 persons per square mile. The borough of Hellertown covers 1.4 square miles with a population of 6,025 and density of 4,034 persons per square mile. The general population profile of Hellertown is presented in Table 2-7. The population forecasts for the borough of Hellertown and Northampton County for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 are shown in Table 2-8. Small increases in population are projected for the borough of Hellertown and Northampton County. 2.7.3 Land Use The total land area covered by the Borough of Hellertown is 902 acres. The total land area of Northampton County is 243,043.8 acres. The existing land use in the borough of Hellertown for 1987 was 41.4 percent residential, 3.8 percent commercial, 2.0 percent industrial, 0.7 percent wholesale and warehousing, 23.7 percent transportation, communication, and utilities, 4.0 percent public and quasi-public, 16.2 percent parks and recreation, and 8.3 percent agricultural and vacant land. According to the borough planning office, all available land has been developed already in the borough of Hellertown, which will severely restrict any future land development. Land use in Northampton County has experienced moderate changes from 1972 to 1987. The changes in land use from 1972 to 1987 have been from 15.3 percent to 19.9 percent residential, 0.8 percent to 1.1 percent commercial, 2.4 percent to 2.7 percent industrial, 0.9 percent to 1.0 percent wholesale and warehousing, 6.5 percent to 6.6 percent transportation, communication, and utilities, 1.3 percent to 1.4 percent public and quasi public, 3.3 percent to 5.3 percent parks and recreation, and 69.4 percent to 61.9 percent agricultural and vacant land.

2"28 flR305659 Table 2-7

1980 Population Profile for Hellertown and Bethlehem (a)

Sex and Age Profile Hellertown Bethlehem Age in Years Total Female Total Female Under 18 1,289 637 15,389 7,533 18 to 64 3,878 2,029 44,992 22,687 65 & Over 878 515 10,038 6,100 Total 6,025 3,181 70,419 36,320

Racial Profile Hellertown Bethlehem Race Total % of Total Total % of Total White 5,981 99.3 66,342 94.2 Black 38 0.6 1,563 2.2 Other 6 0.1 2,514 3.6 Mean Annual Income Hellertown Bethlehem Race Income (S) Income (S) White 23,490 24,006 Black 8,085 16,346 Am. Indian, Eskimo, Aleut. 0 6,690 Asian/Pacific Is. 0 30,739 Spanish 22,441 14,468

Per Capita Income 8,018 7,556

Occupied Housing Units by Tenure by Year Household Moved Into Unit Hellertown Bethlehem Year Total Renter Total 1979 - 1980 311 240 4,429 1975 - 1978 336 153 6,519 1970 - 1974 278 63 3,548 1960 - 1969 413 30 4,546 1950 - 1959 561 20 4,036 1949 or earlier 413 15 3,095 a/ Source: 1980 U.S. Bureau of Census data.

5R305660 Table 2-8 Population Forecasts 1990-2020 (a)

Location 1990 2000 2010 2020

Hellertown 6,243 6,376 6,454 6,533 Northampton County 239,613 248,778 254,579 260,966

a/ Source: Joint Planning Commission, Lehigh-Northampton Counties. 1989. Lehigh Valley Profile & Trends.

AR30566J Land usage in the Northampton-Lehigh county region has also experienced minimal change since 1972. However, residential land increased from 14.9 percent in 1972 to 19.4 percent in 1987. The agricultural and vacant land use declined from 68.5 percent in 1972 to 61.4 percent in 1987. 2.7.4 Economy and Employment Manufacturing was once the largest source of employment in the Lehigh Valley, but has declined in recent years. The second and third largest sources were the services sector and retail trade. From 1974 to 1986, a 28.4 percent decrease in manufacturing occurred in Northampton and Lehigh counties. However, employment in the services sector increased from 16.9 percent in 1974 to 26.1 percent in 1986. Retail trade increased from 14.6 percent in 1974 to 17.3 percent in 1986. Other employment sectors that have increased are finance, insurance, and real estate. The major industrial employers in the region (400 employees or more) and the number of persons they employ are presented in Table 2-9. None of the major employers is located in the borough of Hellertown; however, five are located in the city of Bethlehem. These employers include Bethlehem Steel Corp., Burron Medical Inc., Durkee Famous Foods, Fuller Co., and Sure Fit Products Co. The employment forecast for Lehigh and Northampton counties by type of industry and number of employees for the years 1990, 2000, and 2010 is presented in Table 2-10. 2.7.5 Waste Disposal and Wastewater Treatment Sanitary waste generated in the borough of Hellertown, including the former HMC site, is treated at the Bethlehem Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant. The average daily flow of sewage to the Bethlehem plant is 12.14 mgd. The maximum treatment capacity of the Bethlehem plant is 15.50 mgd. Solid waste generated by the borough of Hellertown is disposed at the Bethlehem City Landfill. The volume of waste disposed ranges from 320 to 450 tons per month, depending on the time of year. Solid waste generators include residential, municipal, commercial, and industrial sources. 2-31 SR305662 Table 2-9 Major Industrial Employers in Lehigh and Northampton Counties (a)

Company Municipality Employees AT&T Technologies/Bell Labs. Allentown 4,344 Air Products & Chemicals Inc. U. Macungie 3,976 Alpo Pet Foods, Inc. S. Whitehall 750 Bell & Howell Hanover 710 Bethlehem Steel Corp. Bethlehem 6,485 Binney & Smith Inc. Forks 800 Burron Medical Inc. Bethlehem 733 Call Chronicle Newspapers Inc. Allentown 812 Cross Country Clothes Northampton 750 Day-Timers Inc. L. Macungie 1,230 Durkee Famous Foods/SCM Corp. Bethlehem 400 Fuller Co. Bethlehem, 822 Catasauqua, Allentown Grief Co./Genesco Inc. Hanover 800 James River/ Dixie Northern Inc. Forks 800 Kraft Inc. U. Macungie 1,028 Mack Printing Co. Easton 658 Mack Trucks Inc. Allentown, 2,800 L. Macungie Paris Accessories, Inc. Walnutport 550 Rodale Press Inc. Emmaus 1,080 Scotty's Fashions Cutting Inc. Pen Argyl 505 Stanley-Vidmar Inc. U. Macungie 556 Stroh Brewery U. Macungie 583 Sure Fit Products Co. Bethlehem 450 Tarkett Inc. Whitehall 511 Victaulic Co. of America Forks, 1,000 Palmer a/ Source: Joint Planning Commission, Lehigh-Northampton Counties. 1989. Lehigh Vallev Profile & Trends.

SR305663 Table 2-10

Lehigh and Northampton Counties Employment Forecast (a)

% of Total Sector 1990 2000 2010 1990-2010

Agriculture, 2,675 2,843 2,974 1 mining Construction 8,025 8,529 8,922 3 Manufacturing 66,891 71,077 74,360 25 Transportation, 13,377 14,215 14,872 5 public utilities Wholesale trade 13,377 14,215 14,872 5 Retail trade 42,808 45,489 47,595 16 Finance, insurance, 18,734 19,903 20,821 7 real estate

Services 77,590 82,449 86,257 29 Government 24.075 25.587 26.766 10

Total 267,552 284,307 297,439 100

a/ Source: Joint Planning Commission, Lehigh-Northampton Counties. 1989. Lehigh Valley Profiles & Trends. 2.7.6 Natural Resources Natural resources in the vicinity of the site include Saucon Creek, which drains into the Lehigh River. It is used recreationally for trout fishing, and is an approved trout stream. It is stocked with Rainbow, Brown, and Brook trout biannually by the Pennsylvania Fish Commission. In 1989, Saucon Creek was stocked in late April and May. Saucon Creek flows through Saucon Park, part of the city of Bethlehem. Saucon Park is used for fishing, field sports, and pool swimming, and its southern end is located about 1,000 feet northwest of the former HMC site. Groundwater is used in the borough of Hellertown as a municipal water supply. The borough obtains its water primarily from 14 springs in the Polk Valley area (Figure 2-1). Water from the springs flows into a one million gallon reservoir approximately 1 mile southeast of Hellertown. The borough uses two water supply wells on an alternating basis as a backup water source in emergency situations, for example, when the reservoir is low. The water supply wells have not been used since March 1989. These two wells were sampled and analyzed per EPA in May 1990. According to Dave Riegel, Water Superintendent for the borough of Hellertown, no volatile organic compounds were detected and all inorganics detected were within regulatory limits (personal communication 1991). There are no private wells in the borough of Hellertown. All borough residents use municipal water. The city of Bethlehem uses two impounded reservoirs as a main water source. The reservoirs are located 22 miles north of the city, each receives water from 5 different streams. Tunkhannock Creek, located 9 miles north of the reservoirs, is used as a backup water supply. Water from the reservoirs flows by gravity to the city. The reservoirs supply Bethlehem and 10 surrounding communities. Residents in the city use city-supplied water; however, there are a few residents southwest and west of the former HMC site that have private wells. There are many species of concern in Northampton and Lehigh counties that are either threatened, endangered, vulnerable, or status undetermined. These include a variety

2-34 5R305665 of plants, invertebrates, fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals (Table 2-11). Based on a review of these species, the Bridle Shiner fish is the only species of concern that is found in the vicinity of the site. The Bridle Shiner is found in Saucon Creek and is considered a vulnerable species. The vulnerable classification indicates the species is not endangered or threatened, but may become endangered because it exists only in one or a few restricted geographic areas or habitats within Pennsylvania, or it occurs in low numbers over a relatively broad area of the commonwealth, or although it is relatively abundant, it is particularly susceptible to certain types of exploitation or environmental modification. According to the information received from the Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory (1988), the Pennsylvania Fish Commission (1988), and the Pennsylvania Game Commission (1989), there are no confirmed records of any threatened or endangered species on or in the vicinity of the former HMC site. There are several historic features listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Northampton and Lehigh counties. None is located in Hellertown. There are eight historic features located in the city of Bethlehem; however, none is located near the former HMC site. A narrow band of wetlands was identified west of the former HMC site near Saucon Creek. A detailed discussion of the wetlands is presented in Section 3.7. The 100- year and 500-year flood plains are also presented in Section 3.7 of this report.

2.8 Ecology The former HMC site is located in the lower watershed of the Lehigh River in the Delaware River basin of Pennsylvania. Saucon Creek is the nearest stream to the site (approximately 600 feet west of the site). Saucon Creek joins the Lehigh River approximately 2 miles north of the site. The portion of Saucon Creek west of the former HMC site has been classified as a cold water fisheries stream in accordance with the Pennsylvania Clean Streams Law.

2"35 flR305666 Table 2-11

Species of Concern Northampton and Lehigh Counties (a)

Species Status Location Habitat

Plants River band Endangered Northampton Gravelly mud or sand quillwort wet meadows, moderate shrub cover streams, wet meadows Spreading Endangered Northampton, Same as above globe flower Lehigh Kalm's lobelia Endangered Northampton Same as above

Invertebrates Dwarf skimmer Vulnerable Lehigh Forested/open terrain Black dash Vulnerable Lehigh Broad/ boggy streams

Fishes Bridle shiner Vulnerable Lehigh River, Clear slow waters Saucon Creek Bow fin Undetermined Lehigh River Varied Fourspine Undetermined Lehigh River Weed beds of streams stickleback

Reptiles Bog turtle Endangered Northampton, Shallow water, marshy meadows Lehigh Eastern Undetermined Northampton Sandy river bottoms hognose snake

Birds Upland Threatened Northampton Agricultural areas sandpiper Bobwhite Vulnerable Northampton Fields, woods Barn owl Vulnerable Northampton Agricultural areas Red-headed Vulnerable Northampton, Decidous forest near water woodpecker Lehigh Eastern Vulnerable Northampton, Rural country Bluebird Lehigh

4R305667 Table 2-11 (continued) Species of Concern Northampton and Lehigh Counties (a)

Birds (continued) Grasshopper Vulnerable Northampton, Grassy, weedy fields sparrow Lehigh Vesper Vulnerable Northampton, Dry, weedy fields Sparrow - Lehigh Least Undetermined Northampton Woodlands Bobolink Undetermined Northampton, Large fields Flycatcher Lehigh

Mammals Eastern woodrat Threatened Lehigh Broken rock, limestone caves Keen's little Vulnerable Northampton Mines, caves brown bat Maryland shrew Undetermined Lehigh Wet meadows Coyote Undetermined Lehigh Second growth woodland

a/ Source: Schmid & Company. 1990. Wetlands Identification at the Hellertown Site. City of Bethlehem, Northampton County, Pennsylvania.

AR305668 An ecological investigation conducted by Schmid & Company of the area between the western boundary of the former HMC site and the eastern bank of Saucon Creek indicates the presence of five categories of vegetation and land cover consisting of two wetland types and three upland types (Schmidt & Company 1990). The categories are wetlands deciduous scrub, herbaceous marsh, upland deciduous forest, oldfield, and developed land. A narrow band of wetlands was identified west of the site and adjacent to Saucon Creek. Principal plants identified in the Wetlands Deciduous Scrub are the facultative wet shrubs, silky dogwood, and red osier dogwood. The principal plants in the Herbaceous Marsh are the obligate hydrophytes, Frank's sedge and purple-leaved willow-herb. Mammals identified in the study area west of the former HMC site during the investigation by Schmid & Company include white-tailed deer, eastern cottontail, and wood chuck. Bird species observed include northern junco, white-throated sparrow, American crow, mourning dove, and song sparrow. No reptile or amphibian species was observed in the study area.

2 - 38 AR305669 References

Aaron, J.M. 1969. Petrology and origin of the Hardyston Quartzite (Lower Cambrian) in eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey, in. Subitzky, S., (ed.), Geology of selected areas in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania and guidebook of excursions: Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ. Brehm, M.D. R.E. Wright & Associates, Inc., personal communication with Mr. Robert Schneider of ESC, October 7, 1986. Drake, A.A., Jr. 1969. Precambrian and lower Paleozoic geology of the Delaware Valley, New Jersey-Pennsylvania, jn. Subitzky, S., (ed.), Geology of selected areas in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania and guidebook of excursions: Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ. Drake, A.A., Jr. USGS, personal communication with Mr. Robert Schneider of ESC, May 23, 1990 and June 5, 1990. Drake, A.A., Jr., McLaughlin, D.B., and Davis, R.E. 1967. Geologic map of the Riegelsville Quadrangle, Pennsylvania-New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Map GQ-593. Fournier, M. 1990. Joint Planning Commission Lehigh-Northampton Counties, personal communication with Ms. Lisa K. Bryda of ESC. Genoways and Brenner (eds.). 1985. Species of Special Concern in Pennsylvania, Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 11, Pittsburgh, PA. Joint Planning Commission, Lehigh-Northampton Counties. 1989. Lehigh Valley Profile and Trends, March. Miller, B.L., Fraser, D.M, and Miller, R.L. 1939. Northampton County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Fourth Series, County Report 48. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 1988. Local climatological data, annual summary with comparative data. Allentown, Pennsylvania. NOAA, 1950-1988. Relative humidity data for Allentown, Pennsylvania. Parker, G.G., Healy, AG., Keighton, W.B., Olmsted, F.H., and others. 1964. Water resources of the Delaware River Basin. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 381. Pennsylvania Fish Commission. 1988. Letter to Mr. Freudenberger of ESC discussing the absence of endangered or threatened species in the area of the former HMC site. December 2. Pennsylvania Game Commission. 1989. Fish and Wildlife data base, Fish and wildlife species likely to occur in the Hellertown Quadrangle, Northampton County area. Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory. 1988. Letter to Mr. Freudenberger of ESC stating that they have no records of species of special concern occurring in the project area. December 9.

2-39 AR305670 Riegel, D. Superintendent for the Borough of Hellertown, personal communication with Ms. Lisa Bryda of ESC, May 10, 1991. Schmid & Company. 1990. Wetlands Identification at the Hellertown Site. City of Bethlehem, Northampton County, Pennsylvania. Staley, Larry R.. 1974. Soil Survey of Northampton county Pennsylvania. United States Department of Agricultural Soil Conservation Service, Pennsylvania State University College of Agriculture and Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources State Conservation Commission, page 120, plate 53. U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1980. Allentown-Bethlehem- Easton, PA. Wood, C.R., Flippo, H.N, Jr., Lescinsky, J.B, and Barker, J.L. 1972. Water Resources of Lehigh County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Water Resources Report 31, Fourth Series. Wood, C.R. USGS, personal communication with Ms. Lisa Bryda of ESC, April 1990.

2'40 AR30567I 3.0 Study Area Investigations 3.1 Topography and Surface Features The former HMC site occupies approximately 8.75 acres, with the plant offices and parking lot occupying approximately 4.6 acres. The open undeveloped or filled-in area, including the area where the former lagoons were located, is approximately 1.9 acres. The remainder of the site consists of outdoor storage. Existing structures at the site include a two-story brick building containing offices, storage space, and process areas; four basins located in the south central portion of the site; a wastewater treatment basin and two sludge drying beds; and a metal building adjacent to the main plant building. Surrounding the main building on the northern and western sides is an asphalt parking lot. The parking lot extends from the northeast entrance gate to approximately 220 feet west of the plant buildings. The remaining western portion of the site consists of a grass-covered area bordered by a small strip of woods and railroad tracks. A chain-link fence surrounds the property except along the eastern end, where the fence joins the building. Along the western and most of the southern boundaries, a gravel road was constructed to gain access to the western end of the property. Surface features of the former HMC site are shown on Figure 3-1. An aerial photograph was taken of the study area in October 1989 to prepare a detailed topographic map. This map is presented as Plate A Ground truth measurements were also made in order to verify the aerial photographic coverage. The elevation of the site ranges from 309 feet above mean sea level (MSL) along the eastern margin of the site, and declines westward to 269 feet above MSL along the western margin of the property. Overall, the site slopes to the west with a 2.3 percent grade. The site is located in the borough of Hellertown, Pennsylvania. Saucon Creek, a moderate size stream, is located approximately 600 feet west of the western property line.

AR305672

3.2 Contaminant Source Investigations Investigations into the source of contamination at the former HMC site have been underway since 1984 when groundwater was found to be contaminated. All available plant records have been reviewed, and former employees interviewed. It is assumed that the former lagoons are the major source of contamination at the former HMC site. These lagoons received treated wastewater from approximately 1950 through 1975 and essentially acted as settling and infiltration ponds. Little information was recorded on the volume, types, and concentrations of the material discharged to the lagoons. Therefore, extensive field investigations have been performed in the vicinity of the lagoons to obtain as much information as possible. The results of these investigations will be used to determine the most feasible means of remediating the site. Five lagoons were located on the western portion of the site. Between 1976 and 1977, these lagoons were backfilled with various materials such as cement blocks, soil, and road demolition debris, and the wastewater was allowed to seep into the ground. Currently, asphalt covers most of the area where lagoons 1 and 5 were located, and grass covers the area where the other lagoons were located. The dimensions of each lagoon were included in an inventory prepared in 1970 (Table 3-1). However, the exact amounts of waste discharged to the lagoons have not been established. The available data about the volumes of waste discharged are contained in the lagoon inventory report prepared by Gilbert Associates, Inc., for HMC (Gilbert Associates, Inc. 1970). Solids generated by the initial wastewater treatment system have been estimated to be approximately 50 cubic yards monthly. In 1971, the system was upgraded on the request of the PADER, and sludge drying beds were installed. Flows to the lagoon systems have been reported between 10 and 62 gallons per minute (gpm). Documentation suggests that the plant operated an average flow of 12 hours per day. The upgraded wastewater treatment system produced approximately 27 cubic feet of sludge daily. The chemical and physical nature of the material discharged to the lagoons varied over time. Generally, the wastes sent to the lagoon system consisted of metal-forming, 3-3 AR30567U oO"">«no •»>• TJ- ?5T S2Cs2 52C ® ^ . ^ i—i ^ O oo O V) ~" (N* O Z

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ra i g ^f ia "S o parts-washing, and metal-finishing wastes. The bluing salts used in high-temperature bluing before 1951 consisted of sodium and potassium nitrates and nitrites. Oily alkaline wastes and acid wastes were also part of the rinsewater produced from processes inside the former HMC plant. Between 1953 and 1959, the bluing process was replaced with a low-temperature blackening process. This process involved using sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, and caustic soda. Proprietary materials used to prevent iron precipitation were also involved. Wastes from these processes probably included oily alkaline wastes and acid wastes from parts washing and highly alkaline wastes from the blackening operation. These were routed to the former lagoon system. In 1959, the low-temperature blackening process was replaced with a cyanide-based zinc electroplating process. The electroplating process resulted in a change in waste types discharged to the lagoons. Acid wastes, zinc, hexavalent chromium, trivalent chromium, and cyanide-containing wastes from metal pretreatment and treatment were discharged to the lagoons. Around 1965, HMC voluntarily installed a wastewater treatment system that would treat cyanide and hexavalent chromium. All of the wastes generated until 1965 were discharged to lagoons 1 through 4. Around 1966, lagoon 5 was constructed to receive the discharges from lagoon 4. Between 1971 and 1972, the wastewater treatment system was upgraded again. From that time until approximately 1975, the plant effluent was routed gradually to the treatment unit instead of the lagoons. In 1975, no more wastewaters were being discharged to the lagoons. Treatment occurred in steel tanks and concrete-lined sumps. Treated wastewater was discharged to the municipal sanitary sewer system, and treated sludges were dewatered in a concrete-lined drying bed and hauled offsite to the Chrin Landfill in Easton, Pennsylvania. The investigations that have been performed in relation to determining specific details on contaminant sources are numerous. Gilbert Associates, prepared a lagoon inventory specifying physical details of the lagoons and a report in 1975 for the PADER AR305676 3-5 detailing an impoundment sampling study at the site (Gilbert Associates, Inc., 1975). Various soil boring programs were conducted in 1984, 1986, and 1987 by several consultants for HMC to define subsurface environmental conditions at the former HMC site. Also, seven monitoring wells were installed during this period to evaluate groundwater quality. A large volume of data has been produced from sampling the various media since 1984. In February 1988, Champion Spark Plug Company and the EPA mutually agreed to conduct an Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) at the former HMC site. Environmental Strategies Corporation (ESC) was retained by Champion to perform this RI/FS. An RI/FS workplan was prepared that outlined the additional investigations to further define the location, extent, and volume of contaminants previously identified at the site. Additional samples were collected from the lagoon areas to confirm whether they are the contaminant sources. A grid pattern was developed for sampling the lagoons so that areas previously sampled would not be duplicated. Samples were collected from specific zones, if present, in each boring, including the fill material, residual lagoon sediments ("sludge"), sediments immediately below the residual sediments, and natural sediments below the latter two zones. Also, samples were collected at 5-foot intervals and analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Further details on the locations, number, and results of the soil boring program are discussed in section 3.4. Additional investigations into other potential source areas on the former HMC site conducted during the RI included soil sampling at depth within the present and past underground storage tank areas. Four of the five steel underground storage tanks were located previously near the northeastern corner of the manufacturing building near the catastrophic spill tanks (Figure 3-2, Area C). These four steel tanks were relocated near the southwest corner of the building (Area A). The fifth tank was located south of the manufacturing building (Area B). As part of the RI, the five underground tanks were to be tested for integrity.

However, Champion Spark Plug officials decided to remove the tanks instead. In August 1990, an investigation began to sample the contents of the tanks, dispose of the contents, 3-6 AR305677 8 U

Io I- g

AR305678 and remove the tanks. The 1,000-gallon stoddard solvent tank (Figure 3-2) was removed, and no contamination was found to be present in the excavation. The remaining four tanks (two 20,000-gallon tanks for no. 2 fuel oil; one 10,000- gallon tank for no. 2 fuel oil; and one 10,000-gallon tank for machine oil [12 CM Mobil oil]) were closed in place because no soil contamination was found and their proximity to the manufacturing building might have resulted in structural damage if the tanks were removed. A complete discussion regarding the underground tank closure and removal processes is included in the report titled "Underground Storage Tank Closure Report for the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Site" (ESC 1991). There was an additional underground tank system for the control and storage of catastrophic spills from the electroplating area. This tank system was located near the northeastern corner of the plant building, in the same general area as the other underground tanks (Figure 3-2). The system consisted of several 1,000-gallon concrete tanks connected to valved drains in the electroplating area. Thus, if a large spill occurred, it could be directed to the containment tanks. According to HMC officials, however, the system was never used and the tanks were abandoned in place. Another potential source of contamination is an equipment wash area located southwest of the manufacturing building (Figure 3-2). This area is filled with gravel and was used to wash equipment and to receive spillage associated with filling the underground tanks. Soil borings were drilled and soil samples were collected downgradient from each underground tank area and from the equipment wash area to determine if they are potential sources of contamination of the subsurface environment. The details and results of these investigations are presented in section 3.4.

3.3 Geological Investigations Previous geological investigations at the former HMC site have included the installation of numerous soil borings and groundwater monitoring wells. All of the wells and borings have provided detailed information on the geologic formations at the site. The hydrogeologic information derived from the field work is important for understanding the influence and relationship between the hydrogeology and the occurrence of groundwater contamination, specifically on the movement of groundwater contaminants. The hydrogeologic data base has evolved continually because the investigations were conducted in discrete phases over a period of several years. In December 1984 and January 1985, four groundwater monitoring wells were installed at the site (CSP-1 through CSP-4, Figure 3-3) primarily to assess the potential for groundwater impairment. The boring logs for the wells are provided in Appendix A. The four wells provided preliminary information concerning the geology beneath portions of the site as well as the general groundwater flow direction. ESC implemented a field investigation in June 1986 that involved the installation of 19 soil borings and the collection of 87 soil samples. Data were obtained on the stratigraphy of the unconsolidated materials overlying the bedrock, the depth to bedrock, subsurface configuration of the lagoons, and distribution of fill materials. Preliminary geologic cross-sections were constructed on the basis of the soil data gathered during the field investigation. These cross-sections are included in Appendix B. Five additional groundwater monitoring wells were installed at the site in January and February 1987. The five wells (CSP-5A,B,C, CSP-6, and CSP-7, Figure 3-3) were installed to assess groundwater quality along the western perimeter of the property. Boring logs for these additional wells are also included in Appendix A. During this phase of well installation, six additional soil borings were drilled to collect soil samples and delineate the subsurface geology downgradient of the underground storage tanks and within lagoon 1. The RI, conducted in several phases, was initiated by ESC in November 1989. It consisted, in part, of the installation of 71 soil borings in the lagoon, underground tank, and former equipment wash areas. Of the 65 soil borings installed in the lagoon area, 29 were multiple attempts because the initial boring encountered refusal at a very shallow 3-9 s I s if w «

2o O§ go « g '

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5R30568I Hi depth. Six other borings were completed onsite in the three underground tank locations and the former equipment wash area. The soil borings drilled during the RI provided additional information regarding the subsurface geology at the site, with particular emphasis on the. formations just below the lagoons. Twelve additional groundwater monitoring wells (CSP-8 through CSP-19, Figure 3-3) were installed during the RI to assess the hydrogeologic characteristics and groundwater quality of the surficial unconsolidated materials and the bedrock. Four groundwater monitoring wells were installed on the site property. These consisted of two pairs, CSP-8/CSP-9 and CSP-10/CSP-ll, with the screens set at different depths. Of the eight offsite wells, three (CSP-12, CSP-13, and CSP-14) were installed west of the site along the Conrail property line, and the fourth (CSP-15) was installed north of the site on the Department of Transportation property. The remaining four offsite groundwater wells (two pairs, each consisting of a shallow and deep well) were installed west of the site, along the eastern bank of Saucon Creek. These wells (CSP-16/CSP-18 and CSP-17/CSP-19) were intended to provide information on the nature of the groundwater discharging into Saucon Creek, expand the understanding of the groundwater flow system in the shallow and deeper portions of the aquifer, and provide information about the geology near Saucon Creek. The geologic investigations for the RI also included a review of the literature on the geology and hydrology of the surrounding area, reconnaissance examination of nearby rock outcrops, and interview with A.A. Drake of the USGS who has conducted the most recent large-scale geologic mapping in the Hellertown area. Mr. Drake also permitted ESC personnel to examine his unpublished manuscript geologic map of the Hellertown quadrangle (1:24,000 scale). Information gathered from this research is included in this section and in section 2.0. The subsurface geology of the site, based on the soil boring and well drilling data, is consistent with the interpretations of Miller et al., 1939. The bedrock beneath the site has been classified as the Tomstown Formation which is stratigraphically equivalent to the

3- 11 HR305682 Leithsville Formation (Drake et al. 1967). Overlying the bedrock is a mantle of undifferentiated alluvium and colluvium which has a variable thickness. Although it is difficult for the most part to differentiate the alluvium and colluvium, the types of sediments comprising each can be identified. These sediments are consistent with those described for the region (section 2.0). The alluvium under the site consists mainly of mixtures of silt and clay that are interlayered. The textures commonly range from clayey silt to silty clay. In places, however, the alluvium includes beds of mostly fine and some medium sand and small amounts of fine gravel. Usually, with depth, . also includes increasing amounts of rock fragments, mostly limestone, dolomite, and sericitic or phyllitic schist or shale. Only locally do the sediments appear to be distinctly stratified or laminated. The alluvium varies from brown to orange-brown, reddish brown, and grayish brown, but locally it may be gray or greenish gray. The colluvium is a mixture of mostly silts, clays, and minor amounts of fine to medium sand and scattered weathered rock fragments, including mostly sericitic or phyllitic schist or shale and limestone and dolomite. The silts and clays are similar to those in the alluvium. Locally, the mixture may consist of almost equal volumes of clay/silt and angular gravel-sized rock fragments. The thickness of the mantle of undifferentiated alluvium and colluvium cannot be defined precisely because it overlies a buried, undulating surface that was eroded or excavated (during lagoon construction) into the underlying saprolite at the top of the Leithsville Formation. Also, the lower boundary of the mantle is difficult to identify precisely in boreholes because the materials comprising it were derived from the underlying saprolite. In general, the apparent thickness of the mantle ranges from zero on the eastern side of the site (monitoring wells CSP-1, CSP-8, and CSP-9), to a maximum of about 41 feet (well CSP-3) on the western side.

3-12 SR305683 The saprolite (weathered bedrock) encountered in the boreholes across the site is present just below the surface in the eastern portion, occurring at 4 feet below grade near monitoring well CSP-9. From east to west, the saprolite occurs at greater depths as a result of excavation for the former lagoons and the natural westward slope of the surface of the bedrock. An east-west geologic cross section, based on field observations from drilling the boreholes for the monitoring wells, was prepared. Its location is shown in plan-view in Figure 3-3, and the cross section is shown in Figure 3-4. Although the saprolite has definable lithologic characteristics depending on the parent rock from which it was derived, it is not considered a stratigraphic unit because it is a weathered phase of the parent rock (Leithsville Formation). It is shown in the cross section (Figure 3-4) only for illustrative purposes. The saprolite consists predominantly of silty clay with interbedded zones of fissile schist, which is in part phyllitic and chloritic. The contact between the saprolite and underlying bedrock is gradational and difficult to distinguish. This is shown on the cross section (Figure 3-4) as a queried dashed line because the contact is not readily apparent from the drilling observations. This gradational contact was chosen based on the differences in lithology and rock fabric noted in the boring logs. The sericitic phyllite is a descriptive term used here as well as in the boring logs and various literature based on field observations and textural and lithologic features. However, according to Drake, these field terms are technically invalid based on numerous laboratory analyses by x-ray diffraction techniques (Drake 1990). The saprolite grades downward into a highly weathered phyllitic schist, in part chloritic, interbedded with dolomite. The stratification is more apparent at depth as a result of the decrease in weathering. Weathering processes have obscured the rock fabric near the surface of the bedrock. The schist in places appears to be composed of dark green layers of mica suggestive of a "chloritic" schist. The phyllitic schist is comprised of fine-grained dark to light gray fissile siltstone. When wet, the phyllite has a lustrous appearance and, in places, a greasy feel similar to that of talc. Often the phyllite sI I— 0^) NOIIVA313 S-^ § s3 C^J \\ P o o o> 9 i u

AR305685 contains surfaces with slickensides (smooth striated surface resulting from friction between rock surfaces), and the "chloritic" schist locally contains a well developed cleavage (break along a planar surface). The cleavage and presence of slickensides indicate a shear zone along which faulting and deformation have occurred. The phyllitic schist and dolomite grade gradually to an interbedded light gray limestone and phyllitic schist with orange-brown dolomite, which in turn grades into a light gray to blue-gray hard limestone. This limestone varies in thickness across the site; however, in the boreholes onsite, it was found to be approximately 10 to 20 feet thick. The limestone is very competent, and drilling often slowed when the more competent limestone was encountered. Generally, the outer steel casing for the deeper wells was anchored into this more competent limestone to effectively seal off the sediments above. Below the hard bluish gray to light gray limestone, a friable, yellowish brown, soft sandstone was encountered. The yellowish brown sandstone was interbedded with scattered thin beds and laminae of gray phyllitic shale. The sandstone can be traced across the site, and the elevations of the upper contact between the sandstone and the overlying bluish gray limestone are almost horizontal to slightly undulating. The upper boundary could not be identified precisely during drilling; however, data on the approximate elevation of this boundary and the thickness of the sandy strata are presented in Table 3-2. During installation of the wells near Saucon Creek, sandstone was encountered at similar elevations to well CSP-5C, onsite (Table 3-2). This sandstone is not homogeneous and had several lenses of dolomite or phyllitic schist. In areas where sandstone is the dominant rock type under the site, the bed(s) is(are) probably one or more lens(es) of the type described by Miller from outcrops (Miller et al. 1939). The sandstone was often described as sucrosic (sugar-like texture) with a brecciated (angular broken rock) fabric. The breccia-like character of the sandstone suggests that it was deformed, possibly by faulting, while the sucrosic texture possibly a result of dissolution by groundwater.

3- 15 ftR305686 Table 3-2

Approximate Elevation of the Top of the Sandstone Strata Beneath the HMC Site

Monitoring Approximate Elevation Thickness Wen Top of Sandstone (n\pft (a) Penetrated (ft)

CSP-5C 189 10 CSP-9 215 >5 CSP-1 1 218 10 CSP-12 (b) 218 4

CSP-13 (b) 209 5 10 CSP-14 203 >15 CSP-15 223 >18 CSP-18 178 >20 CSP-19 184 >30 a/ msl s mean sea level b/ There were two occurrences of the sandstone strata in these borings

5R305S87 The character of the rocks underlying the site is similar to the character observed in rock outcrops of the Leithsville Formation. The Leithsville Formation can be seen at a nearby outcrop that was described by Miller (Miller et al. 1939). Both the rock types present at the former HMC site and the outcrop are similar and display such deformational features as mylonitized (shear zone) fabrics and good cleavage (realignment of platy mineral grains in a planar fashion). Another significant deformational feature exhibited by the outcrop is the alternation of sheared Leithsville Formation and Precambrian granite gneiss, separated by thrust faults. These types of features are indicative of ductile deformation, which is consistent with the "soft" rock types being deformed. Breccia-like fabrics were noted in the sandstone, which would tend to deform in a more brittle manner.

3.4 Soil Investigation Program Several soil and sediment investigations have been performed in the former lagoon area at the former HMC site. The scope of these investigations was to delineate and describe the residual sediments ("sludges") in the lagoons and the sediment beneath the lagoons. A brief description of the historical investigations follows along with a more thorough account of the sampling performed during the RI. In June 1986, 87 soil samples were collected from 19 borings on the former HMC site. The logs describing these borings are included in Appendix C. Thirty-one samples were selected for laboratory analysis for total metals, extraction procedure toxicity characteristics, organic priority pollutants, and conventionals (fluoride, nitrate as N, sulfate as SO., total phenolics, and total cyanide). The results are presented in Appendix D. In February 1987, six additional borings (Appendix C) were drilled at the former HMC site to continue investigations into the waste types in the former lagoon areas. A total of 34 samples were collected from the borings. The samples were screened in the field for VOCs using a photoionization detector (PID). Based on the PID readings, three samples were selected for laboratory analysis for VOCs. The laboratory, results are presented in Appendix D.

3- 17 RR305688 The above investigations were performed before the listing of the former HMC site on the National Priorities List. The previous investigations have been documented in the ESC report entitled "Phase I Remedial Investigation Report, Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility" (April 22, 1988). The data from these historical investigations were not used during the RI because quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures cannot be confirmed. As part of the RI, 65 borings were attempted in the former lagoon areas between December 13, 1989, and January 23, 1990. However, only 36 borings completely penetrated the fill materia because of auger refusal at many locations. A total of 101 samples were collected from the 36 borings. The borings were drilled using an auger rig equipped with 8-inch inner diameter hollow stem augers. During drilling, continuous split-spoon samples were collected ahead of the augers. The locations of the completed borings and previously installed borings (1986-1987) are shown on Figure 3-5. Plate A is a survey showing- the locations of all attempted and completed borings. Figure 3-6 shows only boring locations completed to the desired depth in the former lagoon areas during the RI. Boring logs for the RI are included in Appendix E. Soil samples were obtained at 5-foot intervals for laboratory analysis for VOCs. If sufficient soil recovery was obtained in the split spoon, a portion was screened in the field for VOCs using a gas chromatograph. The objective of the field screening was to limit the number of "clean" samples submitted for laboratory analysis. All field-screened samples that showed greater than 100 ug/kg of VOCs were submitted for laboratory analysis. Fifty percent of the field samples with 10 ug/kg to 100 ug/kg of VOCs also were submitted for laboratory analysis during the first 2 weeks of sampling. After the first 2 weeks, 10 percent of field samples with 10 ug/kg to 100 ug/kg VOCs were submitted to the laboratory. Finally, 10 percent of field screened samples with 0 ug/kg to 10 ug/kg of VOCs were submitted for laboratory analysis. Previous investigations identified what was thought to be a "sludge" layer within the lagoons. It was also assumed that a liner was present at the base of each lagoon.

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R30569 However, according to the lagoon inventory report, the lagoons were dredged periodically (Gilbert Associates, Inc. 1970). In addition, based on reports from Champion officials, the berms and base of each lagoon were dredged during final closure. The liquids in the lagoons were allowed to seep into the lagoon materials, and backfill was placed into the lagoons. Fill material encountered during drilling borings within the lagoon areas consisted of concrete blocks, asphalt, spark plugs, bricks, gravel, silt, and clay. Based on a review of the field data and cross sections of the lagoons, ESC developed categories for the materials in and around the lagoons. The material previously described as "sludge" and those categories described in the RI Workplan have been renamed (ESC I989a). The following categories are used throughout the remainder of this report: 1) fill material, 2) residual lagoon sediments, 3) sediments immediately below residual lagoon sediments, and 4) natural sediments. The base of the lagoons was estimated based on the occurrence of natural sediments and the types of materials encountered. The cross sections depicting the various sediments encountered within the former lagoon areas are presented in Figures 3-7 through 3-10. The locations of the borings for the cross sections are shown in Figure 3-5. The "lithologic" descriptions are broadly based and encompass all sediment types encountered. The predominant sediment and color were used for descriptions. Residual lagoon sediments were not encountered in all borings. Weathered bedrock or saprolite was encountered in several borings and is shown on each cross section. Also, the first occurrence of moisture is indicated on the cross sections. The cross sections are useful for developing a conceptual model of the water table and groundwater flow within the lagoon areas. The upper 5 to 25 feet consisted of fill containing various amounts of concrete blocks, cinder blocks, boulders, spark plugs, ash, slag, and bricks. These materials were combined with gray/brown silt and clay fill apparently used when closing the lagoons. A sewer-type odor was noted in many of the samples collected from this layer. It has been reported by Champion officials that up to 60,000 cubic yards of fill for the lagoons were

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ft/1305696 obtained from the construction of the new publically-owned treatment work facility for the city of Bethlehem (HMC 1976). The fill material appears to penetrate most of the depth of the former lagoons. Little or no residual lagoon sediments were identified. Material that resembled residual sediments ("sludge") consisted predominantly of a slurry of brown to black silt and rock fragments. This material rests on what is assumed to be the bases of the lagoons which consist of natural sediments similar to those found in the borings for the upgradient wells (CSP-8 and CSP-9). The natural sediments generally are comprised of yellow-brown to gray silt and clay with varying amounts of mica (highly weathered phyllitic schist or shale). Samples collected from the designated zones were analyzed for the parameters listed in Table 3-3. Discussions related to the results are presented in sections 3.4.1 through 3.4.6. Only compounds found above detection limits in one or more samples are included in the data tables. Originally, as described in the RI Workplan, the "sludge" samples were to be labeled with the prefix LW, and all other samples collected in the lagoons were to be labeled LS (ESC 1989a). This procedure was followed in the field; however, on further examination of descriptions of lagoon samples, the materials within the lagoon have been recategorized as described above. Therefore, the sample labels listed in the data tables presented in this report do not necessarily correlate with the LW and LS designation. Five percent of the samples were duplicated. Also, 5 percent of the samples collected were analyzed as matrix spike and matrix spike duplicates. One Shelby tube sample was collected from the sediments beneath or within each lagoon and was analyzed for various physical parameters. A Shelby tube sample was not collected from beneath lagoon 1 because of the difficulty encountered in penetrating the fill materials. To relate the sediments found in potentially contaminated areas onsite to somewhat natural conditions, background soil samples were collected. The sample labeled BG-1 was collected from the boring for well CSP-8, located near the southeastern corner of the property. The remaining three samples were collected from shallow borings installed on the eastern portion of the site. 3-26 AR305697 Table 3-3

Analytical Parameters for Lagoon Soil Samples Hellertown Manufacturing Company Site December 1989 to January 1990

Medium Field Measurements Laboratory Analyses Soils Volatile Organic TCL Volatile Organics Compounds (Headspace TCL BNA Extractables Method) TAL Metals Fluoride Nitrate Sulfate BTU (a) Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) (a) Soils in Shelby Tube Permeability Porosity Percent Moisture BTU Bacteria Count Density a/ BTU was analyzed for only in the residual lagoon sediment samples. CEC was analyzed for only in samples collected above or below the Shelby tube samples.

AR305698 Other soil borings were drilled throughout the site in suspected source areas. One boring was drilled downgradient of each underground storage tank area, and a boring was drilled in an area suspected to contain residuals from former equipment washing. These borings were drilled, and soil samples were collected using the procedures outlined above.

Their locations are identified on Figure 3-5. 3.4.1 Background Soil Sample To determine chemical characteristics of the natural soils onsite and to have a comparison for the samples collected in suspected source areas, background soil samples were collected. Three samples (BG1-3-5, BG2-3-5, and BG3-3-5) and one duplicate sample (BG2A-3-5) were collected from shallow borings located in the grassy area on the eastern side of the manufacturing building (Figure 3-5). The samples, collected from 3-5 feet below ground surface, consisted of predominantly orange-brown clay and silt with scattered gravel and phyllitic schist fragments. A fourth background soil sample (BG-1) was collected from the boring for well CSP-8 (Figure 3-5). This well is located at the southeastern corner of the site. The soil sample, collected from a depth of 10-12 feet below grade, consisted of very dry, highly weathered grey phyllitic schist. The background soil samples were analyzed for the parameters listed in Table 3-3. Sample results are presented in Tables 3-4 and 3-5. VOCs were detected only in one of the background samples (BG-1). Chloroform, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and total xylenes were detected at levels between 5 ug/kg and 7 ug/kg. Acetone was detected in the sample; however, it has been requalified as not detected because the laboratory stated that there was carry-over from a previous sample (Appendix F). Base-neutral and acid extractable organic compounds (BNAs) were detected predominantly in sample BG 1-3-5 at a depth of three to five feet below grade. Most of the compounds are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These compounds are found

3-28 AR305699 Table 3-4 Background Soil Sampling Results for VOCs and BNAs at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility (ug/kg) (a)

Annlvte BG-1 BG1-3-S BG2-3-S BG2A-3-S BG3-3-S Depth (ft) 10-12 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5

VOCs Acetone 210 R 12 U 13 U 12 U 12 U Chloroform 5 6U 7 U 6U 6U Tetrachloroethylene 7 6U 7U 6U 6U Toluene 3J 6U 7U 6U 6U Xylenes (total) 7 6U 7U 6U 6U

BNAs Naphthalene 390 U 27 J 420 U 410 U 400 U Dibenzofuran 390 U 35 J 420 U 410 U 400 U Fluorene 390 U 47 J 420 U 410 U 400 U Phenanthrene 390 U 630 420 U 410 U 400 U Anthracene 390 U 110 J 420 U 410 U 400 U Di-n-butylphthalate 390 U 42 J 290 J 410 U 400 U Fluoranthene 390 U 890 420 U 410 U 400 U Pyrene 390 U 620 420 U 410 U 400 U Benzo(a)Anthracene 390 U 390 420 U 410 U 400 U Chrysene 390 U 430 420 U 410 U 400 U Benzo(b)fiuoranthene 390 U 240 J 420 U 410 U 400 U Benzo(k)fluoranthene 390 U 200 J 420 U 410 U 400 U Benzo(a)pvrene 390 U 200 J 420 U 410 U 400 U Indeno(U3-cd)pyrene 390 U 200 J 420 U 410 U 400 U Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 390 U 180 J 420 U 410 U 400 U

a/ U s analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit; J = estimated value; R = laboratory indicates acetone contamination due to carry over. BG2A-3-5 is a duplicate of BG2-3-5. All samples except BG-1 were collected in October 1990. BG-1 was collected in January 1990. Table 3-5 Background Soil Sampling Results for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility (mg/kg) (a)

Analyte BG-1 BG1-3-S BG2&5. BG2A-3-S BJ2ii5 Depth (ft) . 10-12 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 TAL Metals Aluminum 14,500 J 26,100 25,800 23,100 22,000 Arsenic 1.4 [] 14.9 J 14.9 J 17.4 J 7.3 J Barium 23.5 [] 137 [] 275 [] 271 [] 122 [] Beryllium 12 [] 1.9 U 3 U 2.3 U 1.7 U Cadmium 5.8 5.6 [] 3 U 2.3 [] 1.7 U Calcium 402 U 3,420 J[] 53,400 J 20,200 J 2,100 J[] Chromium 15.1 J 45.2 J 42.8 J 37.1 J 34.9 J Cobalt 16.1 42.1 [] 28.9 [] 28.8 [] 23.1 [] Copper 14.6 U 93.5 J 37.8 J[] 40.9 J 19.2 J[] Iron 22^00 50,900 48,000 46,400 39,900 Lead 19.8 U 805 97.5 682 41.4 Magnesium 21,500 J 9,330 9,540 [] 5,510 [] 4,920 [] Manganese 269 J 1,690 J 3,230 J 2,880 J 841 J Mercury 0.12 U 0.68 05 U 0.38 U 0.28 U Nickel 28.2 545 J 28.9 J[] 27.3 J[J 19.7 J[] Potassium 8,400 4,030 [] 1,690 [] 1.460 [] 1,280 [] Vanadium 30.1 55.7 J[] 52.7 J[] . 54.5 J[] 473 J[] Zinc 47.4 U 1,170 258 263 60.3 Additional Inorganics Fluoride 1.7 0.1 U 0.1 0.1 0.1 U Nitrate 0.49 0.1 U 0.1 U 0.1 U 0.1 U Sulfate 58 U 5.8 U 32 U 16 6 U a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported estimated due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). [ ] = value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than the contract required detection limit; U - analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit. Sample BG2A-3-5 is a duplicate of BG2-3-5. All samples but BG-1 collected in October 1990. Sample BG-1 collected in January 1990. commonly near asphalt parking lots such as the one at the car dealership less than 10 feet south of the sample location. Runoff from the parking lot is common in this area. The target analyte list (TAL) metals detected with the highest concentrations in the samples include aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, and potassium. Many of these metals are found commonly in areas where limestone or dolomite and shale are the dominant parent rocks (Mason and Moore 1982). Cyanide was not detected in any of the background soil samples. The background soil samples were collected in areas where natural soils are found onsite and generally represent background conditions for a site located in an urban, industrial area. Most of the soils found throughout the remainder of the site consist of some type of fill material (e.g., lagoon soils). Therefore, the soil samples collected onsite are extremely heterogeneous, and these heterogeneities may play a major role in soil chemistry. An average concentration was calculated for each metal from the background sampling results, and this value was used for comparative purposes throughout this report (Table 3-6). If the concentration of any inorganic parameter in a soil sample collected onsite is higher than two times the background average concentration, then the inorganic contaminant is considered to be related to past site activities. Procedures used for calculating the average concentrations are consistent with guidance provided by the EPA (1989). All samples were used for calculating the average concentration. It does not seem appropriate to eliminate sample BG 1-3-5 simply because a few metals (particularly lead and zinc) had concentrations higher than the other samples. Although the average concentration does decrease when this sample is eliminated, it does not affect the comparison to other onsite samples because the majority of the results for onsite samples were below both averages. Several BNAs were detected in one of the background soil samples, and one BNA was detected in another sample. VOCs were detected in only one background sample. The PAHs that make up most of the BNAs in sample BG 1-3-5 are most likely attributable to

3-31 58305702 Table 3-6

Average Concentrations for Inorganics in Background Soil Samples at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility (mg/kg)

Axsage. 2 x Average

Aluminum 22,100 44200 Arsenic 1025 20.5 Barium 139.4 278.8 Beryllium 1.1 22 Cadmium 3.6 12 Calcium 14,780 29560 Chromium 34.5 69 Cobalt 27.6 552 Copper 402 80.4 Iron 40325 80,650 Lead 238.4 476.8 Magnesium 11322 22,644 Manganese 1507 3,014 Mercury 028 0.56 Nickel 32.8 65.6 Potassium 3,850 7,700 Vanadium 46.9 93.8 Zinc 379 758

Inorganics

Fluoride 0.48 0.96 Nitrate 0.16 032 Sulfate 12.7 25.4

AR305703 the location of the sample. This sample was collected in an area that receives storm water runoff from a car dealership parking lot to the south and roof runoff from the plant building. Most of the BNAs detected in sample BG 1-3-5 have detected concentrations that are less than the contract laboratory program contract required detection limit and, therefore, are qualified as estimates. None of the individual concentrations exceed 1 mg/kg, and the total concentration of PAHs in sample BG 1-3-5 is 4.164 mg/kg. It is not always possible to explain the VOCs detected in background samples collected in urban areas. The locations selected to represent background conditions at the site were chosen based on information from the facility that the eastern lawn area was not affected by any manufacturing process. It is the best available location onsite for this purpose. 3.4.2 Lagoon 1 Lagoon 1 is located on the southern side of the asphalt parking area on the western portion of the former HMC site (Figure 3-5). This lagoon received wastewater directly from the plant. The dimensions of the lagoon, determined from a 1970 inventory, were 55 feet along the western end, 91 feet along the eastern -end, and 150 feet in length (Gilbert Associates, Inc. 1970). The average depth of the lagoon was reported to be 14 feet. During the RI, seven borings were drilled in the area of former lagoon 1 (Figure 3-6). It was difficult to determine the boundaries of the former lagoon because the only available information is from aerial photographs. The boring locations were designed in a grid-like pattern in an attempt to avoid duplicating samples collected from the same areas during investigations performed in 1986 and 1987. Samples collected from borings Ll-1 and Ll-2 indicate that they were probably located near the edge of lagoon 1. Fill consisting of sand, gravel, and concrete fragments was prevalent to depths of 10-12 feet below grade. Refusal was encountered at 11 feet in boring Ll-1, most likely on a boulder or some other resistant fill material. No residual lagoon sediments were observed in either boring. The second boring (Ll-2) penetrated

3-33 natural sediments consisting of brown slightly stratified fine sand and silt, at approximately 22 feet, with limestone or dolomite fragments becoming highly weathered with depth and increasing in amounts of phyllitic schist. The boring was terminated at a depth of 30 feet in fractured grey limestone and phyllite. Saturation was encountered only in boring Ll-1 at a depth of 11 feet. Samples collected for analysis from borings Ll- 1 and Ll-2 were from the fill and natural sediments below the fill. Borings Ll-4 and Ll-6 were also collected from fill material in lagoon 1. No residual lagoon sediments were encountered in either boring. The fill consisted of varying amounts of clay, silt, and gravel. Four attempts to drill into the former lagoon were made before reaching the location for boring Ll-4. During drilling in Ll-4, an auger broke off in the borehole at a depth of approximately 15 feet. The analytical results indicate that the fill in the area of borings Ll-1, Ll-2, Ll-4, and Ll-6 contained low levels of some VOCs (Table 3-7). The table includes only the laboratory results for the compounds detected. Field gas chromatography results are reported in Appendix G. Only samples with positive field results were submitted for laboratory testing. The highest level of a compound found was 35 ug/kg for total xylenes in sample LW1-6B (Table 3-7). BNAs were detected only in samples LS1-1C and LS1-2B. The BNAs detected at the highest concentrations are phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene (Table 3-7). Sample LSI-IB also was reported to contain bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (BEHP); however, on data validation, the value was requalified (Appendix F). There was not enough sample volume in the split spoons to analyze for other parameters in borings Ll-4 and Ll-6. TAL metals detected in all samples above background concentrations include cadmium, calcium, sodium (estimated), sulfate, and fluoride (Table 3-8). Magnesium, potassium, silver, and cyanide were also detected above background in at least one sample. Three other borings were completed within former lagoon 1 (Ll-3, Ll-5, and Ll-7). Drilling these borings to the desired depth was accomplished with difficulty because of 3-34 AR3G5705 Table 3-7

Fill Sampling Results From Lagoon No. 1 for VOCs and BNAs at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (ug/kg) (a)

LSHB LSMC LSL2S LSL2D LS1-2E L£l=ffi LW1-6B LW1-7A Depth (ft) 4-6 11-12 4-6 14-16 20-22 12-14 7-8 3-9 9-13

VOCs Chloroform NA NA NA 1 J NA 6 U 1 J 14 U 2 J Trichloroethylene NA NA NA 6 U NA 6 U 2 J 31 U 1 J Tctrachloroethylene NA NA NA 6 U NA 1 J 5 U 6 U 6 U Toluene NA NA NA 1 J NA 3 J 2 J 4 J 6 U Ethylbenzene NA NA NA 6 U NA 6 U 30 6 U 6 U Xylenes (total) NA NA NA 6 U NA 6 U 35 6 U 6 U

BNAs Naphthalene 540 U 1,800 U 140 J NA 380 U NA NA 370 U NA 2-Methylnaphthalene 540 U 1,800 U 99 J NA 380 U NA NA 370 U . NA Acenaphthylene 540 U 1,800 U 150 J NA 380 U NA NA 52 J NA Acenaphthene 540 U 1,800 U 110 J NA 380 U NA NA 370 U NA Dibenzofuran 540 U 1,800 U 150 J NA 380 U NA NA 370 U NA Fluorene 540 U 1,800 U 220 J NA 380 U NA NA 370 U NA Phenanthrene 540 U 370 J 1200 NA 380 U NA NA 160 J NA Anthracene 540 U 170 J 390 NA 380 U NA NA 98 J NA Fluoranthene 540 U 980 J 1500 NA 380 U NA NA 520 NA Pyrene 540 U 680 J 1,100 NA 380 U NA NA 340 J NA Benzo(a)antnracene 540 U 670 J 1,400 NA 380 U NA NA 290 J NA Chrysene 540 U 740 J 870 NA 380 U NA NA 350 J NA Benzo(b)fluoranthene 540 U 510 J 1,600 J NA 380 U NA NA 270 J NA Beuzo(k)fluoranthene 540 U 860 J 910 J NA 380 U NA NA 380 J NA Benzo(a)pyrene 540 U 720 J 1,000 NA 380 U NA NA 330 J NA Indeno(123-cd)pyrene 540 U 490 J 660 NA 380 U NA NA 210 J NA Dibenz(a4i)anthracene 540 U 1,800 U 360 J NA 380 U NA NA 370 U NA Benzo(g4i4)perylene 540 U 1,800 U 620 NA 380 U NA NA 170 J NA

a/ NA « not analyzed by laboratory; J ^ analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference or the detected value was less than the quantitation limit (Appendix F). U « analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit Table 3-8

Fill Sampling Results From Lagoon No. 1 for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)

Analvte LSI-IB LS1-1C LS1-2B LS1-2E LW1-7A Depth (ft) 4-6 11-13 4-6 20-22 3-9

Metals Aluminum 12500 6,780 12300 20,900 7,990 Arsenic 7.8 4 4.6 4.4 4.4 Barium 41.9 [] 49.5 70 23.5 [] 49.4 Beryllium 0.62 U 0.48 U 0.84 [] 1.1 [] 0.55 [] Cadmium 7.6 8.1 10.4 10.7 72 Calcium 72300 J 86300 J 27,600 J 590 []J 29,700 J Chromium _ J9.8 J 27.1 J 19.5 J 21.8 J 23.6 Cobalt 6.9 [] 92 [] 132 10.7 [] 11.4 Copper 11.7 J 132 J 20.7 J 12.1 J 142 Iron 16500 14,000 22,900 23,400 19,000 Lead 5.3 12.1 17.4 J 9.3 163 J Magnesium 12,600 43,700 19200 36500 19,600 Manganese 358 616 675 240 602 J Nickel 18.1 16.1 18.5 22.4 20 Potassium 1560 2,840 3,990 24,900 1,930 Silver 2.8 U 25 2 U 2.1 U 2 U Sodium 71 [] 109 [] 110 [] 93 [] 83.6 [] Vanadium 17.6 19.9 30.1 39.9 23.9 Zinc "44J 178 135 98.7 102

Inorganics Total cyanide 1.9 UJ 75 J 1.4 UJ 1.4 UJ 1.4 U Sulfate 130 1,800 210 150 560 Fluoride 15 3.8 15 1.8 11

Percent Moisture (%) 35 16 12 14 10 a/ [ ] = value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than contract required detection limit; J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit. UJ = analyte not detected; detection limit quantified as estimated due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F).

AR3Q57Q7 the types of fill material. Refusal was encountered several times at shallow depths. These borings appeared to penetrate the residual lagoon sediments and were terminated at depths of 4.5 feet, 10.9 feet, and 25.5 feet below grade. The latter two borings also penetrated a weathered bedrock zone below the residual lagoon sediments. Samples were collected from the apparent fill material only in boring Ll-7. The analytical results for the samples (LW1-7A and LW1-7B) showed low estimated levels of VOCs and several BNAs (Table 3-7). Chloroform, trichloroethylene (TCE), and toluene were detected at estimated levels of less than 4 ug/kg in samples from boring Ll-7. Estimated levels of BNAs were detected in LW1-7A, most of which are PAHs (Table 3-7). BEHP was also detected in sample LW1-7A; however, on data validation the data was requalified (see Appendix F). Table 3-8 lists the concentrations of TAL metals detected in sample LW1-7A. Cadmium, sodium (estimated), sulfate, and fluoride were detected above background levels. The analytical results for the samples collected from the apparent residual lagoon sediments in each boring (LW1-3A, LW1-5A, and LW1-7C) indicate only trace amounts of VOC contamination (Table 3-9). Values range from nondetectable to an estimated level of 4 mg/kg. There are also several BNAs in each sample, most of which are PAHs, with total concentrations ranging from 3,170 ug/kg to 5,491 ug/kg. BEHP was detected in sample LW1-3A, but on data validation, the value was requalified (see Appendix F). Table 3-10 lists the results for TAL metals found in the residual lagoon sediment samples from former lagoon 1 (LW1-3A and LW1-5A). Calcium, sodium (estimated), sulfate, and fluoride were detected above background. Cadmium was also detected above background in sample LW1-5A, while magnesium was above background in sample LW1-3A. The samples collected from the base of the lagoon, or below the apparent residual lagoon sediments, at locations Ll-5 and Ll-7 and from the base of boring Ll-2 consisted of a weathered yellow-brown sandy silt interlayered with phyllite or chlorite. The split- spoon sample collected at 22 feet from boring Ll-7 contained a dark black material, between the layers of chlorite and silt, that had a strong petroleum-like odor. 3-37 AR305708 Table 3-9 Residual Lagoon Sediment and Below Lagoon Sediment Sampling Results From Lagoon No. 1 for VOCs and BNAs at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (ug/kg) (a)

Below Lagoon Sediment Samples Residual Lagoon Sediment Samples Anajyjc LSI-SB LS1-7D LW1-3A LW1-SA LS1-7C Depth (ft) 9-11 22-25 3-45 5-7 18.5-19 VOCs Chloroform 1J 6U 5U 1J 6U Toluene 3 J 12 4J 4J 4J

BNAs Naphthalene 360 U 18,000 U 68 J 50 J NA Acenaphthylene 360 U 18,000 U 73 J 110 J NA Phenanthrene 360 U 18,000 U 400 120 J NA Anthracene 360 U 18,000 U 120 J 140 J NA Fluoranthene 180 J 18,000 U 950 700 NA Pyrene 130 J 18,000 U 610 440 NA Benzo(a)anthracene 110 J 18,000 U 510 470 NA Chrysene 140 J 18,000 U 530 520 NA Benzo(b)fluoranthene 360 U 18,000 U 470 J 560 J NA Benzo(k)fluoranthene 360 U 18,000 U 600 J 510 J NA Benzo(a)pvrene 120 J 18,000 U 510 550 NA Indeno(123-cd)pyrene 360 U 18,000 U 360 420 NA Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 360 U 18,000 U 290 J 330 J NA

a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference or the detected value was less than the quantitation limit (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit NA = not analyzed by laboratory.

5R305709 Table 3-10 Residual Lagoon Sediment and Below Lagoon Sediment Sampling Results From Lagoon No. 1 for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility (mg/kg) (a)

Below Lagoon Sediment Samples Residual Lagoon Sediment Samples LSI-SB LS1-7D LW1-3A LW1-SA Depth (ft) 9-11 22-25 3-4.5 5-7

Metals Aluminum 9,010 8,960 8,420 9,820 Antimony 13.1 UJ 13.4 UJ 133 UJ 17.9 []J Arsenic 3.9 1.7 [] 23 4.1 Barium 36.1 [] 11 [] 38.9 [] 60.8 Beryllium 0.57 [] 0.45 U 0.47 [] 0.7 [] Cadmium 7.3 6.6 6.9 9.1 Calcium 64,800 J 103,000 J 83,900 J 31,800 J Chromium 16.5 56.9 15.6 17.8 Cobalt 112 9.6 [] 10.7 [] 12.4 Copper 13.3 152 122 12.9 Iron 16,600 11,700 13,800 21,400 Lead 10.7 J 63 J 6.6 J 15.8 J Magnesium 40,700 70,800 54300 20,000 Manganese 625 J 262 J 486 J 498 J Nickel 205 18 16.8 18 Potassium 6,190 9,690 6340 3200 Sodium 72.6 [] 96.1 [] 77.5 [] 692 [] Vanadium 24.7 203 19 23.8 Zinc 49.7 252 90.4 124 Inorganics Total cyanide 13 U 2 1.4 U 1.4 U Sulfate 580 240 350 730 Fluoride 7.8 62 9 10

Percent Moisture (%) 83 10 10 12 a/ 11s value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than contract required detection limit; j = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit UJ = analyte not detected; detection limit quantified as estimated due to matrix, interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F).

AR3057IO The analytical results for the samples collected from below the apparent residual lagoon sediments are presented in Table 3-9. Sample LS1-5B collected from 9-11 feet contained chloroform and toluene at estimated concentrations of 1.0 and 3.0 ug/kg. The level of total PAHs (using the estimated concentrations) in this sample is 680 ug/kg. The only VOC detected in sample LS1-7D was toluene at 12 ug/kg. The BNA analysis required dilution of the sample because of matrix interference and, therefore, the detection limits are higher (Table 3-9). No target BNAs were detected in this sample. Table 3-10 lists the results for TAL metals detected in samples LS1-5B and LS1-7D collected from the sediments below residual lagoon sediments in former lagoon 1. Magnesium (estimated), sulfate, and fluoride were detected above background in both samples, as well as calcium and sodium at estimated concentrations. Cyanide and potassium were also detected above background in sample LS1-7D, and cadmium was above background in sample LS1-5B. 3.4.3 Lagoon 2 Lagoon 2 is located due west of lagoon 1 (Figure 3-6) and is currently covered with turf. According to a lagoon inventory prepared by Gilbert, this lagoon was 71 feet by 150 feet and averaged 12 feet in depth (Gilbert Associates, Inc. 1970). Seven borings were completed in the area of this lagoon during the RI (L2-1 to L2-7). Figure 3-5 shows the locations of the borings in relation to the former borings. Eleven samples were collected and analyzed from the fill material, six samples from the apparent residual lagoon sediments layer, three samples from below these sediments, and one sample from the natural sediments below the lagoon. The samples were analyzed for the parameters listed in Table 3-3 except for the one natural sediment sample. During drilling, it was extremely difficult to penetrate the natural sediments. Many times either the fill material prevented drilling or refusal was encountered after one split spoon was retrieved. Therefore, only three samples were collected from below the residual lagoon sediments layer, and these were actually of natural sediments beneath the lagoon.

3-40 AR3057I i The apparent zone residual lagoon sediments were encountered in borings L2-1, L2-2, L2-5, and L2-7. The sediments appeared to consist of olive-gray to yellowish brown silt and clay, interlayered with a dark "sludge-like" material, and scattered gravel. Saturation was encountered, in all borings except L2-4. Duplicate samples were collected from boring L2-1 (LS2-1E and LS2-1F). Table 3-11 lists the VOC and BNA analytical results for the 11 samples collected from the fill material in former lagoon 2. Only trace levels of VOCs were detected in the samples, with the highest being 10 ug/kg of TCE in LS2-1F at a depth of 16-18 feet. The other VOCs detected are carbon disulfide, chloroform, PCE, and toluene, all at estimated concentrations below contact required quantitation limit (CRQL). The BNA analysis detected several compounds in all samples analyzed, most of which were PAHs. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 1,071 to 60,230 ug/kg. The concentrations of TAL metals detected in the fill samples collected from former lagoon 2 are listed in Table 3-12. Sulfate, fluoride, and sodium are the only inorganics above background concentrations in all samples. Those inorganics above background in at least one sample include cyanide, calcium, cadmium (estimated), and magnesium (Table 3-12). The VOC and BNA results for the samples collected from the residual lagoon sediments zone are contained in Table 3-13. TCE was detected in several of the samples at concentrations (estimated) ranging from 1 to 7 ug/kg. Sample LS2-7E also contained toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (Table 3-13). Several BNAs were detected in LW2-2B from the residual lagoon sediments. Most of the BNAs detected consist of PAHs. The total PAH concentration for this sample is 13,555 ug/kg (Table 3-13). In boring L2-1, more than one sample was collected from the residual lagoon sediments zone. Tables 3-14 and 3-15 list the concentrations of TAL metals and other inorganics found in the samples collected from the residual lagoon sediments in former lagoon 2. Cadmium (estimated), sulfate, and fluoride were detected in all samples at concentrations 3-41 AR3G57I2 Table 3-11

Fill Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 2 for VOCs and BNAs Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility (ug/kg) (a)

LS2-1C LS2-1E LS2-lPnrt LW2-3B LW2-4A Depth (ft) 12-14 16-18 16-18 6-8 8-9 9-10

VOCs Carbon disulfide NA 6 U 1 J 6 U NA NA Chloroform NA 6 U 6 U 6 U NA NA Trichloroethylene NA 3 J 10 1 J NA NA Tetrachloroethylene NA 6 U 1 J 6 U NA NA Toluene NA 6 U 3 J 6 U NA NA

BNAs Phenol 390 U 2,400 U 430 U 2,100 U 400 U 690 U Naphthalene 38 J 2,400 U 51 J 1,400 J 400 U 690 U 2-Methylnaphthalene 390 U 2,400 U 430 U 650 J 400 U 140 J Acenaphthylene 67 J 2,400 U 76 J 720 J 49 J 920 Acenaphthene 390 U 2,400 U 430 U 760 J 400 U 300 J Dibenzofuran 390 U 2,400 U 430 U 500 J 400 U 690 U Fluorene ™~ 38 J 2,400 U 430 U 1,100 J 400 U 940 Phenanlhrene 140 J 410 J 230 J 6500 150 J 630 J Anthracene 76 J 2,400 U 130 J 2,100 100 J 690 U Di-n-butylphthalate 760 U 2,400 U 2,400 U 2,800 U 630 U 490 J Fluoranthene 510 1300 J 840 9,400 540 460 J Pyrene 390 700 J 330 J 7,800 380 J 690 U Butylbenzylphthalate 390 U 2,400 U 590 U 710 U 400 U 310 J Benzo(a)anthracene 330 J 930 J 510 5,600 330 J 290 J Chryserie 370 J 820 J 540 5,400 430 290 J Benzo(b)fluoranthene 430 J 940 J 380 J 5,000 J 390 J 690 U Benzo(l:)fluoranthene 350 J 580 J 520 J 3,100 J 240 J 290 J Benzo(a)pyrene "400 2,400 U 530 4,600 360 J 290 J Indeno(123-cd)pyrene 260 J 2,400 U 360 J 3,400 260 J 690 U Dibenz(a4i)anthracene 390 U 2,400 U 430 U 2,100 U 400 U 690 U Benzo(t:Ji4)perylene 260 J 2,400 U 270 J 2,700 210 J 690 U

AR3057I3 Table 3-11 (continued) Fill Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 2 for VOCs and BNAs Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Faculty (ug/kg) (a)

Analvte LW2-SC LS2-SD LS2-6B LW2-7B LS2=ZD. Depth (ft) 16-18 20-22 8-10 8-10 14-16

VOCs Carbon disulfide NA 6U 6U 6U 6U Chloroform NA 6U 6U 6U 1J Trichloroethylene NA 6U 6U 2J 6U Tetrachloroethylene NA 6U 6U 6U ,6U Toluene NA 6U 6U 6U 6U

BNAs Phenol 66 J 1,700 U NA 380 U NA Naphthalene 430 U 1,700 U NA 140 J NA 2-Methylnaphthalene 430 U 1,700 U NA 92 J NA Acenaphthylene 430 U 1,700 U NA 280 J NA Acenaphthene 430 U 1,700 U NA 150 J NA Dibenzofuran 430 U 1,700 U NA 66 J NA Fluorene 430 U 1,700 U NA 320 J NA Phenanthrene 68 J 440 J NA 2500 NA Anthracene 430 U 190 J NA 900 NA Di-n-butylphthalate 430 U 1,700 U NA 380 U NA Fluoranthene 160 J 1,000 J NA 4,800 NA Pyrene 120 J 660 J NA 5,800 NA Butylbenzylphthalate 1,000 U 1,700 U NA 380 U NA Benzo(a)anthracene 100 J 650 J NA 2,900 NA Chrysene 110 J 760 J NA 3,100 NA Benzo(b)fluoranthene 64 J 560 J NA 2,000 J NA Benzo(k)fluoranthene 170 J 690 J NA 1,400 J NA Benzo(a)pyrene 120 J 660 J NA 2200 NA Indeno(123-cd)pyrene 85 J 500 J NA 1,800 NA Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 430 U 1,700 U NA 300 J NA Benzo(g,h4)perylene 74 J 400 J NA 1,400 NA a/ NA « not analyzed by laboratory; U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit J s analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference or the detected value was less than the quantitation limit (Appendix F). b/ Duplicate of LS2-1E.

AR3057U Table 3-12

Fill Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 2 for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)

Aimlyte LS2-1C LS2-1E LS2-1F flj) LW2-4A Depth (ft) 12-14 16-18 16-18 8-9 TAL Metals Aluminum 8,930 J 20200 J 4,700 J 14,600 J Antimony 1.5 U 15 UJ 2.4 []J 15 U Arsenic 9.1 J 55 J 10.6 J 6.5 J Barium 77.8 107 78.4 64.7 Beryllium 0.66 U 1.9 1.6 J 0.74 U Cadmium 7.9 J 13.4 J 12.8 J 10 J Calcium 65500 36,100 31,700 35200 Chromium 225 J 41.1 36.7 21.4 J Cobalt 14.3 14.9 15.9 18.8 Copper 24 452 J 413 J 21 Iron 18,700 26500 J 25,800 J 25200 Lead 35.4 J 24.4 39.1 23.9 J Magnesium 29,800 24,000 J 22300 J 28300 Manganese 922 982 J 792 J 1,020 Mercury 0.12 U 026 0.28 0.12 U Nickel 22.6 303 J 303 J 25.4 Potassium 2,650 6,600 J 4,460 J 6550 Sodium 646 U 322 [] 137 [] 704 U Vanadium 31.6 43 40.1 33.8 Zinc 250 405 J 307 J 124 Additional Inorganics Total cyanide 6.8 262 19.4 1.5 U Sulfate 2,800 780 720 630 Nitrate/nitrite 9 U 031 0.18 9 U Fluoride 2.1 12 1.4 1.4 Percent moisture (%) 15 20 19 17

AR3Q57J5 Table 3-12 (continued)

Fill Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 2 for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)

Analvte LS2^»t LWJZ^C LS2-SD LW2-7B Depth (ft) 9-10 16-18 20-22 8-10 TAL Metals Aluminum 19,000 J 8500 J 11,800 U 16,000 U Antimony 2.6 U 15 U 1.6 U 1.4 U Arsenic 52 [] 5.8 J 7.8 U 212 J Barium 76.9 [] 37.1 [] 80.6 143 Beryllium 0.87 U 0.51 U 0.76 U 13 Cadmium 8.4 J 8.9 J 8.8 U 9.6 J Calcium 186,000 108,000 21,800 11,900 Chromium 37.6 J 16.4 J 53 U 34.4 J Cobalt 13.6 [J 15 19.8 26 Copper 13.7 11.9 222 31.1 Iron 16,600 18,800 28200 32,600 Lead 10.6 J 26.8 J 20.9 U 55 J Magnesium 15500 58,100 15,600 9,820 Manganese 540 351 673 978 Mercury 022 U 0.67 0.13 U 0.18 Nickel 275 22.6 33.8 43.8 Potassium 2,880 5,190 2,730 2,780 Sodium 643 U 1,400 U 743 U 560 J Vanadium 27.5 252 33.9 482 Zinc 76.7 316 459 237

Additional Inorganics Total cyanide 2.7 U 15 U 7 2.4 Sulfate 1,000 2,600 6,400 1,400 Nitrate/nitrite 21 U 9 U 10 U 12 U Fluoride 3.1 1.8 1.7 1.8 Percent moisture (%) 52 23 23 13 a/ J « analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). U si analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit UJ = analyte not detected; detection limit quantified as estimated due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). [ ]» value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than contract required detection limit b/ Duplicate sample of LS2-1E.

SR3057J6 Tablea-lS Residual Lagoon Sediment and Below Lagoon Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 2 for VOCs and BNAs at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (ug/kg) (a) Residual Lagoon Sediment Samples LS2dfi LWi2B LS2=2C LS2-SE LS2-7E Depth (ft) 20-22 8-10 10-12 24-26 18-19 VOCs Carbon disulfide 6U 6U 5U 6U 6U 12-Dichloroethylenes (total) 6U 3J 5U 6U 3J Chloroform 6U 6U 5U 6U 1J Trichloroethylene 6J 7 2J 1J 6 Benzene 6U 6U 5U 6U 1J Tetrachloroethylene 6U 6U 2J 6U 6U Toluene 1 J 1 J 5 U 6 U 8 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 12 U 12 U 11 U 12 U 6 U Ethylbenzene 6U 6U 5U 6U 9 Xylenes (total) 6U 6U 5U6U 43 BNAs Naphthalene 4,100 U 140 J NA NA 21,000 -U 2-Methylnaphthalene 4,100 U 65 J NA NA 21,000 U Acenaphthylene 4,100 U 160 J NA NA 21,000 U Acenaphthene 4,100 U 100 J NA NA 21,000 U Dibenzofuran 4,100 U 61 J NA NA 21,000 U Fluorene 4,100 U 110 J NA NA 21,000 U Phenanthrene 4,100 U 760 NA NA 21,000 U Anthracene 4,100 U 540 NA NA 21,000 U Fluoranthene 4,100 U 2,000 NA NA 21,000 U Pyrene 4,100 U 1500 NA NA 21,000 U Benzo(a)anthracene 4,100 U 1200 NA NA 21,000 U Chrysene 4,100 U 1500 NA NA 21,000 U Benzo(b)fluoranthene 4,100 U 1,400 J NA NA 21,000 U Benzo(k)fluoranthene 4,100 U 690 J NA NA 21,000 U Benzo(a)pyrene 4,100 U 1300 NA NA 21,000 U Indeno(123-cd)pyrene 4,100 U 1,000 NA NA 21,000 U Dibenz(a4i)anthracene 4,100 U 300 J NA NA 21,000 U Benzo(g4i4)perylene 4,100 U 790 NA NA 21,000 U

AR3Q57I7 Table 3-13 (continued) Residual Lagoon Sediment and Below Lagoon Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 2 for VOCs and BNAs at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (ug/kg) (a) Below Lagoon Sediment Samples

LS2-1I LS2-SP LS23E Depth (ft) 24-26 26-28 20-22 VOCs Carbon disulfide NA 2 J 6 U 12-Dichloroethylenes (total) NA 6 U 6 U Chloroform NA 6 U 6 U Trichloroethylene NA 11 6 U Benzene NA 6 U 6 U Tetrachloroethylene NA 18 6 U Toluene NA 4 J 6 U 4-Methyl-2-pentanone NA 21 12 U Ethylbenzene NA 6 U 6 U Xylenes (total) NA 6 U 6 U BNAs Naphthalene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U 2-Methylnaphthalene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Acenaphthylene 390 U 4,700 J 400 U Acenaphthene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Dibenzofuran 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Fluorene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Phenanthrene . 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Anthracene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Fluoranthene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Pyrene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Benzo(a)anthracene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Chrysene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Benzo(b)fluoranthene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Benzo(k)fluoranthene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Benzo(a)pyrene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Indeno(123-cd)pyrene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Dibenz(aji)anthracene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U Benzo(g,h4)perylene 390 U 39,000 U 400 U a/ U ~ analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit NA s not analyzed by laboratory; J - analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference or the detected value was less than the quantitation limit (Appendix F).

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AR305720 above background. Other inorganics found above background in at least one sample are zinc, chromium, calcium, cyanide, potassium, nickel, silver, magnesium, and sodium. Three samples were collected from the sediments directly beneath the residual lagoon sediments zone in lagoon 2 from borings L2-1, L2-5, and L2-7. VOCs were detected only in sample LS2-5F, collected at a depth of 26 to 28 feet. TCE and PCE were detected at 11 ug/kg and 18 ug/kg (Table 3-13). The only BNA detected was acenaphthalene in sample LS2-5F (Table 3-13). The estimated concentration of acenophthalene was below CRQL. Cadmium (estimated), sulfate, and fluoride were detected above background in all samples collected from the sediments below the residual lagoon sediments in former lagoon 2 (Tables 3-14 and 3-15). Other inorganics above background found in at least one of the three samples are magnesium, nickel, potassium, and sodium.

3.4.4 Lagoon 3 Lagoon 3 is located north of lagoon 2 (Figure 3-5) and is covered with grass. The dimensions of this lagoon were given in an inventory prepared by Gilbert Associates as 60 feet by 120 feet (Gilbert Associates 1970). This is the second smallest lagoon of the five. When in use, it reportedly averaged 10 feet in depth. Six borings were completed within the area of this lagoon during the RI (L3-1 to L3-6). Figure 3-5 illustrates the locations of these borings in relation to the previous borings. Two fill samples, six residual lagoon sediment samples, three below-lagoon samples, and one natural sediment sample were collected from within and beneath this former lagoon. All of these samples were analyzed for the list of parameters in Table 3-3, except six were submitted to the laboratory for VOC analysis only (based on results determined by the field gas chromatograph). Residual lagoon sediments were collected from all borings except L3-1 and L3-3. Refusal was encountered between 8 and 10 feet below grade at several locations in L3-3, and the materials encountered in this boring and in L3-1 were composed mainly of various types of fill. The sediments found at what is assumed to be the base of the lagoon (just 3.50 fiR30572l above natural sediments) will be discussed as the residual sediments zone. This zone was composed of brown gravelly silt with varying amounts of clay, slag, rock fragments, and black laminations. Saturated conditions were encountered in borings L3-2 and L3-5. Only borings L3-1 and L3-2 had an actual black material that could possibly be residual lagoon sediments interlayered with bottom sediments. Boring L3-6 appeared to have two residual lagoon sediment zones, possibly as a result of the dredging activities for the lagoon berms. The first was encountered between 10 and 16 feet below grade, followed by what appeared to be natural sediments of orange- yellow weathered phyllitic schist. A Shelby tube sample was collected from this material (between 18 to 20 feet) based on this assumption. However, the material became darker orange-brown silty clay near 22 feet and became gray-brown at 24.8 feet. Fragments of glass, rock, and ash with a strong odor were also present within this material. At approximately 29.2 feet, orange-brown weathered phyllitic schist and dolomite were encountered. This weathered material continued to the bottom of the borehole (36 feet). Saturation was encountered within layers of the weathered material or within the layers of rock fragments in this boring. Two samples of fill materials were analyzed from borings L3-1 and L3-5 (LW3-1B and LW3-5B). TCE was the only VOC detected in each sample at 25 ug/kg and 34 ug/kg (Table 3-16). Several BNAs, predominantly PAHs, were detected in both samples with total concentrations ranging from 6,537 ug/kg to 7,358 ug/kg. Of the two soil samples collected from the fill materials in former lagoon no. 3, cadmium (estimated), calcium, magnesium, and sodium (some at estimated concentrations) were detected above background levels (Table 3-17). Sulfate was also detected above background in sample LW3-5B. The residual lagoon sediment sampling results are presented in Tables 3-18 and 3-19. TCE was the principal VOC detected in the samples. TCE concentrations ranged from 8 ug/kg in sample LS3-1E to 200 ug/kg in sample LW3-6F. The latter sample also contained 130 ug/kg of total 1,2-dichloroethylene. Other compounds detected just above detection 3-51 AR3Q5722 Table 3-16

Fill Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 3 for VOCs and BNAs at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (ug/kg) (a)

LW3-1B LW3-SB Depth (ft) 10-12 10-16

VOCs Trichloroethylene 25 34

BNAs Phenol 370 U 110 J 4-Methylphenol 370 U 61 J Naphthalene 370 U 63 J Acenaphthylene 79 J 110 J Acenaphthene 120 J 39 J Dibenzofuran 74 J 390 U Fluorene 120 J 66 J Phenanthrene 660 420 Anthracene 170 J 160 J Fluoranthene 1,100 1,200 Pyrene 800 660 Butylbenzylphthalate 47 J 390 U Benzo(a)anthracene 620 700 Chrysene 490 700 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 47 J 390 U Benzo(b)fluoranthene 580 J 540 J Benzo(k)nuoranthene 460 J 960 J Benzo(a)pyrene 490 740 Indeno(l,23-cd)pyrene 340 J 540 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 370 U 390 U Benzo(g4i4)perylene 340 J 460 a/ NA ss not analyzed by laboratory; J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference or the detected value was less than the quantitation limit (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit

AR305723 Table 3-17

Fill Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 3 for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)

LW3-1B LW3-SB Depth (ft) 10-12 10-16

TAL Metals Aluminum 9480 J 12,100 J Antimony 1.3 UJ 3.6 []J Arsenic 42 UJ 6.3 J Barium 61.8 J 82.4 Cadmium 7.5 J 12.7 J Calcium 122,000 77,600 Chromium 16.1 J 295 Cobalt 9.9 []J 14.4 Copper 243 J 24.4 J Iron 19,400 J 21,200 J Lead 212 392 Magnesium 40300 44,000 J Manganese 775 887 J Nickel 14.8 J 22 J Potassium 3330 3,570 J Sodium 37.1 [] 227 [] Vanadium 23.4 J 38.8 Zinc 97.5 J 257 J Additional Inorganics Sulfate 100 U 730 Fluoride 0.67 0.94 Nitrate/nitrite 0.47 038 Percent moisture 5 19

lls analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). UJ « analyte not detected; detection limit quantified as estimated due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). [ ]« value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than contract required detection limit Table 3-18 Residual Lagoon Sediment Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 3 for VOCs and BNAs at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (ug/kg) (a)

Analvte LS2JE LJK12B LW3-4B IS23C LW3-6C LW3-6P Depth (ft) 16-17 10-12 10-14 16-18 10-16 24-26

VOCs Carbon disulfide 1J 6U 6U 1 J 2J 31 U U-Dichloroethylenes (total) 13 U 6 U 6 U 6 U 6 U 130 Trichloroethylene 8 19 34 17 33 200 Toluene 7 U 6 U 2 U 6 U 2 J 16 U 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 6 J 12 U 12 U 12 U 12 U 62 U Ethylbenzene 7U 6U 6U 1J 6U 31 U Xylenes (total) 7U 6U 6U 3J 6 31 U

BNAs Phenol 2,200 U 410 U 390 U 340 J 1,900 U 21,000-U 4-Methylphenol 2,200 U 410 U 61 J 160 J 1,900 U 21,000 U Naphthalene 2,200 U 70 J 83 J 90 J 190 J 21,000 U 2-Methylnaphthalene 2,200 U 410 U 130 J 48 J 1,900 U 21,000 U Acenaphthylene 290 J 100 J 130 J 180 J 340 J 21,000 U Acenaphthene 330 J 410 U 190 J 100 J 350 J 21,000 U Dibenzofuran 240 J 410 U 120 J 91 J 230 J 21,000 U Fluorene 480 J 50 J 180 J 220 J 460 J 21,000 U Phenanthrene 3,600 330 J 870 1,500 3400 21,000 U Anthracene 1400 J 180 J 380 J 620 1,400 J 21,000 U Fluoranthene 6400 980 2,000 2400 6,000 21,000 U Pyrene 3,600 790 1300 1,700 4,200 21,000 U Benzo(a)antnracene 3,800 600 1,400 1,200 3,200 21,000 U Chrysene 3,400 670 1300 1300 3,000 21,000 U bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 2,200 U 110 J 390 U 74 J 1,900 U 21,000 U Benzo(b)fluoranthene 2,800 J 790 J 1,000 J 920 J 3,000 J 21,000 U Benzo(k)fluoranthene 3,400 J 540 J 1400 J 1,100 J 1,800 J 21,000 U Benzo(a)pyrene 3,200 790 1300 1,100 2,900 21,000 U Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene 2,000 J 580 960 890 2,200 21,000 U Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 2,200 U 120 J 130 J 110 J 1,900 U 21,000 U Benzo(g,h4)perylene 1300 J 490 790 770 1,800 J 21,000 U a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference or the detected value was less than the quantitation limit (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit

3R305725 Table 3-19

Residual Lagoon Sediment Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 3 for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)

Analvte LS3-1E LW3-2B LW3-4B LS3-SC LW3-6C LW3-6P Depth (ft) 16-17 10-12 10-14 16-18 10-16 24-26 TAL Metals Aluminum 16,900 J 11,400 J 12,000 J 8,120 J 13,200 J 16300 J Antimony 1.4 UJ 1.3 UJ 1.4 []J 1.5 U 1.4 UJ 1.4 UJ Arsenic 5.7 J 4.5 UJ 6.7 J 5 J 5.9 J 53 J Barium 174 J 64.3 J 104 76.1 103 49 Cadmium 5.8 J 7.1 J 10.6 J 7.1 J 11.4 J 13.1 J Calcium 76,900 55300 37400 90,900 55,000 1,070 [] Chromium 15.6 []J 232 J 27.6 22.5 J 23.7 29.9 Cobalt 12 J 9.8 []J 142 14.5 12.6 15.9 Copper 15.7 J 21.3 J 32.7 J 18.4 26.6 J 23 J Iron 14,900 J 19400 J 21300 J 16,000 20,800 J 30,700 J Lead 35.6 J 272 27.6 22.1 63.1 23.9 Magnesium 13,000 30400 23200 J 41,400 25400 J 3270 J Manganese 1,090 620 812 J 783 958 J 945 J Mercury 0.17 0.11 U 0.12 U 0.12 U 0.11 U 0.12 U Nickel 6.5 []J 13.7 J 222 J 212 18.7 J 19.8 J Potassium 1,910 4,610 2450 J 2,660 3250 J 1340 J Selenium 0.47 U 0.45 UJ 0.47 UJ 0.51 UJ 0.48 []J 0.48 UJ Sodium 398 [] 221 [] 99.7 [] 869 U 333 [] 252 [] Vanadium 25 J 28.4 J 332 24.5 32.3 422 Zinc 185 J 208 J 264 J 188 316 J 64.7 J

Additional Inorganics Total cyanide 1.9 2 1.4 U 4.3 52 2.7 Sulfate 2,600 480 310 1,400 470 1300 Fluoride 1.4 0.63 14 0.8 1.3 0.60 U Nitrate/nitrite 0.38 024 027 022 041 0.48 Percent moisture 16 10 15 21 13 17 a/ J - analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit UJ = analyte not detected; detection limit quantified as estimated due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). [ ] = value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than contract required detection limit

AR305726 limits in the residual lagoon samples are carbon disulfide, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes. All of these were at estimated concentration levels below the CRQL. BNAs were detected in nearly all samples collected from the apparent residual sediments (Table 3-18). The total concentrations ranged from nondetectable in sample LW3-6F to 36,080 ug/kg in sample LW3-1E. Table 3-19 lists the results for TAL metals and other inorganics found in the soil samples collected from the residual lagoon sediments in former lagoon 3. Cadmium, sulfate, and sodium were detected at concentrations (some estimated) above background levels. Magnesium, fluoride, cyanide, nitrate, and calcium were above background in one or more of the six samples. Three samples (LS3-2C, LS3-6D, and LS3-6G) of the sediments below the residual lagoon sediments in former lagoon 3 were collected. The VOCs detected in the samples include TCE, ethylbenzene, carbon disulfide (estimated), and total xylenes (Table 3-20). Several BNAs were detected in sample LS3-2C, up to 23,960 ug/kg of total BNAs. Only one BNA compound was detected in boring L3-6D (BEHP) at an estimated concentration of 280 ug/kg. In the samples collected immediately below the residual lagoon samples, the levels of cadmium (estimated), sodium, nitrate, and sulfate were above background concentrations (Table 3-21). Calcium, cyanide, magnesium, fluoride, and potassium were found in one or more samples at levels above background. The sampling protocol for the RI called for samples to be collected from residual lagoon sediments, sediments immediately below the residuals, and farther below. Many samples collected were of natural sediments immediately beneath the base of the former lagoons. However, only a few samples were actually collected at depths of greater than 2 feet below the base of the lagoons. Examples include samples LS3-6H, LS4-4H, LS4-4G, and LS5-4H from lagoons 3, 4, and 5. TCE and toluene were detected in the samples (some at estimated concentrations), but no BNAs were detected (Table 3-22).

3-56 Table 3-20

Below Residual Lagoon Sediment Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 3 for VOCs and BNAs at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (ug/kg) (a)

Analyte LS3-2C LS3=6B LS3-6G Depth (ft) 12-12.8 17-22 30-32

VOCs Carbon disulfide 2 J 6 U NA Trichloroethylene 30 7 NA Ethylbenzene 13 6 U NA Xylenes (total) 54 6 U NA BNAs Naphthalene 280 J 420 U 420 U Acenaphthylene 2400 U 420 U 420 U Acenaphthene 800 J 420 U 420 U Dibenzofuran 480 J 420 U 420 U Fluorene 680 J 420 U 420 U Phenanthrene 5200 420 U 420 U Anthracene 1,000 J 420 U 420 U Fluoranthene 4,800 420 U 420 U Pyrene 2,900 420 U 420 U Benzo(a)anthracene 2,000 J 420 U 420 U Chrysene 1,900 J 420 U 420 U bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 2400 U 280 J 420 U Benzo(b)fluoranthene 1,400 J 420 U 420 U Benzo(k)fiuoranthene 1,600 J 420 U 420 U Benzo(a)pyrene 1,400 J 420 U 420 U Indeno(123-cd)pyrene 2400 U 420 U 420 U Benzo(g4i4)perylene 2400 U 420 U 420 U a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference or the detected value was less than the quantitation limit (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit NA s not analyzed by laboratory.

AR3G5728 Table 3-21 Below Lagoon Sediment Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 3 for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)

LS2=2C Depth (ft) 12-12.8 17-22 30-32

TAL Metals Aluminum 9260 J 22,800 J 17,700 J Arsenic 4.8 UJ 4.8 J 2.7 J Barium 39.8 []J 29.9 [] 51.8 Cadmium 5.8 J 15.3 J 15.4 J Calcium 64,800 664 J 2360 Chromium 17.9 J 234 22.8 Cobalt 62 []J 15.9 18.1 Copper 14.4 J 26.8 J 24.8 J Iron 14300 J 31300 J 34,400 J Lead 29.4 194 2.8 Magnesium 33400 22400 J 23,000 J Manganese 428 694 J 731 J Mercury 0.13 0.12 U 0.12 U Nickel 92 []J 31.1 J 28.4 J Potassium 4400 9,800 J 8,170 J Silver 3.4 23 U 23 U Sodium 122 [] 389 [] 1,120 [] Vanadium 20.6 J 47.9 46.9 Zinc 268 J 103 J 79.5 J Additional Inorganics Cyanide 28.6 1.6 U 14 U Sulfate 310 810 880 Fluoride 0.9 32 0.62 U Nitrate/Nitrite 047 039 4.6 Percent Moisture 17 21 21 a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit UJ = analyte not detected, value given is an estimate. [ ] = value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than contract required detection limit

AR3Q5729 Table 3-22

Natural Sediment Sampling Results from Lagoons No. 3,4 & 5 for VOCs at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (ug/kg) (a)

LS4^H LS4-4G LSS-4H Depth (ft) 34-36 26-27 22-24 19-21 VOCs Trichloroethylene 2 J 4 J 7 6 U Toluene 6 U 6 U 7 6 U a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference or the detected value was less than the quantitation limit (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit

A8305730 Of the three samples of natural sediments collected from more than 2 feet below the former lagoons, cadmium, sodium, and sulfate were found in all samples at levels above background (Table 3-23). Cyanide, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, and fluoride were above background in sample LS3-6H from below former lagoon 3. Magnesium and potassium were also found above background in sample LS5-4H. Sample LS4-4G collected from below lagoon 5 also contained fluoride above background levels. 3.4.5 Lagoon 4 Lagoon 4 is located in the northwest section of the property and is currently covered with turf. This lagoon is the largest of the five and reportedly had dimensions of approximately 55 feet on the western end, 91 feet on the eastern end, and 150 feet along the northern and southern ends. When in use, this lagoon reportedly had an average depth of 5 feet. The approximate location is shown on Figure 3-5. Twelve borings were completed within this lagoon, and the boring locations are shown on Figure 3-5 along with the borings completed in 1986-1987. Several samples of the fill material were collected from lagoon 4. Of those, 7 were analyzed for the parameters listed in Table 3-3, and 16 samples were analyzed for VOCs only. Duplicate samples were collected at sample locations LS4-6D and LW4-11B. All samples except LS4-1A contained TCE at levels between 3 and 360 ug/kg (Tables 3-24 to r 3-26). Ethylbenzene and total xylenes were also detected in LW4-2C at 58 and 620 ug/kg, and in LW4-3B at 64 and 98 ug/kg. Total xylenes (11 ug/kg) were detected in sample LS4- 8D. Other VOCs detected in one or more of the samples are PCE, carbon disulfide, vinyl acetate, toluene, total 1,2-dichloroethylenes, and 4-methyl-2-pentanone (Tables 3-24 to 3-26). Some of these were estimated concentrations. In the samples analyzed for BNA compounds, several PAHs were detected. Values ranged from 6,940 to 108,080 ug/kg for total PAHs (Table 3-27). The only compound detected that is not considered a PAH is dibenzofuran (samples LW4-6C, LW4-8C, LS4-8D, and LW4-11B). The highest concentrations of P> were found in samples LS4-8D and LW4-11B. 3-60 AR305731 Table 3-23 Natural Sediment Sampling Results from Lagoons No. 3,4 & 5 for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)

LS44G LSS-4H Depth (ft) 34-36 22-24 19-21 TAL Metals Aluminum 8,780 J 11,700 21,100 Arsenic 13 []J 2.7 1.6 [] Barium 8.4 [] 133 [] 8.5 [] Beryllium 0.55 U 0.97 U 0.83 [] Cadmium 92 J 10 9 Calcium 63300 641 [] 17,800 J Chromium __. 12.8 13.7 16.4 J Cobalt 11.4 12.1 10.5 [] Copper 11.3 J 52.5 12.3 J Iron 15,600 J 25,800 J 17,600 Lead 22 7.1 J 4.1 Magnesium 48,800 J 15,900 46,700 Manganese 405 J 362 J 183 Nickel 14.8 J 37 172 Potassium 6430 J 7,010 21,000 Sodium 276 [] 143 [] 177 [] Vanadium 18 272 29.1 Zinc 385 J 32.7 J 42.5

Additional Inorganics Total cyanide 24 14 UJ 13 UJ Sulfate 81 980 98 Fluoride 1.4 3.8 044 U Nitrate/nitrite 3.4 021 8 U Percent moisture 10 17 8.7 a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit UJ = analyte not detected; detection limit quantified as estimated due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). [ ] = value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than contract required detection limit

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AR305736 The TAL metals and other inorganic results for samples collected from the fill materials in former lagoon 4 are listed in Tables 3-28 and 3-29. Only cadmium and sulfate exceeded background levels in all samples. However, calcium, chromium, magnesium, potassium, silver, zinc, cyanide, fluoride, and nitrate were also detected above background in one or more of the fill samples. The residual lagoon sediment samples are assumed to be sediments at the apparent base of the former lagoon. Residual lagoon sediments were sampled and analyzed from borings L4-3, L4-4, L4-6, and L4-11. This material consisted of a gray silty clay possibly with some sand and gravel layered with a dark black material, and in most cases the material was saturated. A strong sewer-like odor emanated from the samples. Borings L4-7 and L4-8 also encountered a material that appeared to indicate the bottom of the former lagoon. This material consisted of dark brown to black gravel and silty clay and was included in the residual lagoon sediments zone for sampling and analysis. In boring L4-8, two apparent layers of residual lagoon sediments (similar to boring L3-6) were encountered. The first was found between 11 and 15 feet below grade. A yellow-gray weathered dolomitic limestone and phyllite was found between 15 and 19 feet. These sediments were followed by a black to brown clayey silt with varying amounts of gravel. Near 23 to 25 feet, the material became saturated and appeared to have characteristics resembling residual lagoon sediments. This material continued to a depth of approximately 29 feet followed by natural, brown to yellow-orange weathered phyllite and limestone, which was present to the base of the boring (37.5 feet). It is also possible that this boring was drilled on the berm of the former lagoon, thereby encountering various layers of residual lagoon sediments because of former dredging of the materials onto the berms. All residual lagoon sediment samples collected at the base of the lagoon contained VOCs (Table 3-30). TCE was the principal VOC detected in the samples, with concentrations ranging from nondetected to 560 ug/kg. Ethylbenzene results are between 2 ug/kg (estimated) and 45 ug/kg and total xylenes are between 15 ug/kg and 100 ug/kg 3-66 AR305737 Pi—» p oe § is § * i. $ a' vS £. s §§. s; ^ s ii 2 s' - a s VO •t Os i—i

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~~A.R3057if2 Table 3-32 Residual Lagoon Sediment Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 4 for TAL Metals at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)~~

Analvte LS4-3C LW4-7B LW4-8G LW4-8Hflrt LS4-1 IE Depth (ft) 22-24 8-12 23-25 23-25 14-16 TAL Metals Aluminum 26,800 12,900 J 16,100 18,600 14,900 Antimony 12 UJ 1.4 UJ 0.99 UJ 1.1 UJ 0.96 UJ Arsenic 4.8 J 14.9 J 3.5 J 5 J 2.8 J Barium 81.9 105 J 38.5 [] . 43.6 [] 116 Beryllium 1.9 13 U 0.99 U 1.1 U 0.96 U Cadmium 162 7.5 J 10.6 J 10.8 J 8.4 J Calcium 22,800 68400 8,180 J 14,100 J 33,200 J Chromium 520 22.8 J 253 462 24.4 Cobalt 14.3 I] 113 J 132 14.9 16.5 Copper 35.5 28.6 J 42.5 45.8 282 Iron 35,800 J 20,000 J 28,900 31300 22,600 Lead 84.4 J 99.7 J 28.6 J 22.5 J 41.4 J Magnesium 28,100 40,600 J 16,800 J 25,600 J 16,900 J Manganese 830 J 2380 J 640 J 425 J 1,080 J Mercury 0.14 U 0.38 J 021 026 0.49 Nickel 35.1 16.9 J 34.5 42.9 22.2 U Potassium 9,990 5,400 6300 8,830 2,610 Selenium 03 UJ 0.6 [] 037 [] 027 U 0.24 U Silver 0.89 U 2.1 [] 12 U 0.82 U 1.9 U Sodium 1,420 [] 913 [] 146 [] 157 [] 276 [] Vanadium 55 31.4 J 34.4 39.6 34.6 Zinc 3,480 J 235 J 814 J 1330 J 215 J a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). UJ = analyte not detected; detection limit quantified as estimated due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). U - analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit. [ ] = value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than contract required detection limit b/ Duplicate sample of LW4-8G. Table 3-33

~~Residual Lagoon Sediment Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 4 for Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)~~

~~LS4-3C LW4-7B LW4-8G LW4-8Hrtrt LS4-11E Depth (ft) 22-24 8-12 23-25 23-25 14-16~~

Total cyanide 96.8 J 139 496 142.1 74.9 Sulfate 1,100 640 760 740 1,700 Fluoride 3.1 42 1.4 1.8 42 Nitrate/nitrite 0.34 035 0.36 0.42 0.47 Percent moisture 33 16 19 27 17 a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). b/ Duplicate sample of LW4-8G.

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I'Sb>l 'I s .tT lu l•» •& ~ ' "ft " .5 111 n I I Table 3-35 Below Residual Sediment Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 4 for TAL Metals at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)

~~LSME LS4-6H L54^gJ LS4-11P Depth (ft) 24-25 21-22 25-26 33-37 19-20~~

Aluminum 21400 24,000 11300 J 3200 20,600 Antimony 0.97 U 2.8 [] 6.9 U 0.99 UJ 0.95 U Arsenic 3.5 1.6 [] 2.9 J 0.49 UJ 12 []J Barium 342 J 252 [] 15.5 []J 29.5 []J 29.4 [] Beryllium 1.6 2 1.1 U 0.99 U 1.6 Cadmium 13.4 13.1 7.5 J 5.4 J 10.4 J Calcium 2,950 783 [] 146,000 57,900 J 749 []J Chromium 26 23.1 38.6 J 83 232 Cobalt 13.5 14.1 7 []J 6.6 J 133 Copper 59 179 29.4 J 10.5 U 89.6 Iron 32,100 J 31,100 J 16,700 J 12,100 30200 Lead 12 J 12.6 J 17.8 J 153 J 194 J Magnesium 23400 26,600 78300 J 32,700 J 21,700 J Manganese 171 J 729 J 200 J 847 J 423 J Mercury 0.12 U 0.12 U 0.12 U 022 023 Nickel 35.8 75.9 18.9 J 15.9 43.7 Potassium 8,130 8310 6460 1270 12400 Silver 0.73 U 0.72 U 2 [] 1.7 U 1.9 [] Sodium 598 [] 214 [] 115 [] 633 [] 143 [] Thallium 0.73 [] 0.72 U 1.1 U 0.74 U 0.71 U Vanadium 443 47.8 24 J 11.4 [] 452 Zinc 339 J 88 J 1160 J 56 J 68 J a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). [ ] = value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than contract required detection limit; UJ = analyte not detected; detection limit quantified as estimated due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit Table 3-36

~~Below Residual Sediment Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 4 for Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)~~

~~Analvte LS4-3D LS4-4P LS4=fiH LS4-8J LS4-11P Depth (ft) 24-25 21-22 25-26 33-37 19-20~~

Total cyanide 5.6 J 1.5 U 212 1.5 U 1.5 U Sulfate 4300 3,900 740 1200 3,000 Fluoride 52 3.7 2.9 0.91 4.6 Nitrate/nitrite 12 027 0.56 0.68 0.76 Percent moisture 18 17 13 19 16 a/ U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit. J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). L5-2, Level C protective equipment was deemed necessary based on the HNu readings in the breathing zone around the augers. It was also difficult to reach natural sediments because of refusal at many locations. The locations of the borings are shown on Figure 3-5 along with the borings completed in earlier investigations. Six samples were collected from the fill materials, seven from the apparent residual lagoon sediments, and two samples from below the residual lagoon sediments within lagoon 5. It is possible that at least four of the residual sediment samples are actually fill materials. One sample was collected from the natural sediments below the three zones listed above. The samples were analyzed for the parameters listed in Table 3-3. The sediments encountered within this lagoon consist primarily of fill material.

Much gravel, pebbles, wood fragments, and bricks were found within this fill material. Olive-gray to brown silt and clay were encountered generally between 6 to 16 feet below grade. At times, this material emitted a septic-like odor. Fragments of asphalt were also found in this lagoon and exhibited the highest readings on the HNu. In boring L5-1, a blue-coated clay/silt and fine sand and silt were encountered at a depth of 26 to 29 feet. The residual sediments at the apparent base of the lagoon consisted of black to brown gravel and pebbles in a slurry of water and silt. The natural sediments beneath lagoon 5 were encountered in borings L5-1 and L5-4. These sediments consisted of fine sand and weathered phyllite with some dolomitic fragments. Saturated conditions were encountered in borings L5-1 and L5-2 within the fill materials. The analytical results for the samples collected from the fill materials are presented in Tables 3-37 and 3-38. The VOC levels were 4 ug/kg or less, all at estimated concentrations below CRQL. The predominant BNA compounds detected were PAHs, with total PAH values ranging from 6,272 ug/kg (LS5-3B) to 81,200 ug/kg (LS5-4D, Table 3-37). BEHP was detected in all samples except sample LS5-4D; however, the values were requalified on data validation (Appendix F).

~~3-77 Table 3-37~~

~~Fill Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 5 for VOCs and BNAs at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (ug/kg) (a)~~

Analvte LSS-1B LS5=2D LSS-3B LSS-3C LWS-4B Depth (ft) 12-14 12-14 6-8 8-10 5-7 9-11 VOCs Chloroform 6U 6U 1J 1J 6U NA Tetrachloroethylene 6U 2J 6U 6U 6U NA Toluene 6U 2J 1J 4J 6U NA Ethylbenzene 6U 6U 6U 4J 6U NA

BNAs Naphthalene 98 J 53 J 56 J 410 120 J 4,300 2-Methylnaphthalene 38 J 380 U 370 U 240 J 410 U 2,300 Acenaphthylene 190 J 120 J 73 J 200 J 330 J 710 J Acenaphthene 39 J 81 J 63 J 550 410 U 1200 J Dibenzofuran 58 J 380 U 55 J 550 410 U 450 J Fluorene 43 J 40 J 80 J 900 410 U 990 J Phenanthrene 540 300 J 480 4200 460 3,400 Anthracene 290 J 200 J 170 J 1200 350 J 1200 J Fluoranthene 1,700 1300 1,000 5200 2200 7,000 Pyrene 1300 840 830 3,600 2300 11,000 Benzo(a)anthracene 1,000 720 520 2,900 1,700 8,100 Chrysene 1,100 700 550 2,400 1,700 5,800 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 1,100 J 520 J 610 2,800 J 2,100 J 9,800 J Benzo(k)fluoranthene 1400 J 1,000 J 320 J 1,900 J 1300 J 5,000 J Benzo(a)pyrene 1300 770 550 2,600 2,100 7200 Indeno(123-cd)pyrene 1,000 570 540 1,900 2,400 5,900 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 130 J 79 J 370 U 270 J 310 J 2,800 J Benzo(g,h4)perylene 980 460 430 1300 1,800 4400 a/ J - analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference or the detected value was less than the quantitation limit (Appendix F). U ~ analyte not detected, value given is (he sample quantitation limit. NA - not analyzed by laboratory. Table 3-38 Fill Material Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 5 for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)

~~Analvte LSSdfi LW5-2D LS53B LSS-3C LWS-4B Depth (ft) 12-14 12-14 6-8 8-10 5-7 9-11~~

Metals Aluminum 8350 10,700 7,660 13200 16,600 14200 Arsenic 3.3 6 2.8 3.3 4.1 8.5 Barium 57.6 71.4 70.3 127 152 127 Beryllium 0.53 [] 0.82 [] 0.63 [] 0.79 [] 1.2 [] 1.1 [] Cadmium 6.40 1030 7.40 82 11.5 9.8 Calcium 14,900 J 36,900 J 4,600 J 13300 J 10,100 J 31,400 J Chromium 12.8 J 17.8 J 18.2 J 19.7 J 24.4 J 212 J Cobalt 9 [] 13.5 7.8 [] 114 [] 15 12.1 Copper 13.6 J 30.8 J 14 J 11 J 25 J 23.8 j' Iron 15,800 26,100 17400 • 18200 28300 2,080 Lead 213 18.4 20.5 19.6 6.6 46.4 Magnesium 12,600 20,900 4,090 5410 11300 21,700 Manganese 268 751 334 381 667 667 Mercury 0.1 U 0.11 U 0.11 U 0.11 U 0.13 U 021 Nickel 17.1 22.9 11.8 14.1 21.6 19.3 Potassium 3,880 3,400 1290 1460 3340 3,850 Silver 1.9 U 2.1 U 2 [] 2.1 U 2.3 U 2.1 U Sodium 552 [] 101 [] 79.6 [] 91 [] 131 [] 185 [] Vanadium 19.2 28.4 19.6 25.9 35.1 36.9 Zinc 127 179 112 982 406 369

Inorganics Sulfate 800 1,000 190 1400 870 1,400 Fluoride 0.88 0.62 NA 11 0.72 14 Percent moisture 2.8 12 99.4 14 21 14 a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit. [ ] = value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than contract required detection limit NA = not analyzed due to insufficient sample volume.

AR3G575Q All of the fill samples contained levels of cadmium, sodium, and sulfate above background (Table 3-38). However, calcium and fluoride were also above background in two or more samples. The three residual lagoon sediments samples were analyzed for parameters listed in Table 3-3. Four additional sediment samples were collected and analyzed only for VOCs. Duplicate samples were collected at a depth of 24 to 26 feet in boring L5-1. VOCs detected include total 1,2-dichloroethylenes, TCE, PCE, and total xylenes (Table 3-39). TCE and total 1,2-dichloroethylenes were found in sample LS5-1F at 88 ug/kg and 36 ug/kg. All other VOCs were below 17 ug/kg. PAHs make up most of the BNAs detected in the residual lagoon sediment samples, with total values ranging from 845 ug/kg to 15,656 ug/kg (Table 3-39). The highest concentrations of PAHs were found in sample LW5-3D. Also, BEHP was detected in samples LS5-1F and LW5-3D; however, on data validation, the values were requalified (Appendix F). The results for metals and inorganics detected in samples collected from the residual lagoon sediments in former lagoon 5 are listed in Table 3-40. Cadmium, sulfate, and sodium were above background in all samples. Chromium, cyanide, magnesium, fluoride, and potassium were above background in all samples except sample LW5-3D. Samples LS5-1I and LS5-4F consisted of natural sediments immediately below the lagoon residuals. No VOCs or BNAs were detected. Table 3-41 lists the results for metals and inorganics found in the two samples. Cadmium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulfate, and fluoride were above background levels in both samples. However, calcium and nitrate were also above background in sample LS5-1I. 3.4.7 Summary of Lagoon Soil Sampling Results This section will present a brief summary of the contaminants of concern that will be discussed in more detail in section 4.0. Volatile compounds and BNAs (particularly PAHs) are the most prevalent organic constituents in the lagoon fill and residual materials. Those VOCs most commonly detected 3-80 AR30575I Table 3-39

~~Residual Lagoon Sediment Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 5 for VOCs and BNAs at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (ug/kg) (a)~~

Ajnajyje. LSS-1F 1&53E LSS£E LWS-3D L5&2E LS5=ffl Depth (ft) 24-26 16-18 14-16 10-12 12-14 15-16 VOCs Carbon disulfide 4J 5J 2J NA 6U 6U 12-Dichloroethylenes (total) 36 6U 6UNA 6U 7 Chloroform 7 U 6U 6UNA 1J 1J Trichloroethylene 88 1J 6UNA 6U 6U Tetrachloroethylene 14 6U 6UNA 6U 6U Toluene 4 J 6 U 6 U NA 8 6 U Xylenes (total) 13 6 U 6 U NA 17 6 J

BNAs Naphthalene "" 480 U NA NA 130 J NA NA 2-Methylnaphthalene 480 U NA NA 50 J NA NA Acenaphthylene 480 U NA NA 230 J NA NA Acenaphthene 480 U NA NA 96 J NA NA Dibenzofuran 480 U NA NA 94 J NA NA Fluorene 480 U NA NA 170 J NA NA Phenanthrene 110 J NA NA 1,000 NA NA Anthracene 480 U NA NA 420 NA NA Fluoranthene 150 J NA NA 2,100 NA NA Pyrene 110 J NA NA 2,000 NA NA Benzo(a)anthracene 110 J NA NA 1,400 NA NA Chrysene 120 J NA NA 1300 NA NA Benzo(b)fiuoranthene 80 J NA NA 1,400 NA NA Benzo(k)fluoranthene 95 J NA NA 930 J NA NA Benzo(a)pyrene 70 J NA NA 1,400 NA NA Indeno(123-cd)pyrene 480 U NA NA 1,600 NA NA Dibenz(aWanthracene 480 U NA NA 230 J NA NA Benzo(g4i4)perylene 480 U NA NA 1200 NA NA a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference or the detected value was less than the quantitation limit (Appendix F). U - analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit NA = not analyzed by laboratory.

ftR305752 Table 3-40 Residual Lagoon Sediment Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 5 for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a) LSS-1P LWS-3D Depth (ft) 24-26 10-12 Metals Aluminum 24,800 [] 11300 Antimony 1.6 UJ 7.6 UJ Arsenic 6.6 52 Barium 50.1 [] 92 Beryllium 23 J 0.78 [] Cadmium 14.9 [] 7.6 Calcium 5,130 J 8,860 J Chromium 105 J 19.8 J Cobalt 163 11.1 [] Copper 39.8 J 162 J Iron 36,400 18300 Lead 24.3 U 22.7 Magnesium 26,600 5,150 Manganese 813 402 Nickel 354 [] 15.9 Potassium 10,100 [] 1,430 Silver 2.4 U 2.3 U Sodium 408 [] 842 [] Vanadium 48.6 25.1 Zone 277 185 Inorganics Sulfate 1300 1,400 Fluoride 32 0.84 Total cyanide 18.9 J 14 UJ Percent moisture 26 21 a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). U - analyte not detected; value given is the sample quantitation limit UJ s analyte not detected; detection limit quantified as estimated due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). [ ] s value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than contract required detection limit

5R305753 Table 3-41 Below Residual Sediment Sampling Results from Lagoon No. 5 for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility December 1989 and January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)

~~Analvte LSS-1I LSS-4P Depth (ft) 31-32 16-17~~

Metals Aluminum 15200 23,900 Arsenic 12 [] 1.1 [] Barium 16.6 [] 15.5 I] Beryllium 12 22 Cadmium 8.7 10.7 Calcium 30,700 J 6,760 J Chromium 634 J 21.9 J Cobalt 9.9 [] 10.8 [] Copper 9.4 J 182 J Iron 20,700 23,700 Lead 13 8.4 Magnesium 44,700 48,700 Manganese 267 409 Nickel 19.8 262 Potassium 14,000 21400 Silver 22 f] 2.1 U Sodium 392 [] 81.9 [] Vanadium 33.4 46.1 Zinc 106 613

Inorganics Sulfate 240 210 Nitrate/nitrite 7.73 9 U Fluoride 44 1.9 Percent moisture 17 16 a/ J s analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit [ ] s value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than contract required detection limit

AR3Q57Sti included TCE, xylenes, ethylbenzene, 1,2-dichloroethylenes, toluene, carbon disulfide, and PCE. PAH concentrations are above background in the fill materials used for the lagoons as well as in the residual lagoon sediments. Of the inorganic constituents detected in the samples, those consistently above background in the lagoon fill materials are sulfate, cadmium, sodium, and to a lesser extent, fluoride and calcium. Those inorganics consistently found above background in the residual lagoon sediments include cadmium, sulfate, fluoride, sodium, and to a lesser extent, cyanide and nitrate. In the sediments directly beneath the residual lagoon sediments, cadmium, sodium, sulfate, fluoride, magnesium, and to a lesser degree, potassium and cyanide are the inorganics found above background. In the three samples collected from the sediments greater than 2 feet below the base of the lagoons, calcium, magnesium, potassium, fluoride, and cyanide were above background concentrations. The sediments collected immediately below the residual lagoon sediments mostly contained natural sediments. This was also true of the three samples collected at greater depths. The higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium could be attributed most likely to the type of bedrock these sediments were derived from (i.e., limestone and dolomite). As a result of many borings being drilled into the former lagoon areas, extensive data on the depths of the occurrence of saprolite have been accumulated. From these data, the elevations of the top of the saprolite were used to develop a contour map of its surface (Figure 3-11). This contour map depicts a rough estimation of the surface of the saprolite which has been scoured by past excavation activities while the lagoons were being enlarged. Several depression areas on the surface of the natural sediments are evident. These depressions most likely play a role in the concentrations and movement of contaminants in the soils to the groundwater. 3.4.8 Underground Storage Tank Borings The former HMC site had five underground storage tanks in the areas shown on Figure 3-2. As part of the RI, the five underground tanks were to be tested for integrity. 3-84 AR305755 AR3Ub/56 However, following the soil boring program, Champion personnel decided to close the tanks instead. Area A on Figure 3-2 represents the location of the three fuel oil tanks and one machining oil tank; Area B is the location of the stoddard solvent tank; Area C is the former location of four of the tanks now in Area A as well as the location of the former concrete emergency overflow tanks. A list of the contents of the underground tanks is given in Table 3-42. The stoddard solvent tank since has been removed, while the other four were closed in place. A discussion of this removal and closure is included in the report titled "Underground Storage Tank Closure Report for the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Site" (ESC 1991). No contamination was detected in any verification soil samples collected from the excavations during the removal and closure. As part of the RI Workplan, it was proposed that five soil borings be installed to determine whether the tanks had leaked. Therefore, these were drilled before any decisions were made on integrity testing or tank closure. Soil samples were collected from the five soil borings at 5-foot intervals, according to procedures outlined in the RI Workplan and Sampling Plan (ESC 1989a and 1989b). The samples were analyzed for the parameters listed in Table 3-3. The sediments encountered in these borings were consistent with the natural sediments encountered beneath the lagoons. Orange-tan silty clay and silty sand with rock fragments were predominant. On occasion, this was interlayered with weathered chloritic schist. Hard limestone or dolomite was encountered in borings US-1 and US5C. The boring logs are included in Appendix E. Three samples from the borings contained VOCs. Sample US-1A, collected downgradient of the four underground storage tanks (Figure 3-5), contained 137 ug/kg of total VOCs and 2 ug/kg of chloroform (estimated) at a depth of 5 to 6 feet. Also, sample US5C-A contained an estimated concentration of 2 ug/kg of chloroform (below the CRQL) (Table 3-43). None of the other samples collected downgradient of the underground storage tank areas contained VOCs.

~~3-86 AR305757 Table 3-42 Contents of the Underground Storage Tanks~~

~~No. of Tanks Size (gallons) Contents 1 10,000 No. 2 fuel oil 2 20,000 No. 2 fuel oil 1 10,000 machining oil (12 CM Mobil oil) 1 1,000 stoddard solvent (petroleum naptha)~~

flR30575$ I i ^.g aim jjisfw° i !iH g ^« ^ « •'- {2 p SEE P Z AR305759 In samples US-1A, US-2C, and US-4C, BNAs, all of which are PAHs, at estimated concentrations (Table 3-43) were detected. All samples except sample US-1A also were reported to contain BEHP; however, on data validation, the values were requalified (Appendix F). Table 3-44 lists the metals and other inorganics found in the soil samples collected downgradient of the underground storage tank areas. Only cadmium, fluoride, and sodium were above background levels in all samples. However, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sulfate were also above background levels in one or more of the samples (Table 3-44). 3.4.9 Other Soil Samples Surface soil samples were collected in the lagoon areas to determine if they are a potential exposure pathway. These results will be used primarily for risk assessment purposes outlined in section 6.0. Five soil samples were collected (SS1 through SS5) from the surface soils that now cover the former lagoon areas. Because of the presence of asphalt covering former lagoons 1 and 5, only surface soil from former lagoons 2, 3, and 4 were collected (Figure 3-12). All samples were collected from a depth of 6 to 12 inches. All of the soils consisted of an orange-brown clayey silt with scattered gravel. The samples were analyzed for the parameters listed in Table 3-3. The analytical results for these soil samples are given in Tables 3-44 and 3-45. No VOCs were detected in any of the samples. However, several BNAs (mostly PAHs) were detected in many of the samples (Table 3-45). The total concentrations of PAHs detected range between 144 ug/kg in SS5 and 29,422 ug/kg in SS1. Many of these compounds are similar to those found at depth in the lagoon soils. The concentrations of metals detected in the surface soil samples (Table 3-46) are similar to those of background soil. Magnesium and potassium are the only metals above background in more than one sample. Another area of investigation is a former equipment wash area. According to former HMC personnel, this area was located near the southwestern corner of the 3-89 AR305760 Table 3-44 Soil Boring SampUng Results from the Underground Storage Tank Area for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)

US-1A US-1C US-2A US-2C US-2D Depth (ft) 5-6 12-16 3-4 9-12 15-16 Metals Aluminum 21,700 J 11,000 J 24,700 J 13,800 J 12,700 J Antimony 1.7 []J 1.7 []J 7 UJ 72 UJ 2 []J Arsenic 6.1 2.1 [] 7.9 8.3 2.8 Barium 72 15.1 [] 49.4 44.5 [] 44.6 [] Beryllium 0.81 [] 0.61 [] 0.88 [] 2 0.78 [] Cadmium 11.1 J 9.4 J 12.3 J 12.7 J 11.4 J Calcium 7,970 67,800 1,070 [] 621 [] 1,450 Chromium 24.9 J 14.7 J 24.4 J 20.6 J 12.1 J Cobalt 202 12.4 182 17.6 12.8 Copper 194 112 18.9 25.4 262 Iron 26,900 J 20300 J 31,700 J 35200 J 29,000 J Lead 17.1 J 244 J 14.9 J 25.1 J 3.8 J Magnesium 2,970 J 44300 J 1440 J 6450 J 20,100 J Manganese 624 J 327 J 493 J 927 J 415 J Nickel 22.3 21.1 19.9 353 22.6 Potassium 1,420 9,780 749 [] 3210 5250 Sodium 180 [] 168 [] 67.5 [] 42.1 [] 38.1 [] Vanadium 38.5 24.7 41.3 332 272 Zinc 96.9 J 36.8 J 59.4 J 116 J 43.3 J Inorganics Sulfate 160 83 U 100 110 92 Fluoride 12 12 9 11 7.4 Percent moisture 16 11 13 12 18

AR30576I Table 3-44 (continued) Soil Boring Sampling Results from the Underground Storage Tank Area for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)

~~AjQSlyJS US-3A US-3B US-4C USSC-A USSC-B Depth (ft) 6-7 11-13 7-9 3-7 9-10 15-17~~

Metals Aluminum 10,600 J 14,100 J 19,100 J 19400 J 18,400 J 7,490 J Antimony 72 U 1.8 UJ 14 []J 72 UJ 1.8 UJ 6.7 UJ Arsenic 1.6 []J 22 []J 1.4 [] 32 1.7 [] 1.1 [] Barium 27.6 [] 21.3 [] 203 [] 74.5 25.1 [] 10 [] Beryllium 0.71 [] 0.78 [] 0.89 [] 1.5 0.94 [] 0.56 [] Cadmium 9.8 J 11.4 J 102 J 12.9 J 11.6 J 72 J Calcium 1400 14,600 73400 13,700 21,100 91,400 Chromium 17.4 J 22.6 J 27.3 J 19.9 J 22.3 J 12 J Cobalt 17.9 22.4 142 17.7 18.7 10.1 [] Copper 20.3 24 17.7 20.6 16.8 5.8 Iron 27200 J 28400 J 18,800 J 32,100 J 27,600 J 11,600 J Lead 6.4 J 9.5 J 52 []J 10.4 J 10.5 J 2.9 J Magnesium 14,800 J 25,400 J 66,800 J 14,900 J 40,600 J 65300 J Manganese 380 J 376 J 242 J 705 J 401 J 230 J Nickel 27.7 30.7 24 26.1 29.6 15.9 Potassium 4460 6,420 13400 4410 13,100 8,630 Sodium 52.6 [j 672 [] 89.5 J 133 [] 172 [] 77.7 [] Vanadium 31.8 352 36.7 39 38.3 22.7 Zinc 503 J 542 J 46.9 J 59.4 J 44.8 J 24.8 J Inorganics Sulfate 120 160 260 360 120 89 Fluoride 5.8 14 10 10 6.6 9

Percent moisture 18 13 18 18 17 14 a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). [ ] = value is greater than instrument detection limit, but less than contract required detection limit; U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit UJ = analyte not detected; detection limit quantified as estimated due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F).

~~AR305762 i~~

~~ill §~~

~~3— •s" |UI o !m» AR305763 Table 3-45~~

~~Surface Soil Sampling Results for BNAs at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility October 1990 (ug/kg) (a)~~

~~SS-4 SS-S Depth (ft) 0.5-1.0 0.5-1.0 0.5-1.0 0.5-1.0 0.5-1.0~~

BNAs Naphthalene 360 J 29 J 380 U 390 U 400 U 2-Methylnaphthalene 130 J 380 U 380 U 390 U 400 U Acenaphthene 360 J 380 U 380 U 390 U 400 U Dibenzofuran 270 J 380 U 380 U 390 U 400 U Fluorene 740 380 U 380 U 390 U 400 U Phenanthrene 5300 130 J 96 J 58 J 400 U Anthracene 2300 81 J 380 U 390 U 400 U Di-n-butylphthalate 23 J 26 J 24 J 390 U 400 U Fluoranthene 830 620 290 J 230 J 72 J Pyrene 380 U 460 230 J 160 J 72 J Benzo(a)anthracene 4,700 350 J 380 U 390 U 400 U Chrysene 4200 380 J 220 J 140 J 400 U- Benzo(b)fluoranthene 2,700 370 J 420 300 J 400 U BenzcKk)fluoranthene 2,000 340 J 380 U 390 U 400 U Benzo(a)pyrene 2,600 410 170 J 140 J 400 U Indeno(123-cd)pyrene 2200 400 210 J 130 J 400 U Dibenz(a4i)anthracene 240 J 380 U 380 U 390 U 400 U Benzo(g4i4)perylene 89 J 290 J 170 J 110 J 400 U a/ U s analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference or the detected value was less than the quantitation limit (Appendix F). Table 3-46

~~Surface Soil Sampling Results for TAL Metals and Additional Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility October 1990 (rag/kg) (a)~~

Analvte SS-1 SS-2 SS£ SM. SS-5 Depth (ft) 0.5-1.0 0.5-1.0 0.5-1.0 0.5-1.0 0.5-1.0 Metals Aluminum 16,000 17,100 11,400 19,600 31,400 Arsenic 9.8 J 6.6 J 13.8 J 73 J 4 J[] Barium 294 65.8 J 82.8 [] 83 [] 148 [] Beryllium 14 U 12 U 12 U 14 U 2.6 [] Cadmium 2.9 [] 14 [] 12 U 1.9 [] 3.3 [] Calcium 29,400 J 18,600 J 37,700 J 54,000 J 4,440 J[] Chromium 67.5 J 28.2 J 21.9 J 28.6 J 38.9 J Cobalt 21.5 [] 21.7 [] 203 [] 233 [] 37 [] Copper 132 J 33.3 J 223 J 36.4 J 474 J Iron 36,100 41,900 28400 44400 90,800 Lead 176 38.7 45.4 44.7 37 Magnesium 18200 20300 28200 43,600 33200 Manganese 1,880 J 833 J 1230 J 1,040 J 2,120 J Mercury 0.72 0.19 U 02 U 024 U 033 U Nickel 35.7 J[] 36.8 J 19.9 J[] 37.4 J[] 48.8 J[] Potassium 2360 [] 4390 3270 [] 8,430 8,870 Silver 2.9 [] 23 U 2.4 U 2.9 U 4 U Vanadium 44.5 J[] 402 J 29.6 J[] 40.8 J[] 63.4 J[] Zinc 604 180 233 185 169

Inorganics Nitrate 0.1 0.7 02 0.1 U 0.1 Sulfate 13 5.7 U 5.9 5.8 U 9.8 a/ J s analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). U = analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit; [ ] s value is greater than instrument detection limit but less than contract required detection limit

AR305765 manufacturing building (Figure 3-2). This area was apparently used for outside washing and may also contain residual overflow material from the filling of the underground storage tanks. Four soil samplei s were collected from one boring (EQ-1) drilled in this area (Figure 3-5). The boring consisted of soils composed of brown silt with coarse rock fragments to a depth of approximately eight feet. From 8 to 16 feet, rust-orange silty clay to tan medium/fine sand was encountered. A bluish gray weathered limestone was found at a depth of 16 feet. To obtain sufficient sample volume for analysis, additional footage was included in two of the samples collected from boring EQ-1. Table 3-47 lists the soil sampling results for VOCs and BNAs. The two samples collected at depths of 2 to 4 feet and 4 to 8 feet contained total VOCs at 52 ug/kg and 25 ug/kg. In the deeper samples (8 to 12 feet and 14 to 16 feet), only toluene was detected at an estimated concentration of (2 ug/kg) in the 8- to 12-foot sample. BNAs were found only in the 8-foot sample (EQ-1B) at this boring location. A total of 1,170 ug/kg of BjNAs was found in sample EQ-1B (Table 3-47). Sample EQ-1A was not analyzed for BNAs because of insufficient sample volume. BEHP was reported in all samples collected from this boring, and di-n-octyl phthalate was reported in sample EQ-1C; however, upon data validation, the values were requalified (see Appendix F). Metals and other inorganics detected in the samples from the boring drilled in the former equipment wash area are listed in Table 3-48. Cadmium, sodium, sulfate, and fluoride were above background levels in all samples. However, potassium was also above background in sample EQ-1D. A conveyor belt that carried metal shavings was located on the southern side of the manufacturing building (Figure 3-5). In accordance with the RI Workplan (ESC 1989a), one sample was collected from the residual shavings remaining on the ground surface and from the soil immediately adjacent to the shavings. The shavings sample (CB-1) was

~~3-95 AR305766 Table 3-47 Other Soil Sampling Results for VOCs and BNAs at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility January 1990 (ug/kg) (a)~~

~~Analyte CB-2 EO-1A EjHfi EQJ£ EQJD. Depth (ft) 0-0.5 2-4 4-8 8-12 14-16~~

VOCs 1,1-Dichloroethylene 2J 6U 6U 6 U 6U 12-Dichloroethylenes (total) 6U 34 16 6U 6U Chloroform 3J 1J 6U 6U 6U Trichloroethylene 5J 6 5J 6 U 6U Tetrachloroethylene 6U 1J 6U 6U 6U Toluene 6U 6 4J 2J 6U Xylenes (total) 3J 4J 6U 6U 6U

BNAs Phenanthrene 7,900 U NA 110 J 390 U 390 U Fluoranthene 7,900 U NA 220 J 390 U 390 U" Pyrene 7,900 U NA 180 J 390 U 390 U Benzo(a)anthracene 7,900 U NA 120 J 390 U 390 U Chrysene 7,900 U NA 140 J 390 U 390 U Benzo(b)fiuoranthene 7,900 U NA 130 J 390 U 390 U Benzo(k)fluoranthene 7,900 U NA 100 J 390 U 390 U Benzo(a)pyrene 7,900 U NA 120 J 390 U 390 U a/ J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference or the detected value was less than the quantitation limit (Appendix F). U s analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit NA s not analyzed by laboratory.

~~AR305767 Table 3-48 Other Soil Sampling Results for TAL Metals and Add'tip"^ Inorganics at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Facility January 1990 (mg/kg) (a)~~

~~Analyte Depth (ft)~~

Metals Aluminum 23300 21,700 17,900 12200 Arsenic 102 4.5 2.9 4.6 Barium 238 622 42.8 [] 27 [] Beryllium 2.4 0.94 [] 1.4 0.67 J Cadmium 454 9.4 122 7.9 Calcium 69200 J 2250 J 794 []J 1,100 []J Chromium 135 21.6 19.4 11.3 Cobalt 22.1 12.7 16.5 6.9 [] Copper 98.7 19.7 233 12 Iron 153,000 25,100 32,800 22,000 Lead 193 11.4 J 12.7 J 16 J Magnesium 21,900 6,210 10.600 20,700 Manganese 2,600 J 362 J 632 J 598 J Nickel 76.5 20 30.7 13.7 Potassium 3330 2,790 4,090 12300 Selenium 0.66 []J 0.47 UJ 0.48 UJ 0.47 UJ Sodium 619 [] 264 [] 109 [] 63.8 [] Vanadium 37 36.6 35.4 25.8 Zone 722 67.9 902 43.4 Inorganics Sulfate 97 750 230 410 Fluoride 6.1 16 15 14 Total cyanide 5.9 1.4 U 14 U 1.4 U Tota organic carbon 850 NA NA NA

Percent moisture 11 15 16 15 a/ [ ] = value is greater than instrument detection limit, but less than contract required detection limit; J = analyte detected; estimated value reported due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). UJ = analyte not detected; detection limit quantified as estimated due to matrix interference, outlying spike recovery, or inaccuracies in duplicate precision (Appendix F). U s analyte not detected, value given is the sample quantitation limit NA = not analyzed.

AR305768 analyzed for Resource, Conservation, and Recovery Act (RCRA) characteristics and metals, and the surface soil sample (CB-2) was analyzed for all the parameters listed in Table 3-3. Sample CB-2 was collected from the soil adjacent to the shavings found beneath the conveyor belt. .The level of total VOCs in CB-2 was an estimated concentration of 13 ug/kg (Table 3-47). No BNAs were detected. Several metals and other inorganics were detected at levels exceeding background. These include cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, sodium, cyanide, sulfate, and fluoride (Table 3-48). The results for the metal shavings sample are presented in Table 3-49. As shown, the sample exhibited no RCRA characteristics. Shelby tube samples were collected from beneath or within each former lagoon, except lagoon 1. Much difficulty was encountered when drilling the borings in lagoon 1, and only two borings reached weathered bedrock before auger refusal. Shelby tubes from lagoons 2 and 4 and from the boring downgradient of the former underground tank of stoddard solvent contained natural sediments. The Shelby tube samples from lagoons 3 and 5 contained sediments from the fill material. The five Shelby tube samples were analyzed for bacteria count, cation exchange capacity (CEC), British thermal unit (BTU), porosity, moisture, and permeability. At times, the soil sample collected immediately above or below the Shelby tube was analyzed for CEC (in case of low volume within the Shelby tube itself). Sample SH3-6E was not analyzed for CEC, porosity, and moisture because of low sample volume. Table 3-50 lists the results for all analyses performed on the Shelby tube samples. Permeabilities ranged from 5 x 10- 8 to 5.0 x 10-7 cm/s for the samples collected from natural sediments, while sample LS5-4C, collected from fill material, had a permeability of 1.5 x 10- 6 cm/s. Total bacteria counts for the natural sediments ranged from 21 x 410 colony forming units (cfu)/g to 2,000 x 10A cfu/g. The two samples collected from the fill in lagoons 3 and 5 had bacteria counts of 53 x 104 cfu/g and 120 x 104 cfu/g, respectively. Total bacteria counts suggest that there is bacterial activity in the soils to

~~3-98 4*305769 I~~

~~Table 3-49~~

~~Metal Shavings Sample from Near the Conveyor Belt at the Former Hellertown Manufacturing Company Site January 1990~~

~~RCRA Hazardous RCRA Waste Characteristic CB-1 Threshold~~

Corrosivity (pH) 6.4 <2 or >12 Reactivity Cyanide (mg/kg) <1 250 Sulfide (mg/kg) <1 500 Flashpoint Non-ignitable <60 C EP Toxicity Metals (mg/1) Arsenic <0.04 5.0 Barium 0.065 100.0 Cadmium 027 1.0 Chromium 0.066 5.0 Lead <0.02 5.0 Mercury <0.0002 0.2 Selenium <0.01 1.0 Silver 0.016 5.0

~~AR305770~~