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THE Xvth CENTURY EAR DAGGER. ITS HISPANO-MORESQUE ORIGIN

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THE Xvth CENTURY EAR DAGGER. ITS HISPANO-MORESQUE ORIGIN Gladius, III (1964), pp. 67-87 J.J. Rodríguez Lorente ISSN 0435-029X THETHE xVthXVth CENTURYCENTURY EAREAR DAGGER.DAGGER. ITSITS HISPANO-MORESQUEHISPANO-MORESQUE ORIGINORIGIN byby J.J. J.J. RodriguezRodriguez LorenteLorente THETHE so·calledso-called earear daggerdagger isis oneone ofof thethe shortshort EuropeanEuropean armsarms moremore soughtsought afterafter byby collectors,collectors, duedue toto thethe comparativelycomparatively smallsmall numbernumber ofof specimensspecimens whichwhich areare knownknown toto existexist atat thethe presentpresent time.time. TheseThese daggersdaggers areare usuallyusually describeddescribed asas thosethose wherewhere thethe pommelpommel isis formedformed byby aa pairpair ofof discsdiscs bentbent outwards,outwards, sometimessometimes coveredcovered onon thethe outsideoutside withwith plaquesplaques ofof ivoryivory oror horn,horn, andand thethe gripgrip ofof steelsteel alwaysalways formsforms partpart ofof thethe blade.blade. MostMost ofof thethe authorsauthors ofof thethe lastlast century,century, speciallyspecially thethe French,French, havehave consideredconsidered thesethese armsarms asas beingbeing mademade inin Venice,Venice, asas wellwell asas inin somesome otherother partsparts ofof Europe.Europe. TheThe typetype hashas beenbeen describeddescribed byby SirSir GuyGuy FrancisFrancis LakingLaking inin hishis classicalclassical bookbook EuropeanEuropean ArmourArmour andand ArmsArms (G.(G. BellBell andand SonSon Ltd.Ltd. London,London, MCMXX,MCMXX, 55 vo!.)vol.) wherewhere itit isis mentionedmentioned asas thethe 4th4th typetype ofof EuropeanEuropean daggerdagger ofof thethe XVthXVth century.century. SirSir GuyGuy inin hishis vol.vol. HII11 p.p. 4848 ffff describesdescribes 1717 specimens,specimens, distributeddistributed amongstamongst thethe differentdifferent collectionscollections knownknown toto him,him, underunder numbersnumbers 823823 toto 835.835. NumberNumber 823823 withwith bronzebronze hilt,hilt, whichwhich isis keptkept atat thethe BritishBritish Museum,Museum, waswas foundfound atat ArdabilArdabil onon thethe southernsouthern coastcoast ofof thethe CaspianCaspian SeaSea andand attributedattributedto to thethe IV·VIIV-V1century. century. FromFrom thisthis typetype ofof PersianPersian daggerdagger whichwhich thethe authorauthor comparescompares withwith thethe prehistoricprehistoric swordsswords discovereddiscovered atat Alme­Alme- dinilladinilla (near(near Priego--Cordoba-8pain)Priego-C6rdoba-Spain) SirSir GuyGuy believesbelieves thethe earear daggerdagger originated.originated. UnderUnder numbernumber 824824 LakingLaking describesdescribes thethe daggerdagger whichwhich hehe considersconsiders thethe oldestoldest specimenspecimen known,known, attributedattributed toto 1480,1480, withwith silveredsilvered bronzebronze hilt,hilt, foundfound inin thethe Thames,Thames, nearnear Westminster.Westminster. FifteenFifteen otherother daggersdaggers ofof variedvaried artistryartistry areare alsoalso describeddescribed byby Laking,Laking, andand attributedattributed toto thethe yearsyears 14901490 toto 15001500 A.A. D.,D., asas existingexisting inin thethe followingfollowing collections:collections: No.No. Djof Laking'sLaking's CollectionCollection PlacePlace specimensspecimens NumberNumber BaronBaron CossonCosson ............ ParisParis .......... 11 825.825. WallaceWallace ................... LondonLondon ....... 22 826-833.826-833. LordLord AstorAstor (1)(1) ............ HeverHever CastleCastle '"... 11 827.827. BargelloBarge110 MuseumMuseum ............ FlorenceFlorence ............ 44 828828 (a·b-c-d).(a-b-c-d). (1)(1) WeWe understandunderstand thatthat thisthis daggerdagger waswas subsequentlysubsequently inin thethe collectioncollection ofof thethe CountessCountess Behague.Behague. Paris.Paris. 67 Digitalizado por InterClassica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas http://interclassica.um.es http://gladius.revistas.csic.es Gladius, III (1964), pp. 67-87 J.J. Rodríguez Lorente ISSN 0435-029X MO.No. of Lakiny'sLaking's Collection Place specimens NuinberNumber Metropolitan Museum ... NewNcw York ... ... 3:l 829.831-832.!l:!!J-!l3UJ32_ Prince Odescalchi ....__ ..._ . RomeHomc . 1 WC.!l3U. Ambrosian Library (2).(2)' MiimMila:l ... ... 3:l 834!l:I4 ((a·b)·S3;). a&)-835. Sir Guy does not mention any dagger existing in Spanish collections, although thethe so-calledso·called ctdaga«daga de Boabdil))Boabdil» had already been exhibited inin Paris inin 1900 (Fig. 1). When readingreading thethe comments of Laking on the chronology of thesethese arms thethe first thingthing which struck usus was thatthat all the daggers were sup-sup­ posed toto have been made between 1480 and 1500, over a period of only 20 years,years, during which arms of so variedvaried artistry were produced. Sir Guy indicatesindicates thatthat he was unableunable to find evidence of European making of thesethese daggers before thethe XVth century, although he recognizedrecognized thethe existence of twotwo different patterns of art, thethe Spanish Moresque toto which four of thethe daggers arearc attributed,attrihuted, and thethe Venetian, respon-respon· sible for thethe remaining ones. After our interest inin thethe ear daggers was aroused inin thethe fmtfirst place, we soon discovered thatthat thethe informationinformation provided by LakingLal{ing was by farfar thethe most comprehensive thatt.hat couldcoult! be obtained,ohtained, inin spite of thethe 40 years which had elapsed smcesince thethe publication of his work, and koveredcovered indeedindeed mostmost of thethe specimens known inin armouries abroad.abroad. We still hadhad toto investigateinvestigate thethe existence of thesethese pieces inin Spanish armouries toto complete thethe picturepicture asas farfar as possible, asas thethe feasibilityfeasibility of extendingextending our investigationsinvestigations toto other centres of IslamicIslamic cultureculture suchsuch asas IstambulIstambul or Cairo could only be contemplated forfor futurefuture work as a continuation of our investigationsinvestigatiolls inin Europe. The largestlargest collection of earcar daggers inin Spain isis inin thethe LazaroLazaro Galdiano MuseumMuseum inin Madrid,Madrid, where notnot lessless thanthan tenten pieces, of Spanish and Venetian art,art, attributedattributed tot.o thethe XV and XVI centuries, can bebe admired. InIn thethe ((Institute«!nstituto dede Valencia de Don Juan))Juan» (IVDJ) (IVDJl of Madrid,Madrid, therethere isis aa Spanish Moresque ear dagger whlchwhich under numbernumber 104 hashas beenbeen describeddescribed inin thethe CatcilogoCatdlogo de laslas Armas del InstztutoInslilulo byby Sres. Florit andand SanchezSanchez Cantdn,Canton, and attributedattributed toto thethe XVthXVth century (Fig.(Fig. 22 a-b).a-b l. InIn thethe IVDJIVDJ are also fourfour other ear daggers of aa moremore modernmodern type,type, which were previouslypreviously in thethe J.J_ J.J. ReubellReubcll collectioncollection inin Paris,Paris, andand areare not mentionedmentioned in thethe Institute'sInstitutc's CatnIoyueCatalogue (Figs.(Figs. 7-8).7·8). InIn thethe RoyalRoyal Armoury of MadridMadrid therethere isis onlyonly oneonc earcar dagger,dagger, a veryvery finefine specimenspecimen ofof exquisiteexquisite art,art, whichwhich hashas beenbeen attributedattributed toto thethe (2)(21 WereWere destroyeddestroyed duringduring thethe lastlast world war.war. 6868 Digitalizado por InterClassica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas http://interclassica.um.es http://gladius.revistas.csic.es Gladius, III (1964), pp. 67-87 J.J. Rodríguez Lorente ISSN 0435-029X Fil!.1-11: I.I DO!!!!I'rDrrpq',r ofof /lnohuil,nolrhdir", thethe Iil.vflmf NW'riuNncrid kill!!Ling ofof Grallllda,G~nnrrdn.dcfcatcddefeated illin 14n1492 byhv FcrdilllllldI errlrncrnd IIl/d~ndI.mht".lwhcl. Hi.l'J!((llo.arah,Hi\p(ino-arah, typctype I.I. (Armcria(Arrneria Real.Real. Mouriu.)Mird~id ) 69 Digitalizado por InterClassica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas http://interclassica.um.es http://gladius.revistas.csic.es Gladius, III (1964), pp. 67-87 J.J. Rodríguez Lorente ISSN 0435-029X last Islamic king of Granada, BoabdiJ,Boabdil, and on which articles have ap­ap- peared in both Spanish and foreign publications (Fig. 1). This dagger belonged to the Marquis of Viana, and previously to the Marquis of Villaseca, and was in the Paris Exhibition of 1900 and also in the «Exposici6n((Exposicidn de Orfebreria Civil Espanola))Espafiola)) of 1925. It appears that this piece was presented to the late King of Spain Alfonso XIIIXI11 by the Marquis of ViViana,ana, and subsequently went to the Royal Armoury, where it can now be seen. Fit:. 2. lIispmlO-(/rah c(/r-d(/lilil'r of 1)1'1' I. 1'011/­ II/C/ (//1(/ cross of i \. 0 r .I' . Go/cl d(/II/(/­ SCCllill1i all d makcr's s{all/p ill hla­ dc. Tal a / /Clllilh 37,5 Cl/I. (1I1.\Iilll­ 10 Va/cllcia de DOll fllml. Mm/rid. ("a­ 11//OIiO m/II/c. ro 104.) ToTO the best of our knowledge the only specimen of ear dagger in Spanish private collections is the one owned by the author of this article, which makes the 17th specimen known, about the same number of daggers published by Laking as existing in foreign armouries (Fig. 3 a-b). High as it may appear, the number of ear daggers existing 70 Digitalizado por InterClassica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas http://interclassica.um.es http://gladius.revistas.csic.es Gladius, III (1964), pp. 67-87 J.J. Rodríguez Lorente ISSN 0435-029X inin SpainSpain isis stillstill veryvery low,low, consideringconsidering thethe factfact
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