9L AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE VOL. NO. 18, NO. 7 JOURNAL JULY, 1941

X.

msssrn^ ' ■ ' '-^saes.sssx'j^m

/V HERE IS NEW SAFETY

born of the Center Traction Tread of Goodyear’s famous 'me ALL-WEATHER

Positive grip and traction down the center of the tread—where you need it most. That’s what you get in Goodyear’s famous DeLuxe All-Weather Tread. And, along with this new safety you also get added tread mile¬ age—and protection against bursts and bruises, because of the special Supertwist cords in the body of the tire. Today’s greatest tire bargain in Safety and Mileage!

MORE PEOPLE THE WORLD OVER RIDE ON GOODYEAR TIRES THAN ON ANY OTHER MAKE

■■■I CONTENTS JULY, 1941

Cover Picture: .S'.S. America, now U.S.S. West Point See page 418.

Some Effects of the War on the American Mer¬ chant Marine Prepared by the V. S. Maritime Commission 365

The History of the Consulate General at By the late Percy R. Broemel 369

The Federal Government and the Art Museum By Donald C. Dunham 373 The Passing of Mr. Zero 376 Diplomatic Immunity? Letter to the Editors 377 Fire, windstorm, lightning, bur¬ Defense—One Year glary, theft—the many hazards of Office for Emergency Management 378 daily life—are no respecters of per¬ Yankee Doodle and Doodletown sons. But our special Government By C. Taylor Cabrera 381 Service Policy with its broad cover¬ age on personal effects of every de¬ Editors’ Column 382 scription, will indemnify you in the event of loss. News from the Department By Reginald P. Mitchell 383 For more than twenty years our or¬ ganization has been devoted entirely News from the Field 386 to providing American insurance The Bookshelf protection in foreign countries. Francis C. de Wolf. 388 Those in the foreign service of our government will find our facilities Beachcomber unusually effective and complete. By William D. Moreland, Jr 390 You may advise us direct about your The Foreign Service School insurance needs or apply through By George D. Henderson 393 your regular insurance agent.

Foreign Service Changes 394

Service Glimpses 395

Foreign Service Retirements 404

Births 415 AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL In Memoriam 415 UNDERWRITERS CORPORATION Visitors 418 ill John Street, 340 Pine Street, San Francisco

Additional Company Offices in: , Cuba Manila, P. I. Bogota, Colombia, S. A. Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ Shanghai, China tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as Hong Kong second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., Representatives in Key Cities throughout the World under the act of March 3. 1879.

JULY, 1941 361 ★ Price for price, you will never find in any can, botde or package better food products than those packed under our “ROYAL SCARLET” label. They possess that unique flavor which exalts the appetite of the most discriminating people. We supply many of our foreign Consuls, Embassies and Legations throughout the world, and being equipped with an Export Department thoroughly familiar with the ship¬ ping details, we are in a splendid position to render a most efficient service. We carry a complete line, from caviar to coffee. Your in¬ quiries will be welcomed, but a small trial order will con¬ clusively prove the veracity of our statement. Address your inquiries or orders to the attention of the:

EXPORT DEPARTMENT R. C. WILLIAMS & CO., INC.

25TH STREET AND TENTH AVENUE NEW YORK, N. Y.

362 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INDEX FOR ADVERTISERS American Export Lines 409 American International Underwriters Corporation 361 American Republics Line 404 1 American Security and Trust Company 397

Bacardi, Santiago de Cuba 363 Brewood (Engravers) 410 rtPP Calvert School 410 Campbell Company, W. D. 420 W Cathay Hotel—Shanghai 416 ■ Chase National Bank -— 420 A good neighbour,.. Clark, Horace F., & Son 410

Fairfax Hotel 416 and a good mixer! Federal Storage Company 408 Fessenden School, The 420 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. 364 BACARDI General Motors Overseas Operations 412 Si senor! For is not only an Goodyear Tire & Rubber Export Co. II Cover outstanding example of Pan-American Grace Line 413 Gude Bros. Co. *. 418 solidarity in the realm of good taste, but the most congenial and versatile Hay-Adams House 419 of all the great liquors of the world. International Telephone & Telegraph Co 400 It mixes readily and superbly with all Hotel 414 Metropole Hotel—Shanghai — - 416 fine ingredients, from the sparkling Montgomery Ward 398 simplicity of a highball to the compli¬ Moore-McCormack Lines 404 cated art of a Coronation Cocktail... National City Bank — 415 National Geographic Magazine 405 And it gives a new thrill to the old New England Mutual Life Insurance Co 416 drinks with its unique, delectable Pacific Fisheries, Assn, of 416 Pan-American Airways, Inc. 417 flavour. Park Hotel—Shanghai ——. 416 i ys correct when Sapp, Earle W., C.L.U. 416 wo Y U Schenley Products 411 ° "eve BACARDI yOU nuests me always Security Storage Company of Washington 397 nd y Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. 403 ° °j BACARDI has en- fl°"d the highest reputation |t>y „ the Turner’s Diplomatic School — 418 omong »hmost bothexacting Con- Tyner, Miss E. J. 418 C°nn„TsSfaer aver three quarters Underwriters 361 "" ntury, due to its Underwood Elliott Fisher Company 406 °,OCrCquet" and its United Fruit Company 419 rl exquisite quald, Fidelity and Guaranty Company 417 EM Wewiil heg-dto^ Walcott-Taylor Co., Inc. ■.. 418 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV Cover Westinghouse Electric International Company. Ill Cover P ‘“"C'-' -- ” Williams & Co., Inc., R. C. 362 89 proof dealers. Woodward & Lothrop 407

COMPANIA "RON BACARDI," S. A. Santiago de Cuba Please mention THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL when writing to advertisers. Schenley Imporf Corp., N. Y. Copr. 1941

JULY, 1941 363 BEST J IN RUBBER ft

HUMAN LIVES COULD BE MEASURED » IN ' DOLLARS ^

the money in the world cannot Champion Tires? This new type of tire begin to compensate for all the is Safti-Sured against the hidden dangers suffering and sorrow caused every day by of blowouts and skidding — and Safti- highway accidents. Each year thousands Sm ed for longer mileage by the remarkable of little boys and girls are left fatherless new wear-resisting Vitamic rubber com¬ or motherless and the lives of thousands pound. Put a set of these new Firestone of other innocent children are sacrificed DeLuxe Champions on your car today. needlessly — all victims of the dangers Your nearby Firestone dealer will gladly that lurk in unsafe tires. Why not protect tell you how little it costs for the priceless these precious lives against highway protection of the world’s first and only accidents with Firestone DeLuxe Safti-Sured tires.

THE XFIIW Set/ti - Si*red

fireW stone CHAMPION TIRES THE ONLY TIRES MADE THAT ARE SAFETY-PROVED ON THE SPEEDWAY FOR YOUR PROTECTION ON THE HIGHWAY THE

FOREIGN E JOURNAL cn PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION W

VOL. 18, No. 7 WASHINGTON, D. C. JULY, 1941

Some Effects of the W ar oil the American Merchant Marine

Prepared in the Division of Economics and

Statistics, United States Maritime Commission*

MOMENTOUS changes have taken place in the tractiveness to shippers abnormally low. This was American Merchant Marine as a result of generally true of all three subdivisions of the fleet: the war in Europe, and it is clear to the most (1) the ships engaged in foreign trade; (2) those casual observer that many more will occur before operating in protected domestic services; and (3) the war is ended. In order to understand the pres¬ the tankers, whose operations cannot well be segre¬ ent maritime position of the United States it is gated between the domestic and foreign trades since necessary to take a quick glance at some of the de¬ many of them operate in both. velopments which have happened since 1936, when A quick survey conducted by the newly created the Maritime Commission fell heir to the responsi¬ Maritime Commission disclosed that approximately bilities, hopes, and headaches of the old Shipping 1,200 ships, or 85 per cent of all our ocean-going Board. vessels, would reach the age of twenty years—the The most serious problem inherited by the Mari¬ normal life-span of a steel ship—by 1942. It was time Commission from the old Shipping Board was evident that unless we were going to abandon our the advanced obsolescence of the fleet. By far the post-war efforts to establish an adequate American greater number of our ocean-going merchantmen, Merchant Marine we should have to build a vast built during and just after the Great War, were amount of new tonnage, and build it promptly. Ever rapidly approaching the 20-year age limit. Be¬ since the close of the war our foreign competitors cause they were old, slow, and outmoded, their op¬ had been building new, fast and efficient ships in erating costs were abnormally high, and their at¬ large numbers. Worrying over the situation, the Shipping Board had built 40-odd ships and recon¬ *On April 1, 1941. the Maritime Commission’s Division of Research was abolished and its functions transferred to a newly ditioned a number of others, but this was a mere created Division of Economics and Statistics. Mr. Henry L. face-lifting operation and not the complete physical Deimel, Jr., was appointed director of the new division. Mr. Deimel served as Assistant Chief of the Division of Foreign overhaul which the patient required. Tariffs of the Department of Commerce from 1923 to 1931, and in the Department of State from 1931 to April 2. 1941. At Two vital considerations prompted the Commis¬ tho time of his appointment in the Maritime Commission he was sion to embark on a long-range replacement pro¬ Assistant Chief of the Division of Commercial Treaties and Agreements in the State Department. gram.

365 Loading Cargo, S.S. Comet

The first was the need of our expanding navy ment of 1,200 ocean-going ships at a probable cost for fast auxiliaries—carriers of food and equipment, of between two and three billion dollars. The very ammunition ships, mine layers and sweepers, tank¬ magnitude of the task made it necessary to go about ers, repair ships, troop and animal transports, hos¬ the work piecemeal. Where to begin was the first pital ships, and tenders for seaplanes, submarines, question to be decided. and destroyers. It has been estimated that in the It was clear that in the protected domestic trades, event of war with a major power the navy would re¬ from which foreign ships are excluded by our coast¬ quire 1,000 merchant ships of about 6,000,000 gross wise laws, the need for replacements from the stand¬ tons. While we had this amount of ocean-going point of national policy was not so urgent as it was tonnage, most of our ships were but sorry apologies in the foreign trade. In the former, relative ineffi¬ for modern naval auxiliaries. Very few of them ciency did not so much matter, but in the latter the were capable of maintaining battle-fleet speed. American shipowner, with his outmoded equipment The second consideration (some persons placed and limited experience, had to compete with foreign it first) was the thought that if a strong merchant lines which held the triple advantages of superior marine was an asset to a great commercial nation ships, lower building and operating costs, and longer in time of peace—and nearly everyone agreed that entrenchment. it was—it behooved us to supplant our old and slow As for the tanker fleet, it appeared that the pe¬ ships with the sort of tonnage that could operate troleum industry which owns and employs most of with reasonable speed, and economy. the tankers could be counted upon to make replace¬ The Commission realized the futility of attempt¬ ments on its own initiative whenever economic con¬ ing to launch a program for the immediate replace¬ ditions justified the building of new tonnage.

366 Acting under the authority conferred upon it by advanced a year, so that approximately 200 new the Merchant Marine Act of 1936, the Commission ships have already been ordered as part of the 10- decided that the foreign trade fleet should be the year program, virtually all of them intended for op¬ first segment of the industry to be rehabilitated. eration in the country’s foreign trade. Embodying It was the only decision which could be made, the latest improvements in naval architecture and for the standing of our foreign trade fleet among marine engineering, the new vessels have been de¬ the deep-sea fleets of the world was nothing to boast signed to provide maximum safety and earning power. Today the Commission is launching these of, and was rapidly becoming worse. The Com¬ splendid ships at the rate of one a week. mission’s records showed that in 1936 the six prin¬ Up to this time we have been speaking of peace¬ cipal maritime nations had available for the inter¬ time plans, carried out under more or less normal national carriage of goods and passengers about conditions. Had peace-time conditions continued 4,400 vessels (excluding tankers), each of 2,000 throughout the world, there is every reason to be¬ gross tons or over, or a total of 26,250,000 tons. lieve that we should have seen, in the not distant Great Britain had 13,209,000; Japan, 3,025,000; future, Americans again turning to the sea for live¬ the United States, 2.790,000; Germany, 2,747,000; lihood and adventure—sturdy young citizens han¬ . 2.291,000; and France, 2.184.000 tons. While dling our fast new craft as ably as their forefathers our fleet ranked third in size, further analysis handled the speedy sailing ships of a bygone age— showed that when the elements of speed and age the United States building up once more a proud were introduced to give the picture of efficiency, we maritime tradition; in short, a return of the golden stood near the foot of the list. era of the clipper ship, operating this time under The Merchant Marine Act of 1936 provided for mechanical propulsive power. the granting of subsidies calculated to offset the But conditions arising out of the war have dis¬ higher level of American over foreign construction rupted our plans and reoriented our maritime ef¬ and operating costs, and conditioned upon the forts. Only the incurable optimists can still en¬ American owner undertaking new construction. visage an early return of the glorious age when This provided a means of obtaining the coopera¬ American clippers, envied by shipowners every¬ tion of subsidized lines in the replacement of old where, operated on peaceful trade-routes to the four tonnage by new. quarters of the globe. Henceforth our shipyards, In conformity with this policy, the Commission our designers and artisans, working at greatly ac¬ announced, early in 1938, its intention to build 50 celerated tempo, will seek to build, in record time, ships a year for the ensuing ten years. Following the the auxiliaries our navy requires, and to replace the outbreak of hostilities in Europe, the program was marine casualties suffered by Britain and the other

Steamer Almeira Lykes ready for launching. Federal yards, Hoboken. democracies from raider, mine, plane and submarine ican tonnage employed in deep-sea services. It was warfare. believed that most of the vessels affected would be At the risk of leading the reader into a morass forced into a state of idleness, with consequent loss of statistics, it might be well at this point to glance of revenue and heavy lay-up expenses. at a few pertinent figures. However, because of the urgent demands for ton¬ When the war broke out in Europe, 326 vessels of United States registry, totaling 2,150,000 gross nage throughout the world, caused in great part tons, were employed in the international trade. by the withdrawal of nearly 6,500,000 gross tons Presidential Proclamations issued under the Neu¬ of German and Italian shipping from international trality Act made it necessary for 115 vessels of trade, the extraordinary requirements of Britain, the about 731,000 gross tons, or approximately one- technical immobilization of certain categories of third of our entire foreign trade fleet, to withdraw neutral tonnage, and growing losses due to bellig¬ from their accustomed routes, which now lay within erent action, virtually all American vessels with¬ the combat areas. The following table shows the drawn from combat areas have found employment companies, routes, and number of ships affected: elsewhere. Of the 115 ships withdrawn, 80, of 471,- Some concern was naturally felt at this great dis¬ 794 gross tons, were transferred to other American ruption of our services in the foreign trade, involv¬ services; 31, of 205,872 gross tons, were transferred ing, as already pointed out, one-third of all Amer¬ (Continued on page 415)

Route No. Gross Company From To Ships Tonnage American Export Line li.S. North Atlantic Mediterranean and Black Sea 18 107,136 Black Diamond Line U.S. North Atlantic Belgium and The Netherlands 8 41,031 Eastern S.S. Lines U.S. North Atlantic Canada 4 22,456 Isthmian Line U.S. North Atlantic Mediterranean 7 42,153 Lykes Bros. S.S. Co. Gulf of Mexico United Kingdom and Continent 36 224,977 South Atlantic S.S. Co. U.S. South Atlantic United Kingdom and Continent 6 30,212 U. S. Lines U.S. North Atlantic United Kingdom and Continent 26 207,743 Waterman S.S. Co. U.S. North Atlantic United Kingdom and Continent 10 55,686

Total 115 731,394

S.S. Capulin loading from barges, New York By the late PERCY R. BROEMEL

(Continued from the June, 1941, issue)

OLONEL ASPINWALL has passed and Consul- time of the Polish Revolt, the struggle for Italian General ( no longer “Consul" I George N. Saun¬ Unity, the Austro-Prussian-Danish War, the Austro- ders has taken his place, with the office still at No. 1 Prussian War and last, not least, the American Civil Bishopsgate Churchyard. Mr. James Buchanan is War, but one cannot make bricks without straw' now Minister, with his address at 56 Harley Street. and as an Austrian saying had it: “Wo nichts ist, How' the work of the Consulate had hy now in¬ hat der Kaiser des Recht verloren.” creased since 1815, may be judged from the fact As other interesting matters are given under sepa¬ that the Inventory handed over to Mr. Saunders at rate chapters, I will continue to quote personalities the end of 1853 occupies nine pages of the Record- and addresses from that stand-by, the “Royal Kalen¬ Book. It has one curious entry: “Tinplate on which dar”: are printed ‘Directions to Destitute Seamen’ and one 1868— The Consulate removed to 54 Portland Place. pair of Snuffers and Tray.” 1869— The Hon. Reverdy Johnson is now Min. Plen. As the Record-Book from 1854 to 1866 has been with his address at 4 Upper Portland Place. lost. I am thrown hack upon the “Royal Kalendar,” 1870— The new' Minister is the Hon. John Lathrop from which it appears that in 1855 Mr. Robert B. Motley, of 17 Arlington Street, Piccadilly; the Campbell was Consul-General with offices now at 4 Deputy-Consul, Mr. Joshua Nunn, is now styled Princes Street, Bank, in the City of London; two Vice-Consul and a Consular Office has been years later Mr. George Muffin Dallas is Minister opened at Tunstall. Plenipotentiary, but no address is indicated. 1871— General Adam Badeau is now' Consul-General The address for the Consulate for 1858 has be¬ come 67 Gracechurch Street, in the City of London, and Mr. Joshua Nunn Vice-Consul-General; a new Consulate is opened at Birmingham. and the Consulate at Newcastle-on-Tyne, of recent historic memory, has now been established. No 1872— General Robert Cumming Schenck of 58 changes in Personnel occurred, but in 1860 we find Great Cumberland Place, is the new Minister new Consulates at Llanelly and Tenby. Two years and in later Mr. Freeman H. Morse becomes Consul-Gen¬ 1873— the Legation removes to 5 Westhminster eral and Mr. Charles F. Adams Minister Plenipoten¬ Chambers, Victoria Street; no other changes tiary. In 1863 the Consulate at Cardiff is opened. occur until There is a change in 1865, a “Deputy-Consul" being 1875— when a new Consulate is opened at Bradford. appointed for London for the first time, and a newT 1876— The Consulate has now' taken new offices at Consulate opened at Sheffield. 53 Old Broad Street, in the City of London. In 1866, the fateful year of “Sadowa” (Konig- 1877— In this year Mr. Edward Pierrepont, Min. gratz), when Austria’s leadership was crushed and Plen., has taken up his residence at 17 Caven¬ the rise of Prussia as a dominant power began, the dish Square (now the' Piano Warehouse of Consulate went again on its wanderings to settle Messrs. Brinsmead & Sons), adjoining the down at No. 1 Dunster Court, Mincing Lane, in the present premises of the Consulate-General. In City of London—the Consular Office at Llanelly is 1841 No. 17 was occupied by the Borough of no longer mentioned in the “Royal Kalendar.” It is Marylebone Bank; a few years ago Lord Bess- a strange coincidence that with the passing of Mr. borough died there, after leaving the other side Aspinwall a curious restlessness seems to have in¬ of the Square, where the Bessborough Family vaded the London Consulate and caused such fre¬ had lived since 1786. Mr. Pierrepont’s suc¬ quent changes of its habitat. One may, perhaps, cessor, Mr. John Welch, however, removed in surmise that the “Colonel” was a “Tory” of the 1879—to 37 Queen’s Gate, Hyde Park, but the Old School who disliked changes. Legation Offices are now at Members’ Build¬ Much interesting material might have been gath¬ ings, Victoria Street. ered from the lost Record-Book, since it fell into the 1881—This year is notable as having brought to

369 this country one cis Bayard, is of the most dis¬ now Minister, tinguished poets with his resi¬ and litterateurs dence at 83 Ea¬ of our time; viz: ton Square and Mr. James Rus¬ Mr. Patrick A> sell Lowell. Gen¬ Collins Consul- eral Badeau is General. Several still Consul-Gen¬ Consular Offices, eral and the of¬ being found re- fices are u n- d undant, are changed. abolished. 1882— General Edwin 1898— Colonel John A. Merritt be- Hay is the new comes Consul- Minister at 5 General and a Carlton House new Consulate is Terrace, S. W., opened at Picton with Mr. William —since closed. Osborne as Con¬ 1883— N e w Consu¬ sul-General at the lates are opened old address in at Dunfermline. the City. Nottingham and 1899— For this year Dundee. no Ambassador’s 1884— The Consulate- name appears in General removes the “Kalendar,” to 11 Abchurch which, since Lane, in the City 1 8 9 7, is de¬ of London and a scribed as the new Consulate is “Imperial Kalen¬ opened at Glou¬ dar.” cester. 1900— The very pop¬ 1885— Same as for ular Mr. Joseph 1882. H. Choate now 1886— M r. Thomas becomes Ambas¬ M. Wallace is American Consulate General sador. American Con¬ 18 Cavendish Square, London 1903—Mr. H. C. Ev¬ sul - General i n ans is the new London, but the office is now at 12 St. Helen’s Consul-General. Place, in the City of London. 1904—Mr. Ambassador Choate’s address is now 4 1890—The new Minister is Mr. R. T. Lincoln, of Carlton Gardens, S.W. Lord Palmerston once 103 Victoria Street and the new Consul-General lived here. Mr. J. C. New. A large number of new Consular Offices, all 1908— In this year Mr. Whitelaw Reid, of Dorches¬ Consular Agencies, some of them since abol¬ ter House, Park Lane, becomes Ambassador. ished, or raised in status, were opened in this Dorchester House was built by the famous year at Aberdeen, Athlone, Ballymena, Barns¬ Vulliamy in 1852. Mr. Robert J. Wynne is the ley, Brighton, Galashiels, Greenock, Halifax, new Consul-General. Holyhead, Jersey, Limerick, Llanelly (Re¬ 1909— The Consulate-General has removed to new opened), Lurgan, Milford, Haven, Newport, offices at Orient House, New Broad Street, in Old Hartlepool, Redditch, Scilly Islands, Sligo, the City of London. Waterford, Weymouth. 1910— This year should be noted as marking the 1893— A new Consular Agencyadvent isof openedConsul-General at Troon. Griffith, who de¬ 1894— For this year noservedly “Royal gained Kalendar” for himself was the reputation of found in possession either of the Foreign Office being the “best and wittiest after-dinner speak¬ Library or the British Museum. er in London.” A Consular Office was opened 1895— Another noted American,at West Hartlepool.Mr. Thomas Fran-

370 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 1911— A new Consular Officehad beenwas bornopened in atCentral Gal¬ Europe, and were as re¬ way. spectable and harmless for the most part as any class 1912— The Ambassador, Mr.of persons Whitelaw in the Reid, world, died but ... “a la guerre conime on the 15th December and a Memorial service a la guerre” and all had to suffer, both the just and was held at Abbey on the 20th, the unjust. ... It goes without saying that every¬ when all the old War Veterans attended. thing was done for these unfortunates which circum¬ 1913— No Ambassador is stancesmentioned permitted for this and, year. as I learnt from personnal observation, no Consular Office charged with the 1914— Consul-General Griffith dies on the 17th May 7 and is succeeded by Consul-General Robert onerous new duties that w ar had thrust upon it. Peet Skinner in June, about a month before could have carried them out in a more humane or the first shot was fired at Belgrade, which be¬ efficient manner, until America entered the war in gan the Great War. Mr. Skinner is well-known 1917 and these duties were transferred to the Swe¬ as the author of “Abyssinia of To-day,” a dish Consular Authorities. standard work on the subject. All this is laid down in the official account in the 1924—In October of this year Consul-General Record-Book prepared by Consul-General Skinner Robert Peet Skinner—now American Minister w'hen England declared war on Germany on August in Athens—is transferred to Paris and his place 4th, 1914, and constitutes, in my humble opinion, is taken by Consul-General Horace Lee Wash¬ a historic document of unequalled interest, especial¬ ington, formerly Consul-General at Liverpool. ly to future historians—its 20 large closely-written folio pages may then form a mine of information into which the recorder of events may dip for the THE GREAT WAR AND AFTER enlightenment of generations yet unborn! Consul-General Griffith, who, as already stated, Of interest are the Rules of Conduct for American had earned for himself the reputation of being the citizens laid down by Consul-General Skinner on wittiest and best “After-Dinner Speaker” in London, March 14th, 1916. They must have been very use- died of heart-disease on the 17th May, 1914, and ful to those who landed here, had to pass through was succeeded by Mr. Robert Peet Skinner, the prohibited areas and to Americans resident in the then American Consul-General in Berlin. He had “United Kingdom”—this designation no longer ap¬ hardly, so to speak, become firmly seated in his plies since November 20th, 1926, the last Imperial new Consular chair when the first rumblings of Conference—and have enabled them to avoid the the coining storm made themselves heard. When, many pitfalls which that well-meaning but not over- as a sequel to the murder at Serajevo of the Arch¬ popular lady “Dora” (an abbreviated nickname for the Defence of the Realm Act) had prepared for the duke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, the Princess 7 Hohenberg, and the Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia, feet of the unwary . These rules, so admirably the first Danubian Monitor fired on the Fortress of drawn-up, would have proved of equal service to Belgrade, there began the horror of over 4 years nationals from other countries, not to mention even which ultimately drew7 28 nations into its orbit. British subjects. In the result, America undertook the care of Ger¬ Under date November 11th, 1918, we find a long man interests on the 5th and of Austro-Hungarian account of the suppressed excitement as the hour of interests on the 13th August, 1914, and of Turkish 11 a. m. approached, the time limit for the signing affairs at a later date. It would take volumes to of the Armistice. As the hour struck, the guns and describe the scenes of activity that ensued, the long maroons spoke for the last time, although on this queues of alien-enemy applicants for registration to occasion with a note of joy; there was cheering the extent of thousands, marshalled by several everywhere, the house of the Consulate-General was policemen to maintain order in the street. The quickly decorated with the Stars and Stripes and Office in Orient House was roused from its tradi¬ the Union Jack—the entire staff assembled in the tional tranquillity and became a buzzing bee-hive Square and w7ere duly photographed in the time- and a veritable babel of tongues, which is not sur¬ honoured way usual on such occasions. The later prising, when one considers that the old Austro- bonfires, the crowds that assembled in the streets Hungarian Monarchy alone formed a mosaic of 22 of London, are matters of History; the Briton had different languages and dialects! Such scenes, many lost his usual composure and had “let himself go” of them of a distressing character, had, I felt sure, at the knowledge that the horror and burden of over never before been witnessed in the whole Consular four years were lifted at last. That the hopes then History since its inception in 1791. Many were the cherished in the hearts of men have to some extent unhappy people whose sole offence was that they proved illusory, is also a . . . matter of history . . .

JULY, 1941 371 and evidence that human nature is unchanging and The house which originally bore the No. 18 was unchangeable. on the south side of the Square and appeared as Thence forward the Record Books show only the such in an agreement of 1815—it now bears the usual incidents and routine affairs of a large Con¬ number 23; the house at the south corner was sular Office—the only important fact being the re¬ formerly No. 1 Henrietta Street, but became No. moval of the Alien Visa Department to No. 33 21 after 1826. In 1817 Nos. 17 and 19 were also Cavendish Square, but of this more anon. on the south side; the former No. 17 is now An innovation that may be noted was the calling known as No. 22 Cavendish Square. As late as of a Conference in London of the principal Ameri¬ 1826, just previous to the third numbering of the can Consular Officers in the United Kingdom on the Square, Nos. 17, 18 and 19 are still shown in the 18th and 19th of May, 1920, when many subjects agreements as on the south side. In 1816 an of common interest were discussed and views and agreement shows No. 20, adjoining old Harcourt experiences exchanged. In the time-honoured House (numbered 15 in 1769) as No. 16, but as Anglo-Saxon way, the Consular Conference was No. 20 after 1826 with Lord Barrington as tenant, followed by a dinner at Claridge Hotel, with the when the old Nos. 14, 15 and 16 on the west side American Ambassador as the guest of honour. were given to the three houses on the north side. Although Lord Winchelsea is shown in 1769 as THE NEW OFFICES SINCE 1917 a tenant of No. 18, Lady Hales in 1786 and When, in 1917, the Offices of the American Con¬ Dowager Lady Pembroke in 1815, they were not sulate-General were removed to 18—formerly 14— the inhabitants of the house now known as No. Cavendish Square, they were transferred to one of 18, but of the No. 18 now numbered 23 on the the most historic and romantic districts of London. south side. I cannot do better than quote from my “The His¬ As regards the tenants of the former No. 14, tory and Romance of Cavendish Square and its now No. 18, I find from the Rate-Books that the Vicinity,” Chapter III, referring to the present first occupant in 1751 was Colonel Murray, pay¬ premises, and also the description applying to No. ing an annual rent of £50 and £1. 5s. in “Lamps, 16, to which the Alien Visa Department is destined Highways and Poor Rates.” In 1759 Thomas to remove shortly from No. 33: Bridges is found to be a tenant and in 1769 Mrs. I now come to the house which, since 1917, Bridges continuing the tenancy alone after that has been in the occupation of the Consulate-Gen¬ date. The next prominent tenant was Vice-Ad¬ eral for the United States of America, namely, miral George Derby in 1779. In 1794 we have No. 18 Cavendish Square. the Rev. Thomas Clark and in 1805 Colonel A careful examination of the plans and agree¬ Humphrey Sibthorpe; in 1815 Sir John Shaw, ments of a number of houses in the Square, and Bart., and in 1828 Dr. Alexander Philip Wilson of the Rate-Books, has revealed to me the fact until 1834, and Dr. Philip Wilson until 1843. that the house which is the subject of this Chap¬ In 1844 and 1845 the house was unoccupied; ter, is not as old as was at one time supposed. after that date the following tenants succeeded in The first ground-lease expired in 1850, and it almost unbroken sequence:— may, therefore, be taken as accurate that the 1846 to 1850. Admiral Sir James H. Whitshed. house was built in 1750, a 99 years’ lease being 1851 to 1888. George Burrows, F.R.S., sur¬ granted from the following year. It is, of course, geon; in 1873 he had a joint tenancy with possible that an earlier building existed here prior Frederick Abernethy Burrows until 1879; to this date, but of this no record of any kind in 1880 he is again sole tenant, and having can be found, although the existence of under¬ received a Baronetcy, is recorded as Sir ground passages, a dungeon and a secret door to George Burrows, Bart., M.D., F.R.S. the well may lend colour to this assumption. The 1889. Unoccupied. appearance and style of the present house do not 1890 to 1901. Dr. Stephen Mackenzie, physi¬ indicate a greater age, in comparison with build¬ cian. ings in the Square which are known to be much 1902. Dr. Stephen Mackenzie and Sir Dundas older. Another interesting fact has emerged J. Grant, M.A., M.D., jointly. through this research, namely, that the house 1911. Sir Dundas J. Grant, M.A., M.D., alone. now known as No. 18 received at the first num¬ 1912 to 1913. Sir Dundas J. Grant, M.A., bering of Cavendish Square in 1769 the No. 14, M.D.. and Sir Francis Laking, Bart.. G.C.- and it was known under this number in 1818, V.O., K.C.B., M.D., jointly. though described as No. 18 in 1828; the agree¬ 1914 to 1917. Sir Dundas J. Grant, M.A., ments speak of No. 18, formerly or lately No. 14. (Continued on page 408)

372 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The Federal Government and the Art Museum*

By DONALD C. DUNHAM! of the Metropolitan Museum

SINCE the beginning of the New Deal the Federal At the same time depressed business conditions Government has come to be the strongest single reduced working hours and forced leisure time upon force in the encouragement of artists and stimula¬ unaccustomed hands. With this recently acquired tion of interest in the visual arts in this country. confidence the so-called man in the street sought new7 This fact is not recognized by the nation at large avenues of diversion. Things cultural were timidly nor by the Art Museums as a group. In my opinion approached, by the lower and middle income the failure of the latter to do so is impeding their groups, and contact was found stimulating. own growth as cultural centres in community life, Out of this, music fared better than the visual as institutions for education in the broadest sense arts. The reason is easy to discover: the radio was of the term. It is my intention to attempt to point a far more effective medium for reaching a broad out how this situation came into being, analyze the public than any the visual arts possessed. Conse¬ present relationship between the Federal Govern¬ quently people who would have sneered “high-brow” ment and the Art Museums and suggest future ac¬ at symphonies a few years ago are today an en¬ tion mutually beneficial. thusiastic listening audience. In all probability tele¬ Perhaps the reason recognition of the govern¬ vision, when it is placed on a profitable commercial ment’s part in cultural fields is long in coming can footing, w7ill even the balance. be explained by the indirectness until fairly recently, However, the medium which was open to the of its participation. It was through the search for visual arts did not exploit its own potentialities. solutions to economic and social problems that the The Art Museum was and is the logical meeting field of arts was entered. The government wished place between the public and objects of art, but it to give aid to a type of worker and later to render rebuffed the emotionally shy and intellectually self- services to the community, in an effort to stabilize conscious layman. Consequently early in this social an upset social structure, not to become an art movement the Art Museum lost a grand opportunity patron or educator. to assume the position of cultural leader in the From the Stock Market crash in 1929 to date community. Since then the struggle to gain that we have seen the birth of a new social era in this position has proven an arduous one. country. The movement is closely tied up with the One reason for missing this chance was that Art reshuffling of wealth, the change from a highly Museums were removed by the financial protective capitalized state to one of socialization. Prior to covering of endowment from the direct influence of that date society in the United States had been in social change. Also, they were not set up adminis¬ a more or less fluid condition, fed yearly by a vast tratively to meet these new and increased demands. number of immigrants commencing life here at the Finances were another problem. Income returns bottom of the economic scale. When depressed busi¬ on endowments were reduced and many were forced ness conditions came upon us, industries shut down to turn to the City Fathers for contributions toward and people were thrown out of work. It was neces¬ operating expenses, before they could consider ex¬ sary to shut our doors to colonizers for the first tending their activities. time in our history and to devote every effort to The Federal Government saw7 this difficulty and the succor of our unemployed. Immigration figures through work relief under the Work Projects Ad¬ fell from 335,000 in 1927 to 23,000 in 1933, and ac¬ ministration gave support to museums for extension tually in the latter year there were more people to and non-budgetary work. It is interesting to note leave these shores than to enter them. that these terms are interpreted so that curatorial Unemployment relief, social insurance and col¬ functions in general are considered budgetary, and lective bargaining ensued to give recognition to the not offered assistance, while all educational work plight of the workers, and the ground work for the particularly outside the museum walls is given carte clearer definition of classes was laid. Unions be¬ blanche. Not only were existing Art Museums as¬ came widely organized and the workers gained con¬ sisted but in many communities where none existed, fidence in their position in society. community art centres were established. The extent to which this was undertaken may be gathered from *Read at the annual meeting of the American Association of the following figures. In the calendar year 1940 Museums in Columbus, Ohio, on May 15, 1941. tFormer Foreign Service Officer. $5,821,000 were spent on museum extension and

JULY, 1941 373 assistance projects (including museums of all types) drawn from community art centres of the with a total employment of 6,083 operating in 26 WPA, local sponsorship was assumed in 93% states and Hawaii, while, in addition, 85 WPA com¬ of the cases, in one instance by a truck driver’s munity art centres operated in 23 states during the union. same period. 2. The book “A Treasury of Art Masterpieces,” Another reason why the public did not find rela¬ by Thomas Craven at the high figure of $10.00 tions with Art Museums congenial is to be accounted has sold 78,800 volumes in 19 months. for by the very nature of the institution. As we 3. Life magazine expends large sums yearly for all know, and perhaps some of us too well, Art colorplates in its Art section, and considers Museums until relatively recently have been galleries this department of vital significance in the where objects of art were cared for and the suspect circulation of the magazine. public was permitted to gaze, under rigidly pre¬ 4. The Associated American Artists gallery in scribed restrictions. When these restrictions began New York City started at scratch in 1934 and to relax and public service was admitted in principle, today does an annual business of $500,000 a policy of didactic education emerged. This re¬ largely by selling prints at $5.00 and $10.00 quired the museum to seek to raise the standards of to a mailing list of 125,000 throughout the taste of the community, and not only to determine country. what the defenseless museum-goer should look at but Through the Art Projects, the community art also just how he should look at it. centres, and the Museum and visual aids projects Adults in general will not stand for this sort of of the Work Projects Administration and the Fine treatment. They do not want something because Arts Section of the Department of the Treasury, the it is good for them: what they seek is diversion, a Federal Government has shown itself alive to this temporary indulgence of emotion with its escape demand. These agencies have had the financial around 1929 from the daily struggle for food and backing to experiments: they could afford to be shelter, and now from the mental anguish of the wrong because the primary objective was relief. world at war. Since Art Museums on the whole did Today after 6 years these programs in the main not receive them kindly and they were interested in have the advice of qualified technical and profes¬ establishing an association with the visual arts, they sional persons. And at the same time relief is shift¬ turned to other media. Evidence of a continuing in¬ ing to cultural services for the community. terest may be found in the following observations: National Art week last Fall brings out that point 1. In July, 1939,admirably. when federalWhat backingstarted aswas a with¬merchandising cam¬ paign under the WPA for the so-called much ma¬ ligned artist turned out to be a highly successful ed¬ ucational venture. Profits accruing to artists were small but people from many walks of life in com¬ munities all over the Unit¬ ed States were brought to¬ gether to look at objects of art. The more curatorially minded of the art world take exception to the lack of quality in the work pro¬ duced on such a wholesale basis. They rail at having the country flooded with WPA canvases and at the countless square feet of post office wall space cov¬ ered by aspiring mural- WPA Art Program. Federal Works Agency ists. But these same peo¬ Des Moines WPA Community Art Center Exhibition of Native Art ple condemn Thomas Cra-

374 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ven with his fast selling book for being a populariz¬ towards cooperation with the government; the co¬ es and disdain exhibition techniques which smack operation might be effected through a liaison officer, of the department store. perhaps the director of the Smithsonian gallery of These aestheticians miss the entire point of the Art, upon its completion, working with the coopera¬ approach to the public. The average citizen will tion of the American Association of Museums. not respond unless he is dealt with in terms familiar Right now the two general objectives of the Fed¬ to him. Art Museums may choose the objects to eral Government in the arts are to maintain the show him but he will insist on determining the form civilian morale at a high level and to guarantee the of presentation. What the public wants is first, the solidarity of the western hemisphere. We may be opportunity to look at original works of art regard¬ called upon to demonstrate “business as usual in less of the estimate of their quality, and secondly somewhat the same manner as Great Britain does they want human w'armth and color in the interpre¬ today, and towards this end the community service tation of these objects. projects of the Work Projects Administration are From these governmental agencies the public has aimed; the Fine Arts Section of the Treasury De¬ received such benefits. Already much art obviously partment will continue to fulfill its function in the lacking in technique and inspiration has been dis¬ decoration of public buildings. carded and I believe no one should worry that a In the name of defense, and looking toward the great deal more will be discarded as time goes on. implementation of the , the and suggestively enough by the process of selection government has created the office of the Coordinator being built up in the public at large. Although many of Commercial and Cultural relations between the sins have been committed by these agencies in the American Republics under the direction of Nelson name of art, much of the work has been of high Rockefeller. Three million dollars has been allocated quality. Particularly significant is the American for this purpose. Index of Design which stands out as the documenta¬ tion of the heritage from which the arts of the Concrete suggestions for creating programs of L nited States have sprung; it will serve as highly cooperation divide themselves in two: first, if it is valuable source material for creative efforts to come. feasible for museums to do so, they might in a body formally offer to the President, as cultural institu¬ National art week proved to be more than an edu¬ tions with wide-spread coverage of the country, their cational venture. It demonstrated to the Federal assistance in the maintenance of civilian morale Government the effectiveness of using the arts as a whether or not under military control and in the unifying force politically, in the nation. cause of western Hemisphere solidarity. At this time Art Museums have a unique oppor¬ tunity—and by Art Museums 1 mean any museum Secondly, each museum in its own community which cares for and interprets the creative efforts should acquaint itself with the programs of the com¬ of man whether the objects be archaeological or munity service projects of the WPA, offer to act futuristic—an opportunity to exert a valuable influ¬ as advisors in the direction of activities for the ence in public service. The strata of society are be¬ WPA, and for the Fine Arts Section of the Treasury coming stabilized. That is a requisite to the develop¬ as well. They should assume responsibility profes¬ ment of distinctive indigenous arts; our cultural sionally for the government activities in the arts cycle is on the rise, and the United States is right which they may be prone to criticize. And finally now the temporary guardian of many of the western the Museums should approach Mr. Rockefeller’s cultural attainments. office to ascertain how the arts of this country might Because of the influence of the Federal Govern¬ be made available to the other American repub¬ ment in social and cultural fields, the full realization lics; how visitors from the south might systemati¬ of this opportunity by the Art Museum requires a cally be shown the diversity of culture throughout coordinated program of action between the museums the United States, and also in what manner the fruits and the government. In my opinion the obligation of Latin American civilization can best be brought lies with the museums to acquaint themselves with to the attention of the people of this nation. the plans of the government and to work out possi¬ Should such progress of cooperation take place bilities of assistance. Since the museums have no it is my thought that Art Museums in the United one in government service to influence their policies, States would be enabled to keep alive the spirit be¬ comparable to Archibald McLeish. the Librarian of hind the creative efforts of mankind, during this Congress, in respect to public libraries, any plan world crisis of war. Because when the war is over probably would have to be evolved on loosely fed¬ this spirit will be drawn upon deeply for revitaliza¬ erated lines. In fact it might be judicious to seek tion in all countries whether they have been on the some such guiding spirit as one of the first steps winning or on the losing side.

JULY, 1941 375 The Passing of Mr. Zero From the New York World Telegram, April 9, 1941

THE Bowery had lost one of its great friends to¬ knew, in their tired way, what he was trying to do, day, but it never knew it. The glassy-eyed dere¬ and appreciated it. licts lay sprawled in the gutters and doorways un¬ Nobody ever pieced together his early life satis¬ der the spring sun as usual, or beat their uncertain, factorily, but it was known that he was born in hop-skip-and-jump way from Park Row to Cooper Quebec and went to Maine at the age of six months. Union and never knew that Mr. Zero was dead. He entered the consular service at 21, being sta¬ Mr. Zero was Urbain J. Ledoux,* 67-year-old tioned successively in Canada, Bordeaux and “shepherd of the jobless,” who for so many years Prague, but in 1916 he threw over what seemed to during and after the World War spent his time be a brilliant career to devote his time to the fighting to keep as many broken-down men alive as “waifs” of the Bowery. he could. He died at 11 o’clock last night in French “Who shall blame another man for not having Hospital, after a year’s illness. . . . will power, balance, ambition and ability for world¬ It was a raw day in the early Twenties in 34th St. ly success?” he used to say in defending the shuffle¬ Two hundred homeless, jobless men huddled before footed, sagging-faced derelicts. “Who knows all the a restaurant where they had been promised food. reasons?” Two of them finally stepped forward and faced the Down through the years he championed his hu¬ big. red-cheeked, gray-eyed man who had promised man wrecks—but fantastically. In 1921, while 5,000 it to them. persons daily crowded into Boston Common, he “What’s yer name, sir?” they said. The big man “sold” 150 men at public auction to bidders who smiled, closed his eyes for a moment, thinking. had work for them to do. He tried the same thing Then he opened his eyes and said: in New York in 1928, but although 2,000 persons “Men, I am nothing.” came to the “sale,” there were no jobs. The two were baffled, but an Irishman in the On December 20, 1934, he and 15 men, leading a crowd behind them was not. “Nothing—why that double-horned goat, marched to City Hall in long means zero, he said quickly. “We’ll call him Mr. underwear and wooden barrels, trying to arouse Zero.” The mob yelled its approval. public sympathy. In other years—as recently as And from that day on, Mr. Zero it was. Papers 1936 — he brought his men to Fifth Avenue on and letters and subpoenas and legal documents Easter, to parade in shabby cutaways and battered came to him with “Urbain J. Ledoux” typed on silk hats. them, but to the hundreds and the thousands who At various times, he announced his candidacy for sift in and out of the Bowery, he was Mr. Zero. the Vice Presidency and for the Mayoralty of New New York City never knew quite how tc take him. York. But in between these stunts, he did a lot of The Broadway boys called him a crackpot and said real good. He seized on every holiday—even his his fantastic stunts to call attention to the unem¬ own birthday—as an opportunity to hold gala feasts ployed and down-and-out men in the metropolis for the Bowery inhabitants. were just publicity. The sheltered matrons of the He was welcome nearly anywhere where men were suburbs and upper Fifth Ave. thought his little down and out. In the fall of 1932, however, 250 schemes were fine, sweet acts. But nobody ever men who lived in the tin-shack village at the East knew Mr. Zero really well. River and 10th Street refused his charity and would Not even the stumblebums who haunted his lodg¬ have nothing to do with a mess of his famous mul¬ ing houses and restaurants for them in downtown ligan stew. New York. They would look at him with bewilder¬ “They’re just boys,” he sighed, sadly. ment in their red, watery eyes, or they would giggle During the last two decades he operated the Old the funny, inane giggle of the smoky, or they would Bucks and Lame Ducks Club at 3 Pell Street, The smirk at him behind his back. Some thought they Tub at 33 St. Mark’s Place and The Growlers, a *Urbain J. Ledoux was appointed, after examination (July 21, near-beer saloon at 20 St. Park’s Place. He was 1897). Consul at Three Rivers, Canada. He later served as tall, husky, wore horn-rimmed spectacles on occa¬ Consul at Prague. He was assigned to Santos in 1907, but did not go to his post. He resigned June 4, 1907. sion, and his usual costume was corduroy trousers,

376 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL rough shirt, leather coat and big, black fedora hat. pensation—which is made possible by Section 312 In religion, he was a Bahaist, a member of a of the new law—was much appreciated. Buddhist sect whose end is “a pursuit of nothing¬ On April 18 Mrs. Parsons again appeared before ness b\ merging individuality with the infinite,” the court, entering the United States once more un¬ according to Mr. Zero. der Section 3/2, and was admitted to citizenship. His first wife, Mrs. Carmeline Ledoux, said in She was, of course, required at that time to surren¬ 1921 he in no way contributed to the maintenance der her alien registration receipt card. of herself, their son or daughter, to which he re¬ The advantages in speed and simplicity of the plied: “I’ve got a bigger family than that one.” above procedure as compared with the requirements After she died, he married Mary White, an actress, of the old law are apparent. These advantages, more¬ in 1930. over, were multiplied many times by the interest His daughter, Yvette, used to sketch the men in and courtesy of the Syracuse office of the Immigra¬ The Tub, wolfing down their soup. Later, she tion and Naturalization Service and the office of the studied in Paris and in 1927 she was accepted as an County Clerk at Canton. exhibitor at the Salon d’Autumn in the Grand Very truly yours, Palais, a signal honor for a young painter. J. G. PARSONS. IN LONDON, 1941 LETTER TO THE EDITORS By an F.S.O. Yes, envy us in London, American Legation, For we have learned to sleep with thunder, , May 1, 1941. And see death change from a spare old spectre Editors, To a lovely maiden, soft and kind. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, For now we know that kind of lightning Department of State, That stops cold the heart for precious seconds, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. And it lets us glimpse a bit,—beyond. Dear Sirs: For we have seen old splendors vanish, As m\ wife may be the first Foreign Service wife Overnight in place new glories rising, to be naturalized under Section 312 of the Natural¬ Giving all the faith to carry on. ization Act of 1940, some readers of the JOURNAL For now we have to stop and wonder may be interested to hear of her experience. Just what was that weakness known as fearing? On being advised that Mrs. Parsons desired to pe¬ It has left us all on wings of light. tition for admission to citizenship, the District Office So envy us in London, of the Immigration and Naturalization Service at For we get by, even sleeping (sometimes) ; Syracuse sent a list of dates upon which the Su¬ From each dusk to morning we live new lives. preme Court of New York would hold naturaliza¬ In a lifetime, you just have but one. tion hearings in various county seats in northern New ’i ork. We selected April 18 at Canton, St. RAISED EYEBROWS DEPT. Lawrence County, as the most convenient to Ottawa. My wife then executed Form A-2214, application Peking, China, for a Certificate of Arrival, and sent it, together 25th November, 1940. with three photographs, her immigrant identifica¬ American Embassy tion card and a check for $2.50, to Syracuse. Sec¬ Dear Sir: tion 312 of the Act, of course, does not relieve the I hear American marine say all wives have leave candidate of the necessity of a Certificate of Ar¬ for the States. I think maybe some man now wants rival. which means that a record of entry for perma¬ a housekeeper. I am very good to make nice home nent residence must at some time have been created. and have much experience. I am 26 years old and In due course we were notified to appear at Can¬ blond. You just telephone me and I come. ton on March 11, on which date Mrs. Parsons filed No. 5 .* Thank you. her petition. I was allowed to act as one of the two Yours truly, required witnesses. An unusual feature of this ex¬ TANIA . perience was Mrs. Parsons’ entry into the United P. S.—Maybe two man want housekeeper. I States on a gratis border-crossing card under Sec¬ have good friend who can make nice sakuska din¬ tion 3/2 of the Immigration Act of 1924. As we ner and can sing in opera. had previously bought and paid for a record number TANITCHKA. of immigration visas and re-entry permits, this dis¬ *Editors’ deletion.

JULY. 1941 377 DEFENSE

TUST a year ago an alarmed America rolled up its National Defense composed of the Secretaries of I sleeves and tackled the biggest job in its history. War, Navy, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, and .Poland had fallen, Belgium had surrendered, and Labor. The council in turn was directed to nomi¬ France was fighting desperately for her life. Britain nate, and the President to appoint, “an Advisory was preparing to quit the continent via Dunkirk Commission of not more than seven persons,'’ each and was fortifying itself against a Nazi invasion. of whom would have some special qualification for On May 28, 1940, President Roosevelt took the the task at hand. first step toward arming this country for any even¬ The commission’s task was tremendous. It in¬ tuality. Seeking to harness industry to the rearma¬ volved not only the gearing up of American indus¬ ment program, the President appointed a seven- try to an emergency speed but preparation of plans member Advisory Commission to the Council of and the provision of adequate supplies both for the National Defense.* present and the future. Out of all this was to come, Authority for the creation of the council and the as quickly as possible, airplanes, tanks, ships, and commission was contained in a 1916 statute di¬ guns. Time was the essence. recting the Chief Executive to set up a Council of Despite the fact that the whole program of na¬ tional defense had not crystallized fully, the De¬ *The seven members of the National Defense Advisory Com fense Commission lost no time in translating con¬ mission were: William S. Knudsen, in charge of industrial pro¬ duction: Edward R. Stettinius. Jr., industrial materials; Sid¬ gressional appropriations into Government con- ney Hillman, labor; Leon Henderson, price stabilization; Harriet Elliott, consumer protection; Chester Davis, agriculture: and Ralph Budd, transportation.

Close-up view of P-39 “Airacobra” on final assembly line at Bell Aircraft Corporation's Elmwood Avenue SHAVING THE INSIDE OF A TORPEDO Plant in BnfTalo. The fuselage already lias begun to At work on the inside of a torpedo airflask in the look like an airplane. The two final assembly lines Naval Torpedo Station in Alexandria, Virginia. The at the Buffalo plant will be supplemented by 4 addi¬ expanded two-ocean fleet will need large stores of tional lines at Bell Aircraft’s Falls assembly- ammunition. plant, now nearing completion.

OEM Defense Photo by Palmer Bell Aircraft from OEM

i ¥ ONE YEAR

OFFICE FOR EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

tracts. A total of $825,000,000 in Army and Navy battlefield, first attention was given to aircraft manu¬ awards was approved in June, another $1,137,000,- facturing. On July 1, 1940, the Army and Navy 000 in July. had approximately 5,200 airplanes in service. By The tempo was necessarily slow at the outset. The July 27 an additional 5,974 were on order with 80 National Defense Advisory Commission warned the percent scheduled for delivery within a year. public not to expect too much too quickly. Months Four months later 25,000 planes were on order. of effort must be expended on design, on factory The Army had contracted for more than 16,000 construction and enlargement, and on tooling be¬ combat vehicles, including tanks, and had sharply fore actual production could begin. increased its order for field artillery and guns. American industry was geared for only normal Meanwhile, the defense program had taken more peace-time production. The World War had been definite form. The Selective Service Act had been over 22 years; and, even if the armament industries enacted by Congress. A goal of a 2,000,000-man of that day had been still in existence, their facili¬ Army, a two-ocean Navy, and a greatly expanded ties would have been obsolete. air force had been set. Army cantonments were Prior to June 1940, American plants were turn¬ under construction; American youths were prepar¬ ing out few military planes, ships, tanks, and guns. ing to go to camp. Clothing, shoes, tents, and food, Small quantities of British and French orders had as well as fighting equipment, had to be procured. been placed in the United States for aircraft, ma¬ The job of the Defense Commission was expanding. chine tools, and basic raw materials. Less spectacular, but equally important, were the Because war had turned to the air as its major specific tasks of laying up stocks of raw materials

Chrysler Corporation’s first M-3 medium 28-ton tank demonstrated its power before 2,000 Army and industrial executives in Detroit on April 24th. Immediately following this dem¬ onstration it was delivered to Major General Charles M. Wesson, Chief oi Ordnance, U. S. Army, as a present from the Chrysler Division salesmen, dealers, distributors and their employees. This tank is the first M-3 medium tank in the United States equipped with regulation armor plate and guns, and ready for combat duty. Chrysler from OEM

U-C.'.v| so that industry would not be retarded, of providing their families who migrated to centers of defense an adequate labor supply where it was needed and construction or production. of training the skilled workers of the immediate fu¬ The second stage of the program was under way ture, of keeping prices stable, protecting consumer with the citizenry more alert to the national danger, interests, insuring an adequate supply of agricul¬ industry better prepared to turn out ships, airplanes, tural products and fair prices, and preparing the tanks, and guns. America was moving at an increas¬ Nation’s railroads and trucks to haul war goods. ing pace. By December progress in the defense undertaking But a shortage of machine tools threatened to re¬ was apparent, but defense officials were far from tard this pace at the outset. The appropriate di¬ satisfied. vision of the OPM went into action. Priorities Di¬ Optimistic predictions as to potential plane pro¬ rector Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., on January 31, re¬ duction in July had to be trimmed. Efforts were quested machine tool builders to deliver machine being made to subcontract parts of planes to body tools after February 28 only to defense contractors. manufacturing companies and others. The forecast This was followed by collateral action by the Price of 1,000 planes a month by January 1941, had to Stabilization Division. The first of a series of price be scaled down by 30 percent. The aircraft industry schedules striking directly at profiteering in second¬ still was in the expanding stage; expanding from a hand machine tools was issued. production of approximately 1,800 military planes About this time the National Defense Advisory during all of 1938 and 2,100 in 1939. Commission announced that plant expansion con¬ The machine tool industry, which had constituted tracts in January aggregated $357,685,332 as one of the first bottlenecks, was showing definite against $700,000,000 for the previous 7 months. progress. Production of machine tools for 1941 More concrete evidence that the defense program was running well ahead of 1940, setting an example was well under way came in the OPM disclosure for other defense industries. that during January 1,036 airplanes were delivered A reorganization of the administration of the de¬ by United States manufacturers to the Army, Navy, fense program was forecast in December when Mr. Britain, other governments, and commercial air Knudsen said he considered “the defense effort to lines. Of these, 957 went to the Army, Navy, and date not satisfactory enough to warrant hopes that the British. everything is all well.” With the coming of March the Priorities Division On December 29 President Roosevelt set an even acted again to insure vital raw materials and tools greater goal for the defense program than the re¬ for defense industries. Aluminum producers and machine tool makers were placed on a mandatory armament of the United States. priority status in the first industry-wide orders. “We must be the great arsenal of democracy,” he Magnesium, nickel, and neoprene followed. said. The OPM Division of Purchases, under direction Declaring that present efforts were not enough, of Donald M. Nelson, meanwhile was helping the he warned his countrymen to “discard the notion Army and Navy get what they wanted as quickly of ‘business as usual.’ ” The defense program must and as economically as possible. On February 5 it go into high gear. took over the job of passing on all major defense A few weeks later the President outlined to Con¬ contracts. gress a plan for “billions of dollars worth of As the President envisioned a $28,000,000,000 weapons,” and soon the lend-lease legislation began defense program, the magnitude of the task in¬ to take form. creased substantially. Its breadth was indicated by On January 7, 1941, the President enlarged the comparison with the estimated wholesale value of administrative structure directing the defense effort all passenger cars and trucks turned out by the by creating the Office of Production Management automobile industry in 1940—$3,184,959,808. and providing for the coordination of the activities While the Production Division put the spur to of the National Defense Advisory Commission, the industry, two significant steps were taken to insure OPM, and other defense agencies through the Office adequate and satisfied labor. The OPM, by regula¬ for Emergency Management. The OEM was de¬ tion and with approval of the President, established signed to serve as extra eyes, hands, and brains for a Uabor Division to work with the Divisions of Pro¬ the President. duction, Purchases, and Priorities. As collateral defense agencies were brought under Sidney Hillman, Associate Director General of the OEM, a Division of Defense Housing was cre¬ OPM, in a review of the first half year of defense, ated by Executive order to insure the orderly and earlier had stated that “labor’s present contribution prompt erection of dwellings for the workers and (Continued on page 406)

380 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Yankee Doodle and Doodletown

By C. TAYLOR CABRERA

Courtesy Bear Mountain-Harriman State Park. R. T. B. Hand Photo

View of Hudson Valley taken from mountain-side just north of the little settlement of Doodletown. About a mile away is the . Building in foreground is the Administration Building of Bear Mountain-Harriman Slate Park. Light area is the new- parking field in front of Bear Mountain Inn. Near mountain rising front right end of the bridge is Anthony’s Nose.

BORN and cradled in a continent of zealous free¬ undrilled and undisciplined soldiers. Some had men, “Yankee Doodle,” undimmed by nearly cropped hair, others wore wigs, while still others two centuries of ageing, is not only the oldest of had long curls down to their shoulders. There were our national airs but has ripened into one of our American troopers with long coats, short coats, and most inspiring pieces of martial music. some with no coats at all. Every color of the rain¬ Doodletown, on the , a namesake of bow was presented in their clothes, while their the famous song, like its sponsor, has grown and equipment and accoutrement was just as Pandorian ripened, since its christening, from a group of crude as their clothing. huts and shacks, into a beautiful modern rural town, We are told how one Richard Shuckburgh, a still retaining, with justifiable pride, its humorous young surgeon on Abercrombie’s staff, after having name, bestowed upon it. in derision and contempt, laughed his fill at ihe appearances and manners of during the exciting days of the American rebellion. the American troopers, sat on the curb of the well The song, “Yankee Doodle,” was written about twenty years before the Revolution and was com¬ at Fort Crailo and penned the lines of “Yankee posed in good-natured ridicule of the American Doodle,” intended to be a humorous take off on the troups, who at the time were aiding, not fighting, American soldiers. Little did Shuckburgh think or the British in their attempt to conquer the Canadas. know at that time that he was setting his verses to- There are many ludicrous accounts of the absurd music which was to become the national air of our appearances of the colonial soldier at the time of great republic. their joining up with the British regulars in Fort The original wordings of the song are lost to us. Crailo, on the east hank of the Hudson river oppo They have not been preserved, probably, because site the city of Albany. they were very light and frivolous and further, as The colonies had been called upon to supply their time went on the stanzas were altered and para¬ respective quotas of men. Consequently, the Amer¬ phrased to suit the intentions of the varying oc¬ icans came from every section of the land, and the casions. records show that they were a sorry looking lot of (Continued on page 403)

JULY, 1941 381 THE EDITORS’ COLUMN

Although there are more than a thousand officers of career and not of career in the Foreign Service FOREIGN JOURNAL of the United States, not to mention a considerable dte JULY, 1941 American clerical personnel, the type of duties they perform is but vaguely known to their stay-at-home PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN countrymen. SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. To describe the profession of Foreign Service The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a year, or officer or the functions of the Foreign Service is 35 cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ pearing herein represents only personal opinions. only too often a baffling business. Consul is fre¬ Copyright, 1941, by the American Foreign Service Association quently confounded with council or counsel, sec¬

The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this retary is taken for clerk or stenographer, ’til one publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the editors. is floundering in attempted explanations that some¬ how sound unconvincing. JOURNAL STAFF It may, perhaps, be only natural that the public HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman at large is unaware of the multiplicity of matters CHARLES W. YOST._ handled by Foreign Service Officers throughout ihe HERBERT S. BURSLEY Editorial world. Except for those who travel or have business REGINALD P. MITCHELL Board LEO D. STURGEON abroad, it is not always apparent to the average EDWARD PACE, JR citizen that a vital need exists for the trained body JANE WILSON, Managing Editor of men serving America and Americans in foreign , ALLEN Business Manager WILLIAM E. DECOURCY Treasurer lands. But the spread of war today has brought with it as never before the opportunity to acquaint the United States in general with the essential nature The American Foreign Service Association of the Foreign Service and its intimate relation to The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and the welfare of us all. voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering If the United States is to play a part in world esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united affairs, our fellow-countrymen at home should be efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. better informed as to the facilities which are offered to them by the Foreign Service. They must come to Honorary President have a better comprehension of that branch of the CORDELL HULL Secretary of State Government which protects their interests abroad. Systematic and widespread publicity as to the Honorary Vice-Presidents scope and inherent responsibilities of the Service SUMNER WELLES. Under Secretary of State would go far toward creating an intelligent interest ADOLF A. BERLE, JR. Assistant Secretary of State on the part of many taxpayers and might pay divi¬ BRECKINRIDGE LONG ... Assistant Secretary of State DEAN ACHESON Assistant Secretary of State dends in a greater appreciation and understanding G. HOWLAND SHAW Assistant Secretary of Stale of our foreign policies. There are many modern JOSEPH E. JACOBS President ways of promoting public relations. In addition S. PINKNEY TUCK Vice-President to the press, which has always shown itself coopera¬ PAUL C. DANIELS Secretary-Treasurer tive, there are unexplored possibilities in the field of radio broadcasting and in motion pictures. Con¬ EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE sideration might be given to permitting officers on GEORGE L. BRANDT, Chairman leave in this country to address various local organ¬ LOY W. HENDERSON, Vice-Chairman izations and establish first-hand contact with citizens HERBERT S. BURSLEY, JULIAN F. HARRINGTON, who know only indirectly about the Service. Alternates CABOT COVILLE, PAUL C. DANIELS There is no question that if the story of the For¬ eign Service were fully known its activities would Entertainment Committee receive the sympathetic attention of the whole GLENN A. ABBEY, J. BARTLETT RICHARDS, EDWARD T. WAILES nation.

382 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Xens from the Department By REGINALD P. MITCHELL, Department of State

Lewis Clark, who has been on duty for four years at Maceio. Upon arrival at Washington, Mr. Wil¬ in the Division of European Affairs, ended this as¬ liams was met by Philip W. Bonsai, Acting Chief signment on June 12 and left with Mrs. Clark to of the Division of the American Republics. Nu¬ spend two or three weeks in New Hampshire and merous photographers, both movie and still, as w'ell Vermont en route to his new post as Second Secre¬ as a number of newspapermen, also were at the air¬ tary and Consul at Ottawa. Mr. Clark recently re¬ port to photograph and interview him. Mr. Wil¬ turned to duty in the Department at the conclusion liams left Washington by plane on June 24 to return of extended sick leave. to Rio. Christian M. Ravndal. until recently Second Sec¬ W. Horton Schoellkopf, Jr., until recently Vice retary and Consul at , reported for Consul at Ciudad Juarez, visited the Department in duty on May 21 in the Division of the American late May and upon being assigned as Vice Consul at Republics and subsequently was appointed an Assis¬ Hamilton, Bermuda, proceeded to that post by plane tant Chief. Mr. Ravndal proceeded from Buenos from New York City on June 4. Aires by plane to Miami accompanied by Mrs. Ravn¬ Sidney H. Browme, until recently Consul at dal and their two children, Inga. 16 years old. and Buenos Aires, arrived at New York City on June 2 Frank, 14 years old. They spent about two weeks in aboard the S. S. from Buenos Aires with Miami before continuing to Washington. Mrs. Browne. They visited Washington for several Philip P. Williams, Third Secretary and Vice days beginning on June 4 and planned to spend the Consul at Rio, arrived in greater part of their home Washington on June 17 by leave at Baltimore. He plane from Pernambuco planned to proceed in mid- bearing depositions made by July to San Francisco to sail survivors of the torpedoed about July 25 for his new American vessel Robin Moor. post as Consul at Saigon, his Mr. Williams had been or¬ assignment as Consul at dered from Rio to Pernam¬ Genoa having been can¬ buco to assist Consul Walter celled. J. Linthicum in taking the John B. Ocheltree, until depositions but was delayed recently Consul at Habana, when the plane on which he arrived in Washington on was travelling was forced June 14 by train from Miami down by inclement weather P. P. Williams after a journey by boat from

JULY, 1941 383 Habana. He registered at the Secretary and Vice Consul. Department preparatory to Theodore C. Achilles, assuming his new duties Third Secretary at London, here. Mrs. Ocheltree, accom¬ arrived at New York City on panied by their two daugh¬ May 30 on a Clipper plane ters, Ann, nine years old, from Lisbon en route from and Lorinda, five years old, London on home leave. He arrived at New York City on joined Mrs. Achilles and the S. S. Talamanca on June their three children, Marian, 22 from Habana and joined seven years old, Ted, Jr., five Mr. Ocheltree in Washington. years old, and Daphne, one Cavendish W. Cannon, un¬ year old, and left for Califor¬ til recently Consul and Third nia to spend the greater part Secretary at Athens, accom¬ J. B. Ocheltree T. C. Achilles of his leave, following a visit panied by Mrs. Cannon, ar¬ of several days at the De¬ rived at New York City on May 25 on an Export partment. Line vessel from Lisbon en route to Washington, Garrett G. Ackerson, Jr., concluded a temporary where Mr. Cannon entered upon his new duties on detail in the Division of European Affairs on June 2 June 16 in the Division of European Affairs. They and went on leave before proceeding to his new happened to be in Belgrade en route to Lisbon when post as Second Secretary and Consul at Bogota. German planes began the bombing of that city and Myles Standish, Vice Consul at Marseille, accom¬ they experienced the several days of hostilities panied by Mrs. Standish and their daughter, arrived there. They proved to be the first Americans to at New York City on May 26 on the S. S. Siboney leave Belgrade and journeyed from Belgrade to from Lisbon on home leave. He visited the Depart¬ Budapest in an antiquated open car which they bor¬ ment for several days. rowed, negotiating the distance with numerous dif¬ H. Bartlett Wells, until recently Third Secretary ficulties in 48 hours as compared to normal travel¬ and Vice Consul at Managua, registered at the De¬ ling time of about eight hours. partment on June 17 upon his arrival by train from Ivan B. White in early June concluded a study Mexico City, where he had proceeded by plane from detail of nine months at the Harvard Graduate Managua. He joined Mrs. Wells and their two chil¬ School of Public Administration. He visited the De¬ dren, Robert, three years old, and Alice Stephanie, partment for several days in late June and planned six months old, who had preceded him from Mana¬ to sail from New York City on July 3 on the S. S. gua. Mrs. Wells, a Mexican citizen, was naturalized Uruguay with Mrs. White and their two-year-old on June 9 in the United States District Court at daughter, Patricia, for his new post as Vice Consul Newark. They planned to spend home leave prin¬ and Third Secretary at Rio. cipally at his home at Plainfield, New Jersey, and Robert B. Macatee, until recently First Secretary to leave sometime later in the Summer for his new and Consul at Belgrade, arrived at New York City post as Vice Consul at Reykjavik. on June 8 on the Yankee Clipper from Lisbon. He Mason Turner, Consul and Second Secretary at was at his post at the outbreak of hostilities between Lima, accompanied by Mrs. Turner and their two Germany-Italy and Yugoslavia and experienced the daughters, Elizabeth, 10 years old, and Anne, six conflict and its aftermath there. After arrival at years old, arrived at New York City on May 19 on New York City he proceeded the S. S. Santa Lucia from to the Department and spent Callao. They visited Wash¬ several days. ington for several days, be¬ Andrew E. Donovan, 2d, ginning on June 9, and concluded an assignment of planned to make a motor trip three years in the Division of in Virginia and to visit rela¬ the American Republics on tives in Connecticut. June 21 and went to Boston Walter H. McKinney, Con¬ to visit relatives prior to his sul at London, visited the De¬ scheduled sailing from New partment for several days in York City on July 3 on the mid-June, following his ar¬ S. S. Santa Lucia for Buena¬ rival at New York City on ventura en route to Bogota, June 9 on the S. S. Excam- where he will serve as Third bion from Lisbon en route

384 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL from his post. He left Wash¬ leave with Mrs. Cory. They ington to spend leave prin¬ planned to sail from New cipally at his summer home York City on July 5 for his at Sault Ste. Marie, . new post as Vice Consul at At the conclusion of the Barcelona. Foreign Service Officers’ Frederick J. Mann went Training School in early on leave preparatory to his June, 18 of the 19 officers scheduled sailing in early went on leave preparatory to July from California for his proceeding to their posts. new post as Vice Consul at The only exception was Ro¬ Kobe. land K. Beyer, who entered Charles H. Whitaker left upon a temporary detail for with Mrs. Whitaker and their part of the Summer as one of R. H. Post two children to spend leave the “watch officers” assigned in Rhode Island prior to to duty in the office of the Secretary. Upon conclu¬ their scheduled sailing from California in July for sion of this detail he and Mrs. Beyer plan to pro¬ his new post as Vice Consul at Manila. ceed to his new post as Vice Consul at Capetown. Wallace W. Stuart left for his home in Greenville, Of the other officers from the School, Richard H. Tennessee, with Mrs. Stuart to spend leave prior to Post left Washington on June 21 by motor with their scheduled sailing from San Francisco on July Mrs. Post and their two children. Robert, eight years 5 on the S. S. President Grant for his new post as old, and Marguerite, six years old, for their home Vice Consul at Colombo. in Quogue, Long Island. They planned to sail from Alfred T. Wellborn left for New Orleans to spend New York City on July 3 on the S. S. Uruguay for leave prior to his scheduled sailing from San Fran¬ his new post as Vice Consul and Third Secretary at cisco in July for his new post as Vice Consul at Montevideo. Hong Kong. Francis M. Withey, Vice Consul at Nice, visited Alfred FI. Lovell, Jr., accompanied by Mrs. Lovell the Department for several days in early June fol¬ and their daughter, left by automobile to spend leave lowing his arrival at New York City on May 26, on at his home in Ann Arbor, Michigan, prior to their the S. S. Exeter from Lisbon. He drove his auto¬ scheduled sailing from California in early July for mobile from Nice to Lisbon and experienced nu¬ his new post as Vice Consul at Singapore. Meredith Weatherby left by automobile for his merous difficulties in obtaining gasoline aside from r the high cost of gasoline, which in Spain amounted home in W aco, Texas, to spend leave prior to his to forty cents a liter, payable in American currency. scheduled sailing from California in early July for This was his first visit to the United States in 10 his new post as Vice Consul at Osaka. years and he planned on leaving Washington to Donald B. Calder left for his home in New York visit as many of the 48 states as was possible during City to spend leave. He planned to sail about July his leave. 5 on an Export Line vessel for Lisbon and thence Perry Ellis, until recently Vice Consul at Habana, fly to England, where he has been assigned as Vice visited the Department for several days during the Consul at London. latter part of Mav following his arrival from Miami Wymberley DeR. Coerr, accompanied by Mrs. en route from Habana. He left to visit his family Coerr and their daughter, left to spend two weeks in in South Dakota prior to his North Carolina preparatory scheduled sailing in late June to their scheduled sailing in from San Francisco for his July for his new post as Vice new post as Vice Consul at Consul at La Ceiba. Singapore. Joseph Palmer, 2d. and M. Robert Rutherford left Mrs. Palmer, left to spend by automobile for his home approximately one month’s in Missoula, Montana, to leave at his home in Bel¬ spend leave prior to his mont. Massachusetts, prior to scheduled sailing from San their scheduled sailing on Francisco in early July for July 7 on the S. S. Henry S. his new post as Vice Consul Grove for Mombasa en route at Shanghai. to his new post as Vice Con¬

Thomas J. Cory went on M. R. Rutherford Joseph Palmer, 2d sul at Nairobi.

JULY, 1941 385 News From the Field

.■.V.,.,.V.1.V.V.,.V.V.V.,.,.V.V.V.V.WAV.,.,.V.V.V.V.1.’AVAW.\WVAWAI

FIELD CORRESPONDENTS

ACLY, ROBERT A.—Union of South Africa ROBINSON, THOMAS H.—British Columbia BARNES, WILLIAM—Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay KUNIHOLM, BERTEL E.—Iceland BECK, WILLIAM H.—Bermuda LANCASTER, NATHANIEL, JR.—Portuguese East Africa BUTLER, GEORGE—Peru LIPPINCOTT, AUBREY E.—Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq COOPER, CHARLES A.—Japan LYON, CECIL B.—Chile COUDRAY, ROBERT C.—Hong Kong Area LYON, SCOTT— CRAIN, EARL T.—Spain MCGREGOR, ROBERT G., JR.—Mexico FERRIS, WALTON C.—Great Britain PLITT, EDWIN A.—France FULLER, GEORGE G.—Central Canada PRESTON, AUSTIN R.— and GROTH, EDWARD M.—India REAMS, R. BORDEN— HICKOK, THOMAS A.—Philippines SIMMONS, JOHN FARR—Eastern Canada WILLIAMS, PHILIP P.—Brazil SMITH, E. TALROT—Nairobi area, Kenya

/V^VAWWAVW/AWAVAV/AWAWAWAV.VWWAViV.SW.V^/AVASWAW

Nice

Admiral Leahy Given Royal Reception days before, the SS. Exmouth had arrived at Mar¬ On his return Red Cross trip from Monte Carlo, seille bringing with it the second cargo of milk and where he had been entertained by His Excellency- medical supplies. Prince Louis Ferdinand II, The Honorable Admiral Despite the short notice of 15 hours, the Nice William D. Leahy, our Ambassador at Vichy, accom¬ authorities presented the Ambassador and Mrs. panied by Mrs. Leahy, stopped off at Nice on April Leahy with one of the most enthusiastic receptions 9, 1941 to give the “NiQois” an opportunity of ex¬ ever accorded to a foreign diplomat—“. . . . un pressing their gratitude to the United States for the accueil sans precedent . . .” wrote the Eclaireur De sending of foodstuffs to the stricken children and Nice. All morning was spent in decorating the beau¬ nursing mothers of unoccupied France. Only a few tiful Quai des Etats-Vnis, which has lost none of

Left to right: M. A. Medecin, the Mayor of Nice; Mrs. Leahy; the Ambassador; Mr. Remillard, American Consul (in rear), and M. Ribiere, the Prefect.

386 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL its natural charm as a result of the war, and the France!” which did not even cease during the play¬ Place Pierre-Gautier before the Prefecture, with ing of the “Star Spangled Banner” and the “Mar¬ hundreds of American and French flags and many seillaise,” and which continued until long after the flowers, including the beautiful dark red carnation party had traversed the square and gone upstairs and the parrot-pink tulip for which Nice remains to the reception room of the Prefecture. Here the famous. The arrangements were perfect, which Admiral and Mrs. Leahy were welcomed by Mme. speaks well for the organizing ability of the local Marcel Ribiere who introduced them to Mme. la authorities, but unfortunately Nice had to greet Mareshale Petain, who came specially from Ville- the Ambassador “during one of its carefully unad¬ neuve-Loubet for the occasion, M. le General Laf- vertised cold spells” (apologies to James Hilton I. forgue, Delegue General de la Croix Rouge Fran- hut this did not lessen the warmth of the reception. Qaise, and other local celebrities. In addition to The Admiral and Mrs. Leahy, escorted by the Mr. Rernillard, the Nice Consulate was represented gendarmes and followed by Mr. House and Mon¬ by Vice Consuls Orebaugh, Beylard, Macgowan and sieur Philippe de Noailles of the American Red Withey, and by Mrs. Rernillard and Mrs. Macgowan. Cross, arrived by car at 3:30 p. m. before the Port Refreshments were served by Mme. Ribiere and Marine on the Quai where they were greeted by consisted of champagne and candied fruit, which M. Marcel Ribiere, Conseiller d'Etat and Prefect is also a Nice specialty. The Admiral was con¬ of the Alpes Maritimes; M. Jean Medecin, the Mayor tinually made to reappear on the balcony by the of Nice; Monseigneur Remond, Bishop of Nice; Mr. affectionate crowd below which kept shouting “Vive Horace Rernillard. American Consul, and many FAmerique! Merci! Merci!” and even “Merci pour other notables. After initial introductions, the les Vitamines!” “Ciamada Nissarda,” an organization spreading About 4:15 p. nr. the Ambassador and Mrs. Nice culture and habitually dressed in native cos¬ Leahy made their farewells and were again ac¬ tume, presented to Mrs. Leahy a shield of red, white claimed by the uncontrollable crowd which accom¬ and blue (lowers, after which the company, led by panied them back to their car, under the strains of six of the Prefect’s lackeys in knee-breeches, pro¬ Sousa’s “March.” Another enormous crowd awaited ceeded across the intervening square over a long them on the Quai and became so enthusiastic that carpet and between an honor guard made up of the police had to intervene to make a path. Al¬ members of the garde mobile, boy scouts, and other though their stay was short, the Admiral and Mrs. children’s organizations. As the party entered into Leahy made a lasting impression and left the crowd the Place Pierre Gautier, Admiral and Mrs. Leahy in one of its gayest and most hopeful moods in were acclaimed by the crowd, composed of several months. thousand children and adults, with cries of “Vive BASIL F. MACGOWAN. FAmerique!’ “Vive l’Ambassadeur! ” “Vive la (Continued on page 398)

ROBIN MOOR SURVIVORS

Consul Walter J. Linthi- cutn airmailed this photo¬ graph of some of the sur¬ vivors of the crew of the Robin Moor who reached Pernambuco on June II, 1941. Left to right: Bot¬ tom rote: Hugh T. Murphy, Karl INilson, William Cary, Donald Schablcin, Richard Carlisle. Top row: C. Clark, clerk in the Con¬ sulate, Pernambuco; Mr. Philip Eccles, passenger; Ilollie Rice, Peter Buss.

JULY, 1941 387 The Hook she If FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor

THE CHANGING PATTERN OF INTERNATIONAL ECO¬ still sells oil to Japan and still freely buys Japanese NOMIC AFFAIRS, by Herbert Feis, Harper & Brothers, silk! The author’s discussion of the future seems 1940, 132 pp. $2.00. to the reviewer to reflect an easy-going optimism The Economic Adviser of the State Department which postpones hard decisions in the hope that has analyzed in 130 pages The Changing Pattern time will render them unnecessary. of International Economic Affairs. He starts with BENJAMIN B. WALLACE, the competitive, individualistic world described by U. S. Tariff Commission. the classical economists and found by them to be self-adjusting in promoting the welfare of all na¬ ENGLAND’S HOUR, by Vera Brittain, The Macmillan tions. Their description, he notes, was somewhat Company, 1941, pp. 230. $2.50. too optimistic, for example, it undervalued the political successes of groups who feel or fear injury The Fall of 1940—a most critical moment of from imports; but it corresponded roughly to real- England’s history—is recorded by an Englishwom¬ ity. an in a vivid and human way, with an extolment This old system was suspended during the World of her fellow countrymen’s patient and staunch for¬ War but had been largely restored by 1929. Since bearance of the burden of a huge world conflict. then, it has widely given way to systems of state Miss Brittain, who served as a volunteer nurse in control, first, because of economic pressures arising the last war, describes in a comprehensive picture from the depression, and second, because the Fascist the hardships of the present catastrophe: the de¬ States have developed state control of trade for struction of homes—her own was partially demol¬ political and military ends. Dr. Feis’ sketch accords ished, and the heart-rending separation of fami¬ with more detailed analyses, e.g., that of J. B. Cond- lies—her children were sent to America to escape liffe (The Reconstruction of World Trade) and the the raids. (Since the book was written her hus¬ main outlines are not open to question. band left for the States to take up professorial du¬ The author passes on to The Unique Position ties contracted for before the war. En route he sur¬ That We Seem to Hold—our wealth and our ap¬ vived the sinking of the Western Prince.) parent immunity from attack. “Hence, the country Incidents of the lives of a people blessed with a judged it unnecessary to participate in any collec¬ magnificent morale are simply related, and highly tive effort to organize and enforce international polished by instances of their never failing humor, peace and order.” Finally, he writes Of Opulence as evidenced by a news vendor’s white chalk an¬ and Defense, discussing our war trade and our “de¬ nouncement: “BIGGEST RAID EVER. SCORE 78 fense effort” “tardily begun.” “Illusion after illusion TO 26. ENGLAND STILL BATTING.” in which we had carelessly lived has now faded This is another story written from the vortex of from the minds of all save those few who have so a universal upheaval, not objectively from a more completely identified themselves with the illusions disinterested vantage point on an outer eddy. The that they cannot change.” author draws no conclusions and attempts no final The author’s style is clear and easy, the matter judgments but gives a straight-forward “close up” well organized, the conclusions significant. The study of the harrowing experiences of civilians try¬ reviewer noted only two or three suave and diplo¬ ing to live their every-day lives under such vicari¬ matic understatements. ous conditions as exist in England today. This book The manuscript was written, or at least revised, will not satisfy a seeker after knowledge but it will after the fall of France, but the author argues that play upon the emotions of a sensitive reader. “If we face a world in which force rules and danger JANE WILSON. faces us,” we shall swiftly disprove the charge that we cannot make decisions, cannot adapt our policy MY FIRST WAR, An Army Officer’s Journal for May, to circumstances. Specifically, he says that we shall 1940. by Captain Sir Basil Bartlett. Bt., The Macmillan have to ask concerning each of our exports, whether Company, New York, 1941, 131 pp. $1.25. the country securing it will prove to he a friend or In thirty-one days, Sir Basil—who in civilian life a possible enemy; concerning each of our imports, is an actor, journalist and playwright (The Jersey whether we are buying it in a place in which we Lily)—went through all the gamut of the dull, wish to encourage production. Yet the United States drowsy days of the phoney war:

388 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL “I've been in this The undercover office for five months WORTHWHILE BOOKS spreading of the Nazi ( Croise Laroche—just creed of life that is an es¬ north of Lille). I’m DARKNESS AT NOON, by Arthur Koestler. sential preliminary in beginning to wonder Translated from the German by Daphne Har¬ Hitler’s plan of action if 1 shall ever get out dy. The Macmillan Company, New York, has formed the theme of of it.” (May 1) 1941. 267 pp. $2.50. countless books and ar¬ to the torturing anguish A fictional account of the Moscow treason ticles. Now Mrs. Millin of Dunkirk: trials by a journalist born in Budapest who in her latest novel pre¬ ‘‘The newspapers learned the background of his story at first sents the working of a are full of the story of hand during a stay in Soviet Russia. One of German agent among the the evacuation from the Book-of-the-Month selections for June. tribe of the Bagamidri Dunkirk, of its discip¬ on the border between JUNIOR MISS, by Sally Benson. Random line. of its wonderful House, New York, 1941. 214 pp. $2. the Union of South Af¬ organization. Well, it rica and the former didn t seem particular¬ Sally Benson does for the American junior German West. ly well organized to miss of the ’40s what Booth Tarkington did Dr. Schmidt is but me.” I May 31) for her male counterpart of the ’20s. Only the one of many white Captain Bartlett’s en¬ locale is New York instead of Indianapolis German “missionaries” tries in his daily diary and the atmosphere seems more sophisticated. planted among the black are witty, penetrating Also a Book-of-the-Month selection for June. South African tribes to and ven human. And spread disaffection and he jumps from the sub¬ rebellion against British lime to the ridiculous with the greatest of ease. He rule, and to teach the new and better religion of the will relate how a solemn French military mission crooked cross, whose Messiah is “Heetla.” With suddenly fell to its knees to pick violets and, after keen perception and utter ruthlessness, Dr. Schmidt ecstatic-all) smelling them, not knowing what to do turns each character’s weakness to the advantage of with them, presented them to an English Colonel, his Fuehrer’s dream—Africa gained—or regained. “who was forced to walk about with them for the Nevertheless, he does not appear as a major char¬ rest of the afternoon, looking furious.” acter in the book. He stands behind the scenes, Then there is the story of the smuggled butter: pulling the strings, and Part II of the novel is a “One old woman, known to everyone, used to graphic picture of the almost unanimously tragic pack butter around her bottom and her bosom. results of his work upon innocent people. It became embarrassing to undress her every time The novel is divided into two parts. Part I cov¬ she passed through the control. So they used to ers the period from 1921 to 1939 and serves to in¬ sit her down by a very hot stove until she melted troduce the characters and follow them through the away. years up to date. It is written in a leisurely fash¬ And then finally there is the story of the escape ion, with somewhat too numerous explanations and from Dunkirk on a destroyer which was torpedoed descriptions, perhaps necessary since few people are at night but by some miracle was kept afloat. familiar with the life and customs of the black “Wounded men began to be brought up from the tribes of South Africa. Nevertheless they slow up bowels of the ship. I learned that one of the tor¬ the story. pedoes had gone right through the Ward Room, The book begins as an account of the sufferings killing all thirty-five of our officers who were sleep¬ of the Reverend Barry Lindsell, English mission¬ ing there.” ary in the dismal South African mining village of In the jigsaw puzzle of war literature, this is a Canaan, whose life has been warped by his con¬ small piece, in the background scenery so to speak. sciousness of his few drops of African blood. In a But this account of one man’s initiation to war is a previous novel, God’s Stepchildren. Mrs. Millin tells little classic gem which deserves to be preserved in the story of Barry’s ancestor, the Reverend Andrew the annals of an age which is capable of producing Flood, who married a Hottentot woman to prove to here and there a civilized being, but not a civiliza¬ his dark charges that in the eyes of God black and tion—at least not in the sense in which we trust fu¬ white are equal. It is the Reverend Andrew’s daugh¬ ture generations will interpret that term. ter who is Barry’s great grandmother. FRANCIS COLT DE WOLF. However, after the reader has become absorbed in Barry’s problem, Mrs. Millin drops him almost THE DARK GODS, by Sarah Gertrude Millin, Har¬ per & Brothers, New York, 1941, 296 pp. $2.50. (Continued on page 413)

JULY, 1941 389 Beachcomber

By WILLIAM D. MORELAND, JR., Department of State

Illustrated by PATRICIA GEORGE

CONSUL SWINKER placed the city phone re¬ you at your desk as usual at nine in the morning.” ceiver on its hook, thought for a brief moment Vice Consul Jim looked up everything he could and picked up the office phone, buzzing Vice Con¬ find on the Odoro as well as on the past move¬ sul Jim: “Are you free for a few minutes? . . . Then ments of certain vessels of his own flag and care¬ will you come in?” fully memorized his findings. Unfortunately, the Vice Consul Jim dictated a conclusive: “In the Odoro s movements were not all too clear. light of the evidence presented, as outlined above, During dinner, that evening, Mrs. Jim made two the Consulate had no other course than to refuse or three terse remarks about people who mutter the visa,” and muttered to himself: “I suppose an¬ steamship schedules to themselves. Her atttiude other friend of the Governor’s wants to go to the was in no wise improved when Jim asked for vari¬ States.” He lifted himself out of his golden oak ous bits of discarded clothing, and especially for swivel chair and sauntered across the outer office an old suit that the gardener had politely refused, into the chiefs room. saying that it really was not his size. “Sit down, Jim. You’ve heard of the S.S. Odoro, With some mental reservation as to her husband’s Onarkia registry, haven’t you?” mentality Mrs. Jim cooperated and Jim set forth for “Yes, sir, I have. Quite a bit, in fact.” his encounter with the past. “Well, my Onarkian colleague has just phoned Jim left his car a quarter of a mile or so from the that she arrived at the oil docks this morning. He oil dock limits and continued on foot, being care¬ had no idea what she came in for. The Customs ful to scuff his shoes in the dust and to handle have no record of anything for discharge or load¬ grimy oil dock equipment along the way. He found ing. You know we have been a little curious about the dimly lit ship and using it as a base took bear¬ her activities and I hardly think she would come all ings on all available clusters of lights, especially the way up the bay just for oil, as it seems on the those that gave forth sounds of gaiety. It was an surface. Have you any ideas?” easy task to set a course for the most striking of “My guess wouldn’t add anything to yours, Chief. these points and to follow it to the center of a But suppose we find out.” group of small but hardly very “select” bars. Never¬ “Hmph, I’ve asked and drawn blanks.” theless, he selected one, entered it and ordered a “How about just letting those that know tell beer. you ? Meditation over the untouched glass brought to “All right, Jim, shoot. What is the answer?” his ears none of the accent so commonly practiced “Some time be¬ by Onarkian sail¬ fore I was admit¬ ors. Wisdom lay ted to Miss Bassel’s not in tak.ng Finishing School I aboard any cargo took a practical early in the voy¬ course in ‘Ship¬ age. S 1 o w 1 y be ping and Seamen.’ worked down the I think I can mus¬ bench until he was ter up enough of opposite some the technique to— dancer’s empty ah, —er, to swap a glass, for which he yarn or two.” paid and departed “Very well, Jim, for new fields. A watch your step, few minutes in the and I want to see next place prompt-

390 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ed the same tech¬ S' nique, but as he w a s negotiating his departure he overheard a re¬ mark in the na¬ tive tongue about a group of Onar- kians who had just left. J i m strolled down the street to a third and m ore imposing bar which should appeal to such a grioup as he sought. He wan¬ dered vaguely in and found a seat near a large table of men who were obviously getting themselves settled for the evening. The thick blue air, common to sea¬ worry us none.” Someone growled: “Shut up.” port bars the world over, gave color to the unpainted Jim slowly turned to the cherubic one and with furniture and depth to an otherwise small room, some internal trepidation said: “I think I seen you depth and almost richness to a dreary and shallow before somewhere; ever been in Rotterzig?” setting. “Yeah, several times.” In describing his wants to the waiter, seaman Jim hoped he didn’t look the way he felt as he Jim affected an accent which should be understand¬ tried to put casualness into his longbow shot in the able to an Onarkian. The waiter did not under¬ dark: “Think I seen you in a place ’bout halfway stand too well, but that did not matter—he brought nup Skelter Straat, it musta been June 15th or 16th. something. Someone else did understand and after We jus tgot in on the Nosegay.” some minutes one of the Onarkians turned to Jim: “Are you Onarkian?” The other reflected briefly: “That musta been it. “Naw, but I been around with some. Sometimes Place called ‘Zowie.’ Used to go there sometimes. I sound like it. Wisht I was right now. Been I remember seeing some of you off the Nosegay. lookin’ around for some o’ my people, but they Had a lot of fun that night,—spent plenty of money don’t seem to be any.” but we had it then.” “Yeah, that’s right, haven’t seen any since we Bull’s eye! And Jim’s interior re-assumed its tied up here. C’mon, sit down here with us, always normal arrangement. He felt, however, that the room for one more.” cherubic one did not yet remember him well enough Jim, despite his willingness, slid over dejectedly so brought out a smaller arrow to strengthen the and let the Onarkians continue with their conversa¬ foundation for talks of “old times.” tion. Presently one of them said: “Where’s that heavy set fellow with half his right “You on the beach?” ear gone? He still on the Odoro?” Jim replied: “Yeah. The Swan Song sailed with¬ “You mean Joe? He never went to the ‘Zowie.’ out me three days ago. Consul won’t do nothin’ Didn’t like the dump.” for me, says gotta wait for th’ nex’ ship,—that’s And here Jim asked himself: “Why did I have to ten days more, helluva fix. He oughta do somethin’. bring that up?” but his new friend, whom we shall . . . You off the Odoro? ... I was lookin’ at her call Smiley, blithely went on: tie up s’morning. Wrong flag for me.” “Naw, Joe wouldn’t never go near the hole. Think The conversation became general on the iniqui¬ maybe we ran into him later, over at Dimpsker’s. ties of Consuls until one man with a particularly That’s where he always went. You fellows were cherubic countenance remarked: “Consuls don’t there later, too, I remember.”

JULY, 1941 391 To which Jim was overjoyed to add: Some two records later Whitey returned to say: “That musta been it. Ya can’t remember every “Skipper says he’ll see you now. C’mon, I’ll show dam thing ya do.” you where he is.” Smiley continued: “Joe left the ship couple of Another of the men decided to go along and as months later. Said he’d had enough.” they were extricating themselves from the chairs Jim’s place was established and yarns spilled and table, Whitey whispered to Jim: “Careful what forth by the hank, Jim making certain to contribute you say,—don’t talk much. Queer duck, the Skip- one now and then. Several of these yarns pieced per. together gave him the picture he wanted. But the Along a few yards of cracked and gaping side¬ colors of that picture, gentle reader, are of such walk and they crossed the threshold of more stale surpassing delicacy that they may not be exposed smoke and foul air to find the Odoro’s Captain in a to the glare of print. minute dining room off the main bar room, sitting Presently one of the men turned to Jim and said: with three of his officers around a table piled high “You said you were looking for a berth, didn’t with food and bottles. The junior officers were you:O 5? singing to the accompaniment of a piano as it rat¬ “Yeah, I need one bad.” tled out, in the other room, the incentive for a solo “Well, we don’t exackly need anybody on board acrobatic dance performed by an artist of doubtful but maybe we could find room for one more. I’ll standing. put in a word for you with the Skipper. Might The men stopped in the smaller doorway and not go see him now. Chips said he saw him squarin’ until Whitey had addressed him twice did the Cap¬ away for a night of serious drinkin’ couple of doors tain raise sullen eyes from contemplation of the down the street. Probably isn’t drunk yet and we laden table. His gaze came to rest on the stranger. can see what he says.” Jim was surprised to find him a man in his thirties Jim was getting on quite well where he was and but could think of nothing better to do than to had no interest whatsoever in elaborating on the wait placidly. The others did likewise. show. Noel Coward might write a three-act play After the Captain had apparently satisfied him¬ and act in it but Jim was content to let the curtain self with what he saw he asked a brief question or fall definitely at the end of Act one, Scene one. He two concerning Jim’s sea experience, ending with: tried to give the curtain cue with: “All right, talk to me again tomorrow.” “Aw, thanks a lot, but I don’t want to bust in on Thus dismissed Jim and the Onarkians filed past his night ashore. I’ll come aboard in the mornin’ the ambitious dancer and out into the soothing and see him. You’ll be here for a couple of days, night air. Outside, Smiley said: “He doesn’t want won’t you?” to talk to you any more. That means you can take “Yeah, three. We’ll be here till Friday, hut to¬ your gear aboard. It’s all right now.” morrow won’t be any good. Skipper’s going to As the men were returning to their table Whitey raise hell all day tomorrow; we know him. First stopped Jim just outside the door: “You’re lucky. night ashore, you know.” Skipper is pretty careful who he takes on.” And Smiley leaned across the table: “Better do it now, laughing continued: “Know what he said when I Jim. We’d like to have you sail with us. The old first told him about yqou? Said: ‘Sounds like a man ought to be feeling good right now. Can’t do - spy. Bring him in, I want to see him.’ no more than throw you out and he’ll throw any¬ You’re lucky.” body off the ship tomorrow. . . . Hmm. Maybe we’d Back at the table Jim thanked his friends for their better we sure. Whitey, you go see how he feels. help in getting a poor devil off the beach and after He’ll always talk to you.” a few more yarns bade them a good night, as he had Enviously, Jim watched Whitey go out the door. a long way to hike back to town to the place where Envious, just to go out and keep going. The phono¬ he had left his gear. He would see them tomorrow, graph record blaring through a cheap loud speaker though. took on an even more rasping, grinding screech. The next morning Vice Consul Jim was back in Jim was certain he saw fine drawn streamers of his golden oak swivel chair somewhat ahead of time barbed wire issuing out of the loud speaker, waver¬ and immediately dropped into an anti-social com¬ ing through the already stinging blue air, teasing plex for the rest of the week. His devotion to his him with little pricks up and down his spine and desk and home were exemplary but, somehow, he ready to swirl about him. Fortunately, the conver¬ lost all interest in seeing people or being seen by sation required only an occasional “That’s right” strangers, even to declining to see visitors in the or “Uh-huh.” reception room of the office.

392 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The Foreign Service School

By GEORGE D. HENDERSON, F.S.O. Training School

ONE Consul General terms student officers “Boy tice is examined from the angle of immigration and Scouts.” In that vein, these Scouts at their naturalization problems. The vital ramifications of first posts regard the Foreign Service School as the Public Health Service in the domestic and the last step toward becoming First Class Scouts, foreign fields are vividly unfolded during the visit but they seldom have any concrete ideas about the to its Washington headquarters. Illuminating data School—what it really is and what it will contribute on the currently important military question are to their individual development as Foreign Service presented by the G-2 representative. Other prob¬ Officers. lems of national defense and detection of subversive To the student officer it is, therefore, a revela¬ elements abroad are also outlined by authorities in tion indeed to go through the School, which un¬ each field. All of these matters are studied in their folds before him a vivid panorama of the State De¬ relation to the activities of the Foreign Service. partment’s role in the national life. The two outstanding visits to other government Preliminary to the School itself, those officers departments are those to the Domestic of Com¬ who proceed in transit through unfamiliar parts of merce and Agriculture. Through the cordial coop¬ the United States may examine some of the com¬ eration of key men in these Departments the stu¬ ponent States from the critical angle of Foreign dent officers obtain an insight into not only their Service Officers who have just begun to represent pivotal economic functions, but also their fact-find¬ abroad these United States of America. Among ing, advisory and clearing-house activities in rela¬ other things, such officers observe some of the out¬ tion to multifarious industrial, commercial and ward manifestations of that feverish activity agi¬ agricultural interests in the United States and tating the nation in its current defense effort. And foreign countries. Of particular value to the Foreign all such point to Washington as the nerve center Service Officer is the unique over-all economic pic¬ of the whole system. ture of tlie United States which is presented in this Upon arriving in the capital, the student officer manner. perceives the general background in which is set Apart from the general considerations outlined the Department of State, which links the central above, the chief value of the Foreign Service School figure in that background—the President—with the is the service it renders to the junior officer in ac¬ foreign world. quainting him with what might be termed the “per¬ Even the casual visitor realizes that Washington sonality” of the Department of State. has become more than a nation’s capital; in a sense Upon entering the Service the student officer is it has become a world capital. The present uni¬ plunged into the complex machinery of the Foreign versal chaos has removed the last vestiges of the Service as it is exemplified at his particular train¬ early American conception of the United States as ing post. He has little opportunity to learn about a self-contained country isolated from the rest of the “head office”—the Department in Washington; the world by effective land and sea barriers; today his attention is focused almost exclusively on the the arteries and nerves which lead from Washington immediate problems at hand, which require all his to every corner of the United States are extended concentration to master the newness of the machin¬ in their practical operation to every part of the ery of which he is immediately made a very small world. Where private enterprise has had to reef cog. But gradually he forms a somewhat nebulous sail in the face of storms in certain regions, gov¬ and awesome conception of “The Department”— ernment has in many cases stepped in to fill the that mysterious entity in Washington from whom breach; but in any event business and other insti¬ stems all wisdom and (what is more) all authority. tutions are working hand in hand with the govern¬ Everything he does is performed under the all-per¬ ment. vasive shadow of “The Department.” Then one day Through the Foreign Service School young offi¬ he is ordered to proceed to headquarters for in¬ cers are given a unique and privileged birds-eye struction in the Foreign Service School. view of the essentials of the government machine. Their cross-section study is not limited to the State The first and most important discovery he makes Department; it extends to other departments which after the School gets under way is that “the De¬ partment” is really only the sum total of numerous encompass directly or indirectly the most represen¬ tative federal functions. The Department of Jus¬ (Continued on page 404)

JULY, 1941 393 The following changes have occurred in the George P. Wilson of Pennsylvania, formerly Foreign Service since May 10, 1941: American Vice Consul at Lyon, France, died at Lyon, France, on May 17, 1941. Donald R. Heath of Topeka, Kansas, First Sec¬ Arthur J. Romero of San Francisco, California, retary of the American Embassy at Berlin, Germany, American Clerk in the American Embassy at Buenos has been designated F irst Secretary of the American Aires, Argentina, has been appointed American Embassy and American Consul at Santiago, Chile, Vice Consul at Buenos Aires, Argentina. and will serve in dual capacity. The following changes have occurred in the For¬ Ellis 0. Briggs of Lopsfield, Maine, First Secre¬ eign Service since May 31, 1941: tary of the American Embassy and American Con¬ Monnett B. Davis of Boulder, Colorado, First sul at Santiago, Chile, has been designated First Secretary of the American Embassy and American Secretary of the American Embassy at Habana, Consul General at Buenos Aires, Argentina, has been Cuba. assigned for duty in the Department of State and William C. Vyse of Washington, District of Co¬ has been designated Chief of the Division of For¬ lumbia, American Consul at Buenos Aires, Argen¬ eign Service Administration. tina, has been assigned for duty in the Department Edwin A. Plitt of Hamilton, Maryland, Second of State. Secretary of the American Embassy and American Ware Adams of Savannah, Georgia, Second Sec¬ Consul at Paris, France, has been assigned for duty retary of the American Embassy and American Con¬ in the Department of State. sul at , Brazil, has been designated Tyler Thompson of Elmira, New York, Third Sec¬ Second Secretary of the American Embassy and retary of the American Embassy and American American Consul at London, England, and will Vice Consul at Paris, France, has been assigned serve in dual capacity. American Vice Consul at Zurich, Switzerland. Eric C. Wendelin of Quincy, Massachusetts, now The folloiving changes have occurred in the For¬ serving in the Department of State, has been desig¬ eign Service since June 7, 1941: nated Second Secretary of the American Embassy Orsen N. Nielsen of Beloit, , American at Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consul General at Munich, Germany, has been John McGilchrist, American Consular Agent at designated Second Secretary of the American Em¬ Grenada, British West Indies, died May 10, 1941. bassy at Berlin, Germany. Joseph Flack of Doylestown, Pennsylvania, Coun¬ Leo D. Sturgeon of , Illinois, now serving selor of American Embassy and American Consul in the Department of State, has been assigned Amer¬ General at Madrid, Spain, has been designated ican Consul at Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Counselor of the American Embassy at Caracas, Harold B. Quarton of Algona, Iowa, American Venezuela. Consul General at St. John’s, Newfoundland, has Ivan B. White of Salem, Oregon, now serving in been assigned American Consul General at Genoa, the Department of State has been designated Third Italy. Secretary of the American Embassy and American John B. Ocheltree of Reno, Nevada, American Vice Consul at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and will serve Consul at Habana, Cuba, has been assigned for duty in dual capacity. in the Department of State. Carl W. Strom of Decorah, Iowa, American Vice William P. Cochran, Jr., of Wayne, Pennsylvania, Consul at Zurich, Switzerland, has been assigned American Consul at Veracruz, Mexico, has been for duty in the Department of State. designated Second Secretary of the American Le¬ Ray L. Thurston of Madison, Wisconsin, now gation and American Consul at Managua. Nica¬ serving in the Department of State, has been as¬ ragua, and will serve in dual capacity. signed American Vice Consul at Bombay, India. Andrew E. Donovan, 2nd, of California, now John W. Tuthill of Cambridge, Massachusetts, serving in the Department of State, has been desig¬ American Vice Consul at Windsor, Ontario, Canada, nated Third Secretary of the American Embassy has been assigned for duty in the Department of and American Vice Consul at Bogota, Colombia, State. and will serve in dual capacity.

394 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Immigration pressure in front of the Consulate at Marseille. Courtesy of Hiram Bingham, Jr.

Student F.S.Os. make note! This ingenious mode of transportating effects was deviseil by the Charles Whitakers en route from their first post at Habana to the F.S.O. Training School.

Agnes de Lambert combined artistry with safety measures when taping the windows of their Antwerp apartment to prevent them from splintering during air raids.

The Foreign Service School jiractices up for future oceanic travel. Vick Post and Donald Colder at the helm, Rita Post and Julian Nugent amidships, and Harriet Whitaker and Janet Nugent in the bow. (“Chico” in the hold.)

R. Henry Norweb, Jr., photographed after his number was drawn under the Selective Seni- ice Act. He is now in Troop I), 107th Cavalry, Camp Forrest, Tenn. Paul J. Reveley of East Haven, Connecticut, designated Third Secretary of the American Lega¬ American Vice Consul at London, England, has been tion and American Vice Consul at Asuncion, Para¬ designated Third Secretary of the American Em¬ guay, and will serve in dual capacity. bassy at London, England, and will serve in dual Richard A. Johnson of Moline, Illinois, assigned capacity. American Vice Consul at London, England. Mulford A. Colebrook of New York, New York. American Vice Consul at London, England, has been Alfred H. Lovell, Jr., of Ann Arbor, Michigan, assigned American Vice Consul at Singapore. Straits designated Third Secretary of the American Em¬ bassy at London, England, and will serve in dual Settlements. capacity. Frederick J. Mann of Brooklyn, New York, as¬ John D. Jernegan of San Diego, California, signed American Vice Consul at Kobe, Japan. American Vice Consul at Cartagena, Colombia, has Julian L. Nugent, Jr., of Pecos, New Mexico, as¬ been assigned for duty in the Department of State. signed American Vice Consul at Puerto Cortes, Hon¬ W. Horton Schoellkopf, Jr., of Miami, Florida, duras. American Vice Consul at Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, R. Kenneth Oakley of Fort Smith, Arkansas, has been assigned American Vice Consul at Hamil¬ designated Third Secretary of the American Em¬ ton, Bermuda. bassy and American Vice Consul at Bogota, Colom¬ William F. Busser of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, bia, and will serve in dual capacity. American Vice Consul at Buenos Aires, Argentina, Joseph Palmer, 2nd, of Belmont, Massachusetts, has been assigned for duty in the Department of assigned American Vice Consul at Nairobi, Kenya, State. East Africa. Lubert 0. Sanderhoff of Pasadena, California, Wallace W. Stuart of Greenville, Tennessee, as¬ American Vice Consul at Vancouver, British Colom¬ signed American Vice Consul at Colombo, Ceylon. bia, Canada, has been assigned for duty in the De¬ Joseph J. Wagner of Jamaica Park, New7 York, partment of State. assigned American Vice Consul at Bombay, India. The assignment of Ralph C. Getsinger of Detroit, Meredith Weatherby of Waco, Texas, assigned Michigan, as American Vice Consul at Cologne, American Vice Consul at Osaka, Japan. Germany, has been canceled. In lieu thereof, Mr. Getsinger has been assigned American Vice Consul Alfred T. Wellborn of New Orleans, Louisiana, at Zurich, Switzerland. assigned American Vice Consul at Hong Kong. The officers who have been assigned to the For¬ Charles H. Whitaker of Boston, Massachusetts, eign Service School since April 1, 1941, have now assigned American Vice Consul at Manila, Philip¬ received the following assignments: pine Islands. Richard H. Post of Quoque, New York, desig¬ M. Robert Rutherford of Missoula, Montana, as- nated Third Secretary of the American Embassy singed American Vice Consul at Shanghai, Kiangsu, and American Vice Consul at Montevideo, Uruguay, China. and will serve in dual capacity. Henry T. Unverzagt of East Falls Church, Vir¬ Roland K. Beyer of Kaukauna, Wisconsin, as¬ ginia, American Vice Consul at Puerto Cortes, Hon¬ signed American Vice Consul at Capetown, Cape duras, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Providence, Union of South Africa. Medelling, Colombia. Donald B. Calder of New York City, assigned Wylie G. Borum of Collierville, Tennessee, Amer¬ American Vice Consul at London, England. ican Clerk at London, England, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Wymberley DeR. Coerr of New Haven, Con¬ necticut, assigned American Vice Consul at La Edgar L. McGinnis, Jr., of Pitcairn, Pennsylvania. Ceiba, Honduras. American Vice Consul at La Ceiba, Honduras, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Cali, Co¬ Thomas J. Cory of Glendale, California, assigned lombia. American Vice Consul at Barcelona, Spain. Harold M. Granata of Grasmere, Staten Island, Lewis E. Gleeck, Jr., of Chicago, Illinois, desig¬ New York, formerly American Vice Consul at nated Third Secretary of the American Embassy Naples, Italy, has been appointed American Vice and American Vice Consul at Moscow, Union of Consul at Rome, Italy. Soviet Socialist Republics, and will serve in dual William G. Conklin of Metuchen, New Jersey, capacity. American Clerk at Antwerp, Belgium, has been ap¬ George D. Henderson of Palo Alto, California, pointed American Vice Consul at Antwerp, Belgium.

396 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Foreign Service Officers Throughout the World INSURANCE BANK Special policies for Government Service officers. Annual policies, world wide. Trip HERE policies, silverware, jewelry, fur policies. Travelers baggage policies, fire and burglary AMERICAN SECURITY is serv¬ policies in Washington. ing the financial needs of foreign service officers stationed through¬ out the world through its gen¬ eral banking, trust and safe de¬ STEEL VANS posit facilities. Steel and aluminum lift vans, available in Wherever your post of duty many places throughout the world. Safe, may be, you will find it advan¬ economical, convenient. tageous to establish and maintain a banking connection here in BAGGAGE DELIVERY, Washington, D.C. American Se¬ WASHINGTON, D. C. curity gives special attention to Send us your claim checks for luggage the requirements of such ac¬ checked to Washington with your instruc¬ counts and their need for spe¬ tions about delivery, or temporary storage. cialized service.

BAGGAGE DELIVERY—CITIES IN U.S. We cordially invite your inquiry. If you check baggage in other cities and want delivered, send us your checks and in¬ AMERICAN SECURITY structions. We will forward by air mail to AND TRUST COMPANY our correspondents. MAIN OFFICE: FIFTEENTH ST. AND PENNSYLVANIA AVE ( Opposite the United States Treasury) £mirify) #Foragp (Jonipang WASHINGTON, D. C. of UJashingfron Capital - $3,400,000.00 Surplus ' $3,400,000.00 a safe depository for over 50 years at

1140 FIFTEENTH STREET District 4040 MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION Affiliated with the American Security and Trust Co.

i J

JULY, 1941 397 NEWS FROM THE FIELD (Continued jrom page 387)

BUENOS AIRES Christian M. Ravndal, Second Secretary and Con¬ sul, with Mrs. Ravndal and their two children. Inga and Frank, left Buenos Aires by plane on May 1 for Washington, where Mr. Ravndal has been assigned for duty in the Department. During the last five years Chris had grown to be something of a fix¬ ture at this post, and the effect of his departure on A GREAT WORLD-WIDE Buenos Aires was fittingly described by Ambassador Norman Armour at a farewell dinner given for him SOURCE OF SUPPLY by the American Club. The Ambassador produced a bottle which he had allegedly fished out of the Rio For nearly 55 years, the whole world over, de la Plata and which was found to contain a mes¬ demand for Ward merchandise has been sage from a disillusioned American tourist, who, steady and increasing. And rightly so! being unable to stand the pall of gloom and sorrow Backed by advanced engineering and which Chris’s imminent departure had cast over painstaking research, Wards products are of unexcelled performance and modern Buenos Aires, had cut short his visit and taken the design. Mass produced and mass distrib¬ first ship found for home. There follows an excerpt uted, their prices are truly competitive. from the message, which was signed “Higherwater,” in which the unfortunate traveler describes his visit Hence MW’s leadership in the electrical, to the Embassy: automotive, mechanical and implement lines. Wards specialties, as follows, are sold abroad through Distributors and “Back I turned; the elevator Swept me upward to the 8th floor. Dealers ONLY: Here at least my country’s office Radio Receiving Sets Surely would have something for me Electric Refrigerators Other than the mournful measure; Electric Washing Machines Better even get a visa Than to stay in such depression. Electric Vacuum Cleaners But, my God! the other meetings Electric Light Plants I had witnessed were as nothing Cream Separators To the picture there that met me: Auto and Truck Tires Girls were running half-demented Automotive Products Down the halls with smelling-bottles. Paints and Varnishes All the officers I asked for Hardware and Tools Were unable to receive me. Tractors ‘In a conference’ they told me. ‘Conference, hell!’ I loudly shouted, Radio Sound Equipment ‘I have paid my country’s taxes Distributors interested in exclusive Helped support these lazy scoundrels.’ franchise rights for one or more of these So I pushed the glass door open products are invited to write at once to And the picture lay before me. the Factory Export Division. What a picture of dejection, What a scene of desolation Met my eyes; the Chief of Mission At his desk; his head was buried MONTGOMERY WARD In his hands; and all the others Established 1872 Sitting gloomily about him. FACTORY EXPORT DIVISION All the anger died within me 618 W. Chicago Ave., Chicago, U. S. A. Even though I paid my taxes Cables — Thornward And was somewhat from Missouri Visitors from abroad cordially invited to Chicago Headquarters On the diplomatic service. This was something unexpected N—aril*:,,. „ Something I could never cope with.

398 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Though I knew the answer coming Still I asked the question. ‘Tell me, ‘Tell me what it L that grieves you?7 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL And as one they answered sighing, ‘Chris is leaving, Chris is leaving.’ SPECIAL SUBSCRIPTIONS So I tiptoed out in silence Down the corridor I tiptoed Your relatives and friends will welcome this inti¬ Past the doors where muffled weeping mate news about the Service, the people in it and Told me of afflicted maidens its work. Sitting at their silent keyboards. Send them a subscription at our special rale. That was all. My cup o’erflowing. All my dreams of B.A. shattered, THK JOURNAL offers to each active and associate Back I drove through sad Florida member of the American Foreign Service Association To the Plaza, past the dancings the privilege of subscribing for the JOURNAL for Where I’d hoped to do the rumba or on behalf of relatives and friends at the rate of To the tune of merry laughter: $2 per year. Past the sadly drooping porter Each member may use up to five of these special Packed my gay and festive wardrobe subscriptions. Please use the coupon below. To the URUGUAY I drove it. To my cabin sadly wandered SPECIAL OFFER There to write this solemn story. Now the ‘Old Grandad’ is finished, AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Drained, the bottle stands before me. Into it I’ll place my story, Care Department of State, Hoping that this gloomy river Washington, D. C. May convey it on its bosom Where some friendly soul will find it. Please send the JOURNAL for one year And when he has read its contents To Use it to collect his tears in. Farewell, farewell, Argentina I can understand your sorrow Send bill for $ And I share it. Chris is leaving.” To Consul Sidney H. Browne and Mrs. Browne, who have been assigned to Saigon, left Buenos Aires on May 16 on the Argentina. Subsequent to their departure, the following communication was re¬ ceived from Mr. Browne: SUPPLEMENT TO PHOTOGRAPHIC “To WHOM IT MAY CONCERN: REGISTER “The undersigned presents his compliments to the American community of Buenos Aires and With the April issue, THE JOURNAL for¬ wishes to thank whoever may be responsible for the warded to its subscribers a supplement to the delivery to him on May 16, 1941, on board the S.S. Photographic Register of the American For¬ Argentina, of an offended and protesting, hut ex¬ eign Service issued in November, 1936. This cellent, Duck. He would be glad to know the name supplement contains the photographs of the of the donor, since he desired to retaliate in kind, principal officers of the Department of State, having acquired a large snake at Santos for this very chiefs of mission, and Foreign Service Officers purpose.” (Signed) Sidney H. Browne. and vice consuls appointed since July 1, 1936, WILLIAM BARNES. which was the closing date of the Photo¬ graphic Register of 1936. HAMILTON, BERMUDA Approximately 280 individual photographs June 6, 1941. are included in the volume. No photographs On May 28, in the presence of senior officers of of officers who were included in any capacity the American Army and Navy and the British Army in the original Photographic Register are in¬ and Navy, and prominent American residents and cluded in the new supplement. Bermudians, the United Services Club of Bermuda Extra copies of the supplement may be pur¬ was officially opened by His Excellency the Gov¬ chased at 50c each, by addressing the AMERI¬ ernor. As the name implies, this Club has been CAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, care of the organized by the American Emergency Club in Ber¬ Department of State. A few copies of the muda (women )to fill a much needed place of rec¬ Photographic Register of 1936 are still avail¬ reation for enlisted personnel of American and able, at the original price of $1.90 each. British forces while in Bermuda. The Club is occupying temporary quarters on the

JULY, 1941 399 via dll dm erica to CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES

The advantages of the “Via All America” route to Central and South America and the West Indies are well known to business men everywhere in the United States. With its own direct facilities from New York to 67 Company-owned and operated offices in 24 countries and islands in the West¬ ern Hemisphere, the closest attention to transmission and delivery of all international telegrams is assured.

Cablegrams “Via All America” may be sent from the Company’s head office at 67 Broad Street, New York, or from any Postal Telegraph office anywhere in the United States. For fast, accurate and secret service to Central and South America and the West Indies, send your messages “Via All America

ALL AMERICA CABLES AND RADIO, INC. Main Office: 67 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.

400 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL first two floors of the Hamilton Hotel, in Hamilton, face of the subject at a given moment, but that to the main floor consisting of lounge equipped with the present he adds the past and the possibilities of comfortable chairs, piano, tables, refreshment coun¬ the future as well. ter and bar (for beer and soft drinks), while the An American weekly picture magazine recently second floor has ping pong and darts, writing and stated that Davidson referred to his work as “plastic reading rooms, lavatories and shower. It is hoped journalism.” When this was being interpreted to a that the funds raised by the American Emergency questioner, Davidson said that he preferred to call Club will be augmented by further financial assist¬ his work “plastic history.” Certainly some of those ance in order that the Club may be continued upon he has modelled will have a large place in modern the expiration of the temporary arrangement June history. Others among the many he has done in 30. forty years’ work are: Woodrow Wilson, Walt WILLIAM H. BECK. Whitman, Marshal Foch, Will Rogers, Lord Bal¬ four, Andre Gide, John I). Rockefeller, Sr., and Mahatma Gandhi. CARACAS Davidson, born in New York City, lived in Paris Jo Davidson, Famous American Sculptor, Commis¬ from 1909 to 1939. In October of the latter year sioned to Make Busts of the Presidents of the he flew to the United States to attend to private American Republics matters, intending to return immediately. How¬ Jo Davidson, internationally famous American ever, he became ill, was delayed, and when ready sculptor, was recently commissioned by the Office to proceed again to France was prevented from so of the Coordinator of Commercial and Cultural doing by that country’s capitulation. He thereupon Relations to make busts of the Presidents of the built a studio at Lahaska, Pennsylvania, and, as he other American Republics. He already had bone put it, is starting out once more. one of the President Roosevelt. The sculptor had planned to go on from Caracas Davidson arrived at Caracas, his first stop, on to Bogota, but he works with such terrific intensity Mav 5th. The latter was inauguration day, and it that the physical wear and tear are great, and rather was decided to do both the outgoing and the incom¬ than travelling now' to Bogota’s and Quito’s altitudes ing Presidents, General Eleazar Lopez Contreras he is considering going the other way and leaving and General Isaias Medina Angarita. those spots until the end of the South American The busts were considered excellent, to the point part of his trip. that several who saw them exclaimed that they Final disposition of the busts apparently has not looked more like the sitters than did the sitters been definitely determined, but the sculptor believes themselves at a specific moment. The answer to that the collection will probably be displayed in the that, in Davidson’s own words, is that he captures Pan American Union building at Washington. not only the fleeting pictorial “comment” on the T. J. MALEADY.

Bust of President Isaias Medina Angarita, recently completed at Caracas by famous American sculptor, Jo Davidson. Left to right: The sculptor; Thomas J. Maleady, Second Secretary at Caracas; General Medina and Ambassador Frank P. Corrigan.

JULY, 1941 401 Remarks on Occasion of llic Formal Opening of the American Legation Building at Monrovia

PRESIDENT BARCLAY’S MESSAGE home of its own. This building to which I can refer with pardonable pride as the most modernly con¬ EXECUTIVE MANSION, MONROVIA, LIBERIA structed on the West African Coast, is an unmistak¬ 31st March, 1941. able attestation of my Government’s faith in Libe¬ ria’s future—a forthright expression of optimism in My dear Minister Walton, Liberia’s strength and will to prevail as a separate, independent state in the community of nations. Please accept my congratu¬ lations upon the completion Faith is the keystone of human relationships. of your Legation building Without faith there can be no happy home. Without which symbolizes the per¬ faith there can be no successful business coopera¬ manence of those close politi¬ tion; and without faith there can be no mutual trust cal and spiritual relations and confidence within nations and between nations. which unite our two govern¬ ments and peoples. I am quite sure it is a REMARKS OF THE HON. C. L. SIMPSON, source of personal gratifica¬ SECRETARY OF STATE tion to you that under your Mr. Minister: incumbency as Minister this significant work has been carried out. Since 1935 two outstanding events have occurred Sincerely yours, in the relations between the governments of the (Sgd.) EDWIN BARCLAY. United States of America and the Republic of Li¬ The American Minister beria. It no doubt will be recalled that prior to the Monrovia. period to which I have just referred the head of the American mission accredited to this country was a Minister Resident and Consul General; but it subse¬ EXTRACTS FROM THE REMARKS OF THE quently was raised to the rank of Envoy Extraordi¬ HON. LESTER A. WALTON, UNITED STATES nary and Minister Plenipotentiary and in 1935 the MINISTER TO LIBERIA present representative of the United States Govern¬ Mr. Secretary, Distinguished Guests: ment was the first to enjoy the benefit and serve in Mrs. Walton and I are pleased to have you with this distinction. us at the formal opening of the American Legation Needless is it for me to state that this unparalleled building in Monro¬ action on part of via. Such an event President Roose¬ while historic also velt’s administra¬ is unique in the tion was undoubt¬ realm of interna¬ edly a further at¬ tional comity, as testation of the we nowadays hear continued interests much about the closing of embas¬ which the Govern¬ sies, legations and ment of the United consulates and the States has always breaking off of taken in the wel¬ diplomatic rela¬ fare of this Repub¬ tions. Since 1866 lic and which the there has been an Government and American Legation people of Liberia in Monrovia, but have been and not until now has shall at all times be it been housed in a appreciative ....

402 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL YANKEE DOODLE AND DOODLETOWN (Continued from page 381) CONFIDENCE I he British later paraphrased the stanzas to ex¬ press their disdain of the rebels, and likewise the Americans composed and sang their own verses in IN A NAME ridicule and contempt of the Red Coats. The tune or music of “Yankee Doodle” has been more faithfully preserved for us. The air is the same as that of the New England jig, “Kitty Fisher” which was a favorite in the colonies long before the Revolution. So much for the history of our song. As to the continuity of its popularity, since the birth of our nation, it has inspired our armed forces through all their wars, and today, nearly two hundred years after its composition, no military or naval parade is complete or satisfactory unless from the bands we hear the inspiring refrains of old “Yankee Doodle.” On the heavily wooded mountain crests and slopes, in the ravine-like valleys of the Ramapo Mountains, lies the quaint settlement of Doodletown. Adjoining it is the historic Fort Hamilton on the west banks of the Hudson River, about forty-five miles from New York City. FOR the past 75 years, America’s lead¬ It was in Doodletown, during the battle of Fort ing machine and equipment builders Montgomery, that a division of British regulars, have recommended the use of Gargoyle under Sir Henry Clinton, had a desperate battle Industrial Lubricants. with the American Militia. That militia was con- posed largely of farmer boys who fought desperately Important, too, is the fact that plant even after their ammunition had all been used, engineers the world over specify Gargoyle forcing them to give way to superior odds. Lubricants for the valuable equipment While the British occupied this territory, many in their care. Today, Soeony-Vacuum scouting and foraging parties invaded the surround¬ ing country. Singing as they went along their own products protect leading plants in more versions of “Yankee Doodle,” the British parties than 100 different industries! passed and repassed many times through the settle¬ This preference for Gargoyle Lubricants ment. The motely, nondescript appearances of the natives huts and shacks impressed the swaggering by technical men—builders and engi¬ British soldiery in much the same manner as did neers skilled in scientific machine opera¬ the absurd appearances of the American troops at tion — is a symbol of satisfaction in Fort Crailo, which inspired the writing of the song Socony-Vacuum products ... of confi¬ “Yankee Doodle. Disdain and derision again con¬ dence in the name, trolled the British and they christened the little set¬ tlement Doodletown, and so it has remained, un¬ Socony-Vacuum. This changed. up to the present day. confidence is Socony- It was the little Doodletowns of the colonies that Vacuum’s most filled the ranks of the Continental heroes, so it is valued asset. again, today, that the many little Doodletowns of a matured America are filling the ranks of another Y ankee army to protect and preserve those tangible and intangible things and rights which the Doodle- SOCONY-VACUUM OIL CO., INC. towners of “76” fought for, won, and bequeathed to posterity.

JULY, 1941 403 THE FOREIGN SERVICE SCHOOL (Continued from page 393) individuals—human beings like himself. This “per¬ sonalization” of the Department proceeds apace as the various men from each division come down to talk to him and his colleagues. His personal con¬ tacts with these and other officers in the Depart¬ ment may be the foundation of lasting associations when he returns to the field. He sees a greater num¬ ber of Foreign Service Officers together at one sta¬ tion than he will ever see at field posts. Gradually he absorbs the intangible factors which knit the Service together in a genuine esprit de corps. Henceforth he will have a clear picture of the various units in the Department, so that when an instruction comes to him in the field he will know something about where and how it originated, and perhaps who the personalities are behind it. He will less frequently be at sea, having a mental frame of reference to which to relate his activities in the field. 38-DAY CRUISES The study of the organization of the Department ON 33,000-T0N and the interaction of the various divisions further AMERICAN REPUBLICS LINERS clarifies the methods by which the officers of the Foreign Service collectively perform the functions of informing the Secretary of State of conditions and developments throughout the world. The stu¬ RIO DE JANEIRO dent officer learns how an individual report from SANTOS the field is routed through the Department, read, MONTEVIDEO graded, summarized, digested by the division chiefs BUENOS AIRES Fortnightly Sailings from New York SANTOS (SAO PAULO) and combined with other data for ultimate use in RIO DE JANEIRO CRUISE RATES: $360 TOURIST; $480 the channels leading to the determination of policy TRINIDAD FIRST CLASS. ($550 CERTAIN SEASONS) or action. Consult your Travel Agent or The high calibre of the men in responsible posi¬ tions in the Department attests the impartial effi¬ ciency of the Foreign Service personnel system, MIIOIlE-MrClIRMACK 11 thus developing in the junior officer that feeling of confidence in his superiors so indispensable to the 5 Broadway New York loyalty expected of him. The remainder of the educational process im¬ parted through the School consists of a thorough grounding in routine fundamentals and a modicum of familiarization with the major policies of the Department. In short, the School provides the set¬ ting for integrating the student officer’s knowledge of the career he has adopted, and thus enables him best to perform the “service” part of the Foreign Service Officer.

FOREIGN SERVICE RETIREMENTS Graham H. Kemper, Class II, effective June 1, 1941. Emil Sauer, Class HI. effective July, 1, 1941. George E. Seltzer, Class VII, effective July 1. 1941.

404 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A BRIEF OUTLINE of a Proposed Article May Be Your Start as a Qeographic Author . . .

jOLi may have in mind an article that is perfectly suited to the needs of the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. Tell us about it. If it Very British is Bridgetown, Barba¬ seems to have possibilities, you will be urged to write the complete dos, in the West manuscript and to provide photographs for illustration. The Editor confi¬ Indies: here we see dently believes that with your Foreign Service experiences as a traveler and Chamberlain Bridge and Trafalgar observer, you can help in an important way to advance geographic education. Square. Geographic The Magazine pays generously for all material accepted for publication. photograph by Edwin L. Wisherd.

The NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE—Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor—Washington, D. C.

JULY, 1941 405 DEFENSE—ONE YEAR (Continued from page 380) UNDERWOOD to the defense of the nation has never been excelled at any time in all history.” Less than 2 hours per Types worker were lost in defense industries during 1940 due to strikes. Better On March 19 the President set up the National Defense Mediation Board, and its prompt settlement Tetters of the 75-day-old Allis-Chalmers tie-up and a num¬ ber of smaller strikes was of material assistance. Future needs of defense industries for skilled labor meanwhile were not being neglected. The Labor Division of OPM reported that 816,000 men and women were being given vocational training in April 1941, and it was estimated that the num¬ ber would reach 1,000,000 before June. The defense picture broadened as the Office for the Coordination of Health, Welfare, and Recrea¬ tional Activities under Federal Security Administra¬ tor Paul V. McNutt outlined the needs of scattered communities for schools, hospitals, public utilities, and amusement centers where defense industries had overtaxed their normal facilities. In production, time was still the most important factor. Progress was apparent, but was it rapid • Of course you want your letters to be good enough? looking, distinguished and representative of America was engaged in the biggest job ever un¬ you. But are they? dertaken by any country in the length of time, and it called for the maximum cooperative effort of every Right now you can take the first step to¬ man and woman in the United States to get it done. ward finding the true answer to this ques¬ As industry boomed the President moved prompt¬ ly to forestall threatened rises in prices by creating tion. Just say to your secretary: "Telephone the Office of Price Administration and Civilian Sup¬ Underwood and ask them to send over a ply. Leon Henderson, the administrator, already newUnderwood Typewriter and show what had placed ceilings on many vital materials as Price the Underwood will do in a Letter-for- Stabilization Commissioner. The national defense program was now moving Letter Test with our present machine.” into the period for which all the previous work had been preparatory—mass production of planes, of Underwood has specialized on the job of tanks, guns, and ammunition. producing better letters. That is why Under¬ The more tedious and less spectacular phases of wood has created many features that insure national defense were behind for the United States. precision type alignment, clean-cut and uni¬ Billions of dollars in appropriations, thousands of form type impressions. But, to satisfy your¬ blueprints, hundreds of contracts were now trans¬ lated into swelling streams of fighting equipment. self, ask for the Letter-for-Letter Test today. Then enactment of the Lend-Lease Act greatly enlarged the task. The additional load of becoming “the arsenal of UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY democracy” increased the production job of de¬ Typewriters, Accounting Machines, Adding Machines fense industries by 60 percent and called for 28 Carbon Paper, Ribbons and other Supplies billion man-hours of labor within a maximum of Homer Bldg., 13th & F Streets 27 months. Washington, D. C. To increase the available supply of skilled labor Sales and Service Everywhere and raw materials, the automobile industry agreed to reduce its output of automobiles by 20 percent beginning August 1. A further release of machine

406 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL tools was promised as leading manufacturers an¬ nounced they would forego a change in design for 1943 models. President Roosevelt asked that ma¬ WOODWARD & LOTHROP chine tools be used 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. As production of planes and tanks began to swing 10th, 11th, F and G Streets into quantity proportions, the National Defense Ad¬ Washington, D. C., U. S. A. visory Commission’s duties were being transferred to the OPM and other operating defense agencies. "A Store Worthy of the Nation’s Capital” Functions of the Agricultural Division were assigned to the Department of Agriculture. A Division of Defense Aid Reports was estab¬ lished to report on the lend-lease program under Delicious, Refreshing Maj. Gen. James H. Burns as executive officer. Aid to Britain was being accelerated. On May 20 the President established the Office Fine TEAS and COFFEES of Civilian Defense within the OEM as a means of coordinating Federal, State, and local defense ac¬ —serve them Iced or hot—a tivities and to facilitate constructive civilian par¬ delightful treat for Summer ticipation in the defense program. New York’s Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia was put in charge. from The Food Shop The role of the Man-in-the-Street in national defense was growing in importance. The public, industry, and labor were now indicat¬ Twining Margaret’s Jov Tea, an almond- ing full support of national defense. United they flavored Darjeeling tea. j/2-pound SI .50 provided an almost inexhaustible reservoir of man¬ power and potential equipment pledged to save de¬ Twining Lapsang Souchong, with a smoky mocracy. flavor. j4-pound $1.45 Progress during the first year of defense effort Twining English Breakfast, full-bodied had been good regardless of the handicaps. But it India and Ceylon tea. J4-pound $1.45 was not good enough. Almost all of Europe was under the heel of Nazi Formosa Oolong Tea. J^-pound. $1.35 armies: Britain was fighting for her life. The peril Ming Mint Tea. 7-ounce— — had grown even more rapidly than America’s arma¬ 90c ment program. An all-out effort by every citizen Ming Orange Blossom Tea. 7-ounce 90c was essential as industry swung into quantity pro¬ duction of planes, tanks, and guns. Every hour, Wah Chah Keemun Tea Bags, 12 to a every minute counted. box 18c One year of defense was behind the United States, Boston’s Mint Tea, blend of Orange Pekoe but a greater year was ahead. and Kentucky Mint. 7 bags 15c 20 bags 40c SCIENCE OF SEISMOLOGY ROCKED McCormick’s Orange Pekoe Tea. Pound BY WAR, PRACTITIONERS TOLD Earthquake experts here from many parts of the Red Seal Coffee, ground for percolator, drip United States yesterday listened sadly as one of or glass coffee maker. Pound tin ... 28c their number bemoaned the fact that war is playing havoc with the science of seismology. Scull Coffee—ready to serve-—in vacuum Addressing the American Geophysical Union, tins. Serve iced or hot. 12-ounce Capt. N. H. Heck,* divisional chief of the Coast tin 3 for 25c and Geodetic Survey, said there is scant hope that THE FOOD SHOP, EIGHTH FLOOR Express Elevator Service the international earthquake report published quar¬ terly at Oxford University can be continued much longer. Address your communications to Woodward 8c Lothrop, Washington, D. C., U. S. A.; attention Personnel Shopping Supervisor. *See “Earthquakes and the Foreign Service” by Captain Heck in the February, 1941, issue of the JOURNAL.

JULY, 1941 407 This report, giving technical information on tem¬ blors occurring in all parts of the world, is the seis¬ mologist’s “bible.” “The latest issue, which came out recently, may also have been the last,” said Capt. Heck, who is president of the International Seismological Asso¬ ciation. The three serious threats against the publication’s continued existence are: Shutting off of “feeder” information in belligerent countries and in those occupied by the Germans; the expense of putting out the quarterly summary and, finally, the raids on England itself. A surprisingly large number of occupied coun¬ tries are still sending earthquake data to Oxford but FEDERAL STORAGE it is too much to hope that they will keep on doing so indefinitely, said Capt. Heck. He suggested that the International Seismological COMPANY Association, Coast and Geodetic Survey and Cali¬ fornia Institute of Technology cooperate to keep the Every Modern Facility for the Safe Handling Oxford “bible” going from the United States, and Care of Household Treasures should it die out in England.—Washington Post, May 2, 1941. Private Rooms for Furniture Cold Storage for Furs Rug Cleaning and Storage THE HISTORY OF THE CON¬ Vault for Silverware SULATE GENERAL AT LONDON Home Inspection and Insurance Service (Continued from page 372) Fumigation Chambers M.D.. and Sir Ronald Ross, Bart., K.C.B., Piano and Art Section F.R.S., M.D., jointly. Local and Long Distance Moving 1917 to the present time. The Consulate-Gen¬ eral for the United States of America in Packing and Shipping London. Lift Vans for Foreign Removals The manner in which the purely local rates of ♦ the “Parish,” afterwards the “Vestry,” and now the “Borough Council” of St. Marylebone have increased for No. 18 since 1751 may be gauged 1701 Florida Ave. ADams 5600 from the following representative examples which WASHINGTON. D. C., U.S.A. I have extracted from the Rate-Books:-—- 1751 Total per annum £15 0 Officers Directors 1779 “ “ “ £ 30 0 0 E. K. MORRIS BRUCE BAIRD 1805 “ “ “ £ 33 0 0 President CHARLES S. BAKER HAROLD N. MARSH H. RANDOLPH BARBEE 1815 “ “ “ £ 57 10 0 Vice-Pres. and Counsel DANIEL L. BORDEN 1828 “ “ “ £ 75 0 0 JAMES M. JOHNSTON HENDERSON S. DUNN Vice-Pres. and Treasurer HENRY P. ERWIN 1870 “ “ “ £ 81 13 4 H. RANDOLPH BARBEE D. P. GAILLARD 1923 “ “ “ £129 3 4 Secretary JAMES M. JOHNSTON PAUL E. TOLSON HAROLD N. MARSH Asst. Vice-Pres. Proportionately, as shown by the Rate-Books, ALLISON N. MILLER S. WEBSTER ADAMS a similar scale applies to all the other old houses Asst. Vice-Pres. CARROLL MORGAN A. RUSSELL BARBEE E. K. MORRIS in the Square. Asst. Treasurer DONALD F. ROBERTS RAYMOND O. BABB CHARLES G. TREAT When one considers the conditions of life that Asst. Secretary GRIFFITH WARFIELD prevailed in the middle of the 18th century, one can picture in imagination a lady, stepping daintily forth from No. 14, now No. 18, to enter

408 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL her Sedan chair, escorted by link-boys holding aloft dickering torches which reflected their un¬ certain light in the glittering jewels of their mis¬ tress. perhaps on her way to the Court, while prowlers and footpads, only kept at bay by the fear of armed encounter, peered out with hungry, greedy eyes from the darkness of the Square, ready to take a life or snatch a purse with equal indifference, since, if captured, it was a “hanging matter” in either case. The following interesting information respect¬ ing a tradition of No. Iff has been vouchsafed to me bv Mr. 0. B. Ferguson, who, some years ago, made an investigation into its history:— An earlier building, of which there is no rec¬ ord, must have stood on the present site, since No. Iff is reputed to have been “haunted” by a ghost dressed as an Officer of the time of Charles II; it would appear at the windows, it was said, and scare away all passers-by; from the ground-floor it would descend to the base¬ ment and thence into the well by way of a tun¬ nel. still existing and in use, connecting the yard with the back premises, which are of a later date than the front building. The well still exists under the centre of the Filing Room of the Consulate-General, hut is now blocked up. A secret passage, the steps of which, lead¬ ing from the west corner of the Filing Room, PASSENGER SERVICE were bricked-up and covered with flooring a BETWEEN NEW YORK AND few years ago, led to the site of the present Western District Post-Office in Wimpole Street, LISBON, PORTUGAL and was crossed by another passage, one end of which led to the well through a secret door By the below the Filing Room and the other end to EXCAMBION EXCALIBUR the dungeon." The main underground passage EXETER formerly connected with it, ran, as already stat¬ ed. from old Harcourt House to Baker Street, and may have been used, in the days of relig¬ Fare $350 ious and political persecution, as a refuge, and From Neutral Portugal connections can be even by those hiding from the Law. In his life¬ made by air or rail to many parts of Europe. time this Officer is said to have had a great Detailed in formation on application objection to visitors — he would pull a cord attached to a shrub, afterwards called the THE SECURITY OF “Ghost Shrub,” and set some chains rattling, AMERICAN SHIPS thus frightening away any unwelcome callers. ALWAYS IMPORTANT It was asserted by the superstitious that in lat¬ TODAY IS EMPHASIZED MORE THAN EVER

er years this shrub would always grow again, The demand by relatives and friends here for prepaid however frequently it was uprooted! tickets for Americans to America from all Europe demonstrates it. A “ghostly” reputation has, in our time, some¬ times the effect of increasing the value of a “de¬ sirable property,” if one may judge from the ac- AMERICAN EXPORT LINES 25 Broadway, New York

*The purpose of this door to the well from the dungeon can Balto. Office: 203 Keyser Bldg. CAlvert 0340 only be conjectured, but in those lawless times the “removal” of “inconvenient” persons was not unusual.

JULY, 1941 409 ★★★★★ ★★★★★ tion of an auctioneer who, a few years ago, in order to enhance the attractions of an old Manor House he was offering for sale, added to his ad¬ * We will lloiifl yonw * ■^C Bonds executed hereafter by the vertisement: “With Family Ghost, Warranted

GENERAL CASUALTY COMPANY OF AMERICA Genuine!” For Foreign Service Officers and Vice Consuls )f The well was originally built to supply water in the case of fire, a hose being let down to feed * at 20% DISCOUNT * the primitive fire-pumps; the date of its construc¬ From Prevailing Rates * * tion is not recorded. There are still many such HORACE F. CLARK & SOM unsuspected wells under old houses and cottages ★ General Agents 3^- —sometimes the decaying floor collapses under a 917 - 15TH STREET, NORTHWEST person’s weight and disaster follows. There have * WASHINGTON, D. C. * been several such cases in recent years. ^ ********** ^ The increase in Consular transactions brought about by the new Immigration Law and the lack of space in the main building, necessitated in 1924 the removal of the Alien Visa Department to No. 33, Cavendish Square, a building erected in 1890, with which I could not, in spite of diligent re¬ searches, discover any historic associations, beyond the fact that it adjoins the rebuilt No. 32—formerly No. 24—which in 1904 replaced the house where the great painter Romney had his studio from 1775 to 1797. and where he painted the famous Lady Emma Hamilton many times. It is, therefore, very interesting to find that the Alien Visa Department will shortly find its new habi¬ tat in the upper part of No. 16, the lower portion having been converted for the use of Coutts’ Bank. School With No. 16 is one of the most historic houses in the Square and I cannot do better than extract the his¬ "Classrooms" All tory of it from my before-mentioned “Historx and Romance of Cavendish Square and Its Vicinity”:— Over The World “The princely Duke of Chandos intended build¬ Give Your Child a Broad, ing a huge mansion on the north side of the Useful education Wherever Square, the estate to extend to Edgemere, so that You May Be he might ride through his own domain—but only two w'ings were completed, since he died, ac¬

For 31 years, Calvert Home Instruction Courses have been used by cording to some writers, as the result of grief at Foreign Service Officials, Army and Navy Officers, missionaries, and the death of his infant son. This tragedy took others traveling or living in foreign countries, to provide their children education right in their own homes. More than 5 5,000 children have place at Chandos House, a large, grey-stone man¬ been educated through these Courses, in 40 different countries. sion still to be seen at the end of Chandos Street, FROM KINDERGARTEN UP TO HIGH SCHOOL the infant dying of convulsions in the arms of its Calvert Home Instruction Courses give your child superior education— a sound foundation in fundamentals and a broad cultural education as nurse, as it was being prepared for baptism; the well. Calvert instruction keeps them well ahead, enabling them to enter King and Queen were present to act as Sponsors. the best American schools, without loss, on return to the States. The Courses are the same as used in the famous 42-year-old Calvert This event caused a great sensation and was re¬ Day School at Baltimore, especially adapted for home instruction and garded by the superstitious as a retribution for used successfully the world over. Supplied complete, with guidance and grading by the school, instructions for the parent, all books and Chandos’ overweening pride and ambition. But other materials, at very low cost. No previous teaching experience needed by parent. Write today for Catalog giving complete informa¬ Hare’s story as to the cause of the Duke’s death tion. Give the age of your child and schooling up to present time. must be classed as a poetic fiction, since Chandos did not die until several years later, namely, in 1774, as stated in Chancellor’s “History of the CALVERT SCHOOL Squares of London.” Moreover, I find the Duke 137 W TUSCANY ROAD BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. of Chandos appearing in the Rate-Book of 1742 as a rate-payer for part of the west wing of his

410 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL NCESTRY

ft' A

You get both in this A Al great whiskey

IN WHISKIES AS IN MEN, time can be trusted to reveal true character. And character can be trusted to reveal quality more truly than words. So we suggest . . . try Ancient Age. Let the first smooth sip tell you: "It must have been great to begin with . . . for the years to have brought out such mellow authority! You'll find it an eloquent spokesman for Ken¬ 011 tucky’s Blue Grass country, cradle of great ^^MSBONDEDmOTFAcfuRlNCWAMH whiskies. Your guests will find that it speaks «IH|«|ll|lt|ll|«|U|ll|H|n|ll|Ull>l,ll,r in gracious accents of your great good-taste. stmNirrs

NATURAL KENTUC*^ SUSSEX WHISKEY %DUIiCE AME^ OF UNITED STATES OF ^.HENlEY INTERNATIONA!. COW0^ , |, v k!J IH!|l| |, NEW YORK. N-

Se"^\y^yi

The Whiskey advertised herewith is intended only for export distribution in bond.

SCHENLEY INTERNATIONAL CORP. EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, N. Y BUICK • Whether you are home on leave or abroad at your post, General Motors is ready to serve your personal transportation needs. CADILLAC • Our dealers in every important city and town have spare parts for your car and skilled mechanics prepared to service it... In addition, CHEVROLET General Motors has assembly plants or warehouses at:

LIMA ADELAIDE PORT ELIZABETH LISBON BATAVIA SAO PAULO OLDSMOB'LE MANILA BOMBAY SHANGHAI MELBOURNE BIENNE STOCKHOLM MEXICO CITY • BUENOS AIRES SYDNEY OSAKA HONG KONG PONTIAC PERTH WELLINGTON • Our products have won many friends in the Service. We are proud to help make their motoring a pleasure. G. NG C. TRUCK

GENERAL MOTORS OVERSEAS OPERATIONS 1775 BROADWAY NEW YORK CITY

proposed palace in Cavendish Square—now No. had something particular to tell me; so, not to 16. He is said to have paid only 2s.6d. a foot for be interrupted, we went into the gallery. As the land. Pope satirized his grandiose plans in we were walking along it, we met the Prince the lines: of who, on seeing Lady Jersey, stopped for a moment, and, drawing himself up, “Greatness with Timon dwells in such a draught, marched past her with a look of utmost disdain. Lady Jersey returned the look to the full and, As brings all Brobdingnag before your as soon as the Prince had gone, said to me thought, with a smile: ‘Didn’t I do it well?’ ” To compass this, his building is a town, In 1820 it was leased by Watson Taylor, as re¬ His pond an ocean, his parterre a down.” lated in the correspondence of Henrietta, Countess One wing, at the corner of Harley Street, be¬ of Suffolk; although he had inherited £60,000 a came the residence of Princess Amelia, daughter year, he became bankrupt in 12 years through of George II. where she lived and died in 1786; the rash sums he spent on the house and his art here she held her brilliant little Court. She seems collection which, after his collapse, only realized to have had some peculiar characteristics, being £18,000 at Christie’s, showing the small sums very masculine in her manner and an immoderate paid in those days compared with today. The snuff-taker. The first Lord Holland called her house was later divided into three. The portion “a lively, meddling, mischief-making and mis¬ re-numbered 16 was bought in 1828 by Viscount chief-meaning woman, has parts without under¬ Beresford—the other wing of Lord Chandos’ pro¬ standing and has employed them all her life in posed palace, at the corner of Chandos Street, doing all the harm she can.” In 1787 the house was owned by the Earls of Gainsborough and was taken by Lord Hopetoun—Mr. Henry Hope, numbered 8; the site is now occupied by Mansion the author of "Anastasius,” succeeded him. Mr. Flats and numbered 9 and 10. The third por¬ Rogers tells of the following incident that oc¬ tion of Princess Amelia’s former house became curred there:— No. 1, Harley Street, but is now known as No. “I was at a great party given by Henry Hope 2 since the completion of the street. in Cavendish Square. Lady Jersey said she (To be continued in a subsequent issue)

412 THE AMERICAN FOREICN SERVICE JOURNAL THE BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 389) entirely to take up the story of John, a member of the Bagamidri. He has been educated as white men are educated, until he finds life among his tribes¬ men intolerable, and himself unacceptable to the white men as an equal. Then John is dropped, and we plunge into the story of Lagoda, a run-of-the-mill native, who has been jilted and cheated by his promised bride. From Lagoda, we are transferred to Sibane, the handsome powerful ruler of the tribe, who desires to occupy the throne permanently, instead of as regent to an unassertive boy. Working for Sibane is his witch-doctor, Popanyane, who, as the chief medium through which Dr. Schmidt operates, causes most of the catastrophes. However forbidding this may sound, Mrs. Millin knows her South Africans, and the reader who will plod earnestly and educatively through Part I will learn much, and in addition, will be rewarded by the fast dramatic action of Part II. Here the whole story takes place in the two days in the Autumn of 1939 before the declaration of war between Brit¬ ain and Germany, and the day after. All the loose ends left trailing in Part I are picked up, and woven NORTH AMERICA together in one drive toward a fine climax. The reading is easy and smooth. The explanations and SOUTH AMERICA detours are omitted, and one feels that Mrs. Millin here got her teeth into the story—and went to town. CENTRAL AMERICA Incidentally, the book has already been published in England under the title Bucks Without Hair. CARIRREAN H. G. KELLY. BEHIND GOD’S BACK, by Negley Farson. Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, pp. 555. $3.50. Consult your Travel Agent or “Nobody knows what happens to us down here —behind God’s back.” From the remark of an ele¬ phant hunter in Tanganyika came the title for this GRACE LINE book about Africa; and Negley Farson, of “Trans¬ 628 Fifth Avenue (Rockefeller Center) or gressor” fame, has evidently made it his business 10 Hanover Square, New York to find out what does befall the people in that in¬ 914 - 15th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. conveniently located section of the earth. His Agents and Offices in all principal cities impressions of a journey through the Mandate of South West Africa and a coast-to-coast jaunt from Dar-es-Salaam to the French Cameroons furnish the reader with a graphic moving picture of conditions, as well as a vast miscellany of information on a sub¬ ject which must always be too big for a single volume. In a foreword, the author warns that his work will lack “form,” that it is full of paradoxes and contradictions. But this, he says truthfully, is Afri¬ ca. Perhaps it was necessary, in order to compress all he saw into 555 pages, for Mr. Farson to string

JULY, 1941 413 together his account in a series of unrelated para¬ graphs, incidents, anecdotes, observations, and com¬ ments. And since he says he does not mind if the “purely literary critic” gets after him, it may just as well he noted that the book is as formless and as varied as the great sprawling regions and civiliza¬ tions which he encountered in his ramble through the old German colonies and which, with his wife, he explored on the transcontinental journey ending at Duala. Out of the pages of daily adventures that fall to the lot of any African traveler, more especially to the traveler who aims to write a book, are dis¬ tilled certain conclusions of present day interest. Mr. Farson believes that under British administra¬ tion the native will have the best chance of prog¬ ress. Fie feels that the moral attitude of the English¬ men in charge is above reproach, yet he does not hesitate to offer sharp criticism. With a plethora of colonial officials, many of whom spend too much of their time merely “being gentlemen,” the ad¬ ministrations gave no evidence of economic initia¬ tive nor of any long range development policy in behalf of the settlers. Very pertinently Mr. Farson contrasts this indifference with the impressive abil¬ ity and vigor of the German planters who, in their former colonies, aggressively outnumber, outdo, and out-hope the English. One reason, of course, for the retarded growth of Tanganyika is the uncertainty as to the future Washington's of the Mandate. At Arusha, the British settlers com¬ plained bitterly of the whole mandate idea: “a man in a mandate is like a mule; he has no pride of Finest Hotel ancestry and no hope of posterity.” Significantly, the Germans emphasized they were laboring for the ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ country they wanted back, and joked frankly about their readiness to take over when the time came. eign Service men in the Nation’s The description of Nazi energy and enterprise Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ alongside a British colonial policy dating back to partment of State. Convenient to Kipling is perhaps the most thought-provoking con¬ all points of interest in Washing¬ tribution of the entire volume. ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous But Mr. Farson sets no limit on the topics of his report. He discusses every African phenomenon food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail from the Leopard Men and big business of the Lounge. Air Conditioned in the Belgian Congo to the Indian problem, South Afri¬ summer. can politics, and the cocoa control scheme on the Single Rooms from $4 Gold Coast. He got his lion in Kenya, a buffalo Double Rooms from $6 Suites from $15 in Uganda, and malaria in French Equatorial. He interviewed such leading figures as General Smuts, Oswald Pirow, and the fanatical Dr. Malan. Con¬ sidering that the territory he covered in seven _nVFLOUJER months represents only a moderate portion of the WASHINGTON, D. C. area behind God’s back, the wealth of material still awaiting a Negley Farson should be simply stagger¬ C. J. MACK, General Manager ing. HENRY S. VILLARD.

414 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL BIRTHS LANE. A daughter, Sylvia Hallowes, was born on January 19 to Mr. and Mrs. Rufus H. Lane, Jr., at Mazatlan, Mexico, where Mr. Lane is Consul.

IN MEMORIAM George P. Wilson, formerly Vice Consul at Lyon, died on May 17, at Lyon. John McGilchrist, Consular Agent at Grenada, B.W.I. died on May 10.

SOME EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON THE AMERICAN MER¬ CHANT MARINE (Continued from page 368) to foreign registry; while 4 ships, of 53,728 gross tons, were acquired by the Army and Navy. Thus, instead of having a great number of surplus ships on our hands, we not only solved the problem of their reallocation but could have found employment for many more. The vessels placed under foreign flags were of course not the only vessels which have been trans¬ ferred to foreign registry since the outbreak of m hostilities. The full list of ocean-going vessels so transferred between September 1, 1939 and April 30, 1941 is as follows:

AMERICAN MERCHANT VESSELS OF 2,000 GROSS TONS AND OVER TRANSFERRED TO FOREIGN REGISTRY SEPTEMBER 1, 1939—APRIL 30, 1941, INCLUSIVE

Flag Total Ocean-going vessels No. Gross Tons Belgian 9 68,776 Brazilian 20 94,584 British ______124 703.864 "55 WALL STREET" Estonian 1 2.437 French ____ 11 46.190 Community branches throughout Greater Greek 10 47,205 New York; overseas offices, affiliates Honduran . 4 13,045 Italian 3 9,275 and correspondent banks in every com¬ Norwegian 1 2,647 mercially important city in the world. Panamanian 51 305.847 Philippine ____ _ 3 21.940 THE NATIONAL CITY BANK Spanish 2 25.191 OF NEW YORK _ _ 3 9,813 Thai "Your personal representative throughout the world" Venezuelan ______2 11.096 Yugo-Slav —_ 2 10,363 Head Office: 55 Wall Street

Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Total _ _ 246 1,379,273

JULY. 1941 415 It will be noted that over one-half of the above tonnage is now under the British flag, while nearly all the remainder has been placed under registries Canned Salmon which make the ships available for the carriage An Appetizing, Nu¬ of British cargoes. tritious, Easily Kept Reference has already been made to the Mari¬ and Transported time Commission’s ten-year building program and to the fact that approximately 200 new ships have Sea Food already been ordered. In considering the effect of ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC the war on the American Merchant Marine, it is FISHERIES necessary to differentiate between this long-range SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE replacement program, which represents the Mari¬ time Commission’s normal peace-time construction, and the Commission’s emergency building program. The two programs—regular and emergency—are shown in the following table which, in addition, IT MAY NOT BE TOO LATE shows the number and gross tonnage of ships under FOR YOU TO ACT construction in the United States for private ac¬ We can assist many officers in service in the Western Hemisphere in obtaining further insurance protection at this count: time. Many years’ experience with the conditions and re¬ quirements of Foreign Service have enabled us to cooperate effectively both in extending coverage and in best arranging present policies, in whatever company, to meet particular AMERICAN MERCHANT VESSELS OF 2,000 GROSS needs. Under present world conditions, we wish especially to TONS AND OVER UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN THE emphasize the advisability of prompt action in keeping life insurance programs in order. We shall welcome your corre¬ UNITED STATES spondence, or a call when you are in Washington. Earle W. Sapp, C.L.U., General Agent No. of Henry A. Hirsh, Associate Ships Gross Tons New England Mutual Life Insurance Company 405 Colorado Building, Washington, D. C. For Government Account Phone NAtional 3211 (As of May 1, 19411 Regular Replacement Program: Passenger & cargo 30 271,794 The Most Modern Hotel in the Orient Cargo 145 984,785 PARK HOTEL—SHANGHAI Tankers 23 252.989 Opposite the Race Course in the heart of Shanghai 203 rooms and suites, all with hath GRILL ROOM and SKY TERRACE on 14th Floor Total . . . 198 1,509,568 Cables: PARKHOTEL Emergency Construction: Cargo 312 2,246.400 Tankers 72 763.200 SHANGHAI’S LEADING HOTELS CATHAY HOTEL THE METROPOLE Total 384 3,009.600 250 Rooms and Suites 200 Rooms Amer. & European Plan Amer. & European Plan For Private Account Cable Add.: Cathotel Cable Add.: Methotel (As of April 1, 1941) Cargo 16 149,031 Tankers _ 56 547,163

Total _ 72 696.194

Grand Total 654 5,215.362

As these ships are completed and added to the fleet, they will in increasing measure offset the trans-

416 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL fers to foreign registry. As shown by the following table, the ocean-going American Merchant Marine was smaller by 196 ships, of 1,103,000 gross tons, on April 15, 1941, than on September 1, 1939. In terms of numbers and tons of ships, this shrinkage reflects the net effect of the war on the American Merchant Marine.

THE OCEAN-GOING AMERICAN MERCHANT MARINE (Vessels of 2,000 gross tons and over) September 1, 1939 April 15, 1941 No. Gross No. Gross Total Fleet Vessels Tons Vessels Tons international Trade 326 2,150,000 382 2,382,000 Domestic Trade 493 2,356,000 366 1,775,000

Total 819 4,506,000 748 4,157,000

Tankers 365 2,678,000 354 2,628,000 3M Save Days or Weeks by Pan American • The Flying Clipper Ships get you there sooner, 7,184,000 1,102 6,785,000 Total . 1,184 let you stay longer, get you back quicker. On duty or on pleasure, you can reach 5 5 countries and Government-owned colonies 3 to 30 times faster, gain whole days, 776,000 20 119,000 (Inactive) 120 even weeks of time. Each flight, too, is a unique 2,298,000 406 2,251,000 Great Lakes 420 and exhilarating experience. Use the Clippers for mail and packages, too! Rates are moderate. Grand Total __ . 1,724 10,258,000 1,528 9,155,000

A further factor of importance in the future situ¬ AIRWAYS ation is to be seen in the President’s instructions MX sIMERIC/IX SYSTEM to the Chairman of the Maritime Commission to assemble 2,000,000 gross tons of shipping in order that “ships and more ships will be available to carry the food and the munitions of war to the democra¬ cies of the world.” By 1942, when the American emergency ship¬ To the Joreig?i Service Officers building program gets into full swing, our output should reach an annual rate well in excess of 3,- of the United States 500,000 gross tons. Whether or not this amount of tonnage will represent our peak production will ♦ depend on the course of future events. It will at least bring a fair measure of relief from the present THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ tonnage stringency and enable us to plan for the ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ early restoration of our own merchant marine to ice in writing your bond. Special attention its former size. is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ If there is a lesson to be learned from the present ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes shipping situation, it is that without the fleet built in this service. in 1917-21 with government funds and thereafter in large part maintained by subsidies, there would ♦ today be practically no ships to spare for the British war effort. Had it not been for the subsidized con¬ UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND struction program inaugurated in 1937, by the GUARANTY COMPANY Maritime Commission, we would have found our¬ Lee H. Bowen, Manager selves at least a year behind schedule in reaching our present shipbuilding output. In other words, the 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. present emergency has once more shown the ad¬ Telephone—National 0913 visability of maintaining American shipping and shipbuilding facilities at adequate levels, and has Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” justified governmental expenditures made for those purposes in the past.

JULY, 1941 417 COVER PICTURE The S.S. America being launched at Newport News. The former luxury liner, now painted a dark battle grey with huge life rafts lining her deck, was commissioned on June 15, as the USS West Point. The shipyard crews, working 24 hours a day, trans¬ formed the ship into a troop transport in il days.

Secretary Addresses Foreign Service School

By JOSEPH PALMER, 2D, AND ALFRED H. LOVELL, JR. UPON the completion of their duties at the De¬ partment, the officers of the Foreign Service School were received on the morning of June sixth by the Secretary of State. Mr. Hull referred to the chaotic condition of the world today and said that no one could foretell how long it would be before order under law will be reestablished among nations. Foreign Service officers were admonished to exercise patience and self control in the discharge of the duties and responsibilities devolving upon them un¬ der these difficult conditions, since the demands, both mental and physical, which will be made upon them will challenge, first and foremost, their Strength of character. The Secretary stated that, in his estimation, character is the imperative qual¬ ification of officers in the Service, now and always. The Secretary urged each officer to maintain his health in order to insure efficient performance of the Government’s business. Devotion to duty and loyalty to the high ideals of the Service are essen¬ tial, the Secretary reminded, in a world in which the officer’s principal function is that of helping to extinguish lighted fuses before an explosion occurs. In conclusion, Mr. Hull wished every officer un¬ measured success and stated that the Department always follows its officers with a friendly eye, re- j oices in their accomplishments and sympathizes FOREIGN SERVICE CAREERS with them in their difficulties. £ A fully equipped Institution devoted exclusively to the preparation w i of college graduates for the written examination for the Foreign ^ Service. Teaching staff of 12 experienced university instructors. Next Regular Course begins VISITORS Monday, February 2nd. For further information and bulletin, address The following visitors called at the Department COLONEL CAMPBELL TURNER, Director. during the past two months: TURNER’S April J. M. Bowcock, Munich _ 3 Diplomatic School Eithne Golden, Lisbon 3 215 NORTH WASHINGTON STREET Ashley B. Sowell, Panama 7 ALEXANDRIA, VA. Arthur D. Jukes, Nuevitas 8 Robert Y. Brown, Montevideo 9

418 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Audrey A. Cook, Paris 10 Richard Ford, Montreal 10 W. W. Butterworth, London 10 John F. Melby, Caracas 11 James A. Howell, Vichy 11 Ernest K. Griffin, London 11 William A. Crawford, Habana 12 John J. Ilayne, Teheran 12 W. Bruce Weldon, Department of State 14 James W. Riddleberger, Department 14 Richard P. Butrick, Peiping 14 J. Wesley Jones, Department of State 14 North Winship, 16 Robert G. McGregor, Jr., Mexico, D. F. 16 Jacob D. Beam, London 16 Sheridan Talbott, Valencia 17 Lynn W. Franklin, Niagara Falls 17 Edward Anderson, Ciudad Trujillo 17 Lawrence A. Carpenter, Department of State 18 Leys A. France, Ottawa 18 Samuel A. Young, Managua 19 Coldwell S. Johnston, Montreal 19 Cecil M. P. Cross, Sao Paulo 21 William Lloyd, Department of State 21 George W. Small. Department of State 21 Homer S. Fox, London 21 William C. Afield, Jr., Kobe 22 Fay Boyle, Tegucigalpa - - 22 J. P. Moffitt, Caracas 22 Albert H. Cousins, Jr., Tegucigalpa 22 John I). Jernegan, Cartagena 22 Milton K. Wells, Lima - 23 Marshall M. Vance, Lyon 23 William O. Boswell, Georgetown 23 David W. King 23 Sidney L. Bartlett, Navy Department 23 John S. Gittings, French North Africa 23 C. Denby Wilkes, French North Africa 23 R. Bastianillo, Mexico, D. F 23 GREAT E. H. Oberhaltzer, Berlin 24 Johannes Reintam, Stockholm 24 Joseph T. Kendrick, Jr., Managua 24 WKffiTr Wallace E. Moessner, Curasao 25 Ralph C. Busser, retired 25 Dorsey G. Fisher, London 26 FLEET Jefferson Patterson, Berlin 26 H. Earle Russell, Casablanca 28 C. Paul Fletcher, Alexandria 28 William Dawson, Montevideo . 28 Harold Shantz, London 28 LaVerne Baldwin, Managua 28 George Hayes, Mexico, D. F 28 Walter J. Donnelly, Rio de Janeiro 28 Frederick Wb IJinke, Tientsin 28 C. H. Hall, Jr., Trinidad 29 AMERICAN FLAG LINERS Vladimir Kubiltzky, Kaunas 29 ietvinj Helen P. Rodgers, Madrid 30 Archibald R. Randolph, Bogota 30 Jones R. Trowbridge, Curasao 30 HAVANA • PANAMA • JAMAICA May COSTA RICA • HONDURAS • COLOMBIA Thomas P. Snelson, Department of State 1 GUATEMALA • BRITISH HONDURAS Lloyd V. Steere, London 1 William H. Hornibrook, San Jose 1 For information apply to any Authorized Travel Agent or Philip Adams, retired 1 UNITED FRUIT COMPANY, Charles H. Derry, Perth 1 1514 K Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Also offices in Ruth Engelman, Berlin 2 New York, Chicago, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Boston Frances D. Bryant, Lima 2

JULY, 1941 419 James E. Parks, Colon 3 Arthur D. Jukes, Habana 3 George F. Scherer, Department of State 5 Outstanding Mary Bannerman, Department of State — 5 V. H. Blocker, Porto Alegre — 5 Elwootl Williams, III, Department of State 5 Foreign Banking Facilities J. M. Bowcock, Munich 5 Cleveland B. McKnight, London — 7 The foreign banking organization of The Clinton C. MacEachran, Halifax 7 Chase National Bank includes branches Edwin C. Wilson, Panama 7 Frances E. Willis, Madrid 8 and representatives on three continents Ralph A. Boernstein, Yarmouth 8 supplemented by thousandsof correspon¬ Stewart G. Anderson, Toronto 8 Theron S. Henderson, Moscow __ 9 dents. Branches are located in London, George B. Lane, Wellington 10 Havana, Panama, Cristobal, and San Barry T. Benson, Bogota 10 Juan. In addition, the bank maintains S. W. Honaker, Stuttgart 10 Raymond E. Kolb, London 10 offices for its representatives in Rome, Paul R. Josselyn, Vancouver_ 10 Berlin and Mexico City. Through an Henry P. Kiley, Port-au-Prince 10 J. Kenly Bacon, Port-au-Prince . 12 affiliate, The Chase Bank, branches are Allan Dawson, La Paz 12 operated in Paris, Shanghai, Hongkong J. A. La Freniere, Department of State 12 Alvin L. Goodhart, Department of State 12 and Tientsin. Wylie G. Borum, London 12 Vernon B. Zirkle, Caracas 12 THE John M. Cabot, Guatamala 13 Osborn S. Watson, Caracas 13 CHASE NATIONAL BANK Gerald A. Mokma, Tijuana — 15 Barry T. Benson, Bogota 15 OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK Jerome R. Lavallee, Department of State 15 George Moffitt, Jr., Department of State 16 Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Jay F. Steinmetz, Department of State 16 Jack D. Neal, Tampico — —_ 17 John W. Kent, Department of State 17 Perry Ellis, Singapore 17 North Winship, Pretoria . 19 David Le Breton, Jr., Monterrey 19 Ralph C. Fratzke, Department of State 19 Kathleen Moleswo.th, Guatamala 19 Franklin P. Falvey, Vichy 19 A. E. Southard, IJong Kong 19 Walter W. Birge, Jr., Nuevo Laredo 20 Barbara J. Falvey, Vichy 20 George W. Small, Chungking 20 S. W. Honaker, Department of State 20 Christian M. Ravndal, Buenos Aires 21 Helen N. Winckel, Mexico, D. F 22 Edwin C. Kemp, Halifax 23 W. L. Lowrie, retired 24 Calvin Hawley Oakes, Calcutta . 24 Emile P. Gassie, Jr., Peiping 26 William C. Trimble, Vichy —.— 26 Gerhade Gade, San Salvador . 26 C. H. Hall, Jr., Trinidad — 27 A. R. Randolph, Bogota 27 Alan N. Steyne, London 27 Beatrice Hegg, Habana - 28 William Dawson, Montevideo 28 Miles Standish, Marseille 28 Cavendish W. Cannon, Athens 29 Hartwell Johnson, Guatamala 29 Nelson T. Johnson, Chungking 29 B. Miles Hammond, Halifax 31 Adrian C. Colquitt, Martinique 31 June Robert S. Burns, Department of State 2 T. C. Achilles, London 2 Thomas J. Cory, Barcelona 2

420 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL HOW METAL MAGIC DEFEATS A "BLITZKRIEG”

Building fast airplanes quickly is one of to¬ delivered straight from the furnace, tough, day’s most important tasks. Vital to every hard, and with surfaces bright and clean. SOME OF THE airplane is steel. Motors and other parts for ELECTRICAL This modern use of electricity speeds the the speedy 6-mile-a-minute pursuit ships and PRODUCTS MADE BY production of airplane parts and saves money. the huge flying fortresses demand steel with WESTINGHOUSE diamond-like toughness and hardness. One company reports: "In one shift we hard¬ ened 20,000 small alloy bolts. This would Refrigerators • Radios Ranges • Water Heaters But first, steel had a battle to win! have taken a week in our old furnace, with the Fans • Irons • Washers added cost and delay of finishing.” When steel parts were marched into a hard¬ lroners • Vacuum Cleaners ening furnace, the oxygen in the air imme¬ Air Conditioning Such advancement is another tribute to the Commercial Refrigeration diately tried to capture the carbon, the very research and engineering ability of the West¬ Lamps and Lighting element that makes steel hard and tough. inghouse organization. Throughout the world Equipment This oxygen blitzkrieg left the surfaces of are Westinghouse Distributors and Field En¬ Switches and Sockets steel parts damaged and softened. The job gineers ready and capable to offer you assist¬ Elevators of refinishing these parts was difficult and ance on your electrical needs. X-Ray Equipment • Meters expensive. Relays If you are not already in touch with your Lightning Arresters Joining this battle, Westinghouse engineers local Westinghouse Distributor or Repre¬ Circuit Breakers Generators developed a new weapon for steel production. sentative, write to the Westinghouse Electric This new weapon is a steel hardening furnace Steam Turbines • Motors International Company, 40 Wall Street, New Transformers • Insulators with an "Endogas” atmosphere of gas com¬ York City, U. S. A., for information. Rectifiers posed of molecules specially equipped to deal Transportation Equipment with oxygen. And being electric, this furnace Arc Welding Equipment does not need oxygen to maintain combustion. Now oxygen doesn’t have a chance. It is Westinghouse immobilized, inert, unable to join forces with the carbon. Thus steel parts for airplanes are ESTABLISHED 1886

LISTEN TO THE VOICE OF WESTINGHOUSE, INTERNATIONAL SHORT WAVE STATION WBOS, BOSTON, U. S. A. — 11,870 kc., 25.27 M. The World Is Full of Hotels... Hut There Is Only One" Waldorf ”

The Waldorf’s highly personalized Foreign Department... including the services of skilled linguists...is at the complete disposal of Members. Similarly, our About-the-City Bureau ... in close touch with current attractions and events of interest ...cordially invites Members to use its extensive facilities. ★ We are glad to extend a discount of 25% to Active Members of the American Foreign Service. The Waldorf-Astoria

Park Avenue • 49th to 50th • New York

A ★ AIR-CONDITIONED PUBLIC ROOMS AND RESTAURANTS ★ ★