End of Course Earth Science

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VIRGINIA STANDARDS OF LEARNING ASSESSMENTS

Spring 2003 Released Test

END OF COURSE EARTH SCIENCE

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DIRECTIONS 2 Which of these can determine the size Read each question carefully and choose the best of grains in igneous rocks? answer. F Amount of rare minerals ੭EY06A608 G Distance from a plate boundary C SAMPLE H Size of the volcano J Cooling rate of molten rock ੭ Which of these can be used to measure atmospheric pressure?

A An anemometer B A barometer ੭ C A thermometer 3 Which element in Earth’s atmosphere is essential for human life and is D A seismometer extremely rare or nonexistent in the atmospheres of other planets in our ੭EY12C606 solar system? C A Carbon dioxide 1 B Hydrogen C Nitrogen N Earth D Oxygen ੭ EY13C715੬ C Sun ArtCodes EY13C715.AR1

When the Earth is at its greatest distance from the sun, its Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, as shown in the drawing. What season takes place in the Southern Hemisphere at this time?

A Spring B Summer C Autumn D Winter ੭

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4 5 Which of the following is part of a valid process for supporting a hypothesis? EY01A401੬ ੭EY02D607 A Altering results C C L B Single trials ArtCodes C Experimentation ੭ EY01A401.AR1 D Limited research The picture above shows a hydrometer in water. The same hydrometer was placed in the liquids below. Which liquid is denser than water? 6 The numerous rocks orbiting the sun between Jupiter and Mars are —

F comets ੭EY14A610 ੭ G asteroids ੭ F C ArtCodes H meteorites EY01A401.AR2 EY01A401.AR3 EY01A401.AR4 J satellites EY01A401.AR5

G 7 What property is shared by many gemstones, such as diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, and topaz? ੭EY05A306 A Extreme hardness ੭ C B High specific gravity C Carbon as the primary element D Ductility H

J

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8 Chondrite 9 Water 45 well 40 Water table EY01C636 EY09C510 ੬ 35 ੭ C 30 C 25 L ArtCodes ArtCodes 20 EY01C636.AR1 EY09C510.AR1 15 Percentage 10 The drawing above shows the water 5 table in the vicinity of a newly drilled

0 well. Which of the drawings below Pyroxene Feldspar Nickel-iron Troilite Chromite Olivine shows the appearance of the water Mineral table several months later when the well has been in regular use? Achondrite 70

60

50 A 40 ArtCodes 30 EY09C510.AR2 EY09C510.AR3

Percentage EY09C510.AR4 20 EY09C510.AR5

10

0 Pyroxene Feldspar Olivine Nickel-iron Troilite Chromite B Mineral

Most meteorites that fall to Earth are either chondrites or achondrites. The charts above show the composition of C these meteorites. Based on these charts, which is a valid conclusion?

F Both types are predominately pyroxene. G Both types are predominately olivine. H Achondrites contain more feldspar. ੭ J Achondrites contain more nickel-iron. D ੭

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10 Mean Annual Temperature 12 What causes currents in the 35˚ atmosphere? 40˚ EY03A113 F Ocean waves and currents EY12D603 ੬ MN ME ੭ 45˚ G Pressure from the ozone layer C VT C NH MA WI H Solar heating of the upper atmosphere NY 50˚ ArtCodes MI RI J Warm air rising and cold air sinking ੭ EY03A113.AR1 IA PA CT NJ 55˚ OH IL IN DE

WV VA MD MO KY 60˚ NC TN AR SC 65˚ 13 Mineral Organic fragments and GA matter AL organic matter Organic matter LA MS 70˚ EY09A511 FL ੭ A horizon A horizon C Disintegrating L B horizon Rock ArtCodes Parent material EY09A511.AR1 Parent material According to this map, the mean Parent material C horizon annual temperature for most of the C horizon eastern half of Virginia is between —

F 45ЊF and 50ЊF G 50ЊF and 55ЊF Bedrock Bedrock Bedrock Bedrock H Њ Њ ੭ IIIIII IV 55 F and 60 F Developed soil Bedrock begins Horizons form Organic materials J 65ЊF and 70ЊF supports thick to disintegrate speed up vegetation disintegration

The pictures above represent various stages of soil development. The correct order in which these pictures should 11 The density of a mineral is determined be ordered is — by its mass and — A I, II, IV, III EY05A408੬ A hardness B III, I, II, IV B luster C C II, IV, III, I ੭ ੭ C volume D III, II, IV, I D shape

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14 The first manned-mission to land on 17 One part of California is on the Pacific the moon was commanded by Neil Plate, while the remainder of the state Armstrong and was called — is on the North American Plate. The EY14A601੬ two plates are moving to the northwest F Apollo 11 ੭ at different speeds, causing one plate C G Gemini 3 to slide past the other. This movement H Viking 2 in plates creates a — ੭EY08B510 J Mariner 7 A normal fault C B reverse fault L C strike-slip fault ੭ D thrust fault

15 The Marianas Trench in the Pacific Ocean is 36,160 feet below sea level. This deep oceanic trench is caused EY04A603੬ by — 18 C Topographic Map A swift ocean currents eroding away the

ocean floor 1400 EY03A518 B the collapse of an empty magma 1420 ੭ chamber in a large volcano I C C excessive boat traffic disrupting the L 1400 normal sedimentation process ArtCodes 1380 EY03A518.AR1 D two tectonic plates colliding and one plunging below the other ੭ 1380 1400 II 1380 1360

III 16 The sun emits energy by converting Contour Interval: 20 feet hydrogen into helium. What is this process called? EY14A619੬ On the topographic map provided, F Fusion ੭ what is the elevation of point III? C G Fission F 1260 feet ੭ H Sunspot formation G 1280 feet J Solar wind H 1300 feet J 1360 feet

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19 Which of the following is not a fossil 21 Which of these pictures shows the last fuel? in the sequence of events?

EY07A606੬ A Coal ੭EY10B209 B Wood ੭ C C C Petroleum D Natural gas A ArtCodes EY10B209.AR1 EY10B209.AR2 EY10B209.AR3 EY10B209.AR4

20 Periodically, there are spectacular meteor showers on Earth. These showers usually occur because the EY14A641੬ Earth’s orbit passes through the remains of — C B ੭ F a star G a comet ੭ H solar flares J the rings of Saturn

C

D

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22 Which of these is important in the 25 Wetlands are more prevalent in which formation of clouds? physiographic province of Virginia?

EY13C716੬ F The relative length of day and night A Coastal Plain ੭ ੭EY08A613 G The Coriolis effect B Piedmont C C H The melting of the polar ice caps C Blue Ridge J The cooling of air as it rises ੭ D Appalachian Plateau

23 What is usually responsible for an 26 If the polar ice caps were to melt, all of earthquake? the following would occur except —

EY08B632੬ A Pressure buildup within the mantle F increased coastal flooding ੭EY11A304 B Slippage along faults within Earth’s G increased sea level C C ੭ crust H decreased ocean salinity L C Weathering along coastlines J decreased tidal action ੭ D Force changes from the moon pulling on Earth

27 Caves are found in Virginia’s Valley and Ridge province because the area is 24 When Venus passes between the Earth underlain by — and the sun, it is visible as a tiny black ੭EY08A620 dot on the sun’s bright disk. Why is A granite C EY14A604੬ Mars never visible in this same way? B shale C C gneiss F The orbit of Mars is more eccentric than ੭ that of Venus. D limestone G The orbit of Mars is outside that of the Earth’s orbit. ੭ H Mars is too small to be seen against the backdrop of the sun. J Mars shines too brightly to be visible against the sun.

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28 What is one of the major indications 31 Which of the following minerals, when that the Earth’s climate has varied in the form of sand, can be used to over time? manufacture glass? EY12A201੬ ੭EY05B508 F Land forms carved by glaciers in A Gypsum C temperate areas ੭ C B Diamond L G Depletion of oxygen in lakes and rivers C Calcite H Ocean currents D Quartz ੭ J Magnetic reversals in layers of rock

32 The two most common ions found in 29 Why does water move more slowly ocean water are — through clay than through humus? F chloride and sodium ੭ ੭EY11A514 EY09A401 A Clay has greater permeability. G potassium and calcium ੬ C B Clay has very small pore spaces. ੭ C H phosphate and nitrate L C Clay prevents capillary attraction of J magnesium and sodium water. D Clay reduces evaporation rates.

33 If there were a slight increase in the amount of solar energy that reached 30 Evolution of a Star Neutron the Earth, there would be an Star immediate increase in — ੭EY09D402 C EY14B510੬ or A erosion B evaporation ੭ C 1 2 34 L Black C volcanic activity Hole ArtCodes D groundwater flow EY14B510.AR1

Which of the above evolutionary stages of a massive star is called a supernova?

F 1 34 Scientists use volcanoes and G 2 earthquake activity to establish — H 3 F plate boundaries ੭ EY04A604 J 4 ੭ ੭ G lines of latitude C H borders between countries J the density of rock layers

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35 38 Slate is a fairly common rock that can be used for roofing shingles. What property makes it most suitable for EY10B123੬ this use? ੭EY06C604 C C F It can be split into thin, flat layers. ੭

ArtCodes G It feels soft and smooth. Hightown Valley Monterey Jack Mountain Bull Pasture EY10B123.AR1 H It is hard and brittle. J It can occur in different colors.

39 Time for Planet Diameter Mass (kilometers) (1023 kilograms) Complete Rotation (Earth time) Mercury 4,878 3.3 58.6 days Mars 6,787 6.4 1 day The map shows some of the bedrock in Jupiter 142,800 18,990 10 hours Virginia. Which of these has the oldest Saturn 120,540 5,686 11 hours exposed bedrock? EY01C707 A Hightown Valley ੭ Which planet rotates the fastest? ੭ B Monterey C A Mercury C Jack Mountain ArtCodes B Mars D Bull Pasture EY01C707.AR1 C Jupiter ੭ D Saturn

36 Which of the following properties refers to the colored powder resulting from rubbing a mineral against a EY05A629 ੬ harder surface? 40 Heat and pressure can transform C igneous rock into metamorphic rock. F Hardness What processes can transform igneous G Luster rock into sedimentary rock? ੭EY06B403 H Cleavage C F Heat and pressure J Streak ੭ L G Rifting and subduction H Erosion and sedimentation ੭ J Evaporation and condensation 37 Metamorphic rocks whose minerals are arranged in layers or bands are called — EY06C612੬ A unfoliated C B nonclastic C clastic D foliated ੭

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41 Mineral Identification Table 42 Change in Pressure with Altitude Mineral Color Hardness Crystal 34 EY05A632 EY01C416 ੬ 32 ੭ yellow-red, C 30 C Garnet green, 7.5 Cubic L ArtCodes black 28 ArtCodes EY05A632.AR1 26 EY01C416.AR1 24 Magnetite black 6.0 Cubic 22 20 light, 18 Pyrite brassy 6.5 Cubic Stratosphere yellow 16 Altitude 14

colorless, (kilometers) Ortho- Topaz various 8.0 12 rhombic 10 colors Mt. Everest Cirrus clouds 8 6 The mineral in the above table that 4 has a blue color and will scratch garnet is — 2 0 A pyrite 0 100200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 B garnet Pressure C magnetite (millibars) D topaz ੭ The chart shows the relationship between altitude and air pressure. What is the approximate air pressure at an altitude of 22 kilometers?

F 40 millibars ੭ G 120 millibars H 200 millibars J 400 millibars

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43 Which of these is most important in 45 Government programs to reduce acid determining how a rock was formed? rain have resulted in cleaner emissions from U.S. industries in recent years. As EY06A405੬ A Color and shape a result, the sulfate concentration in B Luster and hardness rainwater has declined significantly. C L C Composition and texture ੭ But the sulfate concentration in some lakes is showing little, if any, change. D Size and weight Why might this be true?

A There is no connection between emissions from industry and the acidity of lake water. 44 Which of these parts of a saber-toothed B The sulfate in American lakes is ੭EY09D201 cat was most likely to become actually coming from industries in Europe and Asia. C fossilized? L EY10A506੬ C Sulfate that accumulated earlier in the F Hair soil is still being flushed into the lakes C G Skin by run-off. ੭ H Muscles D Individual industries produce fewer J Jaws ੭ emissions but the amount of precipitation has increased.

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46 Limestone is a valuable resource in 48 Photographs of the surface of Mars Virginia because limestone can be reveal the presence of sand dunes that processed to make — shift over time. These dunes EY07C610੬ demonstrate the presence of what ੭EY14A545 F plastic phenomenon on Mars? C C G steel L F Precipitation H concrete ੭ G Winds ੭ J plywood H Magnetic pole reversals J Plate tectonics

47 Lightweight and strong, the metal that 49 Which planet in the solar system has has been recycled with the greatest an orbit so eccentric that it crosses the success is — orbit of another planet? EY07E507੬ ੭EY14A637 A steel A Mars C C L B tin B Mercury C aluminum ੭ C Jupiter D titanium D Pluto ੭

50 505 mya Carbonate deposition on passive margin 420 mya Taconic Highlands form ੭EY01C632 C

ArtCodes 146 mya Atlantic Ocean opens, EY01C632.AR1 Organic James and Roanoke material Rivers develop deposited 260 mya in coastal Allegheny Mountains swamps form

Erosional interval 5 mya Yorktown .011 mya forms Chesapeake Bay forms

According to the geologic time chart of Virginia shown above, the most recent formation in Virginia is the —

F Allegheny Mountains G Chesapeake Bay ੭ H James River J Taconic Highlands

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