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Soil Testing Procedure for Soil Survey. Part 1. Theoretical Background And

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Soil Testing Procedure for Soil Survey. Part 1. Theoretical Background And AG : BOT/85/011 FIELD DOCUMENT 3 Soil Mapping and Advisory Services Botswana SOIL TESTING PROCEDURES FOR SOIL SURVEY Part 1 Theoretical background and modifications of standard procedures FOOD Et AGRICULTURE UNITED NATIONS REPUBLIC CF ORGANIZATION OF THE I4:loglY DEVELOPMENT BOTSWANA PROGRAMME UNITED NATIONS 743, GABORONE, 1988 A NITA] INTRODUCTION IM.A;If ti r,`,1CP pppp,P, Pr, ¿S C ,rCìrsiouP,p) \L' Am-, p{ ,tis.T1( zor pi ,1,°:c:reeee'cite,z,e). -ee 1),-i!tineee et 141-1,,...;:denc,.,ra,0111 2. ITT 4..',C'1121CAl. ('()NI)Ut. soit, .; trtaJa;lotriL Jor aNi \ co`) 'or\ at `..1 PPP PAPIPPlr pp, oJuru J'-;Mal irPplp,P ("11, Er, ' :i,! It,;',t, p I .ir)oil P irr 4. 'NI:, r;, .1ti e ' r'ee 'e el r , tee eel ese rf Prsr Pr rr Lk ' ry P.\ ts Orpft 1%1 ,L1.;[); ."F .'1IP.1001 t I Pro r.0010PV,it2Phr iP 1'11 s tli CP qcv 7. DATA ;'1 Or L." I VN.( ouvtr) yrt- Pal rit P.1.1.11 rsi INTRODUCTION ot j,opu n LiN en ,,ipttm. a I...id Lilo-, lc idi Cl'iat e , !y a:1' 7')c Oovernme ot ol Botswana r,:a.inc.A chuicat \:1' ,111' r1\ reF A() Cl 1'S hCtIt on kind kUiL.1 evaluation lull se,tle p )ing and At', f Ipho,t l) 81, ver ont,.mt (+lc, iiVe pi 01.:1( 11.1...J_il0 4.11 ld1011,1.: CI n plandITIV, 0.! C1.111l11U1 Olkd urd dovelo1.101Cel. ogI irahle pq,1; dctall'adik."Ztle o 'ttrrveys according to riet.k ov;:rarnclit. The FAO soil chew" - ,)clate expe glI .laynt,tr 190 !o,1,-itm.); Vt. idh'd w ;Allot - st:.111'- to /IC 1.1bor:r t am wa ace. wuo lot L to.L II walla srYtc;; tt-rv[1°,1", i;thOltO On was LiesIgneo to and t.L.,latcd o pv0 It:commendations are. La gricuitural IZ '.¡Poio Minimum staff requirenlents y are: r)ti, onatowartvit.: .1 f mistrv orenv:t( ILillet dl)01 lack of space ',chtmizin o. 1,(1 nunilw' o 1,(),` ", 7 [1' o `1 111R.0NotiLr cotintr.,Arpa a:1101,0-11 -)tal .11,."f ..ti.r littC1u tnteAet tyeal", in servici, On ilt101. iTILt IC. 'IlICCVS4t11 pail Z...11 t,11,(11, ;u 's p,a1!ini,,, ooratilryo I.: cow. 'itPo)t yk :trot poly( ..( Ilitiklit:),ai.(.-in omoliekl1 o I.Celin ll a!a.S'aZaaant. Ye ar Of tu ObalakIn OW %..tunciailsorehillyintegratetLott.,OtttlotsiNana Ci1-)q)endingt I. SVSIC ot, 'ulie glialitli;d1i)iv,1.11C \(hen it he sent abikiad tor Dipionia and 1-114thef Diplimetours,..<, The relative lonli ing the oppo:tunity lar full timi, ipiicants whcn tho}'se.r-=fastei WaYs ft''1?"" ( the reasons \Nhyitisdifficulttonu-!intatit pernianenriy minimumjunioi teelmielans, rhiat ove don ingramme to the :11-)solute L)ci(!rintria:lo n'oec stili prt d tu be put atad: nntiI ncu :ut inide available,ht:staf the amo int ut ,sioìltlCs wimp I iota atotY tor standaid anakias is iedin The report has been divided into three parts: l'a.t I uts CsaSilo: LTIll tidUL [tont(tht kgroundoftli dliferta;i Jet errumat ums then relevance for,,,oilelassitk atem andt he principies of 0 .in,-t hotles ;.pplicd Partilist iccdures manual to bc used by the laboratory technician3It describi, ocediu espresentl)performedin standat tiItnalytwai 1111t PartIllis a inalysib ol the reproducibility and abilhv of Liboratory tyat,, i t he magnil ude ot the t:rior each, detcrn I)is t.lib1eCit.tt:1 kisvic1te (t S110111(1 help the surves ois n niter pi-ct.ition and Li a i Oat 4' me With a Fialvtical data since can ()hen be oket vid th:,1 have noted down tite,art.sc...na lijeabsolutthiel l»;iN wronclas.;itication, )N FLC iF T r Sul-veyur rcpSampl I) a:up preparat,,o.11'1 Sample storc L ,,.01, CEC I I I HP:-¡ 613 iut cc Mill) '7, 0 7. Da r.3ca iculation &s orapP So '1 Cher4r11 I1.it , Surve7or 4 1. SOIL REV:TION (PH-DETERMINATI)N) 1.1. i,Laction and soil properties: The determinationof pH valuesisoneofthee, and mostrelevantdiem leal meastiremtlits made in soil:, (pH =--negative logarithm of the 11+-ion activity.) '1;4111ni1.1 affects many s,t0 p opei tie'. such tke 5tr ridwo nutrient low,o. like iiimo,oe,1 1:¡,-4111, sflq Conclusions to be drawn from pH measurements: t'roin the measurement uf the soil pfltu - -wing general conclusions can be dravvnBtiol, t98C,' El< 3.5: Acid sulfates may be present < 4.5: 0 and Sol ftIn... ,uId be: 75Ultit. frofFr, ;;, ; t:,,r4,4; lrietiui (tAi<ei,1to occo'r Free acid prodv,t ,y oxidation of sulfur and sulfides to pH 4.5 to f iìiflcient exchangetibie alunditim: may in.'1,1-em,itf to affect plaU significantly Percent base saturation ;saoik . pH A base saturation of 70 ti depending on the clay minerals, can be expected. pH 6.5 to 8.0:The soil isfully base saturated. No exchangeable aluminum is present. ree CaCO3 may be present. pH 8.0 to 8.5:The soil is fully base saturated and free CaCO3 is present in the system. 'I he exchangeable cations arc mainly Ca and 8.5 to 10: i lit ìi contonr, significar.t ao.rmon,s op)tcoabie,Nrnokttr.- ".` e).,»Ys;0,tIII., ;,:,:ozi-,n)c,s of a.,1:q.',-!k pi-1 > IO The soil is highly sodium saturated -alkali soil. p't-values are 1)11t%;t3frk VrPRp°1 pit 1:2.5 soil:Ca( tiuz, (.01 molar) pn-watel %;1!iit are tisnolly:Woo+ S unit. .Jue tothe aral,or-11iout, With increasing dilution of the SUSPCIÌSÍ In 1930 the International Soil Science 'atcieo. nas :iiltip;e,;, a ratio or 2; Alter two hours shaking samples are allowed to settle for on-oar. measured uitlia glass electrode and adigitalp'g-iiwtek% 10 avoid riwiLOT equilibration tiams the electrode is iiiseried into the superaacaii. jo alpo`iCie sediment without stirring the soil particles up. i_onstant rending isdefined when the !ess than 0.02- 1.0 1.4. Drifting of p11-readings in soil suspensions: Vlect-:'odes bathed in a heterogeneous system of a solution pitis I, are exposedtu i considerabledensitygradientintiltverCealdir.etiortiuczi .4edimentationit can be observed thin ati electrode first placed in the clearest tionctnor'. of° the supernatant liquid and then lowered into the sedimen, subsequently givcs chatigit 01-readings - usually from higher to towel value:, This pli-clutugc lias been termed suspension effectifc,in be 0\fnained lu tez:, diffusion potential at the liquid junction lietwetil a coneentrited KCI.solation CI? etectrode) and a ,,edimetit utttuiincloirge4i tzurf.o.es tieza9ed 10.(1.1°,10&? 41e,. uni.not0enor iTtef.' to two'. and Prii;.:,,eival-,T(, 6 and Si- hydroN-itt - relation to pH values. k4ft 't L f t-- ( OL0 AL(011)-4 Fig. 2: Solubility of different phosphorus pH at 25° C (SchetTer and Scliachtschabel, 1979,) ELECTRICAL CON DI Nlost soils contain some saltsin soluble toiTI liestsoh,.ire usually civ sulfates, to some extend carbonates, bicarbonates aml nitrate.. The salts are mainly formed li g lait'r I Ilder arid and semiarid con esapo I, 1 they are not removed by leachingIn theopposite, due toI Apin,1 ( upwards and be deposited at the surface ;alt accumulation r,iirci tutti) inIt pesszik with high clay content and loo,rr,,tiiiiiiittith reduceil Ir ,clon. Plantshave oftolci Aliceto significantly all inhibited, Electiical condn II'safIll'Altelpote ,S11 /1.1.1tItl)Lt,/ accurate inethoi t 11;attl):} , it,t 'pi:, I )0/ InIt ftl` which cart be co vith plani Principles of electrical condo t,Hit at,ìu i oluluctor force U IV a tional ti es icel< Thuucipruedi the ie,istam, .c.it !ohms Siemens Stoi uuirfut ell k u,.11'!duciance Ile 111Cf0';`4W Of atSIII)SialICC is Calle duct:met and has tite of an eltctuuIttuc tio- candoittaike S C lit t siu Mid 1CIII niaitI S'Cf111fo sull solutions the con(Itictik ituIi,iIlu k 10;, i-xy.essed nr, N'T '11) COikriliCtiit Ws' ktt11.1. it1)01,1( 2. pt'l CCU( h vN ITN kW, uieu Cistunt( iorl',Inn-,kr thies are therefore statidar,li:.,1 1:\ convening to eqiroalentail,ii, .1 11 ku un tilliPerdnirCi 23' Celsius, Relations betvvecn electrical conductivity and the salftfltelitof variou' ,stitAVI1in tiiure 4,The curves for chlorides and iNi2S almost ei and \a11UO, have a lou ei conductivitv than tIte other,.i US Sallint 1954) t,'()rgood csfirwa[l( 4011,111), att inri IN t'tiucil pisi cviituistigio. 5 ,;io : ncintition exchangeable sodium peu iriutuge bsorption rm quantitative analysk of the soluble cations in 1h icI has to be carried out. Relations beiw.-yii ESP and SAlt will be discuss 2.3. Method adopted for the laboratory: Saturated pastes for electric conductivity determinations are extracted with the automatic extractor described in chapter 3.8. 12 samples can be extracted at a time. Saturated pastes are left standing over night for the case that apsurn is present. The extraction time is set to one hour. Figure 3 shows the configuration of the extractor used when extracting from soil paste. One extraction cup takes the saturated paste prepared from about 200 g of sample. Fig. 3: Configuration of automatic extrator extracting from saturated soil paste. 9 Fig. 4: Relation of concentration of single salt solutions to electrica/ conductivity. (US. Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954) iiiir11111 liii.11 10 Fig. 5: Concentration of saturated paste extracts of soils inmilliequivalent per litre as related to electrical conductivity.
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