Missouri Historical Revi Ew
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVI EW, STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY of MISSOURI VOL. XXXV JULY 1941 No. 4 OFFICERS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, 1941-1944 GEORGE A. ROZIER, Perryville, President MARION C. EARLY, St. Louis, First Vice-President E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville, Second Vice-President HENRY G. CHILES, Lexington, Third Vice-President RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau, Fourth Vice-President A. P. GREEN, Mexico, Fifth Vice-President THEODORE GARY, Macon, Sixth Vice-President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Secretary and Librarian TRUSTEES OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1942 MORRIS ANDERSON, Hannibal WM. SOUTHERN, JR., Independence LUDWIG FUERBRINGER, St. Louis HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre HENRY KRUG, JR., St. Joseph GEORGE H. WILLIAMS, St. Louis JUSTUS R. MOLL, Springfield CHARLES L. WOODS, Rolla JOHN F. RHODES, Kansas City Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1943 JESSE W. BARRETT, St. Louis H. S. STURGIS, Neosho ALBERT M. CLARK, Richmond JAMES TODD, Moberly HENRY J. HASKELL, Kansas City JONAS VILES, Columbia WM. R. PAINTER, Carrollton L. M. WHITE, Mexico JOSEPH PULITZER, St. Louis Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1944 FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon ISIDOR LOEB, St. Louis BEN L. EMMONS, St. Charles ALLEN MCREYNOLDS, Carthage STEPHEN B. HUNTER, Cape Girardeau E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville WALDO P. JOHNSON, Osceola ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-six trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee. THF MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW VOL. XXXV JULY 1941 NO. 4 CONTENTS Page The Iron Industry of Missouri 509 ARTHUR B. COZZENS The School Law of 1853, Its Origin and Authors 539 HOWARD I. MCKEE Quality Hill—A Study in Heredity 562 PIERRE R. PORTER Missouriana 570 Historical Notes and Comments 605 Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 657 FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Editor The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly. It is sent free to all members of the State Historical Society of Missouri. Mem bership dues in the Society are $1.00 a year. All communications should be addressed to Floyd C. Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by con tributors to the magazine. "Entered as second-class matter at the postoffice at Columbia, Missouri, under Act of Congress, October 3, 1917, Sec. 422." CONTRIBUTORS COZZENS, ARTHUR B., a native of Missouri, is now instructor in geography at the University of Illinois. He received an M.S. degree in geology from Washington university in 1929 and a Ph.D. degree in geography from the same institution in 1937. His field of specialization is the Ozark hills concerning which he has written several geographical articles. MCKEE, HOWARD I., a native of South Dakota, has since 1937 been a research associate on the staff of the State Historical Society of Missouri. He received an M.A. degree from the state university of Iowa in 1931 and has had graduate work at the University of Chicago and the University of Missouri. During 1931-1936, he was connected as teacher, principal, and superintendent in the public schools at Newburg, Iowa. He has contributed articles on historical subjects to the Missouri Historical Review, the Dictionary of American History, and the School and Community magazine. PORTER, PIERRE R., a native of Missouri, has been in active law practice in Kansas City since 1901. He received an A.B. degree from Yale university in 1898, and an LL.B. degree from the Kansas City school of law, now the University of Kansas City. He also spent two years in Harvard law school and was admitted to the bar in 1899. He has written several articles on legal subjects, including biographical data on former leaders of the Missouri bar. WHITE, JOHN TURNER, a native of Greene county, Missouri, has served as the official reporter of the Supreme Court of Missouri since 1933. He was elected to a ten-year term as judge of the supreme court in 1922 and during a part of his term acted as chief justice of the court. His article on the "Bald Knobbers" appears in the "Missouriana" section of this Review. GENTRY, NORTH TODD, a native Missourian, was formerly attorney- general and a judge of the Supreme Court of Missouri. His vocation is the law and his avocation the study and compilation of history. He is the author of the Bench and Bar of Boone County and has contributed fre quently to the Review. His article on "Historic Rollins Spring" appears in the "Missouriana" section of this Review. AULT, FREDERICK C, is a native of the state of Ohio. He received his M.A. degree in political science from the Ohio state university in 1929 and has pursued graduate study at Washington university. Since 1937 he has been acting librarian of the municipal reference branch of the St. Louis public library. This issue of the Review includes in "Missouriana" his review of the Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis. THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI1 BY ARTHUR B. COZZENS Ironmaking in Missouri had its inception when Ashebran's furnace was established near Ironton in 1815 or 1816,2 five or six years before the State was admitted to the Union. From this time until the decline of the industry in the 1890s, iron exerted a strong influence upon Missouri geography and history. Furnaces and forges established in the Ozark hills greatly accelerated the development of that area by providing a cash product, employment for settlers, and a market for the produce of the frontier farms. Furthermore, the pioneer ironworks, because of their need for transportation facilities, soon became the nuclei of road systems and later influenced the route of railroads. The influence of iron upon the develop ment of Missouri is to be seen also in the character and localiza tion of some of the St. Louis industries and in certain serious land-use problems of the Ozarks today. Wrought iron, unlike most other products of the Missouri frontier, could bear the cost of transportation to St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Pittsburgh by virtue of its high value. For this reason, it became one of the principal commodities shipped to the cities in exchange for manufactured goods. Supplies obtained in this way were sold by the ironworks general stores both to employees and to the people of the surrounding country. Farmers disposed of their produce in the ironworks settlements and during off seasons obtained employment as woodcutters, charcoal burners, and teamsters. 1The completion of the field work and library research upon which this article is based was made possible by a grant from the Society Science Research Council of New York for the summer of 1940. The writer also is indebted to those who assisted him in the collection of information for this study and especially to the State Historical Society of Missouri at Columbia and to Miss Stella M. Drumm of the Missouri Historical Society of St. Louis for numerous helpful suggestions regarding source material. Specific acknowledgments of information gained from personal interviews appear as footnotes. Copies of early Missouri maps were made available through the courtesy of the National Archives, Washington, D. C. 2Swank, James M., History of the Manufacture of Iron in All Ages, pp. 332-33. (509) 510 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW Figure 1 THE IRON INDUSTRY OF MISSOURI 511 Thus, the ironworks furthered the settlement of lands within trading distance of the plants. Prior to the establishment of iron furnaces in the interior of Missouri, the roads of that area were few and as a rule poorly adapted to the transportation of heavy loads. From the late 1830s, however, until the start of the railroad era in the 1860s, numerous roads were built or improved, primarily to connect the ironworks and their markets. The resulting road pattern which centered around furnaces, now no longer operating, is not always well adapted to present-day needs. Consequently, some roads which were then well located and quite important have degenerated into lanes or have been abandoned entirely, whereas other parts of the system are still in use. Sections of the Old Iron road between Maramec spring and Hermann correspond to the present Missouri High way 19, but other parts are almost impassable. (See Figure 1. The numbers on this map refer to furnaces and forges listed on Figure 2.) On the other hand, the Springfield or Wire road from St. James, west, has with some alteration of route become a part of U. S. Highway 66. Later, when the construc tion of the early railroads in southern Missouri was under taken, the organizers counted on the furnaces for a con siderable volume of freight and planned their lines accordingly. The Iron Mountain railroad, for example, ran from St. Louis through Iron Mountain, Missouri, and was designed, at least in part, to facilitate the development of ironworking in that area. Correspondingly, the Southwestern Branch of the Pacific railroad, now the Frisco, served the Maramec and Moselle ironworks (Figure 1). St. Louis, in its industrial development, bespeaks the influence of ironmaking in Missouri and adjacent Illinois. Commencing in 1828 with the establishment of the first successful foundry in St. Louis by Sam Gaty, John A. Morton, and Richards,3 plants using or processing Missouri iron increased in size and number until in 1856 the annual produc tion of iron manufactures in St. Louis was $5,000,000.4 The factories which consisted chiefly of foundries and rolling mills 3Scharf, J. Thomas, History of Saint Louis City and County, Vol. II, p. 1258. AIbid., p.