IUPAC

Vocabulary of radioanalytical methods

Journal: Pure and Applied Chemistry ManuscriptFor ID PeerPAC-REC-19-03-02.R3 Review Only Manuscript Type: Recommendation

Date Submitted by the 06-Oct-2019 Author:

Complete List of Authors: Chai, Zhifang; Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lab. Nuclear Analytical Techniques ; Chatt, Amares; Dalhousie University, Department of Chemistry Bode, Peter; Delft University of Technology Faculty Applied Sciences, Department Radiation Science and Technology Kucera, Jan; Nuclear Physics Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Greenberg, Robert; NIST Hibbert, David; University of New South Wales, School of Chemistry

radioanalytical chemistry, terminology, , nuclear processes, Keywords: nuclear effects, radiochemistry

Author-Supplied Keywords:

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1 2 Vocabulary of radioanalytical methods (IUPAC 3 4 Recommendations 201x) 5 6 Zhifang Chai1, Amares Chatt2, Peter Bode3, Jan Kucera4, Robert Greenberg5, D. Brynn 7 Hibbert6‡ 8 9 10 11 12 1Lab. Nuclear Analytical Techniques Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy 13 of Sciences, P.O.Box 918, Beijing 100049, 14 15 2Trace Analysis Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 16 Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J3 Canada 17 18 For Peer Review Only 3 19 Delft University of Technology, Reactor Institute Delft, Mekelweg 15, NL-2629 JB 20 Delft, The Netherlands 21 22 4Nuclear Physics Institute CZ-25068, Rez near Prague, Czech Republic 23 24 5 25 National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, 8395 Building 235, 26 Rm B176, Gaithersburg, 27 28 6 School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia 29 30 ‡ Corresponding author: School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. 31 [email protected] 32 33 34 Abstract: 35 36 These recommendations are a vocabulary of basic radioanalytical terms which are 37 relevant to radioanalysis, nuclear analysis and related techniques. Radioanalytical 38 methods consider all nuclear-related techniques for the characterization of materials 39 40 where ‘characterization’ refers to compositional (in terms of the identity and quantity of 41 specified elements, nuclides, and their chemical species) and structural (in terms of 42 location, dislocation, etc. of specified elements, nuclides, and their species) analyses, 43 involving nuclear processes (nuclear reactions, nuclear radiations, etc.), nuclear 44 techniques (reactors, accelerators, radiation detectors, etc), and nuclear effects (hyperfine 45 interactions, etc.). In the present compilation, basic radioanalytical terms are included 46 which are relevant to radioanalysis, nuclear analysis and related techniques. 47 48 49 Keywords: radioanalytical chemistry; terminology; nuclides; nuclear processes; nuclear 50 effects. 51 52 53 54 55 This work was started under the project 2010-030-1-500: Radioanalytical Chemistry – 56 Revision of the Orange Book Chapter 8 with membership of Zhifang Chai (task group 57 chair), Peter Bode, Amares Chatt, Robert Greenberg, D. Brynn Hibbert and Jan 58 Kucera. ( 59 https://iupac.org/projects/project-details/?project_nr=2010-030-1-500). 60 1

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1 INTRODUCTION 2 3 4 These Recommendations contain terms found in the corresponding chapter of the IUPAC 5 Orange Book, third edition of the Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (definitive 6 rules 1997) [1], which was based on the Glossary of Terms used in Nuclear Analytical 7 Chemistry published in 1982 [2] and the Nomenclature for Radioanalytical Chemistry, 8 published in 1994 [3]. In addition to terms of analytical interest, terms are included from 9 nuclear technology, nuclear physics and radioactivity measurements. The IUPAC 10 11 Technical Report on the use of X-ray based techniques for analysis of trace elements in 12 environmental samples provided a useful overview [4] of techniques using high-energy 13 photons. This Recommendation will furnish terms on radioanalytical chemistry for the 14 new chapter 8 in the next edition of the Orange Book [5]. 15 16 The available terms in the field of radioanalytical methods were first compiled twenty to 17 18 thirty years ago. ForWith the Peerdevelopment Review of modern science Only and technology, some of the 19 terms are outdated. In the meantime, more and more new terms in the field of 20 radioanalytical methods have appeared or are emerging. Particularly, sophisticated 21 nuclear facilities and detectors, like advanced nuclear reactors, dedicated particle 22 accelerators, and various new types of radiation detectors with excellent performances 23 are changing the outlook of radioanalytical methods. For example, many advanced nuclear 24 analytical laboratories in the world have access to synchrotron radiation devices and spallation 25 neutron sources. Related new nuclear analytical methods have been established or are 26 27 being developed for scientific and applied purposes. Various new radioanalytical 28 methods, like neutron scattering, accelerator mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption and 29 fluorescence methods based on synchrotron radiation have become more and more 30 popular analytical tools. 31 32 Following the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM) [6] and present IUPAC 33 34 format, the concept entries of these Recommendations provide term, definition and 35 explanations by examples and notes. Additionally, the main document the information is 36 taken from (not necessarily verbatim) is stated as "Source" using the respective reference 37 number (e.g. [1] for the third edition of the Orange Book). Changes to wording are 38 referenced as “Source: Adapted from …”, and for Recommendations this change will 39 replace the existing entry. Where a completely rewritten entry is to replace an existing 40 Recommendation this is noted as “Replaces:”. 41 42 43 Within a given entry, terms referring to other concepts termed and defined in these 44 Recommendations appear in italics on first use. The same holds for VIM terms, however 45 these are marked with the VIM entry number, e.g. measurement principle [VIM 2.4], 46 because the definition is not reproduced here. 47 48 49 TERMS IN RADIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 50 51 1. absolute activation analysis 52 53 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of activation analysis in which the amounts of 54 elements in a material are measured using a measurement model with known 55 nuclear constants, irradiation and radiation measurement parameters without the 56 57 use of a calibrator with known property values. 58 59 Reference: [7] p1575. See also: [8]. Replaces: [3] p 2515. 60 2

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1 2. absolute activity 2 3 4 See: activity of a radioactive substance. 5 6 3. absolute counting 7 8 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] in which the observed counting rate under well- 9 defined conditions is used to measure the activity of a without the use 10 11 of a calibrator with known property values. 12 13 Replaces: [3] p 2517. 14 15 4. absolute counting efficiency 16 17 18 Number ofFor particles Peer or photons countedReview by a radiation Only detector divided by the 19 number emitted by a radiation source. 20 21 Source: Adapted from [3] ‘counting efficiency’. See: counting efficiency. 22 23 5. absorption cross section 24 25 26 See: capture cross section. 27 28 6. absorption edge 29 30 See: X-ray absorption edge. 31 32 33 7. accelerator mass spectrometry, (AMS) 34 35 Mass spectrometry technique in which atoms and molecules from a sample are 36 ionized, accelerated to mega-electron volt (1 MeV = 1.602 176 634 ×10–13 J) 37 energies and separated according to their momentum, charge, and energy, allowing 38 high discrimination for measurement of abundances. 39 40 41 Note: AMS is typically used for (but not limited to) measurement of 42 with long half-lives such as 10Be, 14C, 26Al, 36Cl, 53Mn, 129I. 43 44 Source: [9]. See also: [10]. 45 46 47 8. activation (in radiation chemistry) 48 49 Induction of radioactivity by irradiation. 50 51 Note: In general, a specification is added of the type of incident radiation (e.g. 52 nuclei, neutron, photon, charged particles) and/or the energy of this 53 radiation (e.g. cold neutron, thermal neutron, epithermal neutron, fast 54 55 neutron. See: neutron energy). 56 57 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2515. See also: [7] p1555, instrumental activation 58 analysis. 59 60 3

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1 9. activation analysis 2 3 4 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] for measuring elemental or isotopic contents in a 5 specified amount of a material, in which the activity of radionuclides formed 6 directly or indirectly by nuclear reactions of elementary particles, or absorption of 7 electromagnetic radiation by stable nuclides, is measured. 8 9 Note: A specification is added of the type of the incident particle/radiation 10 11 (e.g. neutron activation analysis, photon activation analysis, charged 12 particle activation analysis) and its energy (e.g. cold neutron activation 13 analysis, (epi)thermal neutron activation analysis, fast neutron 14 activation analysis. (See: neutron energy)). 15 16 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2515. See also: [7] p1555. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 10. activation cross section 20 21 Microscopic cross section for a nuclear reaction resulting in the formation of a 22 radionuclide under specified conditions. 23 24 Source: [11]. Replaces: [3] p 2517. 25 26 27 11. activity growth curve 28 29 Graph of activity of a radioactive nuclide as a function of time and showing the 30 increase of activity through the decay of the precursor or as a result of activation. 31 32 33 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2515. 34 35 12. activity of a radioactive material, A 36 activity 37 absolute activity 38 decay rate 39 40 41 Number of nuclear decays occurring in a given quantity of material in a small time 42 interval, divided by that time interval. 43 44 Source: [3] p 2515. 45 46 47 Note 1: For a specified substance B, A = dNB/dt where NB is the number of 48 decaying entities B. (Source: [12] p 24). 49 50 Note 2: The SI unit of activity is the becquerel (Bq) which is equal to one 51 decay per second (s-1). Curie (Ci) is a former unit of activity equal to 52 exactly 3.7 × 1010 Bq. 53 54 55 Note 3: The synonym ‘disintegration rate’ is no longer recommended. 56 57 13. analytical radiochemistry 58 59 See: radioanalytical chemistry. 60 4

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1 14. autoradiograph 2 3 4 Radiograph of an object containing a radioactive substance, produced by placing 5 the object adjacent to a photographic plate or film or a fluorescent screen. 6 7 Source: [13]. 8 9 15. autoradiolysis 10 11 12 Radiolysis of a radioactive material resulting directly or indirectly from its 13 radioactive decay. 14 15 Source: [3] p 2516. 16 17 18 16. backgroundFor radiation Peer Review Only 19 20 Radiation from any radioactive source other than the one it is desired to measure. 21 22 Source: [3] p 2516. 23 24 25 17. backscattering analysis 26 27 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which the backscattering of nuclear radiation 28 impinging on a sample is applied for measurement of the structure and composition 29 of materials. 30 31 18. barn, b 32 33 –28 2 34 Non-SI unit of area used in expressing nuclear cross section. 1 b = 1 × 10 m = 35 100 fm2. 36 37 Note: One barn is approximately the area of a nucleus of radius 5.6 × 10–15 m. 38 39 40 19. branching ratio 41 decay fraction 42 decay probability 43 44 Number of nuclei of a given radionuclide divided by the total number of nuclei of 45 that radionuclide that, in nuclear decay by two or more different transitions, decays 46 by a specified transition. 47 48 49 Source: [14]. 50

51 20. calibration, k0 method 52 53 Calibration [VIM 2.39] method of neutron activation analysis in which the k 54 0 55 proportionality factors together with a value of the neutron flux (as a function of 56 the neutron energy) and with a value of the radiation detector’s response for 57 gamma radiation as a function of the gamma-ray energy are used for establishing a 58 relation between the number of counts measured and the corresponding amounts of 59 elements in a material. 60 5

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1 Note: The k proportionality factor is a ratio of experimentally measured 2 0 3 nuclear parameters of the (radio)nuclides and those parameters of the 4 respective (radio)isotopes of a calibrator (often based on Au). 5 6 Source: [15]. 7 8 21. calibrator (in activation analysis) 9 obsolete: comparator 10 11 12 Measured amount of an element with stated measurement uncertainty [VIM 2.26] 13 that is simultaneously irradiated with the sample during activation analysis. 14 15 Note 1: The term ‘calibrator’ is preferred over ‘comparator’. 16 17 18 Note 2: For If one calibrator Peer is used Review (single calibrator Only method, which is preferred 19 over “single comparator method”), it is essentially identical to a flux 20 monitor (except that this term is not necessarily linked to activation 21 analysis). 22 23 22. capture 24 25 26 See: nuclear capture. 27 28 23. capture cross section 29 absorption cross section 30 31 Cross section for nuclear capture. 32 33 34 Note: Absorption cross section is not recommended because it implies 35 absorption of electromagnetic radiation. 36 37 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2516. 38 39 40 24. carrier (in radiation chemistry) 41 42 Substance in appreciable concentration which, when associated with an isotopic 43 tracer of a specified substance, will carry the tracer with it through a chemical or 44 physical process, or prevent the tracer from undergoing nonspecific processes due 45 to its low mass fraction or concentration. 46 47 48 Source: [16]. 49 50 25. carrier-free 51 52 See: no carrier added. 53 54 55 26. channeling effect 56 57 Range (traveling distance) increasing effect caused by the decrease in interaction 58 cross sections of the incident particles with atoms in a single crystal when a highly 59 60 6

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1 collimated particle beam impinges on a crystal along its principal axis or principal 2 3 plane. 4 5 Source: [17]. 6 7 27. channels ratio method 8 9 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] to obtain a quenching correction by counting the 10 11 spectrum in two separate channels, the ratio of which gives the degree of 12 quenching. 13 14 Source: [18]. 15 16 28. characteristic X-radiation 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 X-radiation consisting of discrete energies which are characteristic for the emitting 20 element. 21 22 Note: X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelength between 10–11 23 and 10–8 m, corresponding to energies between100 keV and 100 eV. 24 25 26 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2526. 27 28 29. Compton scattering analysis 29 30 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which wavelengths and angular distribution 31 of Compton scattered electrons is applied for reconstruction of X-ray and gamma- 32 33 ray spectra. 34 35 Note: Compton scattering analysis is applied e.g. in mammography. 36 37 Source:[19] p 54-66. 38 39 40 30. count 41 42 Single event recorded by a radiation counter. 43 44 Replaces: [3] p 2516. 45 46 31. count rate 47 48 49 See: counting rate. 50 51 32. counting efficiency 52 intrinsic counting efficiency 53 54 55 Number of particles or photons counted divided by the number that has struck the 56 envelope. 57 58 Note: This ratio limits the sensitive volume of a radiation detector. 59 60 7

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1 Replaces: [3] p 2517. See also: absolute counting, absolute counting efficiency. 2 3 4 33. counting geometry 5 6 Arrangement in space of the various components of an experiment, particularly the 7 source and the radiation detector in radiation measurements. 8 9 Replaces: [3] p 2520. 10 11 12 34. counting loss 13 14 Reduction of the counting rate resulting from phenomena such as the dead time of 15 a radiation counter. 16 17 18 Source: AdaptedFor fromPeer [3] p 2517. Review Only 19 20 Note: Counting loss is corrected for by a dead time correction or a resolving 21 time correction. 22 23 35. counting rate 24 25 count rate 26 27 Number of counts occurring in unit time. 28 29 Source: [3] p 2517. 30 31 36. cross reactivity 32 33 34 Ability of substances other than the analyte to bind to the binding reagent and 35 ability of substances other than the binding reagent to bind the analyte in 36 competitive binding assays. 37 38 Note: Binding described here is known as cross reaction. 39 40 41 Source: [3] p 2517, ‘cross reaction’. 42 43 37. cross section (in radiation chemistry),  44 microscopic cross section 45 46 47 Characteristic area related to the probability of a specified interaction or reaction 48 between an incident nuclear radiation and a target particle or system of particles. 49 50 Note 1: Cross section is the reaction rate per target particle for a specified 51 process divided by the flux density of the incident radiation. 52 53 54 Note 2: In general, a specification is added of the type of nuclear radiation (e.g. 55 neutron, photon), the energy of the incident radiation (e.g. thermal, 56 epithermal, fast (See: neutron energy)) and the type of interaction of 57 reaction (e.g. activation, fission, scattering). 58 59 60 8

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1 Example: The capture cross section of 10B for slow neutrons is 200 barn. 2 3 4 Source: [20] p 769. Replaces: [3] p 2517. 5 6 38. daughter product 7 8 Nuclide which follows a specified radionuclide in a decay chain. 9 10 11 Source:[3] p 2517. 12 13 39. dead time correction of a radiation counter 14 dead time correction 15 resolving time correction 16 17 18 CorrectionFor to be applied Peer to the observedReview number of Only counts in order to take into 19 account the number of counts lost during the resolving or dead time of a radiation 20 counter. 21 22 Note: If the measured number of counts is Nm and the true number of counts is 23 Ntrue then for measurements at time t with dead time td, 24 N = N /(1 – t /t). 25 true m d 26 27 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2518. 28 29 40. dead time of a radiation counter, td 30 down time 31 32 33 Time taken for charged particles to reach an electrode in a radiation counter, 34 during which time particles are not counted. 35 36 Example: The dead time of a Geiger-Müller counter is 100 to 400 s. 37 38 Source: [21]. Replaces: [3] p 2517. 39 40 41 41. decay chain 42 radioactive chain 43 radioactive series 44 45 Series of radionuclides in which each radionuclide transforms into the next through 46 47 nuclear decay until a has been formed. 48 49 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2518. 50 51 42. decay constant of a radionuclide, λ, k 52 decay rate constant of a radionuclide 53 54 55 Proportionality constant between the activity (A) of a specified radionuclide and 56 the number of decaying entities (NB). A = λ NB. 57 58 59 60 9

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1 Note 1: The decay constant is related to the half life of a radionuclide (t ) by t 2 ½ 1/2 3 = (ln 2)/λ ≈ 0.693/λ. 4 5 Note 2: Synonyms ‘disintegration constant of a radionuclide’ and 6 ‘disintegration rate constant of a radionuclide’ are not 7 recommended. 8 9 Source: [12] p 24. See also: mean life of a radionuclide. 10 11 12 43. decay curve 13 14 Graph of the activity of a radionuclide against time after a specified reference time. 15 16 Replaces: [3] p 2518. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 44. decay fraction 20 21 See: branching ratio. 22 23 45. decay probability 24 25 26 See: branching ratio. 27 28 46. decay rate 29 30 See: activity of a radioactive substance. 31 32 33 47. decay rate constant of a radionuclide 34 35 See: decay constant of a radionuclide. 36 37 48. delayed-neutron activation analysis, (DNAA) 38 delayed-neutron analysis, (DNA) 39 40 delayed-neutron counting, (DNC) 41 42 Neutron activation analysis where neutrons are counted after a delay to allow 43 interfering species to decay. 44 45 49. delayed-neutron analysis, (DNA) 46 47 48 See: delayed-neutron activation analysis. 49 50 50. delayed-neutron counting, (DNC) 51 52 See: delayed-neutron activation analysis. 53 54 55 51. destructive activation analysis 56 57 See: radiochemical activation analysis. 58 59 60 10

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1 52. direct isotope dilution analysis 2 3 4 See: isotope dilution analysis. 5 6 53. directly-ionizing radiation 7 8 Beam of particles capable of removing one or more orbital electrons in a single 9 quantum event from a specified atom resulting in an ion. 10 11 12 Note 1: To have sufficient energy for direct ionization most ionizing particles 13 are electrically charged, for example, alpha particles, beta particles, 14 electrons, positrons, protons. Photons can ionize atoms directly through 15 the photoelectric effect or the Compton effect. 16 17 18 Note 2:For When considering Peer health Review effects of radiation, Only the distinction may made 19 between multiple ionizations by charged particles as they move through 20 a material (called ‘direct ionization’), and a single event of ionization 21 caused by a photon. 22 23 See also: indirectly-ionizing radiation. 24 25 26 Reference: [22] p 11. 27 28 54. disintegration constant of a radionuclide 29 30 See: decay constant of a radionuclide. 31 32 33 55. disintegration rate constant of a radionuclide 34 35 See: decay constant of a radionuclide. 36 37 56. down time 38 39 40 See: dead time of a radiation counter. 41 42 57. effective cadmium cut-off energy 43 44 In a given experimental configuration, the energy value determined by the 45 condition that the radiation detector response would be unchanged if the cadmium 46 cover surrounding the detector was replaced by a cover opaque to neutrons with 47

48 energy below this value and transparent to neutrons with energy above this value. 49 50 Note: Typically, the thickness of this cadmium cover is taken to be 1 mm. 51 52 Source: [2] p 1540. 53 54 55 58. effective thermal cross section 56 Westcott cross section 57 58 59 60 11

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1 A calculated cross-section for a specified reaction, which, when multiplied by the 2 3 2200-metre-per-second particle (or photon) flux density, gives the correct reaction 4 rate for thermal neutrons. 5 6 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2517. 7 8 59. energy flux density, JE 9 10 11 Energy of radiation traversing unit area perpendicular to the direction of the 12 energy flow per unit time. 13 14 Note: The SI unit of energy flux density is J s–1 m–2 = W m–2 15 16 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2519. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 60. energy resolution 20 21 For a given energy, the smallest difference between the energies of two particles or 22 photons capable of being distinguished by a radiation counter. 23 24 25 Note: The energy resolution is often expressed as the Full Width at Half 26 Maximum (FWHM) of the counter’s indication [VIM 4.1] at a given 27 energy of radiation. 28 29 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2519. Also See: [23] p 117-118. 30 31 61. energy threshold 32 33 34 Limiting kinetic energy of an incident particle or energy of an incident photon 35 below which a specified nuclear reaction is not detectable. 36 37 Source: [2] p 1541. 38 39 40 62. energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, (EDXA) 41 42 See: energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. 43 44 63. energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis, (EDX) 45 energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, (EDXA) 46 energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, (EDS, EDXS) 47 48 49 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray fluorescence analysis in which the 50 energies and intensities of characteristic X-radiation are used to measure amounts 51 of elements. 52 53 Note: EDX is often coupled with scanning electron microscopy, or proton- 54 55 induced X-ray emission. 56 57 Source: [24]. 58 59 60 12

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1 64. energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, (EDS, EDXS) 2 3 4 See: energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. 5 6 65. epicadmium neutron 7 8 Neutron of kinetic energy greater than the effective cadmium cut-off energy. 9 10 11 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2522. 12 13 66. epithermal neutron 14 15 Neutron of kinetic energy greater than that of thermal agitation. 16 17 18 Note 1:For The term Peer ‘epithermal’ Review is often restricted Only to energies just above thermal. 19 See also: neutron energy. 20 21 Source: [3] p 2522. 22 23 Note 2: ‘Epithermal neutron’ is often used interchangeably with epicadmium 24 25 neutron. 26 27 67. extended X-ray absorption fine structure, (EXAFS) 28 29 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray absorption analysis in which the fine 30 structure of the adsorption spectrum in the range 30 eV to 1 keV above the 31 adsorption edge is used to measure the number and species of neighbouring atoms, 32 33 their distance from the selected atom, and the thermal or structural disorder of their 34 positions. 35 36 Note 1: In the EXAFS region interference between the wave functions of the 37 core and neighbouring atoms gives a periodic pattern which contains 38 information characterizing the arrangement of atoms, including number 39 40 and type of neighbouring atoms and their distance to the absorbing 41 atom. 42 43 Note 2: The method uses synchrotron radiation. 44 45 Source: [25, 26]. See also: X-ray absorption near edge structure. 46 47 48 68. external standardization for quenching correction 49 50 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] to obtain a quenching correction by use of a 51 gamma-radiation source to generate a spectrum of Compton electrons within the 52 sample vial. 53 54 55 Source: [27]. See also: Compton scattering analysis. 56 57 58 59 60 13

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1 69. fluence, F, H 2 3 4 Energy per area delivered in a given time interval. 퐹 = ∫퐼 d푡 = ∫(d푃 d퐴)d푡 , 5 where I is intensity, P is power and A is area. 6 7 Note: The SI unit of fluence is J m2. 8 9 10 Source: Adapted from [12] p 35. 11 12 70. fluorescence 13 14 Prompt (within about 10–8 s) emission of electromagnetic radiation caused by de- 15 16 excitation of atoms in a material following the initial excitation of these atoms by 17 absorption of energy from incident radiation or particles. 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Note: Fluorescence is often specified by the type of incident radiation, such as 20 X-ray fluorescence. 21 22 Replaces: [3] p 2519. See also: prompt gamma radiation. 23 24 25 71. fluorescence yield 26 27 For a given transition from an excited state of a specified atom, the number of 28 excited atoms which emit a photon divided by the total number of excited atoms. 29 30 31 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2526. See also: [28]. 32 33 72. flux depression 34 35 Reduction of particle (or photon) flux density in the neighbourhood of an object 36 due to absorption and/or scattering of these particles (or photons) in the object. 37 38 39 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2519. See also: [29]. 40 41 73. flux monitor 42 43 Radiation detector to measure energy flux density. 44 45 46 Note: A flux monitor may be a known amount of material irradiated together 47 with a sample; the induced radioactivity is used to measure the flux 48 density during the irradiation. 49 50 Replaces: [3] p 2519. 51 52 53 74. flux perturbation 54 55 Change of energy flux density or energy distribution of particles or photons in an 56 object as a result of effects such as flux depression and/or self-shielding. 57 58 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2519. See also: [30]. 59 60 14

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1 75. gamma-ray spectrometry 2 3 obsolete: gamma-ray spectroscopy 4 5 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] of the quantitative study of the energy spectra of 6 gamma-ray sources. 7 8 Source: [31]. 9 10 11 76. Geiger-Müller counter 12 13 Gas-filled X-ray detector in which gas amplification reaches saturation and 14 proportionality no longer exists. The output signal does not depend on the incident 15 energy. 16 17 18 Note 1:For Radiation Peer detected includes Review alpha particles, Only beta particles and gamma 19 rays using the ionization effect produced in a Geiger–Müller tube; 20 which gives its name to the instrument [32]. 21 22 Note 2: Geiger-Müller counters are in wide use as a hand-held radiation survey 23 instrument. 24 25 26 Note 3: The time taken for the counter to recover from saturation is called dead 27 time. 28 29 Adapted from [33] p 1754. 30 31 77. geometry factor 32 33 34 Average solid angle in steradians at a source subtended by the aperture or sensitive 35 volume of the radiation detector, divided by 4π. 36 37 Source: [3] p 2520. 38 39 40 78. half life of a radionuclide, t1/2 , T1/2 41

42 Time for a number of decaying entities (NB) to be reduced to one half of that value. 43 NB(t1/2) = NB(0)/2. 44 45 Note: Half life is related to the decay constant of a radionuclide λ by 46 t = (ln 2)/λ. 47 1/2 48 49 Source: Adapted from [12] p 24. Replaces: [3] p 2520. See also: [34] p 63, 50 average life of a radionuclide. 51 52 79. half thickness 53 54 55 See: half -value thickness. 56 57 80. half-value thickness 58 half thickness 59 half-value layer thickness 60 15

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1 Thickness of a specified material which, when introduced into the path of a given 2 3 beam of radiation, reduces the intensity of a specified radiation by one half. 4 5 Source: [3] p 2520. See also: [35]. 6 7 81. hot atom 8 9 Atom in an excited energy state or having kinetic energy above the ambient 10

11 thermal level, usually as a result of nuclear processes. 12 13 Source: [3] p 2520. See also: [36]. 14 15 82. hot cell 16 17 18 Heavily shieldedFor enclosure Peer for highlyReview radioactive materials.Only 19 20 Note: A hot cell may be used for handling or processing highly radioactive 21 materials by remote means or for their storage. 22 23 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2520. 24 25 26 83. indirectly-ionizing radiation 27 28 Beam of electrically neutral particles that cause ionization by interaction with 29 atoms in a material producing electrically-charged particles that subsequently cause 30 direct ionization (See: directly-ionizing radiation) in the material. 31 32 33 Examples: Gamma-rays and X-rays which produce electrons, and neutrons which 34 produce alpha and beta particles. 35 36 Reference: [22] p 11. 37 38 84. instrumental activation analysis 39 40 non-destructive activation analysis 41 42 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of activation analysis in which the amounts of 43 elements in a material are measured using a measurement model [VIM 2.48] with 44 known nuclear constants, irradiation and radiation measurement parameters and 45 the use of a calibrator with known property values, without the use of chemical 46 processing after the irradiation. 47 48 49 Source: [7] p 1569. See also: [37]. 50 51 85. intrinsic counting efficiency 52 53 See: counting efficiency. 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 16

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1 86. in-vivo neutron activation analysis 2 3 4 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of neutron activation analysis in which a living 5 organism is exposed to neutrons for measuring the concentrations of elements in 6 that living organism. 7 8 Note 1: The neutrons are typically provided by a neutron beam. 9 10 11 Note 2: Often prompt gamma-ray analysis is used to measure half-value 12 thickness, rather than the activity of neutrons produced. 13 14 Source: [7] p 1567. See also: [38]. 15 16 87. ion beam analysis, (IBA) 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which elementary particles resulting from 20 nuclear reactions of charged particles with nuclei in a material are applied for the 21 measurement of the amount and depth distribution of elements in materials. 22 23 Source: [39] p 632. 24 25 26 88. ionizing radiation 27 28 Radiation with sufficient energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, 29 thereby ionizing them. 30 31 Note: Radiation may be termed directly-ionizing radiation or indirectly- 32 33 ionizing radiation. 34 35 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2520. 36 37 89. irradiation 38 39 40 Exposure to radiation. 41 42 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2520. 43 44 90. isotope dilution 45 46 Mixing of a given nuclide with one or more of its isotopes. 47 48 49 Source: [3] p 2521. 50 51 91. isotope dilution analysis, (IDA) 52 direct isotope dilution analysis 53 radioisotope dilution analysis 54 55 56 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which the amount of an element in a 57 substance is measured by adding to that substance a known amount of a 58 radionuclide of that element and mixing it with a stable isotope of this element in 59 60 17

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1 the substance, and subsequent measurement of the activity of that radionuclide in a 2 3 subsample taken from the mixture. 4 5 Note: IDA may be classified in terms of (i) the manner of introducing 6 radioactivity into the system; (ii) the method of measuring the activity; 7 (iii) number of dilution steps; (iv) relative masses of sample and 8 diluent. 9 10 11 Source: [40] p 1-16. See also: [41] p 122-124. Replaces: [3] p 2521. 12 13 92. isotope effect 14 isotopic effect 15 16 Effect on the rate constant or equilibrium constant of two reactions that differ only 17 18 in the isotopicFor composition Peer of one Review or more of their Onlyotherwise chemically identical 19 components is referred to as a kinetic isotope effect or a thermodynamic (or 20 equilibrium) isotope effect, respectively. (See: isotopes). 21 22 Note: Reference [42] pp 1130 – 1131 defines heavy atom isotope effect, 23 intramolecular isotope effect, inverse isotope effect, kinetic isotope 24 effect, primary isotope effect, secondary isotope effect, solvent isotope 25 26 effect, steric isotope effect, and thermodynamic (equilibrium) isotope 27 effect. 28 29 Source: Adapted with minor change from [42] p 1130. See also: [43, 44]. 30 31 93. isotope exchange 32 33 34 See: isotopic exchange. 35 36 94. isotopes 37 isotopic nuclides 38 39 Nuclides having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. 40 41 42 Examples: 12C and 13C; 1H, 2H and 3H. 43 44 Note 1: If no left superscript is added denoting the mass number an element 45 symbol is read as including all isotopes in natural abundance. 46 47 48 Source: Adapted from [12] p 49. 49 50 Note 2: The use of the singular term ‘isotope’ should always relate to a 51 particular element (e.g. deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen). When 52 used in a general sense, the term nuclide is preferred (e.g. radionuclides 53 are used in the treatment of cancer). 54 55 56 See also: radioisotope. 57 58 59 60 18

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1 95. isotopic carrier 2 3 4 Excess of a substance, differing only in isotopic composition from an isotopic 5 tracer, which will carry the tracer through a chemical or physical process, 6 preventing the tracer from undergoing non-specific processes due to its low 7 concentration. 8 9 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2516. 10 11 12 96. isotopic effect 13 See: isotope effect. 14 15 97. isotopic enrichment 16 17 Any process by which the isotopic abundance of a specified isotope in a mixture of 18 For Peer Review Only 19 isotopes of an element is increased. 20 21 Source: [2] p 1541. 22 23 Note: When the specified isotope is stable, the process is termed ‘stable 24 isotopic enrichment’. 25 26 27 98. isotopic exchange 28 isotope exchange 29 30 Exchange of places between isotopes of atoms in different chemical or physical 31 states or positions. 32 33 34 Source: [3] p 2521. 35 36 99. isotopic exchange analysis 37 38 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] based on isotopic exchange to measure the 39 amount of the corresponding element. 40 41 42 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2521 and [45] p 52. 43 44 100. isotopic label 45 46 Radioactive or stable isotope of a specified element distinguishable by the observer 47 but not by the system used to identify an isotopic tracer. 48 49 50 Note 1: ‘Isotopic labelling’ is the incorporation of an isotopic label in a 51 substance. It may be qualified by the manner of introduction of the 52 label, e.g. exchange labelling, conjugation labelling, recoil labelling. 53 54 Example: Deuterium (‘isotopic label’) that is substituted for protium in the illegal 55 56 drug methylamphetamine, for use in analysis by mass spectrometry. 57 Methylamphetamine incorporating deuterium is the ‘isotopic tracer’. 58 59 60 19

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1 Note 2: In general usage ‘label’ and ‘tracer’ are used synonymously. See: [46] 2 3 4.1.12. 4 5 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2521. 6 7 101. isotopic nuclides 8 9 See: isotopes. 10 11 12 102. isotopic tracer 13 14 Isotopically labelled molecule (See: isotopic label) used to measure certain 15 properties of a system. 16 17 18 Source: AdaptedFor fromPeer [3] p 2526. Review See also: isotopic Only enrichment. 19 20 Example: Deuterium (‘isotopic label’) that is substituted for protium in the illegal 21 drug methylamphetamine, for use in analysis by mass spectrometry. 22 Methylamphetamine incorporating deuterium is the ‘isotopic tracer’. 23 24 25 Note: In general usage label and tracer are often used synonymously. See: [46] 26 4.1.12. 27 28 103. lifetime of a radionuclide 29 30 See: mean life of a radionuclide. 31 32 33 104. liquid scintillation detector 34 35 Scintillation detector in which the sample is mixed with a liquid scintillator. 36 37 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2522. 38 39 40 105. live time 41 42 Time interval during which a radiation detector is capable of processing events. 43 44 Note 1: Live time equals the clock time minus the integrated resolving or dead 45 time. 46 47 48 Note 2: Live time should not be confused with ‘lifetime’ of a radioactive 49 species. 50 51 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2522 and [47]. 52 53 106. macroscopic cross section 54 55 56 Cross section per unit volume of a given material for a specified process. 57 58 59 60 20

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1 Note: For a pure nuclide, it is the product of the microscopic cross section and 2 3 the number of target nuclei per unit volume; for a mixture of 4 radionuclides, it is the sum of such products. 5 6 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2517 and [21]. 7 8 107. mean life of a radionuclide,  9 10 average life of a radionuclide 11 lifetime of a radionuclide 12 13 Reciprocal of the decay constant of a radionuclide (λ).  = 1/λ. 14 15 Note: The mean life is greater than the half life of a radionuclide by the factor 16 17 1/ln 2 (≈ 1.44); the difference arises because of the weight given in the 18 Foraveraging Peer process to Reviewthe fraction of atoms Only that by chance survives for a 19 long time. 20 21 Source: Adapted from [12] p 24. 22 23 24 108. microscopic cross section 25 26 See: cross section (in radiation chemistry). 27 28 109. moderator 29 30 Material used to reduce the energy of a neutron by scattering without appreciable 31 32 capture. 33 34 Source: [3] p 2522. 35 36 110. molar activity of a radionuclide, Am(R) 37 molar activity 38 39 40 Activity of a specified radionuclide (R) per unit amount of substance of the 41 specified radionuclide. 42 43 Note 1: The SI unit of molar activity is Bq mol–1. Also used is Ci mmol–1. 44 (Curie, symbol Ci, is a former unit of activity equal to exactly 3.7 × 45 1010 Bq.) 46 47 48 Note 2: If the term “molar activity” is used without qualification it should be 49 made clear whether it is of a material or of a radionuclide. See: molar 50 activity of a radionuclide in a material. 51 52 Replaces: [3] p 2515. See also specific activity of a radionuclide. 53 54 55 111. molar activity of a radionuclide in a material, Am(R,M) 56 molar activity 57 58 59 60 21

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1 Activity of a specified radionuclide (R) in a material (M) divided by amount of 2 3 substance of that material. 4 5 Note 1: The SI unit of molar activity is Bq mol–1, but molar activity is often 6 expressed in unit Ci mmol–1. (Curie, symbol Ci, is a former unit of 7 activity equal to exactly 3.7 × 1010 Bq.) 8 9 Note 2: If the term “molar activity” is used without qualification it should be 10 11 made clear whether it is of a material or of a radionuclide. See: molar 12 activity of a radionuclide. 13 14 Example: The certificate of analysis of adenosine 5’-triphosphate containing the 15 isotopic label 33P (called 33P-gamma-ATP) quotes the activity as 3000 16 Ci mmol–1 [48]. 17 33 –1 18 ForUsing the Peer recommended Review symbol, Am( P,ATP)Only = 3000 Ci mmol . 19 20 Replaces: [3] p 2515. See also: specific activity of a radionuclide in a material. 21 22 112. monoisotopic element 23 24 Chemical element having only one stable nuclide. 25 26 27 Note 1: There are 26 elements that follow the definition: : 9Be, 19F, 23Na, 27Al, 28 31P, 45Sc, 51V, 55Mn, 59Co, 75As, 85Rb, 89Y, 93Nb, 103Rh, 113In, 127I, 133Cs, 29 139La, 141Pr, 153Eu, 159Tb, 165Ho, 169Tm, 175Lu, 185Re, 197Au. 30 31 Note 2: General usage of the term "monoisotopic" refers to the 21 elements with 32 9 19 23 33 one isotope determining their relative atomic masses, i.e. Be, F, Na, 27 31 45 55 59 75 89 93 103 127 133 141 34 Al, P, Sc, Mn, Co, As, Y, Nb, Rh, I, Cs, Pr, 35 159Tb, 165Ho, 169Tm, 197Au, 209Bi, 231Pa. 36 37 Reference: [49]. 38 39 113. Mössbauer spectrometry 40 41 42 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] in which recoil-less resonance gamma ray 43 scattering and absorption in solids is applied to measure the nuclear environment 44 of atoms of elements in a material. 45 46 Source: [50]. See also: [51]. 47 48 49 114. muon induced X-ray emission analysis 50 51 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray analysis in which characteristic X- 52 radiation emitted upon irradiation of a material with a beam of muons of certain 53 energy is used the measure the chemical composition and chemical state of an 54 55 element. 56 57 58 59 60 22

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1 115. near edge X-ray absorption fine structure, (NEXAFS) 2 3 4 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray absorption analysis similar to X-ray 5 absorption near edge structure, but usually reserved for soft X-rays with photon 6 energy less than 1 keV. 7 8 Note: NEXAFS is generally used in surface and molecular science. 9 10 11 116. neutron activation analysis, (NAA) 12 13 Activation analysis using neutrons as the incident particles. 14 15 117. neutron density 16 17 18 Number ofFor free neutrons Peer divided Review by their containing Only volume. 19 20 Note: Partial densities may be defined for neutrons characterized by such 21 parameters as neutron energy and direction. 22 23 Source: [52]. 24 25 26 118. neutron depth profiling, (NDP) 27 28 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of activation analysis for near-surface-depth light 29 elements in which a thermal neutron or cold neutron (see: neutron energy) beam 30 passes through a material with target nuclei that emit monoenergetic charged 31 particles upon neutron absorption. The reduction of the energy of an emitted 32 33 charged particle measures the depth of the target nuclei in a material. 34 35 Source: [53]. 36 37 119. neutron diffraction analysis 38 39 40 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] in which the diffraction of neutrons is applied to 41 measure parameters of the atomic and/or magnetic structure of a material. 42 43 Source: [54, 55]. 44 45 120. neutron energy 46 47 48 Kinetic energy of a free neutron. 49 50 Note 1: Neutron energy is usually given with unit electronvolt (eV). 1 eV = 51 1.602 176 634 × 10–19 J. 52 53 Note 2: Neutrons are classified according to their energies as follows: 54 55 56 Neutron energy range (in eV) Name 57 58 0.0 to 0.025 cold neutron 59 60 23

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1 2 0.025 (corresponding to 295 K) thermal neutron 3 0.025 to 0.4 epithermal neutron 4 5 0.4 to 0.6 cadmium neutron 6 0.6 to 1 epicadmium neutron 7 8 1 to 10* slow neutron 9 10 10 to 300 resonance neutron 11 300 to 1×106 intermediate neutron 12 13 (1 to 20)×106 fast neutron 14 6 15 > 20×10 ultrafast neutron 16 17 * ForSlow neutron Peer also may Review be defined as any Only neutron below a threshold 18 which may vary over a wide range and depends on the application. In 19 reactor physics, the threshold value is frequently chosen to be 1 eV; in 20 21 dosimetry, the effective cadmium cut-off is used. See: [2] p1547. 22 23 Note 3: Neutron temperature has unit kelvin, and the term should not be used 24 for the neutron energy. 25 26 Source: [56, 57]. 27 28 29 121. neutron scattering analysis 30 31 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] in which elastic or inelastic scattering of neutrons 32 by the target nuclei is applied to study the composition and structure of a material. 33 34 Source: [58, 59]. 35 36 37 122. neutron temperature 38 39 Temperature assigned to a population of neutrons when this population is 40 approximated by a Maxwellian distribution. 41 42 43 Source: [2] p 1547. 44 45 Note: Neutron temperature (T) is related to the neutron energy (E) T = 2E/3k, 46 where k is the Boltzmann constant. 47 48 Source: Adapted from [60]. 49 50 51 123. no carrier added, (NCA) 52 carrier-free 53 54 Preparation of a radioactive isotope which is essentially free from stable isotopes 55 of the element in question. 56 57 58 Source: [3] p 2522. See also: isotopic carrier. 59 60 24

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1 124. non-destructive activation analysis 2 3 4 See: instrumental activation analysis. 5 6 125. non-radiative quenching 7 8 Deactivation of an electronically-excited state by interaction with the external 9 environment through a non-radiative process. 10 11 12 Note 1: Non-radiative quenching may lead to spectral shift or counting losses. 13 14 Note 2: The effects of quenching may be taken into account by a quenching 15 correction. 16 17 18 Source: AdaptedFor fromPeer [3] p 2523. Review See also: [61] pOnly 26. 19 20 126. nuclear capture 21 capture 22 23 Process in which an atomic nucleus acquires an additional particle. 24 25 26 Note 1: The captured particle may be an elementary particle (See: [2] p 1547) 27 and may be charged or neutral. 28 29 Note 2: In general, a specification is added of the type of the captured particle or 30 its energy. 31 32 33 Example: -197 captures a neutron and emits a gamma ray: 197 198 197 198 34 Au + n → Au + γ, or in short form Au(n,γ) Au. 35 36 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2513. See also: capture cross section. 37 38 127. nuclear chemistry 39 40 41 Scientific discipline which deals with the study of nuclei, nuclear decay, nuclear 42 reactions and nuclear processes using chemical methods. 43 44 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2516 and [2] p 1537. 45 46 128. nuclear decay 47 48 49 Spontaneous nuclear transformation. 50 51 Source: [3] p 2518. 52 53 129. nuclear fission 54 55 56 Exoergic division of a nucleus into two or more parts with masses of approximate 57 equal order of magnitude, usually accompanied by the emission of neutrons, 58 gamma radiation and, rarely, small charged nuclear fragments. 59 60 25

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1 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2519. 2 3 4 130. nuclide 5 6 Atom of specified atomic number (proton number) and mass number (nucleon 7 number). 8 9 Note 1: A nuclide may be specified by attaching the mass number as a left 10 14 11 superscript to the symbol for the element as in C or added with a 12 hyphen after the name of the element as in carbon-14. 13 14 Note 2: Nuclide is the general term used when referring to all elements. The 15 term ‘isotopes’ should only be used to describe nuclides of a particular 16 element (i.e. same atomic number Z). 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Note 3: The suffix ‘radio’ may be added to denote that the nuclide is 20 radioactive. See: radionuclide, radioisotope. 21 22 Source: Adapted from [12] p 49. Replaces: [3] p 2522. 23 24 131. nuclide precursor 25 26 27 Radionuclide which precedes a nuclide in a decay chain. 28 29 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2523. 30 31 132. particle (or photon) flux density, j 32 33 obsolete: fluence rate 34 35 Number of particles (or photons) incident on a plane perpendicular to the 36 incident radiation per unit time per unit area. 37 38 Note 1: Particle flux density is identical with the product of the particle density 39 40 and the average speed of the particles. 41 42 Note 2: The SI unit of flux density is m2 s1. 43 44 Note 3: Often an indication of the type of incident particles is wrongly added to 45 the unit of flux density, e.g., the neutron flux density is sometimes 46 2 1 47 indicated as n cm s . As ‘n’ is not a unit, it is metrologically 48 unacceptable and therefore not recommended. 49 50 Replaces: [3] p 2519. See also: [12] at Note (26) at p 44 to the definition of 51 diffusion coefficient on p 43. 52 53 54 133. particle induced X-ray emission analysis, (PIXE) 55 56 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray analysis in which energies and 57 intensities of characteristic X-radiation emitted by a test portion during irradiation 58 59 60 26

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1 with charged particles other than electrons are used to measure the amounts of 2 3 elements in a material. 4 5 Note 1: The particle, inducing the X-radiation is sometimes explicitly 6 mentioned, e.g. proton-induced X-ray emission analysis. 7 8 Note 2: Micro PIXE (-PIXE) uses highly collimated beams to analyse very 9 10 small areas. 11 12 Source: [62]. 13 14 134. particle-induced gamma-ray-emission analysis, (PIGE) 15 16 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which the energies and intensities of 17 18 characteristicFor prompt Peer gamma-radiation Review emitted during Only nuclear reactions with 19 charged particles other than electrons, is applied for measurement of amounts of 20 elements in a material. 21 22 Note: The particle that induces gamma-rays may be explicitly mentioned, e.g. 23 ‘proton-induced gamma-ray-emission analysis’. 24 25 26 Source: [63] p 546. 27 28 135. perturbed angular correlation spectrometry, (PAC) 29 perturbed directional correlation spectrometry 30 31 32 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of gamma-ray spectrometry in which coincidence 33 counting is used for measurement of parameters describing hyperfine interactions, 34 with internal or external electrical or magnetic field gradients, of the spin of an 35 intermediate level between two gamma-ray transitions in cascade emitted in the 36 decay of a radionuclide. 37 38 Note 1: Perturbed angular correlation spectrometry is performed both in a time- 39 40 differential (TDPAC) or time-integrated (TIPAC) mode of 41 measurement. 42 43 Note 2: The parameters describing hyperfine interactions provide information 44 on the chemical atomic environment of the decaying nucleus. 45 46 47 Source: [64] p 997. 48 49 136. perturbed directional correlation spectrometry 50 51 See: perturbed angular correlation spectrometry. 52 53 137. positron annihilation analysis, (PAA) 54 55 positron annihilation spectroscopy for chemical analysis, (PASCA) 56 57 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which the annihilation of positrons is applied 58 to study the microscopic structure of materials. 59 60 27

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1 Note 1: Annihilation lifetime (See: positron lifetime spectrometry), Doppler 2 3 broadening and angular correlation of annihilation radiation are 4 measured in this technique. 5 6 Note 2: In the most common case of positron annihilation, two photons are 7 created, each with energy equal to the rest energy of the electron or 8 positron (0.511 MeV = 8.187 122 6 × 10–14 J). 9 10 11 Note 3: Techniques based on PAA have been used particularly for the study of 12 free volume in polymers. 13 14 Source: [65]. 15 16 138. positron annihilation lifetime spectrometry, (PALS) 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 See: positron lifetime spectrometry. 20 21 139. positron annihilation spectroscopy for chemical analysis, (PASCA) 22 23 See: positron annihilation analysis. 24 25 26 140. positron emission tomography, (PET) 27 28 Imaging method based on the detection of pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly 29 by a positron-emitting isotopic tracer. 30 31 Note 1: A commonly used nuclide is -18. 32 33 34 Note 2: Three-dimensional imaging is obtained using computed tomography. 35 36 Source: [66]. 37 38 141. positron lifetime spectrometry, (PLS) 39 40 positron annihilation lifetime spectrometry, (PALS) 41 42 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of positron annihilation analysis in which the 43 time interval between the emission of positrons from a radioactive source and the 44 detection of gamma rays due to annihilation of these positrons with electrons from 45 the surrounding matter is the lifetime of the positron or positronium. 46 47 48 Source: [67] p 500. 49 50 142. prompt gamma radiation 51 52 Gamma radiation emitted during the de-excitation of a compound nucleus formed 53 in a nuclear capture reaction. 54 55 56 143. prompt gamma-ray analysis, (PGA) 57 deprecated: prompt gamma activation analysis, (PGAA) 58 deprecated: prompt gamma neutron activation analysis, (PGNAA) 59 60 28

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1 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which gamma radiation emitted during the 2 3 de-excitation of the compound nucleus formed by neutron capture is applied to 4 measure the amounts of elements in a material. 5 6 Note: The measurement method is often denoted as prompt gamma-ray 7 neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) or prompt gamma-ray activation 8 analysis (PGAA) though the measurement method is not in agreement 9 with the definition of activation analysis. The term prompt gamma-ray 10 11 analysis (PGA) is therefore to be preferred. 12 13 Source: [38, 68]. 14 15 144. pulse pile-up 16 17 18 ProcessingFor by a radiation Peer counter Review of pulses resulting Only from the simultaneous 19 absorption of independent particles or photons in a radiation detector resulting in 20 the counting as one single particle or photon with energy between the individual 21 energies and the sum of these energies. 22 23 Source: [69] p 655. 24 25 26 145. quenching correction 27 28 Correction for errors due to different quenching in radiation detectors for 29 standards and samples. 30 31 Note: When using liquid scintillation detectors, these corrections can be based 32 33 e.g. on the standard addition or sample channels ratio method or the use 34 of automated external standardization. 35 36 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2523. 37 38 146. quenching in radiation detectors 39 40 41 Process of inhibiting continuous or multiple discharges following a single ionizing 42 event in certain types of radiation detectors, particularly in Geiger-Müller counters. 43 44 Source: [70]. See: quenching correction. 45 46 147. radiation 47 48 49 Emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as fast-moving subatomic 50 particles. 51 52 Note: In radioanalytical chemistry, the term usually refers to radiation used 53 and emitted during nuclear processes (e.g., radioactive decay, nuclear 54 55 decay, nuclear fission). 56 57 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2523. See also: ionizing radiation. 58 59 60 29

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1 148. radiation chemistry 2 3 4 Sub-discipline of chemistry which deals with the chemical effects of ionizing 5 radiation. 6 7 Note: Radiation chemistry is distinguished from photochemistry which is 8 associated with visible and ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation. 9 10 11 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2523 and [71] p1. 12 13 149. radiation counter 14 counter 15 16 Measuring system [VIM 3.2] for measuring radiation comprising a radiation 17 18 detector, inFor which eventsPeer caused Review by interaction of theOnly radiation with the radiation 19 detector result in electrical pulses, and the associated equipment for processing and 20 counting the pulses. 21 22 Note: Often an expression is added indicating the type of radiation detector 23 (e.g. ionization, scintillation, semiconductor). 24 25 26 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2516. 27 28 150. radiation detector 29 30 Measuring system [VIM 3.2] or material for the conversion of radiation energy to 31 a kind of energy which is suitable for indication and/or measurement. 32 33 34 Note: Detectors are usually named by the principle of detection or kind of 35 material, e.g. scintillation detector, semiconductor detector 36 37 Source: Adapted from [2] p 1540. 38 39 40 151. radiation filter 41 42 Material interposed in the path of radiation to modify the energy distribution of the 43 radiation. 44 45 Source: Adapted from [2] p 1542. 46 47 48 152. radioactive 49 50 Property of a nuclide undergoing spontaneous nuclear transformations with the 51 emission of radiation. 52 53 Source: [3] p 2523. 54 55 56 Note 1: Such a nuclide may be termed radionuclide. 57 58 Note 2: ‘Radioactive’ is also used to describe a material that includes a 59 radionuclide. 60 30

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1 153. radioactive chain 2 3 4 See: decay chain. 5 6 154. radioactive decay 7 8 Nuclear decay in which particles or electromagnetic radiation are emitted or the 9 nucleus undergoes spontaneous fission or electron capture. 10 11 12 Source: [3] p 2518. 13 14 155. radioactive equilibrium 15 16 See: radioactive steady state. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 156. radioactive purity 20 21 See: radionuclide purity. 22 23 157. radioactive series 24 25 26 See: decay chain. 27 28 158. radioactive source 29 30 Radioactive material which is intended for use as a source of ionizing radiation. 31 32 33 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2526. 34 35 159. radioactive steady state 36 radioactive equilibrium 37 secular equilibrium 38 39 40 Among the radionuclides of a decay chain, the state which prevails when the ratios 41 between the activities of successive radionuclides remain constant. 42 43 Note: This is not equilibrium in the strict sense since radioactive decay is an 44 irreversible process. 45 46 47 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2519, [72] p 185. 48 49 160. radioactivity 50 51 Phenomenon of nuclides undergoing radioactive decay. 52 53 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2513. 54 55 56 161. radioanalytical chemistry 57 analytical radiochemistry 58 59 60 31

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1 That part of analytical chemistry in which the application of radioactivity is an 2 3 essential step in the analytical procedures. 4 5 Source: [2] p 1535. 6 7 Note 1: Use is made of nuclear processes (e.g., nuclear decay, nuclear fission), 8 nuclear effects, radiation, and nuclear facilities, and of radiochemical 9 and nuclear measurement techniques. 10 11 12 Note 2: Radioanalytical chemistry is part of radiochemistry. 13 14 162. radiochemical activation analysis 15 destructive activation analysis 16 17 18 MeasurementFor method Peer [VIM 2.5] Review of activation analysis Only, in which concentrations or 19 mass contents of elements in a material are measured using a measurement model 20 [VIM 2.48] with known nuclear constants, irradiation and radiation measurement 21 parameters and the use of a calibrator with known property values and in which 22 chemical separation is applied after the irradiation. 23 24 Source: [7] p 1583. See also: [73]. 25 26 27 163. radiochemical purity 28 29 For a material, the fraction of the stated radionuclide present in the stated chemical 30 form. 31 32 33 Source: [3] p 2523. 34 35 Note 1: The unit of radiochemical purity is mol/mol = 1. 36 37 Note 2: The medical literature often defines radiochemical purity as the fraction 38 of the radioactivity of a material in a stated chemical form. (See: [74] 39 40 p347, and radionuclide purity.) 41 42 164. radiochemical recoil effect 43 44 See: Szilard-Chalmers effect. 45 46 165. radiochemical separation 47 48 49 Separation by a chemical means of radionuclide(s) of a specific element from a 50 mixture of radionuclides of other chemical elements. 51 52 Source: [3] p 2526. 53 54 55 166. radiochemical yield 56 57 Activity of a specified radionuclide of a specified element after its radiochemical 58 separation divided by its activity originally present in the substance undergoing 59 radiochemical separation. 60 32

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1 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2526. 2 3 4 167. radiochemistry 5 6 Part of chemistry which deals with radioactive materials. 7 8 Note: Radiochemistry includes the production of radionuclides and their 9 compounds by processing irradiated materials or naturally occurring 10 11 radioactive materials, the application of chemical techniques to nuclear 12 studies, and the application of radioactivity to the investigation of 13 chemical, biochemical or any other problems. 14 15 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524 and [75] p 1423. 16 17 18 168. radioenzymaticFor assay Peer Review Only 19 20 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which a radioactive substrate is applied to 21 measure the catalytic activity of an enzyme. 22 23 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524 and [76] p 259. 24 25 26 169. radiograph 27 28 Visual representation of an object produced by placing the object between a source 29 of ionizing radiation and a photographic plate, film or detector. 30 31 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524. 32 33 34 Note: Radiographs are used in medicine and dentistry. 35 36 170. radiogravimetric analysis 37 38 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which the activity of a precipitate is applied to 39 40 measure its mass. 41 42 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524. 43 44 171. radioiodination 45 46 Incorporation of a radionuclide of into substance, or of covalently linking a 47 48 radioiodinated substance to a substance. 49 50 Note: Commonly used radionuclides of iodine are 129I, 131I and 123I. 51 52 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524. 53 54 55 172. radioisotope 56 57 A radioactive isotope (See: isotopes) of a specified element. 58 59 Source: [3] p 2524. 60 33

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1 173. radioisotope dilution analysis 2 3 4 See: isotope dilution analysis. 5 6 174. radioisotope induced X-ray emission analysis 7 8 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray analysis in which a radioactive source is 9 used for irradiation of the sample. 10 11 12 Source: [19]. 13 14 175. radiolysis 15 16 Chemical decomposition of materials by ionizing radiation. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Source: [3] p 2524. 20 21 176. radiometric analysis 22 23 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which the activity of a radioactive component 24 25 with known specific activity is applied for measurement of the amount of an 26 element in a material. 27 28 Source: [77] p 564. Replaces: [3] p 2524. 29 30 177. radiometric titration 31 32 33 Titration in which a radioactive indicator is used to monitor the end-point of the 34 titration. 35 36 Source: [3] p 2524. See also: [78] p 168. 37 38 178. radionuclide 39 40 41 Nuclide that is radioactive. 42 43 Source: [3] p 2524. 44 45 Note: When an element is specified the radionuclide is termed a radioisotope. 46 47 48 179. radionuclide purity 49 radionuclidic purity 50 radioactive purity 51 52 Activity of a stated radionuclide, including daughter products, in a material divided 53 by the total activity of the material. 54 55 56 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2523. 57 58 Note 1: The SI unit of radionuclide purity is Bq/Bq = 1. 59 60 34

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1 Note 2: Radionuclide purity is important for calibrators, isotopic tracers, and in 2 3 pharmaceutical uses. 4 5 Example: Activity of 99mTc from a Mo generator with impurities 99Mo, 95Nb, 6 188Re, 198Au, etc.. (Note that 99Tc is generated as a daughter product 7 from 99Mo, directly or via 99mTc.) 8 9 180. radionuclidic purity 10 11 12 See: radionuclide purity. 13 14 181. radioreceptor assay 15 16 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which labelled (See: isotopic label) and 17 18 unlabelled Formolecules, Peer assumed toReview bind to a receptor Only at random, are applied to 19 measure the amount of an analyte by exposing a mixture of the sample and a 20 known amount of the radiolabelled substance to a measured amount of receptors 21 for the analyte. 22 23 Note: The analyte is typically a hormone. 24 25 26 Source: [79]. 27 28 182. recoil 29 30 Nuclear phenomenon in which an atom or a particle undergoes a movement 31 through a collision with, or the emission of, another particle or electromagnetic 32 33 radiation. 34 35 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524. 36 37 183. recoil effect 38 39 40 See: Szilard-Chalmers effect. 41 42 184. recovery time of a radiation counter 43 44 Period of time after the dead time of a radiation counter during which the output 45 pulses are smaller than the original. 46 47 48 Note: Depending on the sensitivity of the counter some pulses in this period 49 will not be counted. 50 51 Source: [21]. 52 53 185. relative counting 54 55 56 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] in which the activity of a sample is measured from 57 the counting rate of the sample divided by the counting rate of a radioactive source 58 of known activity. 59 60 35

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1 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. 2 3 4 186. relative counting efficiency 5 6 Absolute counting efficiency of a given radiation counter divided by the absolute 7 counting efficiency of a reference radiation counter. 8 9 187. resolving time correction 10 11 12 See: dead time correction of a radiation counter. 13 14 188. resolving time of a radiation counter,  15 16 17 Smallest time interval which elapses between the occurrence of two consecutive 18 ionizing events,For in orderPeer that the Review radiation counter Onlycan be capable of fulfilling its 19 function for each of the two occurrences separately. 20 21 Source: [2] p 1551. 22 23 189. resonance energy 24 25 26 Minimum energy of a particle entering a nuclear reaction, required to form 27 reaction products in one of their excited states. 28 29 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. 30 31 32 190. resonance integral, IX 33 34 Integral, over all or some specified portion of the resonance energy range, of the 35 cross section divided by the energy of a radiation. 36 37 ∞ d퐸 38 퐼 = 휎 (퐸) X ∫ X 퐸 39 퐸c 40 41 where X is the nature of the radiation (X  n denotes neutron, X  fis denotes 42 43 neutron induced fission), X the cross section, and EC the lower limit of energy 44 (e.g. effective cadmium cut-off energy) 45 46 Note: In radioanalytical chemistry, the resonance integral range coincides 47 with the definition of the epithermal neutron energy range. 48 49 50 Source: [80] p 199. See also: [81]. Replaces: [3] p 2525. 51 52 191. resonance neutron 53 54 Neutron, the energy of which, corresponds to the resonance energy of a specified 55 nuclide or element. 56 57 58 Note: If the nuclide is not specified, the term refers to a resonance neutron of 238 59 U. 60 36

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1 192. reversed isotope dilution analysis 2 3 4 Isotope dilution analysis in which the amount of an isotopic carrier in a solution of 5 a radionuclide is measured by addition of one of its stable isotopes. 6 7 Source: [41] p 122-124. 8 9 193. saturation (in radiation chemistry) 10 11 12 Of an irradiated element for a specified nuclide, the steady state reached when the 13 decay rate of the nuclide formed is equal to its production rate. 14 15 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. 16 17 18 194. saturationFor activity Peer, As Review Only 19 20 For a specified radionuclide, the maximum activity at saturation. As =  ×  where 21  is the cross section and  the particle flux density. 22 23 24 Replaces: [3] p 2525. 25 26 195. scanning proton microscopy, (SPM) 27 28 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray fluorescence analysis in which protons 29 are focused and collimated to form a micro beam to obtain an image of a surface. 30 31 32 196. scavenging of radionuclides 33 scavenging 34 35 In radiochemistry, the use of a precipitate to remove from solution by absorption or 36 co- precipitation, a large fraction of one or more radionuclides. 37 38 39 Note: In radiation chemistry the term scavenging is used to denote binding of 40 radicals or free electrons with a receptive (or reactive) material. 41 42 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. 43 44 197. scintillation 45 46 47 Burst of luminescence caused by an individual energetic particle. 48 49 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. 50 51 198. scintillation detector 52 53 54 Kind of radiation detector having a scintillator to measure ionizing radiation. 55 56 Replaces: [3] p 2525. 57 58 59 60 37

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1 199. scintillator 2 3 4 Material in which scintillation occurs. 5 6 Note: A scintillator may be a solid or a liquid (See: liquid scintillation 7 detector). See: scintillation detector. 8 9 Replaces: [3] p 2525. 10 11 12 200. secular equilibrium 13 14 See: radioactive steady state. 15 16 201. selectively-labelled isotopic tracer 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 An isotopically labelled compound is designated as selectively labelled when a 20 mixture of isotopically substituted compounds is formally added to the analogous 21 isotopically unmodified compound in such a way that the position(s) but not 22 necessarily the number of each labelling nuclide is defined. 23 24 25 Note: A selectively labelled compound may be considered as a mixture of 26 specifically-labelled isotopic tracers. 27 28 Source: [82] p 1893. 29 30 202. self-absorption factor 31 source efficiency 32 33 34 Intensity of radiation emitted by a source divided by intensity of radiation 35 produced by radionuclides present in the source. 36 37 Source: [83]. Replaces: [3] p 2525. 38 39 40 203. self-absorption of radiation 41 42 Absorption of radiation by the emitting source. 43 44 Source: [3] p 2525. See also: [84] p 7. 45 46 204. self-shielding 47 48 49 Decrease of particle flux density in the inner part of an object due to interactions in 50 its outer layers. 51 52 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. 53 54 55 205. semiconductor detector 56 57 Kind of radiation detector using a semiconductor material, in which free electric 58 charge carriers are produced along the path of incident ionizing radiation, in 59 60 38

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1 combination with a high voltage and electrodes for collection of these charge 2 3 carriers. 4 5 Source: [3] p 2526. 6 7 206. sensitive volume of a radiation detector 8 9 That volume of a radiation detector where an incident radiant power produces a 10 11 measurable output. 12 13 Source: [33] p 1751. 14 15 207. solid phase antibody radioimmunoassay 16 17 18 MeasurementFor method Peer [VIM 2.5] Review of radioimmunoassay Only employing an antibody, 19 made into an isotopic tracer by labelling with a radionuclide, bound to a solid 20 phase. 21 22 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524. See also: [46] 4.1.12. 23 24 25 208. source efficiency 26 27 See: self-absorption factor. 28 29 209. specific activity of a radionuclide, AS(R) 30 specific activity 31 32 33 Activity of a specified radionuclide (R) per unit mass of that nuclide. 34 35 Note: If the term “specific activity” is used without qualification it should be 36 made clear whether it is of a material or of a radionuclide. See: specific 37 activity of a radionuclide in a material. 38 39 3 17 –1 –1 40 Example: Specific activity of tritium ( H) is 3.57 × 10 Bq kg (9.65 Ci mg ) 41 [85]. 42 43 Source: [86] p 206. Replaces: [3] p 2515. See also: [16]. 44 45 210. specific activity of a radionuclide in a material, AS(R,M) 46 specific activity 47 48 49 Activity of a specified radionuclide (R) in a material (M) divided by the mass of 50 that material. 51 52 Note 1: It is implicitly assumed that the various isotopes (stable and radioactive 53 ones) are present in the same chemical and physical form, and thus will 54 55 behave fully identically in radiochemical processing and a radionuclide 56 application, i.e. nuclidic exchange with other chemical forms is 57 prohibited or at least very slow compared to the duration of the 58 experiment. 59 60 39

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1 Note 2: The SI unit of specific activity is Bq kg–1, but specific activity is often 2 –1 –1 –1 3 expressed in unit s g or Ci mg . (Curie, symbol Ci, is a former unit 10 4 of activity equal to exactly 3.7 × 10 Bq.) 5 6 Note 3: Commercial preparations of isotopically-labelled molecules often quote 7 ‘specific activity’ in Ci mmol–1. The correct term is molar activity of a 8 radionuclide in a material. 9 10 11 Note 4: If the term “specific activity” is used without qualification it should be 12 made clear whether it is of a material or of a radionuclide. See: specific 13 activity of a radionuclide. 14 15 Example: Certificate of analysis of adenosine 5’-triphosphate solution 16 isotopically-labelled with [-33P] gives “Specific activity 370 MBq/g” 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Source: [86] p 206. Replaces: [3] p 2515. 20 21 211. specifically-labelled isotopic tracer 22 23 Isotopic tracer in which the isotopic label is present in a specified position in the 24 25 molecule. 26 27 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2526. See also: selectively-labelled isotopic tracer. 28 29 Note: The name of a specifically labelled compound is formed by inserting in 30 square brackets the nuclide symbol(s), preceded by any necessary 31 locant(s) (letters and/or numerals), before the name or preferably before 32 33 the name for that part of the compound that is isotopically modified. 34 Immediately after the brackets there is neither space nor hyphen, except 35 that when the name, or a part of the name, requires a preceding locant, a 36 hyphen is inserted. 37 38 36 36 2 2 Example: H[ Cl], hydrogen [ Cl]chloride. Ge[ H2]F2, difluoro[ H2]germane, 39 15 2 2 15 40 [ N]H2[ H], [ H1, N]ammonia. 41 42 Source: [82] p 1892. 43 44 212. stereospecifically-labelled isotopic tracer 45 46 47 Isotopic tracer in which the isotopic label is present in a stereo-specific position in 48 the molecule. 49 50 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2526. 51 52 213. substoichiometric isotope dilution analysis 53 54 55 Isotope dilution analysis in which a substoichiometric amount of a radionuclide of 56 the element to be measured is added to both a sample and to a calibrator and 57 subsequently, after mixing, the specific activities of that radionuclide are measured 58 in equal amounts of the sample and calibrator. 59 60 40

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1 Source: [41] p 122-124. 2 3 4 214. synchrotron radiation induced X ray fluorescence analysis 5 6 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray fluorescence analysis in which 7 synchrotron X- radiation is used to irradiate the substance. 8 9 Source: [87]. 10 11 12 215. Szilard-Chalmers effect 13 radiochemical recoil effect 14 recoil effect 15 16 Rupture of the chemical bond between an atom and the molecule of which the 17 18 atom is a part,For as a resultPeer of nuclear Review reaction of that Only atom. 19 20 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. See also: [88] p 240. 21 22 216. thermal neutron 23 24 25 Neutron in thermal equilibrium with the medium in which it exists. 26 27 Note: Thermal neutrons have an average energy of approximately 0.025 eV 28 and an average speed of 2200 m s–1. 29 30 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2522. 31 32 33 217. total reflection X- ray fluorescence analysis, (TXRF) 34 35 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray fluorescence analysis in which a 36 collimated X-ray flux impinges on a smooth surface under a grazing angle 37 rendering total reflection is used to excite atoms in the top layers of the material for 38 measurement of the amounts of elements. 39 40 41 Note: The method is highly sensitive because interfering X-rays of higher 42 energies are refracted or adsorbed. Mass fractions of 1012 (ng kg1) 43 may be measured. 44 45 Source: [89]. 46 47 48 218. two-site immunoradiometric assay 49 50 See: two-site radioimmunoassay. 51 52 219. two-site radioimmunoassay 53 two-site immunoradiometric assay 54 55 56 Radioimmunoassay in which two sets of antibodies, one of which is isotopically 57 labelled (See: isotopic label), combine with different immunoreactive sites of an 58 antigen molecule. 59 60 41

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1 Source: [90]. See also: See also: [46] 4.1.12. 2 3 4 220. uniformly-labelled isotopic tracer 5 6 Isotopic tracer in which the isotopic label is uniformly distributed over its possible 7 positions in a molecule. 8 9 Source: [3] p 2526. 10 11 12 221. wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis 13 14 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray fluorescence analysis in which the 15 wavelength spectrum of the emitted radiation is used to measure the amounts of 16 elements. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Note: A diffraction grating, or crystal is used to obtain the spectrum. 20 21 Source: [91]. 22 23 222. Westcott cross section 24 25 26 See: effective thermal cross section. 27 28 223. Wilzbach labelling 29 30 Isotopic labelling (See: isotopic label) of a substance by exposing it to tritium gas. 31 32 33 224. X-ray absorption analysis, (XAA) 34 X-ray absorption spectroscopy, (XAS) 35 36 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] of X-ray analysis in which the absorption 37 spectrum is used to measure the number of atoms, species and other parameters of 38 chemical elements. 39 40 41 Note 1: XAS measures changes in the linear absorption coefficient of an 42 element in a sample as a function of incident photon energy. 43 44 Note 2: XAS requires a highly monochromatic (with E/E ≈ 104 to 105), high 45 flux X-ray beam. 46 47 48 Source: [25, 26]. See also: X-ray absorption near edge structure, 49 50 225. X-ray absorption edge 51 absorption edge 52 53 54 Increase in X-ray absorption observed at the energy at which a strongly bound 55 electron is released. 56 57 Source: [92]. 58 59 60 42

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1 226. X-ray absorption near edge fine structure 2 3 4 See: X-ray absorption near edge structure. 5 6 227. X-ray absorption near edge structure, (XANES) 7 X-ray absorption near edge fine structure 8 9 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray absorption analysis in which the fine 10 11 structure of the adsorption spectrum in the range 30 below to 50 eV above the 12 adsorption edge is used to measure parameters describing the chemical state, 13 coordination environment, and local geometry distortion for the X-ray absorbing 14 atom. 15 16 Note 1: The method uses synchrotron radiation. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Note 2: The wavelength of the emitted photoelectrons is longer than the 20 interatomic distances between the absorbing atom and its nearest 21 neighbours. 22 23 Source: [25, 92]. See also: near edge X-ray absorption fine structure, extended X- 24 ray absorption fine structure. 25 26 27 228. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, (XAS) 28 29 See: X-ray absorption analysis. 30 31 229. X-ray analysis 32 33 34 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which characteristic X-radiation, produced 35 upon irradiation of a material with elementary particles or photons, is applied to 36 measure amounts of elements in a material. 37 38 Source: [62, 93]. 39 40 41 230. X-ray computed micro-tomography, (XCMT) 42 X-ray micro-tomography, (XMT) 43 44 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] based on the transmission of X-rays to obtain 45 three-dimensional images of a sample. 46 47 48 Note: Spatial resolution is in the range 100 nm to 10 m. 49 50 Source: [4]. 51 52 231. X-ray diffraction analysis 53 X-ray diffraction, (XRD) 54 55 56 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] using diffraction of X-radiation to obtain the 57 spatial arrangement of atoms in a crystalline sample. 58 59 60 43

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1 Note 1: Bragg reflection follows n = 2 d sin  where  is the X-ray 2 3 wavelength, d is the spacing between atomic planes and  is the angle of 4 diffraction. 5 6 Note 2: Copper K- radiation ( = 0.15406 nm, E = 8.04 keV) is typically used 7 for routine XRD. 8 9 10 232. X-ray diffraction, (XRD) 11 12 See: X-ray diffraction analysis. 13 14 233. X-ray fluorescence analysis 15 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy 16 17 18 MeasurementFor method Peer [VIM 2.5] Review of X-ray fluorescence Only used to measure amounts of 19 elements in a material. 20 21 Note: Micro-XRF (-XRF) analysis uses highly brilliant X-ray sources 22 23 (synchrotron source and spot size 100 nm to 2 m) and microfocussing 24 X-ray optics to give fg to ag detection limits [4]. 25 26 Source: [94]. 27 28 234. X-ray fluorescence microscopy, (XRM) 29 30 31 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray fluorescence to obtain quantitative and 32 spatial information of elements in a sample. 33 34 Note 1: X-ray beam energies of 5 to 25 keV excite core level vacancies and 35 promote hard X-ray emission for which the fluorescence yield is high. 36 37 38 Note 2: Spatial resolution is typically in the range from 200 nm to 10 μm, but 39 using specialised probes at synchrotron facilities the lower limit can be 40 reduced to tens of nm [95]. 41 42 Source: [4]. 43 44 45 235. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy 46 47 See: X-ray fluorescence analysis. 48 49 236. X-ray fluorescence, (XRF) 50 51 Emission of characteristic X-radiation by an atom after photoemission of inner- 52 53 shell electrons and refilling of the vacated energy level by outer-shell electrons. 54 55 Note: X-ray fluorescence is the measurement principle [VIM 2.4] of X-ray 56 fluorescence analysis and X-ray fluorescence microscopy. 57 58 Source: [96, 97]. 59 60 44

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1 237. X-ray micro-tomography, (XMT) 2 3 4 See: X-ray computed micro-tomography. 5 6 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 7 8 λ decay constant of a radionuclide 42 9 10  cross section (in radiation chemistry) 37 11  mean life of a radionuclide 107 12  resolving time of a radiation counter 188 13 14 A activity of a radioactive substance 12 15 A (R) molar activity of a radionuclide 110 16 m 17 Am(R,M) Formolar activity Peer of a radionuclide Review in a material Only 111 18 As saturation activity 194 19 AS(R) specific activity of a radionuclide 209 20 AS(R,M) specific activity of a radionuclide in a material 210 21 b barn 18 22 F fluence 69 23 24 H fluence 69 25 IX resonance integral 190 26 j particle (or photon) flux density 132 27 JE energy flux density 59 28 k decay constant of a radionuclide 42 29 t1/2 half life of a radionuclide 78 30 T half life of a radionuclide 78 31 1/2 32 td dead time of a radiation counter 40 33 34 AMS accelerator mass spectrometry 7 35 DNAA delayed-neutron activation analysis 48 36 DNA delayed-neutron analysis 48 37 DNC delayed-neutron counting 48 38 EDS energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy 63 39 40 EDX energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis 63 41 EDXA energy-dispersive X-ray analysis 63 42 EDXS energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy 63 43 EXAFS extended X-ray absorption fine structure 67 44 IBA ion beam analysis 87 45 IDA isotope dilution analysis 91 46 47 NAA neutron activation analysis 116 48 NCA no carrier added 123 49 NDP neutron depth profiling 118 50 NEXAFS near edge X-ray absorption fine structure 115 51 PAA positron annihilation analysis 137 52 PAC perturbed angular correlation spectrometry 135 53 PALS positron annihilation lifetime spectrometry 141 54 55 PASCA positron annihilation spectroscopy for chemical analysis 137 56 PET positron emission tomography 140 57 PIGE particle-induced gamma-ray-emission analysis 134 58 PIXE particle induced X-ray emission analysis 133 59 PGA prompt gamma-ray analysis 143 60 45

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1 PLS positron lifetime spectrometry 141 2 3 SPM scanning proton microscopy 195 4 TDPAC time-differential perturbed angular correlation spectrometry 135 5 TIPAC time-integrated perturbed angular correlation spectrometry 135 6 XAA X-ray absorption analysis 224 7 XANES X-ray absorption near edge structure 227 8 XCMT X-ray computed micro-tomography 230 9 XAS X-ray absorption spectroscopy 224 10 11 XMT X-ray micro-tomography 230 12 XRD X-ray diffraction 231 13 XRF X-ray fluorescence 236 14 XRM X-ray fluorescence microscopy 234 15 16 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 REFERENCES 20 21 1. J. Inczedy, T. Lengyel, A. M. Ure. IUPAC Compendium of Analytical 22 Nomenclature. Definitive Rules 1997. (Third Edition of the Orange Book). Port City 23 Press, Baltimore, USA (1998). 24 25 26 2. M. de Bruin. Pure App. Chem. 54, 1533 (1982). 27 28 3. R. van Grieken, M. de Bruin. Pure App. Chem. 66, 2513 (1994). 29 30 4. R. Terzano, M. A. Denecke, G. Falkenberg, B. Miller, D. Paterson, K. Janssens. 31 Pure App. Chem. 91, 1029 (2019). 32 33 34 5. D. B. Hibbert, ed. IUPAC Compendium of Terminology in Analytical Chemistry 35 (Fourth edition of the Orange Book). Royal Society of Chemistry, London (in 36 preparation). 37 38 6. Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology JCGM 200. International vocabulary 39 of metrology – Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM), 2012 BIPM, 40 41 Sèvres. 42 43 7. A. Vértes, S. Nagy, Z. Klencsár, R. G. Lovas, F. Rösch, eds. Handbook of 44 Nuclear Chemistry. Springer Science & Business Media (2011). 45 46 8. F. Girardi, G. Guzzi, J. Pauly. Analytical Chemistry 36, 1588 (1964). 47 48 49 9. K. K. Murray, R. K. Boyd, M. N. Eberlin, G. J. Langley, L. Li, Y. Naito. Pure 50 App. Chem. 85, 1515 (2013). 51 52 10. Y.-F. Liu, Z.-Y. Guo, X.-Q. Liu, T. Qu, J.-L. Xie. Pure App. Chem. 66, 305 53 (1994). 54 55 56 11. M. Bormann, H. Neuert, W. Scobel. IAEA Handbook on nuclear activation cross 57 sections, Technical Reports Series No. 156, International Atomic Energy Authority, 58 Vienna (1974). 59 60 46

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1 12. E. R. Cohen, T. Cvitaš, J. G. Frey, B. Holmström, K. Kuchitsu, R. Marquardt, I. 2 3 Mills, F. Pavese, M. Quack, J. Stohner, H. L. Strauss, M. Tamaki, A. Thor. Quantities, 4 Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (Green Book), 3rd Edition. The Royal Society 5 of Chemistry, Cambridge (2007). 6 7 13. L. Simpson-Herren. In Techniques in Cell Cycle Analysis, pp. 1-29. Humana 8 Press (1987). 9 10 11 14. C. Ottinger. In Selectivity in Chemical Reactions, NANO AST Series (J. C. 12 Whitehead, ed.), pp. 427-455. Springer Netherlands (1988). 13 14 15. A. Simonits, L. Moens, F. Corte, A. Wispelaere, A. Elek, J. Hoste. Journal of 15 Radioanalytical Chemistry 60, 461 (1980). 16 17 18 16. J. J. M. deFor Goeij, M.Peer L. Bonardi. Review Journal of Radioanalytical Only and Nuclear 19 Chemistry 263, 13 (2005). 20 21 17. Z. L. Wang. Reflection electron microscopy and spectroscopy for surface 22 analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996). 23 24 18. F. Mosqueda, F. Vaca, M. Villa, G. Manjón. In LSC 2005, Advances in Liquid 25 26 Scintillation Spectrometry (S. Chalupnik, F. Schoenhofer, J. Noakes, eds.), pp. 19-29. 27 Radiocarbon (2006). 28 29 19. B. Beckhoff, B. Kanngiesser, N. Langhoff, R. Wedell, H. Wolff, eds. Handbook 30 of Practical X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis. Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2006). 31 32 33 20. E. M. A. Hussein. Handbook on Radiation Probing, Gauging, Imaging and 34 Analysis: Volume II: Applications and Design. Springer Netherlands (2003). 35 36 21. H. Lindeman, E. Mornel. Physica 30, 969 (1964). 37 38 22. E. B. Podgorsak. Radiation Physics for Medical Physicists. Springer Berlin 39 Heidelberg (2010). 40 41 42 23. W. R. Leo. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments. Springer 43 Berlin (1994). 44 45 24. V. A. Solé, E. Papillon, M. Cotte, P. Walter, J. Susini. Spectrochimica Acta Part 46 B: Atomic Spectroscopy 62, 63 (2007). 47 48 49 25. A. Ide-Ektessabi. Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Micro Beams in Cell 50 Micro Biology and Medicine. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (2007). 51 52 26. J. A. Van Bokhoven, C. Lamberti. X-ray absorption and X-ray emission 53 spectroscopy: theory and applications. John Wiley & Sons (2016). 54 55 56 27. A. G. Schrodt, J. A. Gibbs, R. E. Cavanaugh. In Advances in Tracer Methodology 57 (S. Rothchild, ed.), pp. 155-162. Springer US, New York, NY (1965). 58 59 28. F. Larkins. Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics 4, L29 (1971). 60 47

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1 29. D. F. Spencer. Flux depression and fission-fragment escape in a gaseous core 2 3 reactor, Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA, United States 4 (1962). 5 6 30. J. H. Lynch, L. E. Peters. Predictive equations for thermal neutron flux 7 perturbation effects in cylinders, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland Ohio (1968). 8 9 31. T. Belgya, R. Z. In Handbook of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis with 10 11 Neutron Beams (G. L. Molnár, ed.), pp. 71-111. Springer, Boston, MA (2004). 12 13 32. E. Rutherford, H. Geiger. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: 14 Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 81, 141 (1908). 15 16 33. K. Laqua, B. Schrader, G. G. Hoffmann, D. S. Moore, T. Vo-Dinh. Pure App. 17 18 Chem. 67, 1745 For(1995). Peer Review Only 19 20 34. D. Bodansky. Nuclear Energy: Principles, Practices, and Prospects. Springer/ 21 AIP Press, New York (2004). 22 23 35. J. M. Stellman, ed. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 24 International Labor Office, Brookings Press, Washington DC (1998). 25 26 27 36. R. Wolfgang. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 16, 15 (1965). 28 29 37. V. P. Guinn, C. D. Wagner. Analytical Chemistry 32, 317 (1960). 30 31 38. M. P. Failey, D. L. Anderson, W. H. Zoller, G. E. Gordon, R. M. Lindstrom. 32 33 Analytical Chemistry 51, 2209 (1979). 34 35 39. L. H. Sperling. Introduction to Physical Polymer Science. John Wiley & Sons, 36 Inc., Hoboken, NJ (2005). 37 38 40. J. Tölgyessy, T. Braun, M. Kyrš. Isotope Dilution Analysis. Elsevier (2013). 39 40 41 41. W. D. Loveland, D. J. Morrissey, G. T. Seaborg. Modern Nuclear Chemistry. 42 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ (2006). 43 44 42. P. Müller. Pure App. Chem. 66, 1077 (1994). 45 46 43. M. Wolfsberg, W. A. Van Hook, P. Paneth. Isotope Effects in the Chemical, 47 48 Geological, and Bio Sciences. Springer Netherlands (2009). 49 50 44. K. J. Laidler. Pure App. Chem. 68, 149 (1996). 51 52 45. W. Ens, K. Standing, I. Chernushevich, eds. New Methods for the Study of 53 Biomolecular Complexes. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht (1998). 54 55 56 46. J. Labuda, P. Bowater Richard, M. Fojta, G. Gauglitz, Z. Glatz, I. Hapala, J. 57 Havliš, F. Kilar, A. Kilar, L. Malinovská, M. M. Sirén Heli, P. Skládal, F. Torta, M. 58 Valachovič, M. Wimmerová, Z. Zdráhal, B. Hibbert David. Pure App. Chem. 90, 1121 59 (2018). 60 48

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1 47. N. Tsoulfanidis, S. Landsberger. Measurement and Detection of Radiation. CRC 2 3 Press, Boca Raton (2015). 4 5 48. PerkinElmer Inc. Radiochemical Calculations. https://www.perkinelmer.com/lab- 6 products-and-services/application-support-knowledgebase/radiometric/radiochemical- 7 calculations.html, Waltham, MA, USA, accessed 22 August 2019. 8 9 49. J. Meija, B. Coplen Tyler, M. Berglund, A. Brand Willi, P. De Bièvre, M. 10 11 Gröning, E. Holden Norman, J. Irrgeher, D. Loss Robert, T. Walczyk, T. Prohaska. Pure 12 App. Chem. 88, 265 (2016). 13 14 50. J. R. DeVoe, J. J. Spijkerman. Analytical Chemistry 38, 382 (1966). 15 16 51. Y. Yoshida, G. Langouche. Mössbauer spectroscopy: Tutorial Book. Springer- 17 18 Verlag Berlin HeidelbergFor Peer(2013). Review Only 19 20 52. W. B. Lewis, G. D. Marshall. Distributions of neutron density and neutron flux. 21 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Idaho Operations Office, Idaho Falls, Idaho (1960). 22 23 53. D. Fink. Neutron depth profiling. Hahn-Meitner-Institut fur Kernforschung Berlin 24 (1996). 25 26 27 54. G. E. Bacon. Applications of neutron diffraction in chemistry. Pergamon Press, 28 Oxford, New York (1963). 29 30 55. J. Norvell, A. Nunes, B. Schoenborn. Science 190, 568 (1975). 31 32 33 56. N. J. Carron. An introduction to the passage of energetic particles through 34 matter. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2006). 35 36 57. J. Harvey, ed. Experimental neutron resonance spectroscopy. Academic Press, 37 University of Michigan (1970). 38 39 40 58. G. Kostorz. Neutron scattering. Academic Press, University of Michigan (1979). 41 42 59. B. Jacrot, S. Cusack, A. J. Dianoux, D. M. Engelman. Nature 300, 84 (1982). 43 44 60. Oxford University Press A Dictionary of Physics, 2009 OUP, Oxford. 45 46 61. B. Tuffy. Porphyrin Materials for Organic Light Emitting Diodes A Route to 47 48 Phosphorescent Emission. Lambert Academic Publishing (2011). 49 50 62. S. A. E. Johansson, T. B. Johansson. Nuclear Instruments and Methods 137, 473 51 (1976). 52 53 63. G. Gauglitz, T. Vo-Dinh, eds. Handbook of Spectroscopy. Wiley-VCH Verlag 54 55 (2006). 56 57 64. H. Frauenfelder, R. Steffen. In Alpha-, beta- and gamma-ray spectroscopy (K. 58 Siegbahn, ed.). North-Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam (1965). 59 60 49

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1 65. Y. C. Jean. Microchemical Journal 42, 72 (1990). 2 3 4 66. A. Granov, A. Stanzhevskiy, T. Schwarz. In Positron Emission Tomography (A. 5 Granov, A. Stanzhevskiy, T. Schwarz, eds.), pp. 2 - 24. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 6 Heidelberg (2013). 7 8 67. C. Corbel, P. Hautojärvi. In Positron Spectroscopy of Solids (A. Dupasquier, A. 9 P. Mills Jr., eds.), pp. 491-532. IOS Press, Clifton, VA (1995). 10 11 12 68. G. L. Molnár, ed. Handbook of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis with Neutron 13 Beams. Springer, Boston, MA (2004). 14 15 69. G. F. Knoll. Radiation Detection and Measurement. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 16 Hoboken, NJ (2010). 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 70. National Academies of Science. In National Research Council (U.S.). Conference 20 on Glossary of Terms in Nuclear Science and Technology (1957). 21 22 71. A. Mozumder, ed. Fundamentals of Radiation Chemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam 23 (1999). 24 25 26 72. J. Magill, J. Galy. Radioactivity radionuclides radiation. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 27 Heidelberg (2005). 28 29 73. P. Rey, H. Wakita, R. A. Schmitt. Analytica Chimica Acta 51, 163 (1970). 30 31 74. F. F. R. Knapp, A. Dash. Radiopharmaceuticals for Therapy. Springer India 32 33 (2016). 34 35 75. J.-I. Takahashi. In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology (M. Gargaud, W. M. Irvine, R. 36 Amils, H. J. Cleaves, D. L. Pinti, J. C. Quintanilla, D. Rouan, T. Spohn, S. Tirard, M. 37 Viso, eds.), pp. 2136-2137. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg (2015). 38 39 40 76. T. W. Rosanske, C. M. Riley. Development and validation of analytical methods. 41 Elsevier Science, Oxford (1996). 42 43 77. I. M. Kolthoff, P. J. Elving, E. B. Sandell, eds. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, 44 Part I. Theory and Practice Wiley‐Interscience, New York (1971). 45 46 78. T. Braun, J. Tolgyessy. Radiometric Titrations. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1967). 47 48 49 79. R. J. Lefkowitz, J. Roth, I. Pastan. Science 170, 633 (1970). 50 51 80. E. Gryntakis, D. E. Cullen, G. Mundy. In Handbook on Nuclear Activation Data. 52 International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1987). 53 54 55 81. A. V. Ignatyuk, Y. P. Popov, V. I. Plyaskin. In Low Energy Neutrons and their 56 Interaction with Nuclei and Matter. Part 1 (H. Schopper, ed.), pp. 8-1 - 8-31. Springer 57 Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg (2000). 58 59 82. W. C. Fernelius, T. D. Coyle, W. H. Powell. Pure App. Chem. 53, 1887 (1981). 60 50

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1 83. N. Tsoulfanidis, S. Landsberger. In Measurement and Detection of Radiation. 2 3 CRC Press, Boca Raton (2015). 4 5 84. G. A. Aycik. In New Techniques for the Detection of Nuclear and Radioactive 6 Agents (G. A. Aycik, ed.), pp. 1 - 13 (2009). 7 8 85. Environmental Health and Safety. Radioisotope Safety Data Sheets - Hydrogen - 9 3, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA (2018). 10 11 12 86. Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee. European 13 Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, United 14 Nations, pp 690, Geneva (2019). 15 16 87. B. M. Gordon. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research 204, 223 17 18 (1982). For Peer Review Only 19 20 88. M. L'Annunziata. Radioactivity: Introduction and history. Elsevier, Amsterdam 21 (2007). 22 23 89. P. Wobrauschek. X-Ray Spectrometry 36, 289 (2007). 24 25 26 90. D. Wild, ed. The Immunoassay Handbook: Theory and Applications of Ligand 27 Binding, ELISA and Related Techniques. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam (2013). 28 29 91. E. Marguí, M. Hidalgo, I. Queralt. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic 30 Spectroscopy 60, 1363 (2005). 31 32 33 92. F. Adams, C. Barbante. Chemical Imaging Analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2015). 34 35 93. J. Als-Nielsen, D. McMorrow. Elements of modern X-ray physics. John Wiley & 36 Sons (2011). 37 38 94. M. Franzini, L. Leoni, M. Saitta. X-Ray Spectrometry 1, 151 (1972). 39 40 41 95. S. Vogt, A. Lanzirotti. Synchrotron Radiation News 26, 32 (2013). 42 43 96. P. van Espen, H. Nullens, F. Adams. Nuclear Instruments and Methods 142, 243 44 (1977). 45 46 97. R. Cesareo. In Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (2010). 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 51

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1 2 Vocabulary of radioanalytical methods (IUPAC 3 4 Recommendations 20xx) 5 6 Zhifang Chai, Amares Chatt, Peter Bode, Jan Kucera, Robert Greenberg, D. Brynn 7 Hibbert 8 9 10 Responses to reviewers’ comments. Note there is a track changes document following 11 these specific points.. 12 13 14 15 Comment Response Changes to MS 16 17 Reviewer 6 Apologies but these files 18 For Peer Reviewwere included inOnly the 19 resubmission. We may 20 have uploaded them in the 21 I didn't receive a version of the MS wrong place. 22 with tracked changes or a point-by- 23 point response to the reviewers' 24 25 comments. These documents may have 26 been submitted, but didn't make it 27 through the manuscript handling 28 system. Therefore, I've just looked for 29 changes relating to my previous 30 comments/suggestions. The changes 31 32 made are all completely adequate and 33 alleviate my previous concerns. 34 The new note 1 for term 207 ("It is Accepted Note 1 of 207 moved to 35 implicitly assumed that the various become Note 1 of 208. 36 isotopes (stable and radioactive ones) 37 are present in the same chemical and Other notes re- 38 physical form, and thus will behave numbered. 39 Also the Example in 208 40 fully identically in radiochemical moved to 207 and a new 41 processing and a radionuclide example added. (See 42 application, i.e. nuclidic exchange with response to last reviewer 43 other chemical forms is prohibited or at below) (these are now 209 and 44 least very slow compared to the 210 because of addition 45 duration of the experiment.") should be of new entries 201 and 46 47 moved to term 208 (specific activity of 206) 48 a radionuclide in a material) because 49 term 207 only refers to a single 50 radionuclide. The explanation about 51 "various isotopes" does not make sense 52 in the context of term 207. 53 Reviewer 8 54 55 56 The revised definition of counting Accepted. The second 32. counting 57 efficiency is not grammatically correct. sentence is adopted as efficiency 58 suggested as a Note. 59 60 1

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1 Comment Response Changes to MS 2 3 Number of particles or photons intrinsic counting 4 counted divided by the number that has efficiency 5 struck the envelope. This ratio limits 6 the sensitive volume of a radiation Number of particles or 7 detector. photons counted divided 8 by the number that has 9 10 struck the envelope. 11 12 Note: This ratio limits 13 the sensitive volume of a 14 radiation detector. 15 'sensitive volume' should be defined done – we take the 205. sensitive volume 16 definition in the present of a radiation detector 17 18 For Peer ReviewGold Book from Only PAC, 19 1995, 67, 1745. That volume of a 20 (Nomenclature, symbols, radiation detector where 21 units and their usage in an incident radiant 22 spectrochemical analysis- power produces a 23 XI. Detection of radiation measurable output. 24 25 (IUPAC Recommendations 26 1995)) on page 1751 Source: [33] p 1751. 27 Reviewer: RadioanalR2rev.pdf 28 29 Neither of the two cover letters 30 accompanying the two revisions of the 31 document present any discussion of See answer to Reviewer 6. 32 the reviews submitted. This seems highly 33 We can only apologise that unusual. The latest cover letter states that the uploaded files did not 34 adjustments have been 35 get through to the reviewer. made in accord with the reviewers' 36 Our response document 37 comments. However, quite a few problems remain, as will be seen below, was 11 pages, and we 38 certainly answered each 39 and now we do not know whether this is 40 because the authors (or the editor) after all point raised by each 41 did not agree in every suggestion made. reviewer. 42 43 44 An overall purpose of recommending No. At present the Gold 45 vocabularies like this one is to amend Book picks up PAC 46 definitions in the Gold Book Recommendations 47 where needed and supply new ones as 48 (although with almost no needed. I would expect to be able to see activity since 2007). The 49 whether any given entry in 50 definitive version is PAC the document is new, is copied from the 51 (or some colour books, e.g. 52 Gold Book without change or is changed (in which case the change Green Book). So the 53 ultimate authority is still a 54 should, in general be motivated). The Gold 55 Book, in principle, picks up definitions PAC Recommendation, and 56 from the Orange Book, so this is what is cited even 57 reference to what is in the latest Orange though it might also appear 58 Book would be as good. But the entire in the Gold Book. 59 vocabulary here has no 60 2

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1 Comment Response Changes to MS 2 3 references to the 1997 Orange Book [1] or The 1997 Orange Book is 4 the Gold Book in any of its entries. being completely re-written 5 and the way agreed with 6 ICTNS (Ron Weir) was to 7 submit each chapter as a 8 PAC Rec before compiling 9 10 into the OB. In the 12 years 11 (!) since the start of the OB 12 project this approach has 13 been modified to one in 14 which terms that are 15 appropriately defined by 16 Division V of IUPAC are 17 18 For Peer Reviewsubmitted to PAC Only in 19 Recommendations. These 20 will appear without change 21 in the OB. As the OB is a 22 general work of reference 23 other material may be 24 included along with terms 25 26 taken from different 27 sources (ISO, VIM etc). It 28 is intended that the final 29 manuscript of the OB will 30 be reviewed by ICTNS. 31 Some entries just disappeared since the Once again we provided a 32 last version (e.g., average life of a commentary against the 33 radionuclide, competitive binding 34 reviewers suggestions. assay, radioimmunoassay, stable isotope 35 enrichment). I would expect to see an 36 Could the reviewer be explanation for that, if not in 37 given the Response 38 the document, then at least to the reviewers. submitted with the last 39 revision? (We are loath to 40 41 add here for fear of 42 confusing the situation 43 more). 44 The definition of 'isotopes' (now Def. 94) The definition of Isotopes 7 AMS 45 was reworded to emphasise how one was not changed from R1 46 should go about using the singular and to R2 (but from the original isotope abundances -> 47 plural of the word. manuscript to R1). nuclide abundances 48 In the following definitions, the singular 49 'isotope' and/or the plural 'isotopes' is used We have reviewed the 50 at variance with the 9 AA 51 prescription in Def. 94, note 2 (list not occurrences of ‘isotope’ 52 pretending to be exhaustive): and ‘isotopes’ and have by stable isotopes -> by 53 made changes as indicated. stable nuclides 54 7. accelerator mass spectrometry 55 9. activation analysis 56 100. isotopic label 140 PET 57 140. position emission tomography, Note 1 Note 1:A commonly 58 163. radiochemical purity used nuclide is fluorine- 59 60 3

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1 Comment Response Changes to MS 2 3 18. 4 5 100 isotopic label 6 7 Radioactive or stable 8 isotope of a specified 9 10 element distinguishable 11 by the observer but not 12 by the system used to 13 identify an isotopic 14 tracer. 15 16 163 radiochemical purity 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 See response below 20 12. activity of radioactive material This comment shows nicely 21 From the point of view of strict the problems faced by 22 terminology, this definition is in bad writers of 152 radioactive 23 shape. Recommendations. 24 The definition involves 'a radioactive Note 2:‘Radioactive’ is 25 material', 'a radioactive entity' and 'the The entry is taken from the 26 number of decaying entities B'. This also used to describe a 27 makes it completely unclear what situation PAC Rec PAC, 1994, 66, material that includes a 28 the definition relates to. The term 2513. (Nomenclature for radionuclide. 29 'radioactive' is italicised, and if one looks radioanalytical chemistry 30 up the definition (Def. 152), it is the (IUPAC Recommendations 31 defining characteristic af a radionuclide, 1994)) on page 2515, and 32 33 not a material or an entity. Thus, for Def. the Green Book (p 24) and 12. activity of a 34 12 to work as it stands, the definition of is abstracted in the Gold radioactive material, A 35 'radioactive' will have to be extended to Book. The term is “activity 36 include material. On the other hand, the of a radioactive material” activity 37 subscript 'B' maybe indicates that there and we see in the Green was a desire to single out a particular kind 38 Book on p24 absolute activity 39 of radionuclides. This will also have to be 40 made clear, since a material could include 41 several kinds of radionuclides. activity (of a radioactive decay rate 42 Later definitions of molar and specific substance) 43 activities of specified radionuclides cover and deprecated: 44 intensive properties, so here disintegration rate 45 it was probably desired to express a (18) NB is the number of 46 extensive quantity, in which case the decaying entities B. Number of nuclear 47 definition should speak about an amount of 48 decays occurring in a material. So we have ‘material’, given quantity of 49 In any case the definition is basically 50 ‘substance’ and ‘entities’. 'number of decays per unit of time'. The material in a small time 51 number of entities present does not matter interval, divided by that 52 We accept that time interval. 53 for that definition and it does not make ‘radioactive’ would be sense to designate NB as the number of 54 improved with a note 55 decaying entities – most of them are not Source: [3] p 2515 decaying at time t. In the integrated form saying the term is used to 56 describe a material that 57 with exponential function there will Note 1:For a specified 58 of course be an initial population at t = 0. includes a radionuclide. substance B, A = - 59 Finally, 'disintegration rate' is deprecated 60 4

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1 Comment Response Changes to MS 2 3 here, but it is nevertheless used later (e.g., Having said all of the dNB/dt where NB is the 4 in Def. 42). above, we accept the point number of decaying 5 See also comments for Def. 42. with thanks and revert to entities B. (Source: [12] 6 the 1994 PAC Rec p 24). 7 definition, with a note to 8 bring in the Green Book Note 2:The SI unit of 9 10 equation. activity is the becquerel 11 (Bq) which is equal to 12 The awkwardness of the one decay per second (s- 13 Green Book ‘decaying 1). Curie (Ci) is a former 14 entities’ remains. unit of activity equal to 15 exactly 3.7 × 1010 Bq. 16 We remove ‘deprecate’ 17 18 For Peer Reviewagainst disintegration, Only but Note 3:The synonym 19 suggest it is no longer ‘disintegration rate’ is no 20 recommended. longer recommended. 21 22 23 42. decay constant of a radionuclide Yes – this is for a decay constant of a 24 The comments for this definition are to be radionuclide not a material. radionuclide, λ, k 25 seen together with the comments for Def. 26 12. 27 We insert ‘specified’ before decay rate constant of a Def. 42 presupposes a definition of the 28 ‘radionuclide’ and expect radionuclide activity of a radionuclide. Presumably, 29 the reader to understand 30 here, the subscript B is intended to specify a particular this is the Green Book Proportionality constant 31 definition. between the activity (A) 32 radionuclide. 33 The definition of actitivity of a of a specified 34 radionuclide must relate to a population of We hope that in the next radionuclide and the 35 that particular radionuclide to make sense. edition of the Green Book number of decaying 36 Here, 'disintegration rate' does not seem to the advice that entities (NB). A = λ NB. 37 be deprecated (as opposed to Def. 12) ?? “Synonyms 38 ‘disintegration constant Note 1:The decay 39 40 of a radionuclide’ and constant is related to the 41 ‘disintegration rate half life of a radionuclide 42 constant of a (t½) by t1/2 = (ln 2)/λ 43 radionuclide’ are not ≈0.693/λ. 44 recommended” might 45 be heeded. Note 2:Synonyms 46 ‘disintegration constant 47 48 of a radionuclide’ and 49 ‘disintegration rate 50 constant of a 51 radionuclide’ are not 52 recommended. 53 54 55 Source: [12] p 24. See 56 also: mean life of a 57 radionuclide. 58 78. half life of a radionuclide Noted. 59 The definition has the two incongruent 60 5

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1 Comment Response Changes to MS 2 3 constructions 'half life of a radionuclide' However given that the 4 and ' number of decaying Green Book espouses 5 entities', one referring to a single atomic ‘decaying entities’ meaning 6 entity, the other one to an ensemble. ‘entities capable of decay’ 7 I maintain that the number NB is not the we keep these words number of decaying entities, and it is not 8 without too much concern 9 necessary to use that 10 construction. One could, for example, that the reader will be 11 write: 'the half life of a radionuclide is the misled. 12 time for a number of that 13 radionuclide to be reduced to one half 14 through its radioactive decay'. 15 The definition refers to 'average life' in 16 italics, but that is not an entry any longer. 17 See also commentFor for Def. Peer Review Only 18 107. 19 91. isotope dilution analysis 20 There was lengthy debate no change I wonder why the notes 1 and 2 present in 21 about ‘specific activity’ and 22 the former version are not there any more. we realised Notes 2 and 3 23 And does the term now were no longer correct. 24 not replace the earlier defintion? 25 26 27 28 Yes – it does replace [3] p 29 2521 (see reference line) 30 93. isotopic exchange This is the wording of the no change 31 The definition is not worded properly. It existing Recommendation 32 should not involve both 'places' and (other than to make the 33 'positions'. It must be main term ‘isotopic 34 something like 'Exchange of isotopes of exchange’ which is more 35 atoms between different chemical or exact grammar). 36 physical states or positions (or 37 perhaps better, '...isotopes of a particular 38 kind of atom...'). The point about ‘isotopes’ 39 is that they must be of a 40 given element. We cannot 41 see sufficient reason to 42 43 change. 44 100. isotopic label Again there was much The example is 45 Definition uses 'isotope' where I believe it discussion after comments amplified: 46 should be 'nuclide' due to the strict on the previous revision. 47 definition of the use of isotope. ‘Isotope’ is used throughout Example: 48 But that strictnesss does get one into even when, as the reviewer Deuterium 49 trouble with a term like this, where nobody points out, ‘nuclide’ is (‘isotopic label’) that is 50 speaks about 'nuclidic label'. 51 The part 'used to identify an isotopic more exact. substituted for protium 52 tracer' does not make sense to me. Maybe in a the illegal drug 53 elaboration of the deuterium However again the molecule 54 example would help (what is the label, the definition is from the methylamphetamine, for 55 system, and the tracer). Recommendation, use in analysis by mass 56 particularly “used to spectrometry. 57 58 identify a tracer” Methylamphetamine 59 incorporating deuterium 60 6

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1 Comment Response Changes to MS 2 3 is the ‘isotopic tracer’. 4 5 6 7 This note is also added 8 to ‘isotopic tracer’. 9 107. mean life of a radionuclide 10 Thank you. 107 mean life of a 11 The note suddenly uses 'average life' radionuclide,  12 which is not defined. I assume it should average life added as 13 have been mentioned together alternative term and average life of a 14 with lifetime as an alternative to mean life. average changed to mean in radionuclide 15 Note. 16 17 lifetime of a radionuclide 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Reciprocal of the decay 20 constant of a 21 radionuclide (λ).  = 22 1/λ. 23 24 25 Note: The average 26 mean life is greater than 27 the half life of a 28 radionuclide by the 29 factor 1/ln 2 (≈1.44); the 30 difference arises because 31 32 of the weight given in 33 the averaging process to 34 the fraction of atoms that 35 by chance survives for a 36 long time. 37 38 Source: Adapted from 39 40 [12] p 24. 41 110. molar activity of a radionuclide Thank you – you are 110. molar activity of 42 Why does the definition include 'in a completely correct. a radionuclide, Am(R) 43 material' ? The distinction from Def. 111 44 would seem to me to dictate ‘in a material’ deleted molar activity 45 that 'material' not be involved here. 46 47 Activity of a specified 48 radionuclide (R) per unit 49 amount of substance of 50 the specified 51 radionuclide. 52 126. nuclear capture ‘Elementary particle’ is not 126. nuclear capture 53 The term 'elementary particle' is not defined here, but already 54 defined within this document. The exists in the Gold Book capture 55 wording 'elementary or charged 56 (from a 1982 Rec). particle' is unclear. Certainly some 57 Process in which an particles normally considered to be 58 However ‘elementary or atomic nucleus acquires 59 elementary particles are charged. On 60 7

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1 Comment Response Changes to MS 2 3 the other hand, alpha particles are not charged’ is not in the an additional particle. 4 elementary. Are they, or even charged Recommendation which 5 molecules, included? uses ‘additional’. We Note 1:The captured 6 The term 'gamma ray' was also used in the wanted to be more specific, particle may be an 7 previous version. It does not seem but this doesn’t work. We elementary particle (See: appropriate in a context where 8 revert to the original but [2] p 1547) and may be 9 a reaction on the atomic scale is described. 10 It shoudl be, e.g., a 'gamma quantum'. A add a note. charged or neutral. 11 ray is understood to be a 12 beam, i.e., a stream of particles or quanta. … 13 163. radiochemical purity Thank you. We have 163. radiochemical 14 The definition first uses 'isotope' in the reverted to the original purity 15 singular. See general comment on that PAC Rec definition, but 16 above. 17 using your suggestion of For a material, the Should it not haveFor been 'Amount Peer of a Review‘radionuclide’ Onlyand fraction of the stated 18 particular radionuclide...' ? 19 clarifying ‘fraction’ by radionuclide present in It then speaks about 'the total amount of 20 isotopes'. It is not clear at all what that adding ‘amount’ the stated chemical form. 21 means: isotopes of what? 22 Source: [3] p 2523. 23 Any relation of the term defined here to 24 other terms used in practice in connection 25 with labelled compounds, In reading more on this Note 1:The unit of 26 e.g., degree of substitution, should be entry we note the large radiochemical purity is 27 explained. Some examples would be in medical literature that mol/mol = 1. 28 place here. defines this in terms of 29 activity fraction. Note 2:The medical 30 31 literature often defines 32 radiochemical purity as 33 the fraction of the 34 radioactivity of a 35 material in a stated 36 chemical form. (See: 37 [74] p347.) 38 39 179. radionuclide purity The definition is from the 40 I note that the introduction of daughter PAC REC and had included 41 products is new to this revision. A ‘daughter products’ before. 42 comment on that should be made. 43 The 99mTc example should be elaborated. We add to the example What is the material there, the daughter 44 “99Tc is generated as a 45 products if any (if there are 46 none, provide an additional example where daughter product from 99 47 there are some), and what do the other Mo, directly or via 48 nuclides mentioned mean 99mTc.” 49 in terms of the total activity. 50 51 190. resonance integral See definition where X in where X is the nature of 52 The designations 'n' and 'fis' explained in the equation is replaced by the radiation (X  ‘ n’ 53 the parenthesis are not present in the 54 ‘n’ or ‘fis’. We clarify. denotes neutron, X  ‘ equation. 55 fis’ denotes neutron As for the note, a matter of language: an 56 cAlso the word ‘range’ was integral cannot coincide with a definition induced fission), 57 missing from the Note. of an energy range! 58 Note: In radioanalytical 59 60 8

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1 Comment Response Changes to MS 2 3 chemistry, the resonance 4 integral range coincides 5 with the definition of the 6 epithermal neutron 7 energy range. 8 193. saturation (in radiation chemistry) Accepted. We use the 193. saturation (in 9 The definition now omitted the wording original wording ‘Of an radiation chemistry) 10 about the irradiation. This makes it unclear 11 irradiated element’ and what situations the definition is intended to 12 write ‘nuclide’ instead of Of an irradiated element cover. In cases with irradiation of a 13 ‘radionuclide’ (or ‘isotope’ for a specified nuclide, particular element, the nuclide being 14 in the original) the steady state reached 15 irradiated is not necessarily a radionuclide? when the decay rate of 16 the nuclide formed is 17 18 For Peer Review Only equal to its production 19 rate. 20 194. saturation activity If the cross references are particle flux density is 21 What cross-section of what? the density of followed we believe the now cross referenced 22 which particles ? This must be explained definition is sufficient. 23 for the definition to make sense. 24 25 26 201. self-absorption factor True, but both the Gold no change 27 With the definition given, a factor of 1 Book (PAC Rec) and the 28 corresponds to no self-absorption and a new reference define it 29 factor of 0 corresponds to 100 thus. See 30 % self-absorption. The factor defined http://goldbook.iupac.org/te 31 corresponds better to the term 'source rms/view/S05581 32 efficiency' which runs oppositely 33 to self-absorption. 34 207. specific activity of a radionuclide This note is out of place 35 Note 1 seems completely out of place here. and has been moved. (See 36 The definition has nothing to do with response to reviewer 6). 37 'radiochemical processing' 38 or any experiment. Maybe copied from 39 somewhere else? 40 41 208. specific activity of a radionuclide in molar activity is correct. Example: 42 a material See Green Book 1.4 USE Certificate of 43 Note 2: do we really want to call activity OF THEWORDS analysis of adenosine 5’- 44 specified in Ci mmol1 'molar activity? “EXTENSIVE”, triphosphate solution 45 Perhaps millimolar activity? “INTENSIVE”, isotopically-labelled It would be good to have a relevant 46 “SPECIFIC”, AND with [-33P] gives 47 example. The example given would seem 48 to rather relate to definition “MOLAR”. “Specific activity 370 49 207. MBq/g” 50 Thank you. Example 51 moved to 207, and new 52 example provided. 53 54 55 56 209. specifically-labelled isotopic tracer done. a molecule -> the 57 Change 'a molecule' to 'the molecule'. A molecule 58 particular molecule is implicitly Yes – thank you, 59 understood. selectively-labelled now See new entry 201 60 9

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1 Comment Response Changes to MS 2 3 Should there also be a definition of defined. selectively-labelled 4 'selectively-labelled'? isotopic tracer 5 We also add a useful note 6 on Nomenclature from ref 7 [86] 8 Also see new Note and 9 10 example to specifically- 11 labelled isotopic tracer 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 10

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1 2 Vocabulary of radioanalytical methods (IUPAC 3 4 Recommendations 201x) 5 6 Zhifang Chai1, Amares Chatt2, Peter Bode3, Jan Kucera4, Robert Greenberg5, D. Brynn 7 Hibbert6‡ 8 9 10 11 12 1Lab. Nuclear Analytical Techniques Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy 13 of Sciences, P.O.Box 918, Beijing 100049, 14 15 2Trace Analysis Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 16 Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J3 Canada 17 18 For Peer Review Only 3 19 Delft University of Technology, Reactor Institute Delft, Mekelweg 15, NL-2629 JB 20 Delft, The Netherlands 21 22 4Nuclear Physics Institute CZ-25068, Rez near Prague, Czech Republic 23 24 5 25 National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, 8395 Building 235, 26 Rm B176, Gaithersburg, 27 28 6 School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia 29 30 ‡ Corresponding author: School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. 31 [email protected] 32 33 34 Abstract: 35 36 These recommendations are a vocabulary of basic radioanalytical terms which are 37 relevant to radioanalysis, nuclear analysis and related techniques. Radioanalytical 38 methods consider all nuclear-related techniques for the characterization of materials 39 40 where ‘characterization’ refers to compositional (in terms of the identity and quantity of 41 specified elements, nuclides, and their chemical species) and structural (in terms of 42 location, dislocation, etc. of specified elements, nuclides, and their species) analyses, 43 involving nuclear processes (nuclear reactions, nuclear radiations, etc.), nuclear 44 techniques (reactors, accelerators, radiation detectors, etc), and nuclear effects (hyperfine 45 interactions, etc.). In the present compilation, basic radioanalytical terms are included 46 which are relevant to radioanalysis, nuclear analysis and related techniques. 47 48 49 Keywords: radioanalytical chemistry; terminology; nuclides; nuclear processes; nuclear 50 effects. 51 52 53 54 55 This work was started under the project 2010-030-1-500: Radioanalytical Chemistry – 56 Revision of the Orange Book Chapter 8 with membership of Zhifang Chai (task group 57 chair), Peter Bode, Amares Chatt, Robert Greenberg, D. Brynn Hibbert and Jan 58 Kucera. ( 59 https://iupac.org/projects/project-details/?project_nr=2010-030-1-500). 60 11

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1 INTRODUCTION 2 3 4 These Recommendations contain terms found in the corresponding chapter of the IUPAC 5 Orange Book, third edition of the Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (definitive 6 rules 1997) [1], which was based on the Glossary of Terms used in Nuclear Analytical 7 Chemistry published in 1982 [2] and the Nomenclature for Radioanalytical Chemistry, 8 published in 1994 [3]. In addition to terms of analytical interest, terms are included from 9 nuclear technology, nuclear physics and radioactivity measurements. The IUPAC 10 11 Technical Report on the use of X-ray based techniques for analysis of trace elements in 12 environmental samples provided a useful overview [4] of techniques using high-energy 13 photons. This Recommendation will furnish terms on radioanalytical chemistry for the 14 new chapter 8 in the next edition of the Orange Book [5]. 15 16 The available terms in the field of radioanalytical methods were first compiled twenty to 17 18 thirty years ago. ForWith the Peerdevelopment Review of modern science Only and technology, some of the 19 terms are outdated. In the meantime, more and more new terms in the field of 20 radioanalytical methods have appeared or are emerging. Particularly, sophisticated 21 nuclear facilities and detectors, like advanced nuclear reactors, dedicated particle 22 accelerators, and various new types of radiation detectors with excellent performances 23 are changing the outlook of radioanalytical methods. For example, many advanced nuclear 24 analytical laboratories in the world have access to synchrotron radiation devices and spallation 25 neutron sources. Related new nuclear analytical methods have been established or are 26 27 being developed for scientific and applied purposes. Various new radioanalytical 28 methods, like neutron scattering, accelerator mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption and 29 fluorescence methods based on synchrotron radiation have become more and more 30 popular analytical tools. 31 32 Following the International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM) [6] and present IUPAC 33 34 format, the concept entries of these Recommendations provide term, definition and 35 explanations by examples and notes. Additionally, the main document the information is 36 taken from (not necessarily verbatim) is stated as "Source" using the respective reference 37 number (e.g. [1] for the third edition of the Orange Book). Changes to wording are 38 referenced as “Source: Adapted from …”, and for Recommendations this change will 39 replace the existing entry. Where a completely rewritten entry is to replace an existing 40 Recommendation this is noted as “Replaces:”. 41 42 43 Within a given entry, terms referring to other concepts termed and defined in these 44 Recommendations appear in italics on first use. The same holds for VIM terms, however 45 these are marked with the VIM entry number, e.g. measurement principle [VIM 2.4], 46 because the definition is not reproduced here. 47 48 49 TERMS IN RADIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 50 51 1. absolute activation analysis 52 53 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of activation analysis in which the amounts of 54 elements in a material are measured using a measurement model with known 55 nuclear constants, irradiation and radiation measurement parameters without the 56 57 use of a calibrator with known property values. 58 59 Reference: [7] p1575. See also: [8]. Replaces: [3] p 2515. 60 12

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1 2. absolute activity 2 3 4 See: activity of a radioactive substance. 5 6 3. absolute counting 7 8 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] in which the observed counting rate under well- 9 defined conditions is used to measure the activity of a radionuclide without the use 10 11 of a calibrator with known property values. 12 13 Replaces: [3] p 2517. 14 15 4. absolute counting efficiency 16 17 18 Number ofFor particles Peer or photons countedReview by a radiation Only detector divided by the 19 number emitted by a radiation source. 20 21 Source: Adapted from [3] ‘counting efficiency’. See: counting efficiency. 22 23 5. absorption cross section 24 25 26 See: capture cross section. 27 28 6. absorption edge 29 30 See: X-ray absorption edge. 31 32 33 7. accelerator mass spectrometry, (AMS) 34 35 Mass spectrometry technique in which atoms and molecules from a sample are 36 ionized, accelerated to mega-electron volt (1 MeV = 1.602 176 634 ×10–13 J) 37 energies and separated according to their momentum, charge, and energy, allowing 38 high discrimination for measurement of isotope nuclide abundances. 39 40 41 Note: AMS is typically used for (but not limited to) measurement of 42 radionuclides with long half-lives such as 10Be, 14C, 26Al, 36Cl, 53Mn, 129I. 43 44 Source: [9]. See also: [10]. 45 46 47 8. activation (in radiation chemistry) 48 49 Induction of radioactivity by irradiation. 50 51 Note: In general, a specification is added of the type of incident radiation (e.g. 52 nuclei, neutron, photon, charged particles) and/or the energy of this 53 radiation (e.g. cold neutron, thermal neutron, epithermal neutron, fast 54 55 neutron. See: neutron energy). 56 57 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2515. See also: [7] p1555, instrumental activation 58 analysis. 59 60 13

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1 9. activation analysis 2 3 4 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] for measuring elemental or isotopic contents in a 5 specified amount of a material, in which the activity of radionuclides formed 6 directly or indirectly by nuclear reactions of elementary particles, or absorption of 7 electromagnetic radiation by stable isotopesnuclides, is measured. 8 9 Note: A specification is added of the type of the incident particle/radiation 10 11 (e.g. neutron activation analysis, photon activation analysis, charged 12 particle activation analysis) and its energy (e.g. cold neutron activation 13 analysis, (epi)thermal neutron activation analysis, fast neutron 14 activation analysis. (See: neutron energy)). 15 16 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2515. See also: [7] p1555. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 10. activation cross section 20 21 Microscopic cross section for a nuclear reaction resulting in the formation of a 22 radionuclide under specified conditions. 23 24 Source: [11]. Replaces: [3] p 2517. 25 26 27 11. activity growth curve 28 29 Graph of activity of a radioactive nuclide as a function of time and showing the 30 increase of activity through the decay of the precursor or as a result of activation. 31 32 33 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2515. 34 35 12. activity of a radioactive material, A 36 activity 37 absolute activity 38 decay rate 39 deprecated: disintegration rate 40 41 42 Number of nuclear decays occurring in a given quantity of material in a small time 43 interval, divided by that time interval.Rate at which a radioactive entity decays. A 44 = dNB/dt where NB is the number of decaying entities B. 45 46 47 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2515 and [12] p 24. 48 49 Note 1: For a specified substance B, A = dNB/dt where NB is the number of 50 decaying entities B. (Source: [12] p 24). 51 52 Note 2: The SI unit of activity is the becquerel (Bq) which is equal to one 53 -1 54 decay per second (s ). Curie (Ci) is a former unit of activity equal to 10 55 exactly 3.7 × 10 Bq. 56 57 Note 3: The synonym ‘disintegration rate’ is no longer recommended. 58 59 60 14

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1 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2515 and [12] p 24. 2 3 4 13. analytical radiochemistry 5 6 See: radioanalytical chemistry. 7 8 14. autoradiograph 9 10 11 Radiograph of an object containing a radioactive substance, produced by placing 12 the object adjacent to a photographic plate or film or a fluorescent screen. 13 14 Source: [13]. 15 16 15. autoradiolysis 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Radiolysis of a radioactive material resulting directly or indirectly from its 20 radioactive decay. 21 22 Source: [3] p 2516. 23 24 25 16. background radiation 26 27 Radiation from any radioactive source other than the one it is desired to measure. 28 29 Source: [3] p 2516. 30 31 17. backscattering analysis 32 33 34 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which the backscattering of nuclear radiation 35 impinging on a sample is applied for measurement of the structure and composition 36 of materials. 37 38 18. barn, b 39 40 –28 2 41 Non-SI unit of area used in expressing nuclear cross section. 1 b = 1 × 10 m = 42 100 fm2. 43 44 Note: One barn is approximately the area of a nucleus of radius 5.6 × 10–15 m. 45 46 47 19. branching ratio 48 decay fraction 49 decay probability 50 51 Number of nuclei of a given radionuclide divided by the total number of nuclei of 52 that radionuclide that, in nuclear decay by two or more different transitions, decays 53 by a specified transition. 54 55 56 Source: [14]. 57 58 59 60 15

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1 20. calibration, k method 2 0 3 4 Calibration [VIM 2.39] method of neutron activation analysis in which the k0 5 proportionality factors together with a value of the neutron flux (as a function of 6 the neutron energy) and with a value of the radiation detector’s response for 7 gamma radiation as a function of the gamma-ray energy are used for establishing a 8 relation between the number of counts measured and the corresponding amounts of 9 10 elements in a material. 11 12 Note: The k0 proportionality factor is a ratio of experimentally measured 13 nuclear parameters of the (radio)nuclides and those parameters of the 14 respective (radio)isotopes of a calibrator (often based on Au). 15 16 Source: [15]. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 21. calibrator (in activation analysis) 20 obsolete: comparator 21 22 Measured amount of an element with stated measurement uncertainty [VIM 2.26] 23 that is simultaneously irradiated with the sample during activation analysis. 24 25 26 Note 1: The term ‘calibrator’ is preferred over ‘comparator’. 27 28 Note 2: If one calibrator is used (single calibrator method, which is preferred 29 over “single comparator method”), it is essentially identical to a flux 30 monitor (except that this term is not necessarily linked to activation 31 analysis). 32 33 34 22. capture 35 36 See: nuclear capture. 37 38 23. capture cross section 39 40 absorption cross section 41 42 Cross section for nuclear capture. 43 44 Note: Absorption cross section is not recommended because it implies 45 absorption of electromagnetic radiation. 46 47 48 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2516. 49 50 24. carrier (in radiation chemistry) 51 52 Substance in appreciable concentration which, when associated with an isotopic 53 tracer of a specified substance, will carry the tracer with it through a chemical or 54 55 physical process, or prevent the tracer from undergoing nonspecific processes due 56 to its low mass fraction or concentration. 57 58 Source: [16]. 59 60 16

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1 25. carrier-free 2 3 4 See: no carrier added. 5 6 26. channeling effect 7 8 Range (traveling distance) increasing effect caused by the decrease in interaction 9 cross sections of the incident particles with atoms in a single crystal when a highly 10 11 collimated particle beam impinges on a crystal along its principal axis or principal

12 plane. 13 14 Source: [17]. 15 16 27. channels ratio method 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] to obtain a quenching correction by counting the 20 spectrum in two separate channels, the ratio of which gives the degree of 21 quenching. 22 23 Source: [18]. 24 25 26 28. characteristic X-radiation 27 28 X-radiation consisting of discrete energies which are characteristic for the emitting 29 element. 30 31 Note: X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelength between 10–11 32 –8 33 and 10 m, corresponding to energies between100 keV and 100 eV. 34 35 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2526. 36 37 29. Compton scattering analysis 38 39 40 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which wavelengths and angular distribution 41 of Compton scattered electrons is applied for reconstruction of X-ray and gamma- 42 ray spectra. 43 44 Note: Compton scattering analysis is applied e.g. in mammography. 45 46 Source:[19] p 54-66. 47 48 49 30. count 50 51 Single event recorded by a radiation counter. 52 53 Replaces: [3] p 2516. 54 55 56 31. count rate 57 58 See: counting rate. 59 60 17

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1 32. counting efficiency 2 3 intrinsic counting efficiency 4 5 Number of particles or photons counted divided by the number that has struck the 6 envelope. 7 8 Note: limiting This ratio limits the sensitive volume of a radiation detector. 9 10 11 Replaces: [3] p 2517. See also: absolute counting, absolute counting efficiency. 12 13 33. counting geometry 14 15 Arrangement in space of the various components of an experiment, particularly the 16 source and the radiation detector in radiation measurements. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Replaces: [3] p 2520. 20 21 34. counting loss 22 23 Reduction of the counting rate resulting from phenomena such as the dead time of 24 . 25 a radiation counter 26 27 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2517. 28 29 Note: Counting loss is corrected for by a dead time correction or a resolving 30 time correction. 31 32 33 35. counting rate 34 count rate 35 36 Number of counts occurring in unit time. 37 38 Source: [3] p 2517. 39 40 41 36. cross reactivity 42 43 Ability of substances other than the analyte to bind to the binding reagent and 44 ability of substances other than the binding reagent to bind the analyte in 45 competitive binding assays. 46 47 48 Note: Binding described here is known as cross reaction. 49 50 Source: [3] p 2517, ‘cross reaction’. 51 52 37. cross section (in radiation chemistry),  53 54 microscopic cross section 55 56 Characteristic area related to the probability of a specified interaction or reaction 57 between an incident nuclear radiation and a target particle or system of particles. 58 59 60 18

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1 Note 1: Cross section is the reaction rate per target particle for a specified 2 3 process divided by the flux density of the incident radiation. 4 5 Note 2: In general, a specification is added of the type of nuclear radiation (e.g. 6 neutron, photon), the energy of the incident radiation (e.g. thermal, 7 epithermal, fast (See: neutron energy)) and the type of interaction of 8 reaction (e.g. activation, fission, scattering). 9 10 10 11 Example: The capture cross section of B for slow neutrons is 200 barn. 12 13 Source: [20] p 769. Replaces: [3] p 2517. 14 15 38. daughter product 16 17 18 Nuclide whichFor follows Peer a specified Review radionuclide in aOnly decay chain. 19 20 Source:[3] p 2517. 21 22 39. dead time correction of a radiation counter 23 dead time correction 24 resolving time correction 25 26 27 Correction to be applied to the observed number of counts in order to take into 28 account the number of counts lost during the resolving or dead time of a radiation 29 counter. 30 31 Note: If the measured number of counts is N and the true number of counts is 32 m 33 Ntrue then for measurements at time t with dead time td, 34 Ntrue = Nm/(1 – td/t). 35 36 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2518. 37 38 40. dead time of a radiation counter, t 39 d 40 down time 41 42 Time taken for charged particles to reach an electrode in a radiation counter, 43 during which time particles are not counted. 44 45 Example: The dead time of a Geiger-Müller counter is 100 to 400 s. 46 47 48 Source: [21]. Replaces: [3] p 2517. 49 50 41. decay chain 51 radioactive chain 52 radioactive series 53 54 55 Series of radionuclides in which each radionuclide transforms into the next through 56 nuclear decay until a stable nuclide has been formed. 57 58 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2518. 59 60 19

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1 42. decay constant of a radionuclide, λ, k 2 3 decay rate constant of a radionuclide 4 disintegration constant of a radionuclide 5 disintegration rate constant of a radionuclide 6 7 Proportionality constant between the activity (A) of a specified radionuclide and 8 the number of decaying entities (NB). A = λ NB. 9 10 11 Note 1: The decay constant is related to the half life of a radionuclide (t½) by t1/2 12 = (ln 2)/λ ≈ 0.693/λ. 13 14 Note 2: Synonyms ‘disintegration constant of a radionuclide’ and 15 ‘disintegration rate constant of a radionuclide’ are not 16 recommended. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Source: [12] p 24. See also: mean life of a radionuclide. 20 21 43. decay curve 22 23 Graph of the activity of a radionuclide against time after a specified reference time. 24 25 26 Replaces: [3] p 2518. 27 28 44. decay fraction 29 30 See: branching ratio. 31 32 33 45. decay probability 34 35 See: branching ratio. 36 37 46. decay rate 38 39 40 See: activity of a radioactive substance. 41 42 47. decay rate constant of a radionuclide 43 44 See: decay constant of a radionuclide. 45 46 47 48. delayed-neutron activation analysis, (DNAA) 48 delayed-neutron analysis, (DNA) 49 delayed-neutron counting, (DNC) 50 51 Neutron activation analysis where neutrons are counted after a delay to allow 52 interfering species to decay. 53 54 55 49. delayed-neutron analysis, (DNA) 56 57 See: delayed-neutron activation analysis. 58 59 60 20

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1 50. delayed-neutron counting, (DNC) 2 3 4 See: delayed-neutron activation analysis. 5 6 51. destructive activation analysis 7 8 See: radiochemical activation analysis. 9 10 11 52. direct isotope dilution analysis 12 13 See: isotope dilution analysis. 14 15 53. directly-ionizing radiation 16 17 18 Beam of particlesFor capable Peer of removing Review one or more Only orbital electrons in a single

19 quantum event from a specified atom resulting in an ion. 20 21 Note 1: To have sufficient energy for direct ionization most ionizing particles 22 are electrically charged, for example, alpha particles, beta particles, 23 electrons, positrons, protons. Photons can ionize atoms directly through 24 25 the photoelectric effect or the Compton effect. 26 27 Note 2: When considering health effects of radiation, the distinction may made 28 between multiple ionizations by charged particles as they move through 29 a material (called ‘direct ionization’), and a single event of ionization 30 caused by a photon. 31 32 33 See also: indirectly-ionizing radiation. 34 35 Reference: [22] p 11. 36 37 54. disintegration constant of a radionuclide 38 39 40 See: decay constant of a radionuclide. 41 42 55. disintegration rate constant of a radionuclide 43 44 See: decay constant of a radionuclide. 45 46 56. down time 47 48 49 See: dead time of a radiation counter. 50 51 57. effective cadmium cut-off energy 52 53 In a given experimental configuration, the energy value determined by the 54 55 condition that the radiation detector response would be unchanged if the cadmium 56 cover surrounding the detector was replaced by a cover opaque to neutrons with 57 energy below this value and transparent to neutrons with energy above this value. 58 59 Note: Typically, the thickness of this cadmium cover is taken to be 1 mm. 60 21

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1 Source: [2] p 1540. 2 3 4 58. effective thermal cross section 5 Westcott cross section 6 7 A calculated cross-section for a specified reaction, which, when multiplied by the 8 2200-metre-per-second particle (or photon) flux density, gives the correct reaction 9 rate for thermal neutrons. 10 11 12 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2517. 13 14 59. energy flux density, JE 15 16 Energy of radiation traversing unit area perpendicular to the direction of the 17 18 energy flowFor per unit Peer time. Review Only 19 20 Note: The SI unit of energy flux density is J s–1 m–2 = W m–2 21 22 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2519. 23 24 25 60. energy resolution 26 27 For a given energy, the smallest difference between the energies of two particles or 28 photons capable of being distinguished by a radiation counter. 29 30 Note: The energy resolution is often expressed as the Full Width at Half 31 Maximum (FWHM) of the counter’s indication [VIM 4.1] at a given 32 33 energy of radiation. 34 35 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2519. Also See: [23] p 117-118. 36 37 61. energy threshold 38 39 40 Limiting kinetic energy of an incident particle or energy of an incident photon

41 below which a specified nuclear reaction is not detectable. 42 43 Source: [2] p 1541. 44 45 62. energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, (EDXA) 46 47 48 See: energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. 49 50 63. energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis, (EDX) 51 energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, (EDXA) 52 energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, (EDS, EDXS) 53 54 55 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray fluorescence analysis in which the 56 energies and intensities of characteristic X-radiation are used to measure amounts 57 of elements. 58 59 60 22

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1 Note: EDX is often coupled with scanning electron microscopy, or proton- 2 3 induced X-ray emission. 4 5 Source: [24]. 6 7 64. energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, (EDS, EDXS) 8 9 See: energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. 10 11 12 65. epicadmium neutron 13 14 Neutron of kinetic energy greater than the effective cadmium cut-off energy. 15 16 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2522. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 66. epithermal neutron 20 21 Neutron of kinetic energy greater than that of thermal agitation. 22 23 Note 1: The term ‘epithermal’ is often restricted to energies just above thermal. 24 25 See also: neutron energy. 26 27 Source: [3] p 2522. 28 29 Note 2: ‘Epithermal neutron’ is often used interchangeably with epicadmium 30 neutron. 31 32 33 67. extended X-ray absorption fine structure, (EXAFS) 34 35 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray absorption analysis in which the fine 36 structure of the adsorption spectrum in the range 30 eV to 1 keV above the 37 adsorption edge is used to measure the number and species of neighbouring atoms, 38 their distance from the selected atom, and the thermal or structural disorder of their 39 40 positions. 41 42 Note 1: In the EXAFS region interference between the wave functions of the 43 core and neighbouring atoms gives a periodic pattern which contains 44 information characterizing the arrangement of atoms, including number 45 and type of neighbouring atoms and their distance to the absorbing 46 atom. 47 48 49 Note 2: The method uses synchrotron radiation. 50 51 Source: [25, 26]. See also: X-ray absorption near edge structure. 52 53 68. external standardization for quenching correction 54 55 56 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] to obtain a quenching correction by use of a 57 gamma-radiation source to generate a spectrum of Compton electrons within the 58 sample vial. 59 60 23

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1 Source: [27]. See also: Compton scattering analysis. 2 3 4 69. fluence, F, H 5 6 Energy per area delivered in a given time interval. 퐹 = ∫퐼 d푡 = ∫(d푃 d퐴)d푡 , 7 where I is intensity, P is power and A is area. 8 9 2 10 Note: The SI unit of fluence is J m . 11 12 Source: Adapted from [12] p 35. 13 14 70. fluorescence 15 16 –8 17 Prompt (within about 10 s) emission of electromagnetic radiation caused by de- 18 excitation ofFor atoms Peerin a material Review following the initial Only excitation of these atoms by 19 absorption of energy from incident radiation or particles. 20 21 Note: Fluorescence is often specified by the type of incident radiation, such as 22 X-ray fluorescence. 23 24 25 Replaces: [3] p 2519. See also: prompt gamma radiation. 26 27 71. fluorescence yield 28 29 For a given transition from an excited state of a specified atom, the number of 30 31 excited atoms which emit a photon divided by the total number of excited atoms. 32 33 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2526. See also: [28]. 34 35 72. flux depression 36 37

38 Reduction of particle (or photon) flux density in the neighbourhood of an object 39 due to absorption and/or scattering of these particles (or photons) in the object. 40 41 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2519. See also: [29]. 42 43 73. flux monitor 44 45 46 Radiation detector to measure energy flux density. 47 48 Note: A flux monitor may be a known amount of material irradiated together 49 with a sample; the induced radioactivity is used to measure the flux 50 density during the irradiation. 51 52 53 Replaces: [3] p 2519. 54 55 74. flux perturbation 56 57 Change of energy flux density or energy distribution of particles or photons in an 58 object as a result of effects such as flux depression and/or self-shielding. 59 60 24

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1 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2519. See also: [30]. 2 3 4 75. gamma-ray spectrometry 5 obsolete: gamma-ray spectroscopy 6 7 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] of the quantitative study of the energy spectra of 8 gamma-ray sources. 9 10 11 Source: [31]. 12 13 76. Geiger-Müller counter 14 15 Gas-filled X-ray detector in which gas amplification reaches saturation and 16 proportionality no longer exists. The output signal does not depend on the incident 17 18 energy. For Peer Review Only 19 20 Note 1: Radiation detected includes alpha particles, beta particles and gamma 21 rays using the ionization effect produced in a Geiger–Müller tube; 22 which gives its name to the instrument [32]. 23 24 Note 2: Geiger-Müller counters are in wide use as a hand-held radiation survey 25 26 instrument. 27 28 Note 3: The time taken for the counter to recover from saturation is called dead 29 time. 30 31 Adapted from [33] p 1754. 32 33 34 77. geometry factor 35 36 Average solid angle in steradians at a source subtended by the aperture or sensitive 37 volume of the radiation detector, divided by 4π. 38 39 40 Source: [3] p 2520. 41 42 78. half life of a radionuclide, t1/2 , T1/2 43

44 Time for a number of decaying entities (NB) to be reduced to one half of that value. 45 NB(t1/2) = NB(0)/2. 46 47 48 Note: Half life is related to the decay constant of a radionuclide λ by 49 t1/2 = (ln 2)/λ. 50 51 Source: Adapted from [12] p 24. Replaces: [3] p 2520. See also: [34] p 63, 52 average life of a radionuclide. 53 54 55 79. half thickness 56 57 See: half -value thickness. 58 59 60 25

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1 80. half-value thickness 2 3 half thickness 4 half-value layer thickness 5 6 Thickness of a specified material which, when introduced into the path of a given 7 beam of radiation, reduces the intensity of a specified radiation by one half. 8 9 Source: [3] p 2520. See also: [35]. 10 11 12 81. hot atom 13 14 Atom in an excited energy state or having kinetic energy above the ambient 15 thermal level, usually as a result of nuclear processes. 16 17 18 Source: [3]For p 2520. Peer See also: [36].Review Only 19 20 82. hot cell 21 22 Heavily shielded enclosure for highly radioactive materials. 23 24 25 Note: A hot cell may be used for handling or processing highly radioactive 26 materials by remote means or for their storage. 27 28 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2520. 29 30 83. indirectly-ionizing radiation 31 32 33 Beam of electrically neutral particles that cause ionization by interaction with 34 atoms in a material producing electrically-charged particles that subsequently cause 35 direct ionization (See: directly-ionizing radiation) in the material. 36 37 Examples: Gamma-rays and X-rays which produce electrons, and neutrons which 38 produce alpha and beta particles. 39 40 41 Reference: [22] p 11. 42 43 84. instrumental activation analysis 44 non-destructive activation analysis 45 46 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of activation analysis in which the amounts of 47 48 elements in a material are measured using a measurement model [VIM 2.48] with 49 known nuclear constants, irradiation and radiation measurement parameters and 50 the use of a calibrator with known property values, without the use of chemical 51 processing after the irradiation. 52 53 Source: [7] p 1569. See also: [37]. 54 55 56 85. intrinsic counting efficiency 57 58 See: counting efficiency. 59 60 26

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1 86. in-vivo neutron activation analysis 2 3 4 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of neutron activation analysis in which a living 5 organism is exposed to neutrons for measuring the concentrations of elements in 6 that living organism. 7 8 Note 1: The neutrons are typically provided by a neutron beam. 9 10 11 Note 2: Often prompt gamma-ray analysis is used to measure half-value 12 thickness, rather than the activity of neutrons produced. 13 14 Source: [7] p 1567. See also: [38]. 15 16 87. ion beam analysis, (IBA) 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which elementary particles resulting from 20 nuclear reactions of charged particles with nuclei in a material are applied for the 21 measurement of the amount and depth distribution of elements in materials. 22 23 Source: [39] p 632. 24 25 26 88. ionizing radiation 27 28 Radiation with sufficient energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, 29 thereby ionizing them. 30 31 Note: Radiation may be termed directly-ionizing radiation or indirectly- 32 33 ionizing radiation. 34 35 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2520. 36 37 89. irradiation 38 39 40 Exposure to radiation. 41 42 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2520. 43 44 90. isotope dilution 45 46 Mixing of a given nuclide with one or more of its isotopes. 47 48 49 Source: [3] p 2521. 50 51 91. isotope dilution analysis, (IDA) 52 direct isotope dilution analysis 53 radioisotope dilution analysis 54 55 56 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which the amount of an element in a 57 substance is measured by adding to that substance a known amount of a 58 radionuclide of that element and mixing it with a stable isotope of this element in 59 60 27

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1 the substance, and subsequent measurement of the activity of that radionuclide in a 2 3 subsample taken from the mixture. 4 5 Note: IDA may be classified in terms of (i) the manner of introducing 6 radioactivity into the system; (ii) the method of measuring the activity; 7 (iii) number of dilution steps; (iv) relative masses of sample and 8 diluent. 9 10 11 Source: [40] p 1-16. See also: [41] p 122-124. Replaces: [3] p 2521. 12 13 92. isotope effect 14 isotopic effect 15 16 Effect on the rate constant or equilibrium constant of two reactions that differ only 17 18 in the isotopicFor composition Peer of one Review or more of their Onlyotherwise chemically identical 19 components is referred to as a kinetic isotope effect or a thermodynamic (or 20 equilibrium) isotope effect, respectively. (See: isotopes). 21 22 Note: Reference [42] pp 1130 – 1131 defines heavy atom isotope effect, 23 intramolecular isotope effect, inverse isotope effect, kinetic isotope 24 effect, primary isotope effect, secondary isotope effect, solvent isotope 25 26 effect, steric isotope effect, and thermodynamic (equilibrium) isotope 27 effect. 28 29 Source: Adapted with minor change from [42] p 1130. See also: [43, 44]. 30 31 93. isotope exchange 32 33 34 See: isotopic exchange. 35 36 94. isotopes 37 isotopic nuclides 38 39 Nuclides having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. 40 41 42 Examples: 12C and 13C; 1H, 2H and 3H. 43 44 Note 1: If no left superscript is added denoting the mass number an element 45 symbol is read as including all isotopes in natural abundance. 46 47 48 Source: Adapted from [12] p 49. 49 50 Note 2: The use of the singular term ‘isotope’ should always relate to a 51 particular element (e.g. deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen). When 52 used in a general sense, the term nuclide is preferred (e.g. radionuclides 53 are used in the treatment of cancer). 54 55 56 See also: radioisotope. 57 58 59 60 28

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1 95. isotopic carrier 2 3 4 Excess of a substance, differing only in isotopic composition from an isotopic 5 tracer, which will carry the tracer through a chemical or physical process, 6 preventing the tracer from undergoing non-specific processes due to its low 7 concentration. 8 9 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2516. 10 11 12 96. isotopic effect 13 See: isotope effect. 14 15 97. isotopic enrichment 16 17 Any process by which the isotopic abundance of a specified isotope in a mixture of 18 For Peer Review Only 19 isotopes of an element is increased. 20 21 Source: [2] p 1541. 22 23 Note: When the specified isotope is stable, the process is termed ‘stable 24 isotopic enrichment’. 25 26 27 98. isotopic exchange 28 isotope exchange 29 30 Exchange of places between isotopes of atoms in different chemical or physical 31 states or positions. 32 33 34 Source: [3] p 2521. 35 36 99. isotopic exchange analysis 37 38 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] based on isotopic exchange to measure the 39 amount of the corresponding element. 40 41 42 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2521 and [45] p 52. 43 44 100. isotopic label 45 46 Radioactive or stable isotope of a specified element distinguishable by the observer 47 but not by the system used to identify an isotopic tracer. 48 49 50 Note 1: ‘Isotopic labelling’ is the incorporation of an isotopic label in a 51 substance. It may be qualified by the manner of introduction of the 52 label, e.g. exchange labelling, conjugation labelling, recoil labelling. 53 54 Example: Deuterium (‘isotopic label’) that is substituted for protium in a the 55 56 illegal drug molecule methylamphetamine, for use in analysis by mass 57 spectrometry. Methylamphetamine incorporating deuterium is the 58 ‘isotopic tracer’. 59 60 29

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1 Note 2: In general usage ‘label’ and ‘tracer’ are used synonymously. See: [46] 2 3 4.1.12. 4 5 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2521. 6 7 101. isotopic nuclides 8 9 See: isotopes. 10 11 12 102. isotopic tracer 13 14 Isotopically labelled molecule (See: isotopic label) used to measure certain 15 properties of a system. 16 17 18 Source: AdaptedFor fromPeer [3] p 2526. Review See also: isotopic Only enrichment. 19 20 Example: Deuterium (‘isotopic label’) that is substituted for protium in the illegal 21 drug methylamphetamine, for use in analysis by mass spectrometry. 22 Methylamphetamine incorporating deuterium is the ‘isotopic tracer’. 23 24 25 Note: In general usage label and tracer are often used synonymously. See: [46] 26 4.1.12. 27 28 103. lifetime of a radionuclide 29 30 See: mean life of a radionuclide. 31 32 33 104. liquid scintillation detector 34 35 Scintillation detector in which the sample is mixed with a liquid scintillator. 36 37 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2522. 38 39 40 105. live time 41 42 Time interval during which a radiation detector is capable of processing events. 43 44 Note 1: Live time equals the clock time minus the integrated resolving or dead 45 time. 46 47 48 Note 2: Live time should not be confused with ‘lifetime’ of a radioactive 49 species. 50 51 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2522 and [47]. 52 53 106. macroscopic cross section 54 55 56 Cross section per unit volume of a given material for a specified process. 57 58 59 60 30

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1 Note: For a pure nuclide, it is the product of the microscopic cross section and 2 3 the number of target nuclei per unit volume; for a mixture of 4 radionuclides, it is the sum of such products. 5 6 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2517 and [21]. 7 8 107. mean life of a radionuclide,  9 10 average life of a radionuclide 11 lifetime of a radionuclide 12 13 Reciprocal of the decay constant of a radionuclide (λ).  = 1/λ. 14 15 Note: The average mean life is greater than the half life of a radionuclide by 16 17 the factor 1/ln 2 (≈ 1.44); the difference arises because of the weight 18 Forgiven in thePeer averaging Review process to the fraction Only of atoms that by chance 19 survives for a long time. 20 21 Source: Adapted from [12] p 24. 22 23 24 108. microscopic cross section 25 26 See: cross section (in radiation chemistry). 27 28 109. moderator 29 30 Material used to reduce the energy of a neutron by scattering without appreciable 31 32 capture. 33 34 Source: [3] p 2522. 35 36 110. molar activity of a radionuclide, Am(R) 37 molar activity 38 39 40 Activity of a specified radionuclide (R) in a material per unit amount of substance 41 of the specified radionuclide. 42 43 Note 1: The SI unit of molar activity is Bq mol–1. Also used is Ci mmol–1. 44 (Curie, symbol Ci, is a former unit of activity equal to exactly 3.7 × 45 1010 Bq.) 46 47 48 Note 2: If the term “molar activity” is used without qualification it should be 49 made clear whether it is of a material or of a radionuclide. See: molar 50 activity of a radionuclide in a material. 51 52 Replaces: [3] p 2515. See also specific activity of a radionuclide. 53 54 55 111. molar activity of a radionuclide in a material, Am(R,M) 56 molar activity 57 58 59 60 31

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1 Activity of a specified radionuclide (R) in a material (M) divided by amount of 2 3 substance of that material. 4 5 Note 1: The SI unit of molar activity is Bq mol–1, but molar activity is often 6 expressed in unit Ci mmol–1. (Curie, symbol Ci, is a former unit of 7 activity equal to exactly 3.7 × 1010 Bq.) 8 9 Note 2: If the term “molar activity” is used without qualification it should be 10 11 made clear whether it is of a material or of a radionuclide. See: molar 12 activity of a radionuclide. 13 14 Example: The certificate of analysis of adenosine 5’-triphosphate containing the 15 isotopic label 33P (called 33P-gamma-ATP) quotes the activity as 3000 16 Ci mmol–1 [48]. 17 33 –1 18 ForUsing the Peer recommended Review symbol, Am( P,ATP)Only = 3000 Ci mmol . 19 20 Replaces: [3] p 2515. See also: specific activity of a radionuclide in a material. 21 22 112. monoisotopic element 23 24 Chemical element having only one stable nuclide. 25 26 27 Note 1: There are 26 elements that follow the definition: : 9Be, 19F, 23Na, 27Al, 28 31P, 45Sc, 51V, 55Mn, 59Co, 75As, 85Rb, 89Y, 93Nb, 103Rh, 113In, 127I, 133Cs, 29 139La, 141Pr, 153Eu, 159Tb, 165Ho, 169Tm, 175Lu, 185Re, 197Au. 30 31 Note 2: General usage of the term "monoisotopic" refers to the 21 elements with 32 9 19 23 33 one isotope determining their relative atomic masses, i.e. Be, F, Na, 27 31 45 55 59 75 89 93 103 127 133 141 34 Al, P, Sc, Mn, Co, As, Y, Nb, Rh, I, Cs, Pr, 35 159Tb, 165Ho, 169Tm, 197Au, 209Bi, 231Pa. 36 37 Reference: [49]. 38 39 113. Mössbauer spectrometry 40 41 42 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] in which recoil-less resonance gamma ray 43 scattering and absorption in solids is applied to measure the nuclear environment 44 of atoms of elements in a material. 45 46 Source: [50]. See also: [51]. 47 48 49 114. muon induced X-ray emission analysis 50 51 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray analysis in which characteristic X- 52 radiation emitted upon irradiation of a material with a beam of muons of certain 53 energy is used the measure the chemical composition and chemical state of an 54 55 element. 56 57 58 59 60 32

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1 115. near edge X-ray absorption fine structure, (NEXAFS) 2 3 4 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray absorption analysis similar to X-ray 5 absorption near edge structure, but usually reserved for soft X-rays with photon 6 energy less than 1 keV. 7 8 Note: NEXAFS is generally used in surface and molecular science. 9 10 11 116. neutron activation analysis, (NAA) 12 13 Activation analysis using neutrons as the incident particles. 14 15 117. neutron density 16 17 18 Number ofFor free neutrons Peer divided Review by their containing Only volume. 19 20 Note: Partial densities may be defined for neutrons characterized by such 21 parameters as neutron energy and direction. 22 23 Source: [52]. 24 25 26 118. neutron depth profiling, (NDP) 27 28 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of activation analysis for near-surface-depth light 29 elements in which a thermal neutron or cold neutron (see: neutron energy) beam 30 passes through a material with target nuclei that emit monoenergetic charged 31 particles upon neutron absorption. The reduction of the energy of an emitted 32 33 charged particle measures the depth of the target nuclei in a material. 34 35 Source: [53]. 36 37 119. neutron diffraction analysis 38 39 40 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] in which the diffraction of neutrons is applied to 41 measure parameters of the atomic and/or magnetic structure of a material. 42 43 Source: [54, 55]. 44 45 120. neutron energy 46 47 48 Kinetic energy of a free neutron. 49 50 Note 1: Neutron energy is usually given with unit electronvolt (eV). 1 eV = 51 1.602 176 634 × 10–19 J. 52 53 Note 2: Neutrons are classified according to their energies as follows: 54 55 56 Neutron energy range (in eV) Name 57 58 0.0 to 0.025 cold neutron 59 60 33

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1 2 0.025 (corresponding to 295 K) thermal neutron 3 0.025 to 0.4 epithermal neutron 4 5 0.4 to 0.6 cadmium neutron 6 0.6 to 1 epicadmium neutron 7 8 1 to 10* slow neutron 9 10 10 to 300 resonance neutron 11 300 to 1×106 intermediate neutron 12 13 (1 to 20)×106 fast neutron 14 6 15 > 20×10 ultrafast neutron 16 17 * ForSlow neutron Peer also may Review be defined as any Only neutron below a threshold 18 which may vary over a wide range and depends on the application. In 19 reactor physics, the threshold value is frequently chosen to be 1 eV; in 20 21 dosimetry, the effective cadmium cut-off is used. See: [2] p1547. 22 23 Note 3: Neutron temperature has unit kelvin, and the term should not be used 24 for the neutron energy. 25 26 Source: [56, 57]. 27 28 29 121. neutron scattering analysis 30 31 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] in which elastic or inelastic scattering of neutrons 32 by the target nuclei is applied to study the composition and structure of a material. 33 34 Source: [58, 59]. 35 36 37 122. neutron temperature 38 39 Temperature assigned to a population of neutrons when this population is 40 approximated by a Maxwellian distribution. 41 42 43 Source: [2] p 1547. 44 45 Note: Neutron temperature (T) is related to the neutron energy (E) T = 2E/3k, 46 where k is the Boltzmann constant. 47 48 Source: Adapted from [60]. 49 50 51 123. no carrier added, (NCA) 52 carrier-free 53 54 Preparation of a radioactive isotope which is essentially free from stable isotopes 55 of the element in question. 56 57 58 Source: [3] p 2522. See also: isotopic carrier. 59 60 34

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1 124. non-destructive activation analysis 2 3 4 See: instrumental activation analysis. 5 6 125. non-radiative quenching 7 8 Deactivation of an electronically-excited state by interaction with the external 9 environment through a non-radiative process. 10 11 12 Note 1: Non-radiative quenching may lead to spectral shift or counting losses. 13 14 Note 2: The effects of quenching may be taken into account by a quenching 15 correction. 16 17 18 Source: AdaptedFor fromPeer [3] p 2523. Review See also: [61] pOnly 26. 19 20 126. nuclear capture 21 capture 22 23 Process in which an atomic nucleus acquires an elementary or charged additional 24 25 particle. 26 27 Note 1: The captured particle may be an elementary particle (See: [2] p 1547) 28 and may be charged or neutral. 29 30 Note 2: In general, a specification is added of the type of the captured particle or 31 its energy. 32 33 34 Example: Gold-197 captures a neutron and emits a gamma ray: 35 197Au + n → 198Au + γ, or in short form 197Au(n,γ)198Au. 36 37 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2513. See also: capture cross section. 38 39 40 127. nuclear chemistry 41 42 Scientific discipline which deals with the study of nuclei, nuclear decay, nuclear 43 reactions and nuclear processes using chemical methods. 44 45 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2516 and [2] p 1537. 46 47 48 128. nuclear decay 49 50 Spontaneous nuclear transformation. 51 52 Source: [3] p 2518. 53 54 55 129. nuclear fission 56 57 Exoergic division of a nucleus into two or more parts with masses of approximate 58 equal order of magnitude, usually accompanied by the emission of neutrons, 59 gamma radiation and, rarely, small charged nuclear fragments. 60 35

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1 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2519. 2 3 4 130. nuclide 5 6 Atom of specified atomic number (proton number) and mass number (nucleon 7 number). 8 9 Note 1: A nuclide may be specified by attaching the mass number as a left 10 14 11 superscript to the symbol for the element as in C or added with a 12 hyphen after the name of the element as in carbon-14. 13 14 Note 2: Nuclide is the general term used when referring to all elements. The 15 term ‘isotopes’ should only be used to describe nuclides of a particular 16 element (i.e. same atomic number Z). 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Note 3: The suffix ‘radio’ may be added to denote that the nuclide is 20 radioactive. See: radionuclide, radioisotope. 21 22 Source: Adapted from [12] p 49. Replaces: [3] p 2522. 23 24 131. nuclide precursor 25 26 27 Radionuclide which precedes a nuclide in a decay chain. 28 29 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2523. 30 31 132. particle (or photon) flux density, j 32 33 obsolete: fluence rate 34 35 Number of particles (or photons) incident on a plane perpendicular to the 36 incident radiation per unit time per unit area. 37 38 Note 1: Particle flux density is identical with the product of the particle density 39 40 and the average speed of the particles. 41 42 Note 2: The SI unit of flux density is m2 s1. 43 44 Note 3: Often an indication of the type of incident particles is wrongly added to 45 the unit of flux density, e.g., the neutron flux density is sometimes 46 2 1 47 indicated as n cm s . As ‘n’ is not a unit, it is metrologically 48 unacceptable and therefore not recommended. 49 50 Replaces: [3] p 2519. See also: [12] at Note (26) at p 44 to the definition of 51 diffusion coefficient on p 43. 52 53 54 133. particle induced X-ray emission analysis, (PIXE) 55 56 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray analysis in which energies and 57 intensities of characteristic X-radiation emitted by a test portion during irradiation 58 59 60 36

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1 with charged particles other than electrons are used to measure the amounts of 2 3 elements in a material. 4 5 Note 1: The particle, inducing the X-radiation is sometimes explicitly 6 mentioned, e.g. proton-induced X-ray emission analysis. 7 8 Note 2: Micro PIXE (-PIXE) uses highly collimated beams to analyse very 9 10 small areas. 11 12 Source: [62]. 13 14 134. particle-induced gamma-ray-emission analysis, (PIGE) 15 16 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which the energies and intensities of 17 18 characteristicFor prompt Peer gamma-radiation Review emitted during Only nuclear reactions with 19 charged particles other than electrons, is applied for measurement of amounts of 20 elements in a material. 21 22 Note: The particle that induces gamma-rays may be explicitly mentioned, e.g. 23 ‘proton-induced gamma-ray-emission analysis’. 24 25 26 Source: [63] p 546. 27 28 135. perturbed angular correlation spectrometry, (PAC) 29 perturbed directional correlation spectrometry 30 31 32 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of gamma-ray spectrometry in which coincidence 33 counting is used for measurement of parameters describing hyperfine interactions, 34 with internal or external electrical or magnetic field gradients, of the spin of an 35 intermediate level between two gamma-ray transitions in cascade emitted in the 36 decay of a radionuclide. 37 38 Note 1: Perturbed angular correlation spectrometry is performed both in a time- 39 40 differential (TDPAC) or time-integrated (TIPAC) mode of 41 measurement. 42 43 Note 2: The parameters describing hyperfine interactions provide information 44 on the chemical atomic environment of the decaying nucleus. 45 46 47 Source: [64] p 997. 48 49 136. perturbed directional correlation spectrometry 50 51 See: perturbed angular correlation spectrometry. 52 53 137. positron annihilation analysis, (PAA) 54 55 positron annihilation spectroscopy for chemical analysis, (PASCA) 56 57 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which the annihilation of positrons is applied 58 to study the microscopic structure of materials. 59 60 37

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1 Note 1: Annihilation lifetime (See: positron lifetime spectrometry), Doppler 2 3 broadening and angular correlation of annihilation radiation are 4 measured in this technique. 5 6 Note 2: In the most common case of positron annihilation, two photons are 7 created, each with energy equal to the rest energy of the electron or 8 positron (0.511 MeV = 8.187 122 6 × 10–14 J). 9 10 11 Note 3: Techniques based on PAA have been used particularly for the study of 12 free volume in polymers. 13 14 Source: [65]. 15 16 138. positron annihilation lifetime spectrometry, (PALS) 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 See: positron lifetime spectrometry. 20 21 139. positron annihilation spectroscopy for chemical analysis, (PASCA) 22 23 See: positron annihilation analysis. 24 25 26 140. positron emission tomography, (PET) 27 28 Imaging method based on the detection of pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly 29 by a positron-emitting isotopic tracer. 30 31 Note 1: A commonly used isotope nuclide is fluorine-18. 32 33 34 Note 2: Three-dimensional imaging is obtained using computed tomography. 35 36 Source: [66]. 37 38 141. positron lifetime spectrometry, (PLS) 39 40 positron annihilation lifetime spectrometry, (PALS) 41 42 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of positron annihilation analysis in which the 43 time interval between the emission of positrons from a radioactive source and the 44 detection of gamma rays due to annihilation of these positrons with electrons from 45 the surrounding matter is the lifetime of the positron or positronium. 46 47 48 Source: [67] p 500. 49 50 142. prompt gamma radiation 51 52 Gamma radiation emitted during the de-excitation of a compound nucleus formed 53 in a nuclear capture reaction. 54 55 56 143. prompt gamma-ray analysis, (PGA) 57 deprecated: prompt gamma activation analysis, (PGAA) 58 deprecated: prompt gamma neutron activation analysis, (PGNAA) 59 60 38

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1 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which gamma radiation emitted during the 2 3 de-excitation of the compound nucleus formed by neutron capture is applied to 4 measure the amounts of elements in a material. 5 6 Note: The measurement method is often denoted as prompt gamma-ray 7 neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) or prompt gamma-ray activation 8 analysis (PGAA) though the measurement method is not in agreement 9 with the definition of activation analysis. The term prompt gamma-ray 10 11 analysis (PGA) is therefore to be preferred. 12 13 Source: [38, 68]. 14 15 144. pulse pile-up 16 17 18 ProcessingFor by a radiation Peer counter Review of pulses resulting Only from the simultaneous 19 absorption of independent particles or photons in a radiation detector resulting in 20 the counting as one single particle or photon with energy between the individual 21 energies and the sum of these energies. 22 23 Source: [69] p 655. 24 25 26 145. quenching correction 27 28 Correction for errors due to different quenching in radiation detectors for 29 standards and samples. 30 31 Note: When using liquid scintillation detectors, these corrections can be based 32 33 e.g. on the standard addition or sample channels ratio method or the use 34 of automated external standardization. 35 36 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2523. 37 38 146. quenching in radiation detectors 39 40 41 Process of inhibiting continuous or multiple discharges following a single ionizing 42 event in certain types of radiation detectors, particularly in Geiger-Müller counters. 43 44 Source: [70]. See: quenching correction. 45 46 147. radiation 47 48 49 Emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as fast-moving subatomic 50 particles. 51 52 Note: In radioanalytical chemistry, the term usually refers to radiation used 53 and emitted during nuclear processes (e.g., radioactive decay, nuclear 54 55 decay, nuclear fission). 56 57 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2523. See also: ionizing radiation. 58 59 60 39

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1 148. radiation chemistry 2 3 4 Sub-discipline of chemistry which deals with the chemical effects of ionizing 5 radiation. 6 7 Note: Radiation chemistry is distinguished from photochemistry which is 8 associated with visible and ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation. 9 10 11 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2523 and [71] p1. 12 13 149. radiation counter 14 counter 15 16 Measuring system [VIM 3.2] for measuring radiation comprising a radiation 17 18 detector, inFor which eventsPeer caused Review by interaction of theOnly radiation with the radiation 19 detector result in electrical pulses, and the associated equipment for processing and 20 counting the pulses. 21 22 Note: Often an expression is added indicating the type of radiation detector 23 (e.g. ionization, scintillation, semiconductor). 24 25 26 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2516. 27 28 150. radiation detector 29 30 Measuring system [VIM 3.2] or material for the conversion of radiation energy to 31 a kind of energy which is suitable for indication and/or measurement. 32 33 34 Note: Detectors are usually named by the principle of detection or kind of 35 material, e.g. scintillation detector, semiconductor detector 36 37 Source: Adapted from [2] p 1540. 38 39 40 151. radiation filter 41 42 Material interposed in the path of radiation to modify the energy distribution of the 43 radiation. 44 45 Source: Adapted from [2] p 1542. 46 47 48 152. radioactive 49 50 Property of a nuclide undergoing spontaneous nuclear transformations with the 51 emission of radiation. 52 53 Source: [3] p 2523. 54 55 56 Note 1: Such a nuclide may be termed radionuclide. 57 58 Note 2: ‘Radioactive’ is also used to describe a material that includes a 59 radionuclide. 60 40

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1 153. radioactive chain 2 3 4 See: decay chain. 5 6 154. radioactive decay 7 8 Nuclear decay in which particles or electromagnetic radiation are emitted or the 9 nucleus undergoes spontaneous fission or electron capture. 10 11 12 Source: [3] p 2518. 13 14 155. radioactive equilibrium 15 16 See: radioactive steady state. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 156. radioactive purity 20 21 See: radionuclide purity. 22 23 157. radioactive series 24 25 26 See: decay chain. 27 28 158. radioactive source 29 30 Radioactive material which is intended for use as a source of ionizing radiation. 31 32 33 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2526. 34 35 159. radioactive steady state 36 radioactive equilibrium 37 secular equilibrium 38 39 40 Among the radionuclides of a decay chain, the state which prevails when the ratios 41 between the activities of successive radionuclides remain constant. 42 43 Note: This is not equilibrium in the strict sense since radioactive decay is an 44 irreversible process. 45 46 47 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2519, [72] p 185. 48 49 160. radioactivity 50 51 Phenomenon of nuclides undergoing radioactive decay. 52 53 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2513. 54 55 56 161. radioanalytical chemistry 57 analytical radiochemistry 58 59 60 41

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1 That part of analytical chemistry in which the application of radioactivity is an 2 3 essential step in the analytical procedures. 4 5 Source: [2] p 1535. 6 7 Note 1: Use is made of nuclear processes (e.g., nuclear decay, nuclear fission), 8 nuclear effects, radiation, and nuclear facilities, and of radiochemical 9 and nuclear measurement techniques. 10 11 12 Note 2: Radioanalytical chemistry is part of radiochemistry. 13 14 162. radiochemical activation analysis 15 destructive activation analysis 16 17 18 MeasurementFor method Peer [VIM 2.5] Review of activation analysis Only, in which concentrations or 19 mass contents of elements in a material are measured using a measurement model 20 [VIM 2.48] with known nuclear constants, irradiation and radiation measurement 21 parameters and the use of a calibrator with known property values and in which 22 chemical separation is applied after the irradiation. 23 24 Source: [7] p 1583. See also: [73]. 25 26 27 163. radiochemical purity 28 29 For a material, the fraction of the stated radionuclide present in the stated chemical 30 form. 31 32 33 Amount of an isotope in a stated chemical form in a material divided by the total

34 amount of isotopes in that stated chemical form. 35 36 Source: [3] p 2523. 37 38 Note 1: The unit of radiochemical purity is mol/mol = 1. 39 40 41 Note 2: The medical literature often defines radiochemical purity as the fraction 42 of the radioactivity of a material in a stated chemical form. (See: [74] 43 p347, and radionuclide purity.) 44 45 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2523. 46 47 48 164. radiochemical recoil effect 49 50 See: Szilard-Chalmers effect. 51 52 165. radiochemical separation 53 54 55 Separation by a chemical means of radionuclide(s) of a specific element from a 56 mixture of radionuclides of other chemical elements. 57 58 Source: [3] p 2526. 59 60 42

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1 166. radiochemical yield 2 3 4 Activity of a specified radionuclide of a specified element after its radiochemical 5 separation divided by its activity originally present in the substance undergoing 6 radiochemical separation. 7 8 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2526. 9 10 11 167. radiochemistry 12 13 Part of chemistry which deals with radioactive materials. 14 15 Note: Radiochemistry includes the production of radionuclides and their 16 compounds by processing irradiated materials or naturally occurring 17 18 Forradioactive Peer materials, Review the application of Only chemical techniques to nuclear 19 studies, and the application of radioactivity to the investigation of 20 chemical, biochemical or any other problems. 21 22 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524 and [75] p 1423. 23 24 168. radioenzymatic assay 25 26 27 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which a radioactive substrate is applied to 28 measure the catalytic activity of an enzyme. 29 30 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524 and [76] p 259. 31 32 33 169. radiograph 34 35 Visual representation of an object produced by placing the object between a source 36 of ionizing radiation and a photographic plate, film or detector. 37 38 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524. 39 40 41 Note: Radiographs are used in medicine and dentistry. 42 43 170. radiogravimetric analysis 44 45 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which the activity of a precipitate is applied to 46 measure its mass. 47 48 49 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524. 50 51 171. radioiodination 52 53 Incorporation of a radionuclide of iodine into substance, or of covalently linking a 54 55 radioiodinated substance to a substance. 56 57 Note: Commonly used radionuclides of iodine are 129I, 131I and 123I. 58 59 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524. 60 43

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1 172. radioisotope 2 3 4 A radioactive isotope (See: isotopes) of a specified element. 5 6 Source: [3] p 2524. 7 8 173. radioisotope dilution analysis 9 10 11 See: isotope dilution analysis. 12 13 174. radioisotope induced X-ray emission analysis 14 15 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray analysis in which a radioactive source is 16 used for irradiation of the sample. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 Source: [19]. 20 21 175. radiolysis 22 23 Chemical decomposition of materials by ionizing radiation. 24 25 26 Source: [3] p 2524. 27 28 176. radiometric analysis 29 30 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which the activity of a radioactive component 31 with known specific activity is applied for measurement of the amount of an 32 33 element in a material. 34 35 Source: [77] p 564. Replaces: [3] p 2524. 36 37 177. radiometric titration 38 39 40 Titration in which a radioactive indicator is used to monitor the end-point of the 41 titration. 42 43 Source: [3] p 2524. See also: [78] p 168. 44 45 178. radionuclide 46 47 48 Nuclide that is radioactive. 49 50 Source: [3] p 2524. 51 52 Note: When an element is specified the radionuclide is termed a radioisotope. 53 54 55 179. radionuclide purity 56 radionuclidic purity 57 radioactive purity 58 59 60 44

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1 Activity of a stated radionuclide, including daughter products, in a material divided 2 3 by the total activity of the material. 4 5 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2523. 6 7 Note 1: The SI unit of radionuclide purity is Bq/Bq = 1. 8 9 Note 2: Radionuclide purity is important for calibrators, isotopic tracers, and in 10 11 pharmaceutical uses. 12 13 Example: Activity of 99mTc from a Mo generator with impurities 99Mo, 95Nb, 14 188Re, 198Au, etc.. (Note that 99Tc is generated as a daughter product 15 from 99Mo, directly or via 99mTc.) 16 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 20 180. radionuclidic purity 21 22 See: radionuclide purity. 23 24 25 181. radioreceptor assay 26 27 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which labelled (See: isotopic label) and 28 unlabelled molecules, assumed to bind to a receptor at random, are applied to 29 measure the amount of an analyte by exposing a mixture of the sample and a 30 known amount of the radiolabelled substance to a measured amount of receptors 31 for the analyte. 32 33 34 Note: The analyte is typically a hormone. 35 36 Source: [79]. 37 38 182. recoil 39 40 41 Nuclear phenomenon in which an atom or a particle undergoes a movement 42 through a collision with, or the emission of, another particle or electromagnetic 43 radiation. 44 45 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524. 46 47 48 183. recoil effect 49 50 See: Szilard-Chalmers effect. 51 52 184. recovery time of a radiation counter 53 54 55 Period of time after the dead time of a radiation counter during which the output 56 pulses are smaller than the original. 57 58 Note: Depending on the sensitivity of the counter some pulses in this period 59 will not be counted. 60 45

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1 Source: [21]. 2 3 4 185. relative counting 5 6 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] in which the activity of a sample is measured from 7 the counting rate of the sample divided by the counting rate of a radioactive source 8 of known activity. 9 10 11 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. 12 13 186. relative counting efficiency 14 15 Absolute counting efficiency of a given radiation counter divided by the absolute 16 counting efficiency of a reference radiation counter. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 187. resolving time correction 20 21 See: dead time correction of a radiation counter. 22 23 188. resolving time of a radiation counter,  24 25 26 Smallest time interval which elapses between the occurrence of two consecutive 27 ionizing events, in order that the radiation counter can be capable of fulfilling its 28 function for each of the two occurrences separately. 29 30 Source: [2] p 1551. 31 32 33 189. resonance energy 34 35 Minimum energy of a particle entering a nuclear reaction, required to form 36 reaction products in one of their excited states. 37 38 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. 39 40 41 190. resonance integral, IX 42 43 Integral, over all or some specified portion of the resonance energy range, of the 44 cross section divided by the energy of a radiation. 45 46 ∞ d퐸 47 퐼X = 휎X(퐸) 48 ∫ 퐸 퐸c 49 50 51 where X is the nature of the radiation (X ‘ n’ denotes neutron, X ‘ fis’ denotes 52 neutron induced fission), X the cross section, and EC the lower limit of energy 53 (e.g. effective cadmium cut-off energy) 54 55 Note: In radioanalytical chemistry, the resonance integral range coincides 56 with the definition of the epithermal neutron energy range. 57 58 59 Source: [80] p 199. See also: [81]. Replaces: [3] p 2525. 60 46

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1 191. resonance neutron 2 3 4 Neutron, the energy of which, corresponds to the resonance energy of a specified 5 nuclide or element. 6 7 Note: If the nuclide is not specified, the term refers to a resonance neutron of 8 238U. 9 10 11 192. reversed isotope dilution analysis 12 13 Isotope dilution analysis in which the amount of an isotopic carrier in a solution of 14 a radionuclide is measured by addition of one of its stable isotopes. 15 16 Source: [41] p 122-124. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 193. saturation (in radiation chemistry) 20 21 Of an irradiated element For for a specified radionuclide, the steady state reached 22 when the decay rate of the nuclide formed is equal to its production rate. 23 24 25 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. 26 27 194. saturation activity, As 28 29 For a specified radionuclide, the maximum activity at saturation. As =  ×  where 30  is the cross section and  the particle flux density. 31 32 33 Replaces: [3] p 2525. 34 35 195. scanning proton microscopy, (SPM) 36 37 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray fluorescence analysis in which protons 38 39 are focused and collimated to form a micro beam to obtain an image of a surface. 40 41 196. scavenging of radionuclides 42 scavenging 43 44 In radiochemistry, the use of a precipitate to remove from solution by absorption or 45 co- precipitation, a large fraction of one or more radionuclides. 46 47 48 Note: In radiation chemistry the term scavenging is used to denote binding of 49 radicals or free electrons with a receptive (or reactive) material. 50 51 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. 52 53 54 197. scintillation 55 56 Burst of luminescence caused by an individual energetic particle. 57 58 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. 59 60 47

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1 198. scintillation detector 2 3 4 Kind of radiation detector having a scintillator to measure ionizing radiation. 5 6 Replaces: [3] p 2525. 7 8 199. scintillator 9 10 11 Material in which scintillation occurs. 12 13 Note: A scintillator may be a solid or a liquid (See: liquid scintillation 14 detector). See: scintillation detector. 15 16 Replaces: [3] p 2525. 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 200. secular equilibrium 20 21 See: radioactive steady state. 22 23 201. selectively-labelled isotopic tracer 24 25 26 An isotopically labelled compound is designated as selectively labelled when a 27 mixture of isotopically substituted compounds is formally added to the analogous 28 isotopically unmodified compound in such a way that the position(s) but not 29 necessarily the number of each labelling nuclide is defined. 30 31 Note: A selectively labelled compound may be considered as a mixture of 32 33 specifically-labelled isotopic tracers. 34 35 Source: [82] p 1893. 36 37 201.202. self-absorption factor 38 source efficiency 39 40 41 Intensity of radiation emitted by a source divided by intensity of radiation 42 produced by radionuclides present in the source. 43 44 Source: [83]. Replaces: [3] p 2525. 45 46 202.203. self-absorption of radiation 47 48 49 Absorption of radiation by the emitting source. 50 51 Source: [3] p 2525. See also: [84] p 7. 52 53 203.204. self-shielding 54 55 56 Decrease of particle flux density in the inner part of an object due to interactions in 57 its outer layers. 58 59 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. 60 48

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1 204.205. semiconductor detector 2 3 4 Kind of radiation detector using a semiconductor material, in which free electric 5 charge carriers are produced along the path of incident ionizing radiation, in 6 combination with a high voltage and electrodes for collection of these charge 7 carriers. 8 9 Source: [3] p 2526. 10 11 12 206. sensitive volume of a radiation detector 13 14 That volume of a radiation detector where an incident radiant power produces a 15 measurable output. 16 17 18 Source: [33]For p 1751. Peer Review Only 19 20 205.207. solid phase antibody radioimmunoassay 21 22 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of radioimmunoassay employing an antibody, 23 made into an isotopic tracer by labelling with a radionuclide, bound to a solid 24 phase. 25 26 27 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2524. See also: [46] 4.1.12. 28 29 206.208. source efficiency 30 31 See: self-absorption factor. 32 33 34 207.209. specific activity of a radionuclide, AS(R) 35 specific activity 36 37 Activity of a specified radionuclide (R) per unit mass of that nuclide. 38 39 40 Note 1: It is implicitly assumed that the various isotopes (stable and radioactive 41 ones) are present in the same chemical and physical form, and thus will 42 behave fully identically in radiochemical processing and a radionuclide 43 application, i.e. nuclidic exchange with other chemical forms is 44 prohibited or at least very slow compared to the duration of the 45 experiment. 46 47 48 Note 2: If the term “specific activity” is used without qualification it should be 49 made clear whether it is of a material or of a radionuclide. See: specific 50 activity of a radionuclide in a material. 51 52 Example: Specific activity of tritium (3H) is 3.57 × 1017 Bq kg–1 (9.65 Ci mg–1) 53 [85]. 54 55 56 57 58 Source: [86] p 206. Replaces: [3] p 2515. See also: [16]. 59 60 49

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1 208.210. specific activity of a radionuclide in a material, A (R,M) 2 S 3 specific activity 4 5 Activity of a specified radionuclide (R) in a material (M) divided by the mass of 6 that material. 7 8 Note 1: It is implicitly assumed that the various isotopes (stable and radioactive 9 ones) are present in the same chemical and physical form, and thus will 10 11 behave fully identically in radiochemical processing and a radionuclide 12 application, i.e. nuclidic exchange with other chemical forms is 13 prohibited or at least very slow compared to the duration of the 14 experiment. 15 16 Note 12: The SI unit of specific activity is Bq kg–1, but specific activity is often 17 –1 –1 –1 18 Forexpressed Peer in unit s gReview or Ci mg . (Curie, Only symbol Ci, is a former unit 10 19 of activity equal to exactly 3.7 × 10 Bq.) 20 21 Note 23: Commercial preparations of isotopically-labelled molecules often quote 22 ‘specific activity’ in Ci mmol–1. The correct term is molar activity of a 23 radionuclide in a material. 24 25 26 Note 34: If the term “specific activity” is used without qualification it should be 27 made clear whether it is of a material or of a radionuclide. See: specific 28 activity of a radionuclide. 29 30 Example: Specific activity of tritium (3H) is 3.57 × 1017 Bq kg–1 (9.65 Ci mg–1) 31 [85]. 32 33 34 35 36 Example: Certificate of analysis of adenosine 5’-triphosphate solution 37 isotopically-labelled with [-33P] gives “Specific activity 370 MBq/g” 38 39 40 Source: [86] p 206. Replaces: [3] p 2515. 41 42 209.211. specifically-labelled isotopic tracer 43 44 Isotopic tracer in which the isotopic label is present in a specified position in a the 45 molecule. 46 47 48 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2526. See also: selectively-labelled isotopic tracer. 49 50 Note: The name of a specifically labelled compound is formed by inserting in 51 square brackets the nuclide symbol(s), preceded by any necessary 52 locant(s) (letters and/or numerals), before the name or preferably before 53 the name for that part of the compound that is isotopically modified. 54 55 Immediately after the brackets there is neither space nor hyphen, except 56 that when the name, or a part of the name, requires a preceding locant, a 57 hyphen is inserted. 58 59 60 50

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1 36 36 2 2 Example: H[ Cl], hydrogen [ Cl]chloride. Ge[ H2]F2, difluoro[ H2]germane, 2 15 2 2 15 3 [ N]H2[ H], [ H1, N]ammonia. 4 5 Source: [82] p 1892. 6 7 8 9 10 210.212. stereospecifically-labelled isotopic tracer 11 12 Isotopic tracer in which the isotopic label is present in a stereo-specific position in 13 thea molecule. 14 15 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2526. 16 17 18 211.213. substoichiometricFor Peer isotope Review dilution analysis Only 19 20 Isotope dilution analysis in which a substoichiometric amount of a radionuclide of 21 the element to be measured is added to both a sample and to a calibrator and 22 subsequently, after mixing, the specific activities of that radionuclide are measured 23 24 in equal amounts of the sample and calibrator. 25 26 Source: [41] p 122-124. 27 28 212.214. synchrotron radiation induced X ray fluorescence analysis 29 30 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray fluorescence analysis in which 31

32 synchrotron X- radiation is used to irradiate the substance. 33 34 Source: [87]. 35 36 213.215. Szilard-Chalmers effect 37 radiochemical recoil effect 38 39 recoil effect 40 41 Rupture of the chemical bond between an atom and the molecule of which the 42 atom is a part, as a result of nuclear reaction of that atom. 43 44 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2525. See also: [88] p 240. 45 46 47 214.216. thermal neutron 48 49 Neutron in thermal equilibrium with the medium in which it exists. 50 51 Note: Thermal neutrons have an average energy of approximately 0.025 eV 52 and an average speed of 2200 m s–1. 53 54 55 Source: Adapted from [3] p 2522. 56 57 58 59 60 51

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1 215.217. total reflection X- ray fluorescence analysis, (TXRF) 2 3 4 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray fluorescence analysis in which a 5 collimated X-ray flux impinges on a smooth surface under a grazing angle 6 rendering total reflection is used to excite atoms in the top layers of the material for 7 measurement of the amounts of elements. 8 9 Note: The method is highly sensitive because interfering X-rays of higher 10 12 1 11 energies are refracted or adsorbed. Mass fractions of 10 (ng kg ) 12 may be measured. 13 14 Source: [89]. 15 16 216.218. two-site immunoradiometric assay 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 See: two-site radioimmunoassay. 20 21 217.219. two-site radioimmunoassay 22 two-site immunoradiometric assay 23 24 25 Radioimmunoassay in which two sets of antibodies, one of which is isotopically 26 labelled (See: isotopic label), combine with different immunoreactive sites of an 27 antigen molecule. 28 29 Source: [90]. See also: See also: [46] 4.1.12. 30 31 32 218.220. uniformly-labelled isotopic tracer 33 34 Isotopic tracer in which the isotopic label is uniformly distributed over its possible 35 positions in a molecule. 36 37 Source: [3] p 2526. 38 39 40 219.221. wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis 41 42 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray fluorescence analysis in which the 43 wavelength spectrum of the emitted radiation is used to measure the amounts of 44 elements. 45 46 47 Note: A diffraction grating, or crystal is used to obtain the spectrum. 48 49 Source: [91]. 50 51 220.222. Westcott cross section 52 53 See: effective thermal cross section. 54 55 56 221.223. Wilzbach labelling 57 58 Isotopic labelling (See: isotopic label) of a substance by exposing it to tritium gas. 59 60 52

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1 222.224. X-ray absorption analysis, (XAA) 2 3 X-ray absorption spectroscopy, (XAS) 4 5 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] of X-ray analysis in which the absorption 6 spectrum is used to measure the number of atoms, species and other parameters of 7 chemical elements. 8 9 Note 1: XAS measures changes in the linear absorption coefficient of an 10 11 element in a sample as a function of incident photon energy. 12 13 Note 2: XAS requires a highly monochromatic (with E/E ≈ 104 to 105), high 14 flux X-ray beam. 15 16 Source: [25, 26]. See also: X-ray absorption near edge structure, 17 18 For Peer Review Only 19 223.225. X-ray absorption edge 20 absorption edge 21 22 Increase in X-ray absorption observed at the energy at which a strongly bound 23 electron is released. 24 25 26 Source: [92]. 27 28 224.226. X-ray absorption near edge fine structure 29 30 See: X-ray absorption near edge structure. 31 32 33 225.227. X-ray absorption near edge structure, (XANES) 34 X-ray absorption near edge fine structure 35 36 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray absorption analysis in which the fine 37 structure of the adsorption spectrum in the range 30 below to 50 eV above the 38 adsorption edge is used to measure parameters describing the chemical state, 39 40 coordination environment, and local geometry distortion for the X-ray absorbing 41 atom. 42 43 Note 1: The method uses synchrotron radiation. 44 45 Note 2: The wavelength of the emitted photoelectrons is longer than the 46 47 interatomic distances between the absorbing atom and its nearest 48 neighbours. 49 50 Source: [25, 92]. See also: near edge X-ray absorption fine structure, extended X- 51 ray absorption fine structure. 52 53 226.228. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, (XAS) 54 55 56 See: X-ray absorption analysis. 57 58 59 60 53

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1 227.229. X-ray analysis 2 3 4 Measurement principle [VIM 2.4] in which characteristic X-radiation, produced 5 upon irradiation of a material with elementary particles or photons, is applied to 6 measure amounts of elements in a material. 7 8 Source: [62, 93]. 9 10 11 228.230. X-ray computed micro-tomography, (XCMT) 12 X-ray micro-tomography, (XMT) 13 14 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] based on the transmission of X-rays to obtain 15 three-dimensional images of a sample. 16 17 18 Note:For Spatial resolutionPeer is inReview the range 100 nm Only to 10 m. 19 20 Source: [4]. 21 22 229.231. X-ray diffraction analysis 23 X-ray diffraction, (XRD) 24 25 26 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] using diffraction of X-radiation to obtain the 27 spatial arrangement of atoms in a crystalline sample. 28 29 Note 1: Bragg reflection follows n = 2 d sin  where  is the X-ray 30 31 wavelength, d is the spacing between atomic planes and  is the angle of 32 diffraction. 33 34 Note 2: Copper K- radiation ( = 0.15406 nm, E = 8.04 keV) is typically used 35 for routine XRD. 36 37 38 230.232. X-ray diffraction, (XRD) 39 40 See: X-ray diffraction analysis. 41 42 231.233. X-ray fluorescence analysis 43 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy 44 45 46 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray fluorescence used to measure amounts of 47 elements in a material. 48 49 Note: Micro-XRF (-XRF) analysis uses highly brilliant X-ray sources 50 (synchrotron source and spot size 100 nm to 2 m) and microfocussing 51 52 X-ray optics to give fg to ag detection limits [4]. 53 54 Source: [94]. 55 56 57 58 59 60 54

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1 232.234. X-ray fluorescence microscopy, (XRM) 2 3 4 Measurement method [VIM 2.5] of X-ray fluorescence to obtain quantitative and 5 spatial information of elements in a sample. 6 7 Note 1: X-ray beam energies of 5 to 25 keV excite core level vacancies and 8 promote hard X-ray emission for which the fluorescence yield is high. 9 10 11 Note 2: Spatial resolution is typically in the range from 200 nm to 10 μm, but 12 using specialised probes at synchrotron facilities the lower limit can be 13 reduced to tens of nm [95]. 14 15 Source: [4]. 16 17 18 233.235. X-rayFor fluorescence Peer spectroscopy Review Only 19 20 See: X-ray fluorescence analysis. 21 22 234.236. X-ray fluorescence, (XRF) 23 24 25 Emission of characteristic X-radiation by an atom after photoemission of inner- 26 shell electrons and refilling of the vacated energy level by outer-shell electrons. 27 28 Note: X-ray fluorescence is the measurement principle [VIM 2.4] of X-ray 29 fluorescence analysis and X-ray fluorescence microscopy. 30 31 Source: [96, 97]. 32 33 34 235.237. X-ray micro-tomography, (XMT) 35 36 See: X-ray computed micro-tomography. 37 38 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 39 40 41 λ decay constant of a radionuclide 42 42  cross section (in radiation chemistry) 37 43  mean life of a radionuclide 107 44  resolving time of a radiation counter 188 45 46 47 A activity of a radioactive substance 12 48 Am(R) molar activity of a radionuclide 110 49 Am(R,M) molar activity of a radionuclide in a material 111 50 As saturation activity 194 51 AS(R) specific activity of a radionuclide 207 52 A (R,M) specific activity of a radionuclide in a material 208 53 S 54 b barn 18 55 F fluence 69 56 H fluence 69 57 IX resonance integral 190 58 j particle (or photon) flux density 132 59 60 55

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1 J energy flux density 59 2 E 3 k decay constant of a radionuclide 42 4 t1/2 half life of a radionuclide 78 5 T1/2 half life of a radionuclide 78 6 td dead time of a radiation counter 40 7 8 AMS accelerator mass spectrometry 7 9 DNAA delayed-neutron activation analysis 48 10 11 DNA delayed-neutron analysis 48 12 DNC delayed-neutron counting 48 13 EDS energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy 63 14 EDX energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis 63 15 EDXA energy-dispersive X-ray analysis 63 16 EDXS energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy 63 17 EXAFS extended X-ray absorption fine structure 67 18 For Peer Review Only 19 IBA ion beam analysis 87 20 IDA isotope dilution analysis 91 21 NAA neutron activation analysis 116 22 NCA no carrier added 123 23 NDP neutron depth profiling 118 24 NEXAFS near edge X-ray absorption fine structure 115 25 26 PAA positron annihilation analysis 137 27 PAC perturbed angular correlation spectrometry 135 28 PALS positron annihilation lifetime spectrometry 141 29 PASCA positron annihilation spectroscopy for chemical analysis 137 30 PET positron emission tomography 140 31 PIGE particle-induced gamma-ray-emission analysis 134 32 PIXE particle induced X-ray emission analysis 133 33 34 PGA prompt gamma-ray analysis 143 35 PLS positron lifetime spectrometry 141 36 SPM scanning proton microscopy 195 37 TDPAC time-differential perturbed angular correlation spectrometry 135 38 TIPAC time-integrated perturbed angular correlation spectrometry 135 39 XAA X-ray absorption analysis 222 40 XANES X-ray absorption near edge structure 225 41 42 XCMT X-ray computed micro-tomography 228 43 XAS X-ray absorption spectroscopy 222 44 XMT X-ray micro-tomography 228 45 XRD X-ray diffraction 229 46 XRF X-ray fluorescence 234 47 XRM X-ray fluorescence microscopy 232 48 49 50 51 52 REFERENCES 53 54 1. J. Inczedy, T. Lengyel, A. M. Ure. IUPAC Compendium of Analytical 55 Nomenclature. Definitive Rules 1997. (Third Edition of the Orange Book). Port City 56 57 Press, Baltimore, USA (1998). 58 59 2. M. de Bruin. Pure App. Chem. 54, 1533 (1982). 60 56

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Em Professor D Brynn Hibbert 9 School of Chemistry 10 11 6 October 2019 12 13 Dear Jürgen 14 On behalf of my co-authors I have the pleasure in submitting Revision 3 of “Vocabulary of 15 radioanalytical methods (IUPAC Recommendations 201x)”. 16 I apologise for the mix-up in the submission of R2 over the reply to reviewers and version with 17 18 track changes which Forwere submitted Peer but apparently Review did not make Onlyit to them. 19 Our rebuttal and track change version are together in one manuscript submitted as "Author's 20 Response to Reviewers” as instructed. 21 22 23 Yours sincerely 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Emeritus Professor D Brynn Hibbert, 32 School of Chemistry 33 [email protected] 34 35 +61 23856774 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

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