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Isotopes of Iodine 1 Isotopes of Iodine

Isotopes of Iodine 1 Isotopes of Iodine

Isotopes of 1 of iodine

There are 37 known (I) from 108I to 144I, but only one, 127I, is stable. Iodine is thus a . Its longest-lived radioactive , 129I, has a half-life of 15.7 million , which is far too short for it to exist as a primordial . Cosmogenic sources of 129I produce very tiny quantities of it that are too small to affect atomic weight measurements; iodine is thus also a mononuclidic element—one that is found in nature essentially as a single nuclide. Most 129I derived radioactivity on is man-made: an unwanted long-lived byproduct of early nuclear tests and accidents.

All other iodine radioisotopes have half-lives less than 60 days, and four of these are used as tracers and therapeutic agents in medicine. These are 123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I. Essentially all industrial production of radioactive iodine isotopes A is seen as a involves these four useful . dark sphere in the center of the body The isotope 135I has a half-life less than seven hours, which is too short to be (it is in the left adrenal gland). Image is by MIBG , with used in biology. Unavoidable in situ production of this isotope is important in from radioiodine in the 135 control, as it decays to Xe, the most powerful known MIBG. Two images are seen of the absorber, and the nuclide responsible for the so-called phenomenon. same patient from front and back. Note the dark image of the 131 In addition to commercial production, I (half life 8 days) is the most common due to unwanted uptake of radioactive fission-product of nuclear fission, and is thus produced inadvertently radioiodine from the medication by in very large amounts inside nuclear reactors. Due to its , short half life, the thyroid gland in the neck. Accumulation at the sides of the head and high abundance in fission products, 131I, (along with the short-lived iodine is from uptake of 132 132 isotope I from the longer-lived Te with a half life of 3 days) is responsible . Radioactivity is also seen in for the largest part of radioactive contamination during the first week after the bladder. accidental environmental contamination from the from a plant.

The standard atomic for iodine is 126.90447(3) u. Isotopes of iodine 2

Notable radioisotopes

Iodine-129 as an extinct

Excesses of stable 129Xe in have been shown to result from decay of "primordial" iodine-129 produced newly by the which created the dust and gas from which the formed. This isotope has long decayed and is thus referred to as "extinct." Historically, 129I was the first to be The portion of the total radiation activity (in air) contributed by each isotope versus identified as present in the early solar time after the , at the site. Note the prominence of radiation from system. Its decay is the basis of the I-Xe I-131 and Te-132/I-132 for the first week. (Image using data from the OECD iodine- scheme, report, and the second edition of 'The radiochemical manual'.) which covers the first 85 million years of solar system evolution.

Iodine-129 as a long-lived marker for nuclear fission contamination

Iodine-129 (129I; half-life 15.7 million years) is a product of on various in the atmosphere, in cosmic ray interaction with -130, and also and fission, both in subsurface rocks and nuclear reactors. Artificial nuclear processes, in particular reprocessing and atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, have now swamped the natural signal for this isotope. Nevertheless, it now serves as a groundwater tracer as indicator of nuclear waste dispersion into the natural environment. In a similar fashion, 129I was used in rainwater studies to track fission products following the Chernobyl disaster.

In some ways, 129I is similar to 36Cl. It is a soluble , fairly non-reactive, exists mainly as a non-sorbing anion, and is produced by cosmogenic, thermonuclear, and in-situ reactions. In hydrologic studies, 129I concentrations are usually reported as the ratio of 129I to total I (which is virtually all 127I). As is the case with 36Cl/Cl, 129I/I ratios in nature are quite small, 10−14 to 10−10 (peak thermonuclear 129I/I during the 1960s and 1970s reached about 10−7). 129I differs from 36Cl in that its half-life is longer (15.7 vs. 0.301 million years), it is highly biophilic, and occurs in multiple ionic forms (commonly, I− and −) which have different chemical behaviors. This 3 makes it fairly easy for 129I to enter the biosphere as it becomes incorporated into vegetation, , , animal tissue, etc.

Radioiodines I-123, I-124, I-125, and I-131 in medicine and biology Due to preferential uptake of iodine by the thyroid, radioiodine isotopes are extensively used in imaging and (in the case of I-131) destroying dysfunctional thyroid tissues, and other types of tissue that selectively take up certain iodine-131-containing tissue-targeting and killing agents (such as MIBG). Iodine-125 is the only other iodine radioisotope used in radiation , but only as an implanted capsule in , where the isotope never has a chance to be released for chemical interaction with the body's tissues. Isotopes of iodine 3

Iodine-131 Iodine-131 (I131) is a -emitting isotope with a half-life of eight days, and comparatively energetic (190 KeV average and 606 KeV maximum energy) beta radiation, which penetrates 0.6 to 2.0 mm from the site of uptake. This beta radiation can be used in high dose for destruction of thyroid nodules and for elimination of remaining thyroid tissue after surgery for the treatment of Graves' disease. Especially in Graves' disease, a is often performed before the radiotherapy, to avoid side effects of epilation and radiation . The purpose of this therapy, which was first explored by Dr. in 1941,[1] is to destroy thyroid tissue that could not be removed surgically. In this procedure, I131 is administered either intravenously or orally following a diagnostic scan. This procedure may also be used to treat patients with thyroid or hyperfunctioning thyroid tissue. The I131 is taken up into thyroid tissue and concentrated there. The beta particles emitted by the radioisotope destroys the associated thyroid tissue with little damage to surrounding tissues (more than 2.0 mm from the tissues absorbing the iodine). Due to similar destruction, I131 is the iodine radioisotope used in other water-soluble iodine-labeled (such as MIBG) which are used therapeutically to destroy tissues. The high energy beta radiation from I131 causes it to be the most carcinogenic of the iodine isotopes. It is thought to cause the majority of excess thyroid seen after nuclear fission contamination (such as bomb fallout or severe nuclear reactor accidents like the Chernobyl disaster).

Iodine-123 and iodine-125 The gamma-emitting isotopes iodine-123 (half-life 13 hours), and (less commonly) the longer-lived and less energetic iodine-125 (half-life 59 days) are used as nuclear imaging tracers to evaluate the anatomic and physiologic function of the thyroid. Abnormal results may be caused by disorders such as Graves' disease or Hashimoto's . Both isotopes decay by capture (EC) to the corresponding tellurium , but in neither case are these the metastable nuclides Te-123m and Te125m (which are of higher energy, and are not produced from radioiodine). Instead, the excited tellurium nuclides decay immediately (half-life too short to detect). Following EC, the excited Te-123 from I-123 emits a high-speed 127 keV electron (not a beta ray) about 13% of the time, but this does little cellular damage due to the nuclide's short half-life and the relatively small fraction of such events. In the remainder of cases, a 159 keV is emitted, which is well-suited for gamma imaging. Excited Te-125 from EC decay of I-125 also emits a much lower-energy internal conversion electron (35.5 keV) which does relatively little damage due to its low energy, even though its emission is more common. The relatively low-energy gamma from I-125/Te-125 decay is poorly suited for imaging, but can still be seen, and this longer-lived isotope is necessary in tests which require several days of imaging, for example scan imaging to detect blood clots. Both I-123 and I-125 emit copious low energy Auger after their decay, but these do not cause serious damage (double-stranded DNA breaks) in cells, unless the nuclide is incorporated into a medication that accumulates in the nucleus, or into DNA (this is never the case is clinical medicine, but it has been seen in experimental animal models). Iodine-125 is also commonly used by radiation oncologists in low dose rate brachytherapy in the at sites other than the thyroid, especially in cancer. When I-125 is used therapeutically, it is encapsulated in seeds and implanted in the area of the tumor, where it remains. The low energy of the gamma spectrum in this case limits to tissues far from the implanted capsule. Iodine-125, due to its suitable longer half-life and less penetrating gamma spectrum, is also often preferred for laboratory tests that rely on iodine as a tracer that is counted by a , such as in radioimmunoassaying. Most with iodine is done with a standard . However, the gamma rays from iodine-123 and iodine-131 can also be seen by single emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Isotopes of iodine 4

Iodine-124 Iodine-124 is a -rich isotope of iodine with a half-life of 4.18 days. Its modes of decay are: 74.4% , 25.6% . 124I decays to 124Te. Iodine-124 can be made by numereous nuclear reactions via a . The most common starting material used is 124Te. Iodine-124 as the iodide can be used to directly image the thyroid using positron emission tomography (PET). Iodine-124 can also be used as a PET radiotracer with a usefully longer half-life compared with -18. In this use, the nuclide is chemically bonded to a pharmaceutical to form a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical, and injected into the body, where again it is imaged by PET scan.

Iodine-135 and nuclear reactor control Iodine-135 is an isotope of iodine with a half-life of 6.6 hours. It is an important isotope from the viewpoint of . It is produced in relatively large amounts as a fission product, and decays to xenon-135, which is a nuclear poison with a very large slow , which is a cause of multiple complications in the control of nuclear reactors. The process of buildup of xenon-135 from an accumulated iodine-135 can temporarily preclude a shut-down reactor from restarting. This is known as xenon-poisoning or "falling into an iodine pit."

Iodine-128 and other isotopes Iodine fission-produced isotopes not discussed above (iodine-128, iodine-130, iodine-132, and iodine-133) have a life lives of a couple of hours or minutes, rendering them almost useless in other applicable areas. Those mentioned are neutron-rich and so go through to their xenon counterparts. Iodine-128 (25 min half-life) can decay to either tellurium-128 by electron capture, or to xenon-128 by beta decay. It has a specific radioactivity of 2.177 x 106 TBq/g.

Non-radioactive iodide (I-127) as protection from unwanted radioiodine uptake by the thyroid Thyroid iodine uptake blockade with iodide is used in scintigraphy and therapy with some radioiodinated compounds that are not targeted to the thyroid, such as (MIBG), which used to image or treat neural tissue tumors, or iodinated fibrinognen, which is used in fibrinogen scans to investigate clotting. These compounds contain iodine, but not in the iodide form. However, since they may be ultimately metabolized or break down to radioactive iodide, it is common to administer non-radioactive to insure that iodide from these radiopharmaceuticals is not sequestered by the normal affinity of the thryoid for iodide. Potassium iodide has been distributed to populations exposed to nuclear fission accidents such as the Chernobyl disaster. The iodide solution SSKI, a saturated solution of potassium (K) iodide in water, has been used to absorption of the radioiodine (it has no effect on other radioisotopes from fission). Tablets containing potassium iodide are now also manufactured and stocked in central disaster sites by some governments for this purpose. In theory, many harmful late-cancer effects of might be prevented in this way, since an excess of thyroid cancers, presumably due to radioiodine uptake, is the only proven radioisotope contamination effect after a fission accident, or from contamination by fallout from an atomic bomb (prompt radiation from the bomb also cases other cancers, such as leukemias, directly). Taking large amounts of iodide saturates thyroid receptors and prevents uptake of most radioactive iodine-131 that may be present from fission product exposure (although it does not protect from other radioisotopes, nor from any other form of direct radiation). The protective effect of KI lasts approximately 24 hours, so must be dosed daily until a risk of significant exposure to radioiodines from fission products no longer exists. Iodine-131 (the most common radioiodine contaminant in fallout) also decays relatively rapidly with a half-life of eight days, so that 99.95% of the original radioiodine has vanished after three months. Isotopes of iodine 5

Table

nuclide Z(p) N(n) isotopic mass half-life decay daughter nuclear representative range of symbol (u) mode(s)[2][3] isotope(s)[4] isotopic natural composition variation excitation energy ( (mole fraction) fraction)

108I 53 55 107.94348(39)# 36(6) ms α (90%) 104Sb (1)#

β+ (9%) 108Te

p (1%) 107Te

109I 53 56 108.93815(11) 103(5) µs p (99.5%) 108Te (5/2+)

α (.5%) 105Sb

110I 53 57 109.93524(33)# 650(20) ms β+ (83%) 110Te 1+#

α (17%) 106Sb

β+, p (11%) 109Sb

β+, α 106Sn (1.09%)

111I 53 58 110.93028(32)# 2.5(2) s β+ (99.91%) 111Te (5/2+)#

α (.088%) 107Sb

112I 53 59 111.92797(23)# 3.42(11) s β+ (99.01%) 112Te

β+, p (.88%) 111Sb

β+, α 108Sn (.104%)

α (.0012%) 108Sb

113I 53 60 112.92364(6) 6.6(2) s β+ (100%) 113Te 5/2+#

α 109Sb (3.3×10−7%)

β+, α 109Sn

114I 53 61 113.92185(32)# 2.1(2) s β+ 114Te 1+

β+, p (rare) 113Sb

114mI 265.9(5) keV 6.2(5) s β+ (91%) 114Te (7)

IT (9%) 114I

115I 53 62 114.91805(3) 1.3(2) min β+ 115Te (5/2+)#

116I 53 63 115.91681(10) 2.91(15) s β+ 116Te 1+

116mI 400(50)# keV 3.27(16) µs (7-)

117I 53 64 116.91365(3) 2.22(4) min β+ 117Te (5/2)+ Isotopes of iodine 6

118I 53 65 117.913074(21) 13.7(5) min β+ 118Te 2-

118mI 190.1(10) keV 8.5(5) min β+ 118Te (7-)

IT (rare) 118I

119I 53 66 118.91007(3) 19.1(4) min β+ 119Te 5/2+

120I 53 67 119.910048(19) 81.6(2) min β+ 120Te 2-

120m1I 72.61(9) keV 228(15) ns (1+,2+,3+)

120m2I 320(15) keV 53(4) min β+ 120Te (7-)

121I 53 68 120.907367(11) 2.12(1) h β+ 121Te 5/2+

121mI 2376.9(4) keV 9.0(15) µs

122I 53 69 121.907589(6) 3.63(6) min β+ 122Te 1+

123I[5] 53 70 122.905589(4) 13.2235(19) EC 123Te 5/2+ h

124I 53 71 123.9062099(25) 4.1760(3) d β+ 124Te 2-

125I 53 72 124.9046302(16) 59.400(10) d EC 125Te 5/2+

126I 53 73 125.905624(4) 12.93(5) d β+ (56.3%) 126Te 2-

β- (44.7%) 126Xe

127I[6] 53 74 126.904473(4) Stable[7] 5/2+ 1.0000

128I 53 75 127.905809(4) 24.99(2) min β- (93.1%) 128Xe 1+

β+ (6.9%) 128Te

128m1I 137.850(4) keV 845(20) ns 4-

128m2I 167.367(5) keV 175(15) ns (6)-

129I[8] 53 76 128.904988(3) 1.57(4)×107 β- 129Xe 7/2+ Trace[9] a

130I 53 77 129.906674(3) 12.36(1) h β- 130Xe 5+

130m1I 39.9525(13) keV 8.84(6) min IT (84%) 130I 2+

β- (16%) 130Xe

130m2I 69.5865(7) keV 133(7) ns (6)-

130m3I 82.3960(19) keV 315(15) ns -

130m4I 85.1099(10) keV 254(4) ns (6)-

131I 53 78 130.9061246(12) 8.02070(11) β- 131Xe 7/2+ d

132I 53 79 131.907997(6) 2.295(13) h β- 132Xe 4+

132mI 104(12) keV 1.387(15) h IT (86%) 132I (8-)

β- (14%) 132Xe Isotopes of iodine 7

133I 53 80 132.907797(5) 20.8(1) h β- 133Xe 7/2+

133m1I 1634.174(17) keV 9(2) s IT 133I (19/2-)

133m2I 1729.160(17) keV ~170 ns (15/2-)

134I 53 81 133.909744(9) 52.5(2) min β- 134Xe (4)+

134mI 316.49(22) keV 3.52(4) min IT (97.7%) 134I (8)-

β- (2.3%) 134Xe

135I[10] 53 82 134.910048(8) 6.57(2) h β- 135Xe 7/2+

136I 53 83 135.91465(5) 83.4(10) s β- 136Xe (1-)

136mI 650(120) keV 46.9(10) s β- 136Xe (6-)

137I 53 84 136.917871(30) 24.13(12) s β- (92.86%) 137Xe (7/2+)

β-, n (7.14%) 136Xe

138I 53 85 137.92235(9) 6.23(3) s β- (94.54%) 138Xe (2-)

β-, n (5.46%) 137Xe

139I 53 86 138.92610(3) 2.282(10) s β- (90%) 139Xe 7/2+#

β-, n (10%) 138Xe

140I 53 87 139.93100(21)# 860(40) ms β- (90.7%) 140Xe (3)(-#)

β-, n (9.3%) 139Xe

141I 53 88 140.93503(21)# 430(20) ms β- (78%) 141Xe 7/2+#

β-, n (22%) 140Xe

142I 53 89 141.94018(43)# ~200 ms β- (75%) 142Xe 2-#

β-, n (25%) 141Xe

143I 53 90 142.94456(43)# 100# ms β- 143Xe 7/2+# [>300 ns]

144I 53 91 143.94999(54)# 50# ms β- 144Xe 1-# [>300 ns]

[1] Hertz, Barbara; Schuleller, Kristin. "Saul Hertz, MD (1905 - 1950) A Pioneer in the Use of Radioactive Iodine", Endocrine Practice 2010 16,4;713-715.

[2] http:/ / www. nucleonica. net/ unc. aspx [3] Abbreviations: EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition [4] Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly-stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the ) [5] Has medical uses [6] Fission product [7] Theoretically capable of [8] Can be used to date certain early events in Solar System history and some use for dating groundwater [9] , also found as nuclear contamination [10] Produced as a of 135Te in nuclear reactors, in turn decays to 135Xe, which, if allowed to build up, can shut down reactors due to the iodine pit phenomenon Isotopes of iodine 8

Notes • Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses. • Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.

References • Isotope masses from: • G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear

and decay properties" (http:/ / www. nndc. bnl. gov/ amdc/ nubase/ Nubase2003. pdf). A 729:

3–128. Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A (http:/ / adsabs. harvard. edu/ abs/ 2003NuPhA. 729. . . . 3A). doi:

10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. nuclphysa. 2003. 11. 001). • Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: • J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor

(2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http:/ / www. iupac. org/

publications/ pac/ 75/ 6/ 0683/ pdf/ ). Pure and Applied 75 (6): 683–800. doi:

10.1351/pac200375060683 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1351/ pac200375060683).

• M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http:/ / iupac. org/

publications/ pac/ 78/ 11/ 2051/ pdf/ ). Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:

10.1351/pac200678112051 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1351/ pac200678112051). Lay summary (http:/ / old.

iupac. org/ news/ archives/ 2005/ atomic-weights_revised05. html). • Half-life, spin, and data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page. • G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear

and decay properties" (http:/ / www. nndc. bnl. gov/ amdc/ nubase/ Nubase2003. pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729:

3–128. Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A (http:/ / adsabs. harvard. edu/ abs/ 2003NuPhA. 729. . . . 3A). doi:

10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. nuclphysa. 2003. 11. 001).

• National Center. "NuDat 2.1 database" (http:/ / www. nndc. bnl. gov/ nudat2/ ). Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. • N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

External links

• Iodine isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's (http:/ / ie. lbl. gov/ education/ parent/

I_iso. htm)

• Iodine-128, Iodine-130, Iodine-132 data from 'Wolframalpha' (http:/ / www. wolframalpha. com/ input/ ?i=iodine-128)

Isotopes of tellurium Isotopes of iodine Isotopes of xenon Article Sources and Contributors 9 Article Sources and Contributors

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