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Bark Beetle Activity and Delayed Tree Mortality in the Greater Yellowstone Area Following the 1988 Fires Kevin C Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Quinney Natural Resources Research Library, S.J. The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography and Jessie E. 1-1-1996 Bark Beetle Activity and Delayed Tree Mortality in the Greater Yellowstone Area Following the 1988 Fires Kevin C. Ryan Gene D. Amman Recommended Citation Ryan, K. and Amman, G. (1996). Bark beetle activity and delayed tree mortality in the Greater Yellowstone area following the 1988 fires. In: RE Keane, KC Ryan and SW Running (eds), Ecological implications of fire in Greater Yellowstone Proceedings. International Association WIldliand Fire, Fairland, WA. pp. 151-158. This Contribution to Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Quinney Natural Resources Research Library, S.J. and Jessie E. at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Take a 1 Minute Survey- http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/ BTVT6FR 157 &ologicallmplications of Fire in Greater YellowstoM, 1996 e lAWF. Printed in U.s.A. 151 Bark Beetle Activity and Delayed Tree Mortality in the Greater Yellowstone Area Following the 1988 Fires Kevin C. Ryan and Gene D. Amman JIntermountain Research Station, U.s. Department ofAgriculture Forest Service, Intermountain Fire Sciences Labora­ tory, P.O. Box 8089, Missoula, Mr 59807 Tel. (406) 3294807; Fax: (406) 3294877 2Intermountain Research Station, U.S. Department ofAgriculture Forest Service (retired), Ogden Forestry Sciences Laboratory. 507 25th Street. Ogden. UT 84401 Abstract. After the 1988 Greater Yellowstone Area frres Dendroctonus rufipennis; Ips pi";: Picea engelmmmii; Pinus two studies were begun to monitor beetle activity in burned albicaulis; Pinus contorta; Pseudotsuga menziesii. and unburned conifers and to evaluate the susceptibility of fife-injured trees to bark beetle attack. An intensive survey was conducted annually from 1989 through 1992 on 24 Introduction permanent plots located in or near stands burned by surface frre. Stands were located adjacent to areas of extensive Conifer survival following fire depends on the type crowning and torching. By August 1992. 79% of the 125 and degree of tree injuries, initial tree vigor, and the Douglas-frr had been infested by bark beetles (primarily by postfrre environment. Postflfe environment includes the the Douglas-frrbeetle) and wood borers; 62% of the 151 influence of insects, diseases, and weather on tree sur­ lodgepole pine were infested (primarily by the pine en­ vival. As fife injury increases, the probability of death graver); 94% of the 17 Engelmann spruce were infested due to one or more causes increases (peterson and (primarily by the spruce beetle); and 71 % of the 17 subal­ Arbaugh 1986, Ryan and Reinhardt 1988, Ryan and pine frr were infested (primarily by wood borers). Fire Anrrnan 1994). Delayed mortality associated with frre injury combined with subsequent insect attack killed 77% injuries and subsequent insect infestation significantly of the Douglas-fir, 61 % oCthe lodgepole pine, 94% of the alters forest structure. Engelmann spruce, and all of the subalpine frr. An exten­ In 1988 crown frres in the Greater Yellowstone Area sive survey was conducted in 1991 and 1992 on 519 (GYA) burned roughly 350,000 ha, while surface frres randomly located plots throughout the area. Plots were burned an additional 200,000 ha (Greater Yellowstone located in unburned and surface frre-burned areas. Insects Post-Fire Resource Assessment Committee, Burned Area killed 13% of the 1,012 Douglas-frr, 18% of the 4,758 Survey Team 1988). Crown frres badly charred trees, lodgepole pine, 7% of the439 Engelmann spruce, 8% of the instantly killing most of them. Surface fifeS caused 134 subalpine frr, and 3% of the 144 whitebark pine. For varying degrees of crown and bole injury, increasing all species, insect infestation increased with the percent of susceptibility to insect attack. Increases in insect popu­ the basal circumference killed by frre, except for Engel­ lations in fife-injured trees create the possibility insects mann spruce where infestation was greatest with 40 to 80 can spread to unburned trees. After the 1988 frres, we % of the basal circumference girdled. Infestation in Dou­ began 2 surveys to improve our understanding of frre glas-frr,lodgepole pine, and Engelmann spruce increased injury and insect interactions in the GYA. The first study with time. The high level of infestation suggests that insect began in 1989 and focused on determining the species of populations increased in fife-injured trees and then spread insects associated with varying degrees of fife injury and to uninjured trees. Increases from 1991 to 1992 suggest that the way insect attack and tree survival changed over time. additional tree mortality will occur in 1993, and that a In 1991 a second study was begun to cover a larger area major outbreak could occur in Engelmann spruce. Delayed and assess the potential for build-up of bark beetle tree mortality attributed to frre injury accounted for more populations and their spread to adjacent unburned trees. mortality than insects. Both types of mortality greatly The objectives of the second study were to determine altered the original mosaics of green trees and dead trees delayed tree mortality resulting from fife injury, bark that were apparent immediately after the 1988 fifeS. beetles, and wood borers; and to assess if the build-up of insects in fife-injured trees led to subsequent infestation Keywords: Abies lasiocarpa; Buprestidae; Cerambycidae; of uninjured trees. Dendroctonus ponderosae; Dendroctonus pseudotusgae; 152 Ryan. K.C. and Amman. G.D. Methods portion of bark, exposing the phloem and cambium. Annual observations were made of insect attack and tree Intensive Survey mortality from 1989 through 1992. Trees were classified as alive or dead based on the presence or absence of living Canopy fires usually completely burned or severely foliage. Additional details on plot location, measure­ scorched the phloem and cambium, especially in thin­ ments, and preliminary observations are contained in barked trees. Because bark beetles feed on the phloem Amman and Ryan (1991) and Ryan and Amman (1994). and cambium. such trees were no longer suitable for bark beetle infestation. The intensive survey focused on Extensive Survey sampling in stands along the boundary between unburned forests and forests burned by surface fires. We made An extensive survey for bark beetle activity was observations on 24 Bitterlich point-sample plots (Avery conducted in 1991 and 1992. Plots were located through­ 1967) using a 2.23 m2fla'! basal area factor prism. Plots out the burned/unburned mosaic at random distances were located within the North Fork, Snake River, Huck, along the roads in Yellowstone Park and the Rockefeller and Hunter fires. Fuel (Hartford and Rothermel 1991), Memorial Parkway. Plots were in unburned or lightly weather (Bushey 1989), and fire behavior (Rothermel et burned forests primarily between 2,000 and 2,500 m al. 1994) conditions have been previously described for elevation. To be included in the study, a plot had to the GYA. Plots were located in lodgepole pine (Pinus contain green trees. In 1991,321 plots were examined, contorta) and Douglas-frr (Pseudotsuga menziesil) for­ in 1992 198 were examined. Additional details of plot ests between 2.000 and 2,500 m elevation. and within a locations and descriptions are outlined in Rasmussen et few hundred meters of roads. In addition to lodgepole al. (1996). The survey consisted of 4,758 lodgepole pine, pine and Douglas-frr. we encountered a few Engelmann 1,012 Douglas-fir, 439 Engelmann spruce, 134 subalpine spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine frr (Abies frr, and 144 whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). Sampling lasiocarpa). Measurements were made of tree diameter was conducted on variable radius plots as outlined in the at breast height. crown scorch, and the percentage of the intensive survey. All trees in the plot were examined and circumference killed at the base. Crown scorch was classified as alive, frre killed, or insect killed. based on estimated visually and expressed as the percentage of the the presence or absence of living foliage, the degree of prefIre crown volume killed. We determined cambium girdling by the frre, and degree of insect infestation. Fire injury by removing small sections of bark and visually injury was grouped into six classes based on the percent inspecting tissues. We classified insects attacking trees of the circumference girdled by heat: unburned, 1 to 20 as primary (those that can infest and kill healthy trees) or %,21 to 40 %,41 to 60 %, 61 to 80 %, and 81 to 100 %. secondary bark beetles (those commonly attracted to Observations of each tree included species, diameter weakened or recently killed trees), wood borers of the at breast height, presence or absence of insect attack, families Buprestidae and Cerambycidae, or other insects insect species, and the percentage of basal circumference (Table 1). Observations of insects were restricted to the in which the cambium was killed by fire. Trees in which lower 2 m of the bole. We detected insect attack by the cambium was killed for 100 percent of the basal inspecting for boring dust and for insect entrance and exit circumference (completely girdled), were considered to holes. Insect species were identified by removing a small have been killed by the frre. Those that
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