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EXPLORING AVAILABILITY for CONTEMPORARY NUBIAN PEOPLE to ACCESS THEIR CULTURAL HISTORY and REMOVED HERITAGE a Case Study Based

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EXPLORING AVAILABILITY for CONTEMPORARY NUBIAN PEOPLE to ACCESS THEIR CULTURAL HISTORY and REMOVED HERITAGE a Case Study Based EXPLORING AVAILABILITY FOR CONTEMPORARY NUBIAN PEOPLE TO ACCESS THEIR CULTURAL HISTORY AND REMOVED HERITAGE A case study based on Egyptian Nubians, discussing the access they have to their heritage which is curated outside of Egypt, learning about their history, and preservation of memories about a past life. Submitted by Claire Margaret Nicholas to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Archaeology, April 2017. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. (Signature) ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 2 ABSTRACT This project examines the access Egyptian Nubian people have to published and curated knowledge about their history and culture, culminating in discussing whether such access is sufficient. Seventy-two museums around the world were found to have Nubian artefacts in their collections. Museum staff were asked approximately how many Nubian pieces they had, together with the period represented and percentage on display. Their websites were then checked to identify the amount of information available online, and how much of this was in Arabic. In order to discuss the hypothesis that people in Europe and the United States had access to more information about Nubia than the Nubian people did themselves, a study into selected UK universities was conducted. Fifty-eight universities were identified as offering relevant courses. Their library catalogues were searched to determine how many titles relating to Nubia they held, resulting in 340 books being identified, which reduced to 188 once the duplicates were removed. Initial research into the number of books about Nubia printed in Arabic and available in Egypt found fewer than 20 titles, thereby proving the hypothesis to be justified. Field research consisted of interviewing five elderly Egyptian Nubian people, to record and archive their memories of life in Old Nubia before the land was permanently lost as a result of building the Aswan High Dam. The recordings and transcripts, along with details of publications and museums with Nubian artefacts, are available on a website created with the Nubian people in mind (www.whithernubia.co.uk). Ultimately the research material will be stored at Open Research Exeter (ORE) to benefit researchers. The impact of these research findings are discussed in the final chapter, after Chapter 6 discusses how many other populations might be similarly affected by a potential language difficulty when accessing information about their removed heritage. 3 LIST OF CONTENTS Chapter Sub-sections Page ABSTRACT 3 LIST OF CHARTS AND GRAPHS 6 LIST OF PICTURES, MAPS AND PHOTOS 6 LIST OF TABLES 7 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY 9 1 INTRODUCTION 13 1.1 Background to the research 13 1.2 Justification for this particular project 15 1.3 Involvement of Nubian people and the University 20 of Exeter 1.4 Hypotheses 21 1.5 Research synopsis 22 1.6 Literature review 22 1.7 Aims of the research 37 1.8 Constraints of the research 38 1.9 Communicating the results 39 1.10 Description of following chapters 40 2 METHODOLOGY AND THEORY 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Desk-based research 44 2.3 Field research 46 2.4 Multi-disciplinary approaches and theories 47 2.5 Background to archaeological theory 49 2.6 Cultural Heritage/Cultural Theory 51 2.7 New Museum Theory 54 2.8 Indigenous Archaeology 56 2.9 Pedagogy/Andragogy 57 2.10 Public Archaeology 59 2.11 Colonialism 60 3 NUBIA 67 3.1 Introduction and summary 67 3.2 Geography and naming conventions 69 3.3 Archaeological interest 72 3.4 People, culture and language 75 3.5 The UNESCO salvage campaign 88 3.6 Implementing the diaspora 92 3.7 Effect of the archaeological, salvage and cultural 93 work 3.8 Indigenous archaeology and political background 96 4 4 DATA COLLECTION 101 4.1 Introduction and summary 101 4.2 Museum displays in the 21st century 102 4.3 Identification of museums with Nubian artefacts 104 4.4 Use of Arabic on museum websites 111 4.5 Ethnography and Nubia 112 4.6 Publications relating to Nubian history, 131 archaeology, culture and traditions 4.7 Section outcomes, including critical analysis 135 5 ORAL HISTORIES 139 5.1 Introduction and summary 139 5.2 Pedagogy and andragogy 141 5.3 UNESCO and the Nubian Museum, Aswan 146 5.4 Professional guidance and ethics 148 5.5 Preparation for the interviews 150 5.6 Methodology and ancillary usage of the material 152 5.7 Nubian Ethnological Survey (NES) 1961-1964 155 5.8 Details of, and extracts from, the interviews with 160 Egyptian Nubians 5.9 Collating and finishing the material 178 5.10 Additional comments, summary and outcomes 179 6 COMPARATIVE STUDIES 183 6.1 Introduction 183 6.2 Examples of other cultures not represented by 184 their language on museum websites 6.3 Indigenous communities, including political 187 background and their archaeology 6.4 Suppression of language and its role in identity 197 6.5 Forced migrations and their connection with dam- 201 building 6.6 Summary of connections between the examples 206 and Nubia 7 CONCLUSIONS AND THE FUTURE 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Main conclusions relating to the thesis title and 210 hypotheses 7.3 Further validation of the research 210 7.4 Potential extension into new research 212 7.5 Practical ways of extending the project 214 7.6 Impact of this research 215 APPENDICES Vol. 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Vol. 2 5 LIST OF CHARTS, INCLUDING GRAPHS Chart no. Title Page C1 Results of survey 1: Interest in learning more 19 C2 Results of survey 4a: Preference over viewing 104 museum collections C3 Results of survey 4b (3): % of artefacts on display 107 C4 Results of survey 4b (6): % of collections emanating 110 from UNESCO campaign C5 Results of survey 4d: Classification of Nubia in 126 museums C6 Results of survey 4e (1): Museum attitudes towards 127 cultural information C7 Results of survey 4e (2): Ethnographical material in 128 museums C8 Results of survey 4e (3): Use of dioramas 128 C9 Results of survey 4f: Numbers of museum visits 129 C10 Combined results of surveys 4e and 4f 130 LIST OF PICTURES, INCLUDING MAPS AND PHOTOS Image no. Title Page P1 Map of Ancient Nubia 10 P2 Map of modern Nubia 11 P3 Map of Nubia 69 P4 Map of excavations in Nubia, 1907-1960 74 P5 Map of tribal populations in Nubia 76 P6 Facebook advertisement, International Nuba Day 80 P7 Chronology of Egyptian and Nubian cultural periods 82 P8 Grouping of Nubian languages 87 P9 Map of excavations in Nubia, 1960-1970 91 P10 Abu Simbel (1): 1904 94 P11 Abu Simbel (2): Post-1960s campaign 95 P12 Abu Simbel (3): Post-1960s campaign 95 P13 Results of survey 4b (2): Locations of museums with 106 Nubian artefacts P14 Scene in Nubian Museum (1): Women weaving 116 P15 Scene in Nubian Museum (2): Shaduf 116 P16 Scene in Nubian Museum (3): Saqia 117 P17 More images of Saqia 118 P18 Scene in Nubian Museum (4): School group 118 P19 Scene in Nubian Museum (5): Wedding celebration 119 P20 Scene in Nubian Museum (6): Bride’s preparation 120 P21 Scene in Nubian Museum (7): House decoration 121 P22 Scene in British Museum (1): Egyptian artwork 123 P23 Scene in British Museum (2): Display of pots 124 P24 Scene from Nubian interviews (1): Abd Allah Hassan- 163 blana and Princess Alexandra P25 Letter from Buckingham Palace 163 6 P26 Scene from Nubian interviews (2): Depiction of 165 Nubian jumping game P27 Scene from Nubian interviews (3): Group photo at 167 Kom Ombo (1) P28 Scene from Nubian interviews (4): Fikry Kachif being 170 interviewed P29 Scene from Nubian interviews (5): Ali Hassan 171 Mohamed P30 Scene from Nubian interviews (6): Kafer Abdo Bakry 173 and me at Lake Nasser P31 Scene from Nubian interviews (7): Rahma Mohamed 175 Abdule Latif and her husband P32 Scene from Nubian interviews (8): Group photo at 176 Abu Simbel P33 Scene from Nubian interviews (9): Group photo at 177 Kom Ombo (2) P34 Scene from Nubian interviews (10): Host and hostess 178 at Kom Ombo (2) P35 Original location of Indian tribes 188 P36 Updated location of key Indian tribes 189 P37 Amazon rainforest 193 P38 Large dams being constructed or planned 217 LIST OF TABLES Table no. Title Page T1 Results of preliminary book search 16 T2 International tourism: number of arrivals 94 T3 Results of survey 4b (4): % of artefacts on display, by 107 museum T4 Results of survey 4b (5): Eras of Nubian history 108 represented by museum collections T5 Results of survey 4h: Number of specific books in UK 133 university libraries T6 Combined results of surveys 4g and 4h 133 T7 Languages potentially required on Universal Museum 185 websites T8 Languages available on Universal Museum websites 186 T9 Summary of case-study connections with Nubia 207 7 8 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY The term ‘Nubia’ should be used with care when conducting searches on the internet, as it is used by businesses and people with no connection to the land or culture of Nubia, possibly because it is seen as an effective marketing name. Google searches have identified businesses such as pet grooming, cosmetic products, publishing and career guidance, but not relating to Nubian people. There was also a dance programme called Nubian Steps, albeit with no apparent connection to Nubia (Gray, 2001).
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