1754-1800 A. Explain the Context in Which American Gained Independence and Developed a Sense of National Identity

Period 3: 1754-1800 A. Explain the context in which American gained independence and developed a sense of national identity.

• British settlement and era of salutary neglect (economic, political, religious) PRE 1754

For other potential questions in this era, it depends when the question starts. The major events in order are: • Seven Years War (1754-63): Period 2 is context • Taxation w/out Representation (1763-775): Seven Years War is context • American Revolution (1775-1783): Seven Years War/Taxation is context • Articles of Confederation (1781-87): Revolutionary War is context • Constitutional Convention (1787-1789) : Revolutionary War/Articles are context • Early Republic (1789-1800) - Political Parties, Foreign Policy Debates: Early Government: Articles, Constitution & Ratification are context

B. Explain the causes and effects of the Seven Years’ War 1754-1763 (the French and Indian War).

• Causes: British/French conflict over western lands (trans Appalachian/western PA) • Effects: Albany Plan of Union 1754 (unify colonies w/ Britain v. French), British victory, French lose territories beyond Appalachians and Canada, Pontiac’s Rebellion by Native Americans (British win) 1763, Proclamation of 1763, taxation to pay for war, end of salutary neglect

C. Explain how British colonial policies regarding North America led to the Revolutionary War.

• custom of salutary neglect with minimal oversight by Britain comes to an end with Seven Years War, Proclamation Line, standing armies for protection from Native Americans and enforced taxation • Taxation without Representation v. American ideas of self-government (examples from P2) • Sugar Act 1763, Stamp Act 1765, Stamp Act Congress 1765, Sons and Daughters of Liberty, Homespun Movement, Declaratory Act 1766, Townshend Taxes 1767, Boston Massacre 1770, Tea Act 1773, Boston Tea Party 1773, Intolerable Acts 1774, First Continental Congress 1774, The Association 1774, Lexington and Concord 1775

D. Explain how and why colonial attitudes about government and the individual changed in the years leading up to the American Revolution.

• Enlightenment Philosophy: individualism v. hereditary privilege, Locke & theory of revolution, tradition of American self-government • Common Sense 1776: Thomas Paine, arguments for independence, republicanism, impact • Declaration of Independence 1776: Jefferson, Locke’s theory of revolution, list of grievances, impact nationally through history, impact worldwide through history

E. Explain how various factors contributed to the American victory in the Revolution 1775-1783.

• Advantages + /Disadvantages - : American (ideology, motivation +/no money, army, navy, govt. -) v. British (money, army, navy, govt. +/distance, some indifference -) • Patriots (NE, VA) v. Loyalists (Middle, Deep South) • General Washington (leadership), colonial militia (bravery), good diplomacy (Franklin), French Alliance 1777 (guns & ships) • Battles: Saratoga 1777 (French join afterwards), Yorktown 1781 (end) • Treaty of Paris 1783: US gains all land from Atlantic to Mississippi River; generous terms

F. Explain the various ways the American Revolution affected society.

• slavery: some African Americans fight on both sides in war (Britain promised freedom), South continues and expands slavery after war, middle & northern states gradually end slavery • women: provide resources during war (make materials/nursing); discussion of rights after war (Abigail Adams letter), generally denied; Republican Motherhood

G. Describe the global impact of the American Revolution.

• inspires future independence movements in France (French Revolution & Declaration of the Rights of Man), Haiti (Toussaint L’Overture) , and Latin America (Simon Bolivar)

H. Explain how difference forms of government developed and changed as a result of the Revolutionary Period.

• State Constitutions: set model of branches, checks and balances, voting for rich/white/male, ratification (approval) process • Articles of Confederation 1781-1787: weak alliance of states, fearful of a new powerful government replacing Britain o Strengths: wins Revolutionary War; gets and organizes land (Land Ordinance of 1785 – squares, NW Ordinance of 1787 – territories become states, bans slavery) o Weaknesses: economics (can’t tax, can regulate trade, can’t pay war debts, US economy was depressed after the Rev. War); foreign affairs (British keep forts in US, Spanish close Mississippi River, Native American raids); structure (only legislative branch, hard to pass laws, really hard to change, no one in charge); Shay’s Rebellion1786

I. Explain the differing ideological positions on the structure and function of the federal government.

• Constitutional Convention 1787: 55 rich/white/men balancing state, economic, and slavery interests • Compromises: representation (NJ Plan, VA Plan, Great Compromise), slavery (N/S proposals, 3/5 Compromises, end to slave trade in 20 years), Electoral College • Ratification Debate 1787-88: Federalists (Hamilton, Madison, Federalist Papers) v. Anti- Federalists (Anti-Federalist Papers); general compromise with Bill of Rights; Bill of Rights 1791 (1-10)

J. Explain the continuities and changes in the structure and functions of the government with the ratification of the Constitution.

• structure of government: 3 branches, checks and balances, federalism • Continuities: republican ideas, legislature elected by “people”, rule by elite, limited government (Bill of Rights) • Changes: powerful government (can tax, regulate trade), powerful president and Supreme Court, federalism (division of power between state and federal government), power to address issues in Articles (foreign affairs, power to regulate trade)

K. Explain how and why competition intensified conflicts among peoples and nations from 1754- 1800.

• Diplomacy: England (trade disruptions 1790s, Jay’s Treaty 1794), Spanish (Pinckney’s Treaty 1795), Native Americans (NW Indian Wars 1794, Treaty of Greenville 1795), French (trade disruptions 1790s, undeclared naval war 1798-1800, XYZ Affair 1798) • Wars of French Revolution (French expect help, Proclamation of Neutrality 1791) • Spanish expansion into California (mission system)

L. Explain how and why political ideas, institutions, and party systems developed and changed in the new republic.

• precedents: Washington (cabinet, neutrality, two terms), Adams (neutrality) • Origins of Parties: political party (group seeking to win office and implement policy) o Hamilton’s Financial Plan 1791: Whiskey Tax, National Bank (loose interpretation/elastic clause), tariff, assumption of state debts; it gets passed and it works to fix the economy Jefferson’s opposition: anti-tax, anti-tariff, anti-bank (strict interpretation/10th Amendment, opposed to assumption of debts because it puts federal government over states o Wars of French Revolution 1789 – Hamilton (support England or be neutral) Jefferson & Madison (continue treat with France); Washington’s neutrality 1791 o Federalists (Hamilton) – strong central government, for plan, pro England o Democratic Republicans (Jefferson/Madison) – strong state governments, anti-plan, pro France • Washington’s Farewell Address 1796: avoid entangling alliances, avoid political parties, support the Constitution

M. Explain the continuities and changes in American culture from 1754 to 1800. • ?

N. Explain how and why migration and immigration to and within North America caused competition and conflict over time.

• Movement west causes between Native Americans and European powers: British settlers move west (1750s) causing French & Indian War 1754-1763; British win and Native Americans lose French allies; Pontiac’s Rebellion & Proclamation of 1763, most Native Americans side with British in Revolutionary War; after Revolutionary War Britain aids Native Americans who fear American expansion; US defeats Native Americans in NW Indian Wars 1794 & signs Treaty of Greenville 1795 • Americans expand into the trans-Appalachian West from 1754-1800

O. Explain the continuities and changes in regional attitudes about slavery as it expanded from 1754 to 1800.

• Northern states gradually emancipate slaves in the years after the American Revolution; the NW Ordinance 1787 bans slavery in the Old Northwest • Southern states expand slavery into the Southwest as the region gradually transitions from tobacco to cotton

P. Explain how the American independence movement affected society from 1754 to 1800.

• Politics: transition from British rule to war to Articles to Constitution to political conflict in US (change); rule by rich/white/men (continuity) • Society: slavery ends in North, continues in South (mix), women have limited roles (continuity) • Foreign Affairs: continual involvement with European affairs (Seven Years War, Rev. War, Wars of French Revolution); continual destruction of Native American culture (Seven Years War, Pontiac’s Rebellion, NW Indian Wars)