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Duška Knežević-Hočevar ZRC-SAZU, Ljubljana Introduction the Mid-19Th Century Historical Debates on the Political Inception O

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Duška Knežević-Hočevar ZRC-SAZU, Ljubljana Introduction the Mid-19Th Century Historical Debates on the Political Inception O VANISHING NATION:DISCUSSING NATION’S REPRODUCTION IN POST-SOCIALIST SLOVENIA Duška Knežević-Hočevar ZRC-SAZU, Ljubljana © 2004 Duška Knežević-Hočevar All Rights Reserved The copyright for individual articles in both the print and online version of the Anthropology of East Europe Review are retained by the individual authors. They reserve all rights other than those stated here. Please contact the managing editor for details on contacting these authors. Permission is granted for reproducing these articles for scholarly and classroom use as long as only the cost of reproduction is charged to the students. Commercial reproduction of these articles requires the permission of the authors. Introduction discussions on nationalism as a political philosophy and it referred to a people with The mid-19th century historical debates on the shared linguistic, cultural, historical political inception of the Slovenian nation experience, material conditions, and descent; featured numerical “smallness”1 as the most organic ties to peoples’ territory and indicative characteristic of the Slovenian environment were considered peoples’ natural population. Despite many other attributes, rights to such places (Kreager 1997: 155). mostly described as “favorable” – e.g. cultural The imperative that such “natural wholes” had and religious homogeneity, language to be “home-produced” (Kreager 1997: 156) uniformity – the early builders of the national and re-produced is also characteristic for post- discourse understood this smallness as a socialist rhetoric on production and renewal “serious political disadvantage” (cf. Cvirn of “biological Slovenians.” Moreover, the 1995: 73; Domej 1995: 87, 92). This assertion ideological notions of the “ancient past of the was further implicated in many historical Slovenian nation” have corroborated those attempts to reinforce the Slovenian statehood, interpretations on declining fertility in be it in the framework of politically Slovenia that had adopted the central differently conceptualised Yugoslav states2 or assumption of the classical theory of finally in the 1990s, in the period of demographic transition.3 The theory was establishing an independent Slovenian state. firmly grounded in the notion that each and In this article I argue that the public every country successfully moves from a pre- interpretations of fertility behavior in the industrial to a post-industrial state of period of consolidating the Slovenian demographic equilibrium, i.e. from the state independent state uncritically espoused a 19th of the population’s high fertility and high century concept of national population. The mortality to a state of the decline of the classic concept was used mostly in population growth. Evolutionary-designed demographic theory was also convenient for 1 According to Public Censuses of the 1931 and the 2002, the numbers of declared Slovenians are 3 Szreter (1993: 661) asserts that demographic 1,397,650, and 1,948,250 respectively. transition in its classic theoretisation was a general 2 In chronological order, the Yugoslav states were: theory, stipulating that a strong population growth the State of Slovenians, Croats and Serbs, initially occurred in the period of industrialisation established in October 1918; the Kingdom of because fertility remained uncontrolled and at a Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, constituted a month high rate, while mortality declined due to later; the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1929; the improved food supplies and living standards. The Democratic Federative Yugoslavia from 1945; the latter were seen as the consequence of Federative Republic of Yugoslavia from 1946, and improvements in agriculture, transport, in 1963 established the Socialist Federative manufacturing, and progress of the medical Republic of Yugoslavia. sciences. commentators on the “transitional orientation” The size of the national population has been of the new Slovenian state from the “primitive an unavoidable topic in most “domestic” Balkans” to the “civilised Europe”. studies on Slovenian population and related themes ever since. The numerical smallness of The “smallness” of the nation’s body the Slovenian nation was not only a A clearly conveyed idea of Slovenian statistically verified fact in Austrian censuses; statehood, authored by a handful of Slovenian furthermore, many Slovenian scholars have intellectuals in 1848, considered of prime focused on discovering the reasons for such importance the project of constructing the an alarming national situation, or have even Slovenians as a “historical nation.” According tried to invent measures for its improvement. to historian Cvirn (1995: 73), after 1848, According to the archaeologist Niederle, the German political writings had successfully main reasons for such a seemingly precarious launched the argument that the Slovenians national situation were on the one hand, the represented only a minute particle of Slovenian emigration abroad, and on the other humanity which was doomed to extinction – hand, the errors of statistical data collected in i.e. to submergence in the sea of German-ness the Empire. Small numbers notwithstanding, - precisely because of its smallness, cultural Slovenians should not fear radical decline if backwardness, and notably because they only know how to strengthen the national Slovenians were obstructing Germans in their consciousness in people, and improve their spatial expansion towards the Adriatic sea. civilisation within their political territory – the The all-European “national revival” activated Carniola (cf. Niederle 1911: 117-118). not only Slovenian intellectuals in their efforts Similarly, the argument of one of his to bring into force the idea of Slovenia as a contemporaries, Mačkovšek, was that the political entity of the hitherto dispersed Slovenian lowest population increase among Slovenian speaking population in the the Austrian Slavs was due to their Alpine Empire’s historical lands, but it also country, poor economy, emigration, and substantiated the creation of a new orientation territorial losses. He argued for a just national in Slovenian historiography – the construction struggle for the return of the lost millennial of national history (Kos 1985: 11). In their Slovenian settlement lands (Mačkovšek; in: enthusiasm for bringing to light everything of Niederle 1911: 246, 250). the greatest significance for the Slovenian These first “Slovenian” interpretations of the national past, the heralds of Slovenian official statistics on the national populations longevity even developed a specific type of within the Empire were accompanied by scholar – the patriotic historiographer who appeals for eliminating such a threatening should not be preoccupied only with the decrease of the Slovenian population, national history, but also had to study the propagated by medical doctors and language, folk ways, and customs of the eugenicists in the 1920s and 1930s. According people, and who had to be a poet and a to these scholars, the numerical smallness of national agitator at the same time (Kos 1985: the Slovenian nation was not its only 11). Davorin Trstenjak was the first who disadvantage; they considered that the quality explicitly mentioned the numerical smallness of the “national organism” and the “national of the Slovenian nation: health” also needed to be brought under The Slovenian nation is meagre in scrutiny. Of particular concern was the number. Hundreds of years of alleged basic biological characteristic of a inconvenience heavily disturbed it. All nation – its persistent “rebirth and disasters notwithstanding, in the face replacement” (Zalokar 1918: 6). The statistics of other bigger nations having on fertility, mortality, and migration were vanished from the world scene, it still consulted and analysed with regard to various remains safe and sound.” (Trstenjak environments and areas settled by Slovenians. 1863: 234; author’s translation) The one single purpose of these efforts was to diagnose and improve the circumstances for and somewhat automatically applied the the sake of a better “quality of national theory on “domestic ground.” posterity” (Zalokar 1918: 7). Many questions National press on Slovenian fertility pertaining to “reproduction” turned out to be worthy of study in the “nation’s perspective,” The assumption that the public discussion on provided that they helped change the status of Slovenian statehood of the 1990s adopted the Slovenian people into a sovereign nation. anachronistic notion of the national population not merely as a historical and Scholars in different scientific disciplines cultural phenomenon but as a “natural” fact have systematically tracked the demographic was tested by reviewing and analysing press- movements in Slovenia since the end of clippings from the Journalist documentation World War I. The first basic study on the Delo, the most extensive journalist archive in historical development of the Slovenian Slovenia. I analysed 177 articles (the folder population since the 18th century was Natality) published between 1970 and 2000. I published in 1936. In his effort to determine first sought to find discernible time patterns in and evaluate the proper number of Slovenians the press interpretations on fertility in in their scattered historical lands of settlement Slovenia, and consequently identify the across different periods, Fran Zwitter assumed constructed image of the national population. that the development of the population should The hypothesis was that following the always be studied
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