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European Court of Human Rights Intervention in Szurovecz V

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European Court of Human Rights Intervention in Szurovecz V EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS INTERVENTION IN SZUROVECZ V. HUNGARY (APPLICATION NO. 15428/16) Introduction 1. These written comments are made on behalf of the Media Legal Defence Initiative, Index on Censorship, Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, European Publishers Council, PEN International, Hungarian Helsinki Committee, the Dutch Association of Journalists, and the European Centre for Press and Media Freedom (the “Interveners”).1 2. The value of investigative reporting in a democracy cannot be overstated. It gives publicity to matters that would otherwise go unexposed. It informs members of the public about places or practices that have a significant impact on society, but are otherwise inaccessible or unknown to them. As has been observed on numerous occasions “[s]unlight is said to be the best of disinfectants”.2 In recent years, investigative reporters have exposed mass state surveillance,3 tax evasion by the global elite,4 instances of modern slavery,5 the plight of refugees in detention centres,6 animal cruelty,7and sexual abuse in religious institutions.8 A key component of effective investigative reporting is physical access to locations. Physical access enables journalists to understand the context in which stories are taking place and to observe directly the conditions and conduct in such locations. There are many recent examples of journalists successfully exposing matters of 1 These written comments are submitted pursuant to Rule 44(3) of the Rules of Court of 1 January 2016, following permission granted by the President of the Fourth Section of the European Court of Human Rights (the "ECHR") in a letter dated 12 September 2016. 2 Louis D. Brandeis (former Justice of the United States Supreme Court), Other People's Money—and How Bankers Use It (1914, Frederick A. Stokes Company: New York), p. 92. 3 In 2013, The Guardian and The New York Times newspapers, among others, published revelations by the whistleblower Edward Snowden about mass domestic surveillance by the US National Security Agency (see The Guardian, Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations (11 June 2013), available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower- surveillance). 4 In 2016, the British Broadcasting Corporation (the “BBC”) and The Guardian, among others, published the Panama Papers which detailed the extensive off-shore tax arrangements by leading politicians and others. The documents were originally obtained by the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung from an anonymous whistleblower and passed to the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (see The Guardian, Panama Papers, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/panama-papers). 5 In 2016, the Associated Press was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for an investigation of severe labour abuses tied to the supply of seafood to American supermarkets and restaurants. The investigation is reported to have resulted in 2,000 slaves being freed and the perpetrators brought to justice (see The Pulitzer Prizes, The 2016 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Public Service, available at: http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/associated-press). 6 In 2016, The Guardian published 2,000 leaked official documents from Australia’s off-shore detention centre detailing assaults, sexual abuse and self-harm of asylum seekers (see The Guardian, Nauru Files, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/nauru-files). 7 In 2011, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (the “ABC”) aired an investigative report containing footage of abuse of Australian cattle in Indonesian abattoirs. The footage was obtained by animal activists and journalists in the abattoirs. Within a week of the report, the Australian Government issued a temporary total ban on the live export of cattle to Indonesia (see ABC, Four Corners, A Bloody Business (30 May 2011) available at http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/special_eds/20110530/cattle/). 8 In 2003, The Boston Globe was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for its long-running investigation into sexual abuse by priests in the Roman Catholic Church in the United States (see The Pulitzer Prizes, The 2003 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Public Service, available at: http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/boston-globe-1). significant public interest by gaining physical access to areas of natural disaster,9 aged care facilities,10 juvenile prisons,11 abattoirs,12 prisons13 and brothels.14 3. This intervention addresses the important question of principle concerning whether and to what extent the imposition of physical restraints on journalists accessing an area where news could be developing is permitted under Article 10 the European Convention on Human Rights (the "Convention"). These written comments seek to assist the European Court of Human Rights (the “Court”) by providing an analysis of international and comparative law demonstrating that a refusal of a journalist's request to physically access places or events (e.g. to conduct interviews) during the course of his or her journalistic activity may be incompatible with Article 10 of the Convention, particularly if the subsequent reporting is intended to relate to matters of general public interest or concerns vulnerable groups. In doing so, these written comments address the following considerations: a. newsgathering activity is afforded protection under Article 10 of the Convention; b. restraints on journalists accessing certain places or events engages Article 10 of the Convention; and c. such restraints require careful scrutiny, and are only justified where strictly necessary and proportionate. I. Newsgathering is afforded protection under Article 10 of the Convention 4. The right to freedom of expression under Article 10 of the Convention includes the right to impart and receive information and ideas without interference by public authorities. This right is enjoyed by everyone, including the press. The Court has found that not only does the press enjoy a right to freedom of expression, it also has a “duty to impart – in a manner consistent with its obligations and responsibilities – information and ideas on all matters of 15 public interest.” By discharging this duty, the press performs its essential democratic 9 In 2006, the Sun Herald was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for its comprehensive coverage of Hurricane Katrina in South Mississippi in the United States (see The Pulitzer Prizes, The 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Public Service, available at: http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/sun-herald). 10 The BBC’s Panorama television program has exposed abuse in care homes in the UK, including, in 2011, footage of abuse at a private institution which was obtained by an undercover support worker (see BBC One, Panorama, Undercover Care: The Abuse Exposed (31 May 2011), available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b011pwt6). 11 In 2016, television programs aired on the BBC and the ABC detailing separate incidents in their respective countries of abuse by staff against children in juvenile justice centres (see BBC, Panorama: Teenage Prison Abuse Exposed (20 January 2016), available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06ymzly) and (see ABC, Four Corners: Australia’s Shame (25 July 2016), available at: http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/2016/07/25/4504895.htm). 12 See footnote 5 above in relation to footage of animal cruelty taken in Indonesian abattoirs. 13 In 2016, a journalist with the American on-line news publication, Mother Jones, worked undercover as a guard at a private prison in the US for four months. His report detailed the safety and security risks for staff and inmates that had resulted from underfunding of the prison (see Mother Jones, My Four Months as a Private Prison Guard (July/August 2016), available at: http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/06/cca-private- prisons-corrections-corporation-inmates-investigation-bauer). 14 See, for example, the 2013 eight-part series on human trafficking prepared by WGBH Boston Public Radio, the International Center for Journalists, the Ford Foundation, and the Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism which included on-site visits to bars in South East Asia in which the sex trade occurred: “Special Report: Human Trafficking - Underground Trade: From Boston to Bangkok" (January 8, 2013), available at http://www.schusterinstituteinvestigations.org/trafficking-boston-to-bangkok. 15 ECHR, Jersild v. Denmark, Application No. 15890/89 (23 September 1994), par. 31. 2 function as a “public watchdog”.16 The “watchdog” role of the media assumes particular importance where the media reports on governmental activity. Their presence is a guarantee that the state authorities can be held to account for their conduct,17 which is one of the crucial elements of the democratic ideal protected by the Convention. 5. The Court has recognised the importance of protecting journalists’ newsgathering activities, which are conducted prior to publication, as a corollary to the right to freedom of expression and freedom of the press. In its case law, the Court has protected specific forms of preparatory newsgathering activity, including communications with confidential sources,18 interviews with third parties,19 and access to certain kinds of information.20 In Dammann v. Switzerland, the Court considered a case where a journalist was convicted for inciting an employee of the Public Prosecutor’s Office to disclose information in breach of official secrets law. Following the disclosure, the
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