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(DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE) Mrujolaine Giroux Departm

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MORPHOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY OF SARCOPHAGINAE AND THE SYSTEMATICS OF NEOBELLIERIA (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE) Mrujolaine Giroux Department ofNatural Resource Sciences McGill University, Montreal J anuary 2007 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Office in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Mrujolaine Giroux, 2007 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-32185-0 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-32185-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont été enlevés de cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada ABSTRACT A comprehensive Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) study of the distal portion of the male phallus (acrophallus), in 42 species of the flesh-fly subfamily Sarcophaginae, was undertaken to clarify its morphology, to homologize its parts and to define male genital characters. In addition, to better understand the phylogenetic implications of the male genitalia, the generic relationships of 19 sarcophagine genera were tested using a parsimony analysis of 72 examplar species, based on 41 male genitalic characters and 33 other morphological characters of larvae, males and females. The monophyly of Ravinia Robineau-Desvoidy, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, Titanogrypa Townsend, Helicobia Coquillett, Lepidodexia Brauer & Bergenstamm and Sarcophaga s.l. Meigen was supported, but Blaesoxipha Loew appeared paraphyletic. The genus He/icobia was nested within Sarcophaga and the subgenus S. (Neobellieria) Blanchard was found to be polyphyletic. The analysis also supported a sister-group relationship between the type species of S. (Neobellieria) and the subgenus S. (Tolucamyia) Dodge. Based on that cladistic analysis, S. (Tolucamyia) was synonymized with S. (Neobellieria) which was redefined to include the five species of the S. (N.) polistensis group, those previously assigned to S. (Tolucamyia) and one new species. To accommodate the four species of the S. (N.) semimarginalis Hall group and four new species, a new subgenus, S. (Bu/basty/a) Giroux & Whee1er, was erected. Finally, Rabackina Lopes was reinstated as a subgenus of Sarcaphaga to accommodate the single species S. trip/asia Wulp. ii RÉSUMÉ Une étude détaillée de la partie distale du phallus (l'acrophallus) fut entreprise chez 42 espèces de Sarcophaginae, en utilisant la microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB). À l'aide des images produites, la morphologie des acrophallus fut étudiée et les structures homologues identifiées. Des caractères génitaux mâles furent également définis. Afin de vérifier l'implication phylogénétique des génitalia mâles, les relations de 19 genres de Sarcophaginae furent testées à l'aide de la méthode de parcimonie. Au total, 72 espèces exemplaires, 41 caractères génitaux mâles ainsi que 33 autres caractères morphologiques provenant des larves, des mâles et des femelles furent utilisés. La monophylie des genres Ravinia Robineau-Desvoidy, Oxysarcodexia Townsend, Titanogrypa Townsend, Helicobia Coquillett, Lepidodexia Brauer & Bergenstamm et Sarcophaga sol. Meigen fut confirmée mais le genre Blaesoxipha Loew est apparu paraphylétique. Le genre Helicobia s'est retrouvé à l'intérieur du genre Sarcophaga et le sous-genre S. (Neobellieria) Blanchard est apparu polyphylétique. L'analyse a aussi confirmé une relation de groupe­ frères entre l'espèce type de S. (Neobellieria) et le sous-genre S. (Tolucamyia) Dodge. En se basant sur la phylogénie obtenue, S. (Tolucamyia) est devenu synonyme de S. (Neobellieria) lequel fut redéfini pour inclure les cinq espèces du groupe de S. (N.) polistensis, celles du sous-genre S. (Tolucamyia) et une nouvelle espèce. Afin de classifier les quatre espèces du group de S. (N.) semimarginalis Hall et quatre nouvelles espèces le nouveau sous-genre, S. (Bulbostyla) Giroux & Whee1er, fut érigé. Finallement, Robackina Lopes fut rétabli en tant que sous-genre de Sarcophaga pour permettre la classification de1'espèce S. triplasia Wulp. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................. ............................................................................... ii Résumé ............................................................................................................................ iii Table of contents............................................................................................................... iv List of appendices .............................................................................................................. vi List of figures ................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgrnents ........................................................................................................... xvii Preface ............................................................................................................................ xix Contributions of authors .................................................................................................. xxi Chapter 1. General introduction and literature review ............................................... 1 The family Sarcophaginae ................................................................................................. 2 Description ........................................................................................................................ 2 Distributîon ....................................................................................................................... 3 Biology .............................................................................................................................. 4 Economic importance ........................................................................................................ 5 Systematic position and monophyly .................................................................................. 6 Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 8 References ........................................................................................................................ 10 Chapter 2. Morphology and phylogenetic implications of the acrophallus in the flesh-fly subfamily Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) ..................................... 15 Abstract..... ................. .............. ....... ..................... ......................... ............... ....... ........... ... 15 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 16 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................... 19 Results and discussion ...................................................................................................... 24 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 48 References ......................................................................................................................... 49 Connecting statement ................................................................................................... 93 Chapter 3. Systematics and phylogeny of the subgenus Sarcophaga (Neobellieria) Blanchard (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) ............................................................................ 94 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 94 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 95 Materials and Methods ....................................................................................................
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    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2012 Taxonomy and systematics of the Australian Sarcophaga s.l. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) Kelly Ann Meiklejohn University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Meiklejohn, Kelly Ann, Taxonomy and systematics of the Australian Sarcophaga s.l. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2012. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3729 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Taxonomy and systematics of the Australian Sarcophaga s.l. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree Doctor of Philosophy from University of Wollongong by Kelly Ann Meiklejohn BBiotech (Adv, Hons) School of Biological Sciences 2012 Thesis Certification I, Kelly Ann Meiklejohn declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Kelly Ann Meiklejohn 31st of August 2012 ii Table of Contents List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................