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Network Diversity in Internationalized Smes

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Network Diversity in Internationalized Smes Submitted by: Lisa Maria Prem Submitted at: Institute of Innovation Management Network Diversity in Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Robert J. Internationalized Breitenecker SMEs: September 2019 A Qualitative Analysis of the Austrian Context Master Thesis to obtain the academic degree of Master of Science Global Business in the Joint Master’s Program Global Business Kanada/Taiwan JOHANNES KEPLER UNIVERSITY LINZ Altenberger Str. 69 4040 Linz, Austria www.jku.at DVR 0093696 STATUTORY DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis submitted is my own unaided work, that I have not used other than the sources indicated, and that all direct and indirect sources are acknowledged as references. This printed thesis is identical with the electronic version submitted. Linz, September 2019 _______________________________ Lisa Maria Prem September 2019 Lisa Maria Prem 3/123 ABSTRACT Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been the object of increasing interest. This is due to today’s global economy, which is opening up new growth and development opportunities for businesses, specifically for those limited in size. Despite these abundant opportunities, our borderless world exposes SMEs to many challenges that affect their operations in an international context. In response to these challenges, networks of SMEs have gained importance. Network partners are acknowledged as a considerable source for SMEs to branch out their business activities towards their aims. Otherwise, there is a great risk that the lack of resources of SMEs constitutes an impediment to accessing foreign markets. While considering the usefulness for firms to build relationships, this thesis draws attention to the fact that the existing literature provides little information on network diversity. In light of this issue, there is no body of literature that describes how diverse the networks of SMEs should be in order to facilitate their internationalization. Based on the unique motives and obstacles of SMEs in the era of international business, this thesis explores their network partners. The examination of networks of SMEs that are relevant for internationalization is based on a developed framework that includes network variety, network separation, and network disparity. In doing so, this thesis aims to advance our understanding of the network diversity of SMEs that is beneficial for entering new markets. The empirical part of this thesis uses a qualitative approach and involves four in-depth interviews with managers. The data from these interviews provided strong evidence that Austrian SMEs primarily rely on their business networks to present their firms in foreign markets. While there are inconsistencies regarding the significance of institutional networks, it was also indicated that social networks are negligible. Thus, what is crucial is not the dissimilarity of network partners, but having powerful relationships in the target market. A closer look at the data further indicates that internationalization is facilitated if network partners are allowed to make decisions in a fairly autonomous fashion and the intervention of SMEs is minimized. Furthermore, it could be confirmed that the market expansions of SMEs are promoted if network partners show a strong mutual commitment. Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), internationalization motives of SMEs, internationalization barriers of SMEs, networks, network diversity September 2019 Lisa Maria Prem 4/123 ABSTRACT GERMAN Kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) erfreuen sich offenbar wachsendem Interesse. Dies ist auf die heutige globale Wirtschaft, welche es vor allem kleineren Firmen ermöglicht, neue Wachstums- und Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten zu realisieren, zurückzuführen. Trotz dieser zahlreichen Möglichkeiten ist unsere grenzenlose Welt auch dafür verantwortlich, dass KMU im internationalen Umfeld viele Herausforderungen meistern müssen. Als Reaktion auf diese Herausforderungen haben Firmennetzwerke an Bedeutung gewonnen. Der Aufbau von Netzwerken ist somit ein bedeutender Schritt, damit kleine und mittlere Unternehmen ihre Aktivitäten über österreichische Grenzen hinweg ausweiten können. Hier muss erwähnt werden, dass KMU ohne die Unterstützung von Netzwerkpartnern aufgrund ihrer limitieren Ressourcen nicht fähig wären, Geschäftsmöglichkeiten in neuen Märkten erfolgreich auszuschöpfen. Obwohl Netzwerke zunehmend an Wichtigkeit gewinnen, weist diese Arbeit auf Wissenslücken in der vorhandenen Literatur hin. Das bezieht sich insbesondere auf die Zusammensetzung von Netzwerken, welche für die Internationalisierung der KMU eine Rolle spielen. Unter der Berücksichtigung, dass KMU ganz besondere Ziele und Herausforderungen im internationalen Wettbewerb besitzen, befasst sich diese Arbeit mit der Netzwerk-Diversität von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen. Da die Netzwerk-Diversität noch weitgehend unerforscht ist, wurde ein Framework erarbeitet, welcher Netzwerk-Varietät, Netzwerk-Separation und Netzwerk-Disparität thematisiert. Dadurch wird ein besseres Verständnis dafür geschaffen, welches Ausmaß an Netzwerk-Diversität am vorteilhaftesten für die Internationalisierung von KMU ist. Mithilfe einer qualitativen Methode untersucht diese Arbeit österreichische KMU und deren Nutzung von Netzwerken während des Internationalisierungsprozesses. Die empirische Studie beinhaltet vier Interviews mit Managern. Die Analyse der Interviews bekräftigt, dass österreichische KMU weitgehend von Business-Netzwerken abhängig sind. Während Unstimmigkeiten hinsichtlich der Bedeutung von institutionellen Netzwerken bestehen, kam aus den Interviews hervor, dass soziale Netzwerke vernachlässigt werden können. Daher ist die Unterschiedlichkeit der Partner nicht an höchster Stelle, sondern die Stärke von Beziehungen im Zielmarkt. Eine genauere Betrachtung der Daten deutet darauf hin, dass die Internationalisierung vereinfacht wird, indem Netzwerkpartner ihre Entscheidungen selbst treffen und KMU sich so wenig wie möglich einmischen. Es wurde zudem herausgefunden, dass die Markterweiterung der KMU gefördert wird, wenn Netzwerkpartner eine starke gegenseitige Einsatzbereitschaft zeigen. Stichwörter: kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU), KMU Internationalisierungsmotive, KMU Internationalisierungsbarrieren, Netzwerke, Netzwerk-Diversität September 2019 Lisa Maria Prem 5/123 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Goal of the Study ......................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................ 13 2. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) .................................................................... 15 2.1 Definition of SMEs ....................................................................................................... 15 2.2 SMEs in Austria ........................................................................................................... 16 3. Internationalization of SMEs ............................................................................................... 18 3.1 Internationalization Motives of SMEs ........................................................................... 20 3.2 Internationalization Barriers of SMEs ........................................................................... 22 4. The Network Context .......................................................................................................... 25 4.1 Network Interdependencies ......................................................................................... 25 4.2 Network Ties ............................................................................................................... 27 4.3 Classifying Networks ................................................................................................... 28 4.4 The Geographic Location ............................................................................................ 31 5. Network Diversity ................................................................................................................ 34 5.1 Network Separation ..................................................................................................... 37 5.2 Network Variety ........................................................................................................... 39 5.3 Network Disparity ........................................................................................................ 40 5.4 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................... 42 6. Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 43 6.1 The Qualitative Research Design ................................................................................ 43 6.2 Data Collection ............................................................................................................ 43 6.2.1 The Sample ...................................................................................................... 43 6.2.2 The Interview .................................................................................................... 44
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