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XIVTH OLYMPIAD w . 1948

ATìr\TT\T/n Y^ TÌ T~* \ \ f~\ X TA/ OPENING CbRbMÜNY EMPIRE STADIUM WEMBLEY THURSDAY 29TH JULY AT 2.30 PM <*

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library IOC / CIO du Bibliothèque : Source The important thing in the is not winning but taking part. The essential thing in life is not conquering but fighting well.

BARON PIERRE DE COUBERTIN Founder of the International Olympic Committee

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XIV OLYMPIAD LONDON 1948

PATRON HIS MAJESTY THE KING

PRESIDENT OF THE GAMES The Rt Hon The Viscount Portal DSO MVO

CHAIRMAN OF THE ORGANISING COMMITTEE The Rt Hon The Lord Burghley KCMG

MEMBERS OF THE ORGANISING COMMITTEE The Rt Hon The Lord Aberdare Mr E. J. H. Holt OBE Sir Noel Curtis-Bennett KCVO Colonel Evan A. Hunter OBE Mr Jack Beresford Mr J. Emrys Lloyd OBE Mr C. B. Cowley Mr C. J. Patteson Mr J. Eaton Griffith OBE Mr Arthur Porritt CBE FRCS Alderman H. E. Fern OBE JP Mr S. F. ROUS CBE Mr R. B. Studdert

CHAIRMAN OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The Rt Hon The Lord Burghley KCMG

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Mr C. B. Cowley Colonel Evan A. Hunter OBE Mr J. Eaton Griffith OBE Mr S. F. Rous CBE Alderman H. E. Fern OBE JP Mr R. B. Studdert

DIRECTOR OF ORGANISATION Mr E. J. H. Holt OBE

GENERAL ORGANISING SECRETARY Lt-Col T. P. M. Bevan MC

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library m (Cri) fìft 996 * I INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE FOUNDER BARON PIERRE DE COUBERTIN

PRESIDENT MR J. SIGFRID EDSTRÕM MEMBERS

ARGENTINE Mr R. C. Aldao INDIA Mr G. D. Sondhi Mr Horacio Bustos Morón H.H. Raja Bhalinder Singh

AUSTRALIA Sir Harold Luxton ITALY Count Alberto Bonacossa Mr Hugh Weir Count Paolo Thaon de Revel General Giorgio Vaccaro AUSTRIA Dr Manfred von Mautner-Markhof JAPAN Count Michimasa Soyeshima Baron de Trannoy Dr Sh. Takaishi Mr R. W. Seeldrayers Dr Matsuzo Nagai

BRAZIL Mr Arnaldo Guinle LATVIA Mr J. Dikmanis Dr J. Ferreira Santos Mr Antonio Prado LIECHTENSTEIN H.H. Prince François-Joseph de Liechtenstein Mr C. J. Patteson Mr A. Sidney Dawes LUXEMBOURG H.R.H. Prince Jean of Luxemburg MEXICO Mr Marte R. Gomez CHINA H.E. Dr C. T. Wang Dr H. H. Kung Colonel P. W. Scharroo Prof Shou-Yi Tung Lt-Col C. F. Pahud de Mortanges CUBA Dr Miguel A. Moenck NEW ZEALAND Mr A. E. Porritt CZECHOSLOVAKIA Dr J. Gruss Mr Thos. Fearnley PERU DENMARK H.R.H. Prince Axel of Denmark H.E. Alfredo Benavides PHILIPPINES EGYPT H.E. Mohammed Taher Pacha Hon Jorge B. Vargas PORTUGAL EIRE Mr J. J. Keane Dr José Pontes ROUMANIA Mr Ernst Krogius Mr Georges A. Plagino Mr J. W. Rangell SOUTH AFRICA Mr S. Dowsett Marquis Melchior de Polignac Mr Reginald Honey Mr François Piétri SPAIN Baron de Guëll Mr Armand Massard Count de Vallellano

GERMANY H.E. Duke Adolphe-Frédéric Mr J. Sigfrid Edstrom de Mecklenburg Count Clarence de Rosen

GREAT BRITAIN The Rt Hon The Lord Aberdare SWITZERLAND Major Albert Mayer The Rt Hon The Lord Burghley TURKEY Mr Rechid Saffet Atabinen Sir Noel Curtis-Bennett Mr W. M. Garland GREECE Mr Angelo Bolanachi OF AMERICA Mr Mr J. Ketseas Mr Frédéric René Coudert

HUNGARY Mr Nicolas de Horthy, jr URUGUAY Mr Joaquin Serratosa Cibils

ICELAND Mr Ben G. Waage YUGOSLAVIA General S. Djoukitch

0 Mm Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE I.O.C.

CHAIRMAN Mr J. Sigfrid Edstrom

VICE-CHAIRMAN Mr Avery Brundage

MEMBERS Marquis Melchior de Polignac Count Alberto Bonacossa The Rt Hon The Lord Aberdare Colonel P. W. Scharroo

CHANCELLOR Mr Otto Mayer

SECRETARY Madame L. Zanchi

OFFICE ADDRESS Mon Repos, Lausanne Switzerland Telegrams : C.T.O. Lausanne Telephone : Lausanne 29448

The Programme of this afternoon's Opening Ceremony will be found on pages 11 to 15

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library INTERNATIONAL AND BRITISH SPORTING ASSOCIATIONS

ATHLETICS EQUESTRIAN International Amateur Athletic Federation Federation Equestre Internationale President The Rt Hon the Lord Burghley KCMG President General Baron de Trannoy Hon. Secretary Mr E. J. H. Holt OBE General Secretary Commandant G. Hector Address 71 St. George's Square, London SW1 Address 26 rue Brunei, XVIIe,

British Amateur Athletic Board British Horse Society Hon. Secretary Mr J. C. G. Crump President Mr W. J. Cumber CBE Address 118 Chancery Lane, London WC2 Secretary Mr R. A. Brown Address 66 Sloane Street, London SW1

BASKETBALL FENCING Fédération Internationale de Amateur Fédération Internationale d'Escrime President Mr Léon Bouffard President Mr General Secretary Mr R. William Jones Secretary Mr Charles Huybrechts Address 36 Moserstrasse, Berne, Switzerland Address 211 Rue de la Victoire, Brussels, Belgium Amateur Basketball Association Amateur Fencing Association President Sir Noel Curtis-Bennett KCVO President H.E. Vice-Admiral the Earl Granville KCVO CB DSO Hon. Secretary Mr J. A. Clay Hon. Secretary Mr C. L. de Beaumont Address 71 Warley Road, Langley, Birmingham Address la Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, London Wl

BOXING FOOTBALL Association Internationale de Boxe Amateur Fédération Internationale de Football Association President Mr Emile Grémaux President Mr J. Rimet Hon. Secretary Lt.-Col. R. H. Russell General-Secretary Dr L Schricker Address 69 Victoria Street, London SW1 Address 77 Bahnhofstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland Amateur Boxing Association The Football Association President Mr J. M. Wyatt FRCS President The Rt Hon the Earl of Athlone KG Hon. Secretary Mr J. O. Mcintosh Secretary Mr S. F. Rous CBE Address 69 Victoria Street, London SW1 Address 22 Lancaster Gate, London W2

CANOEING GYMNASTICS International Canoe Federation Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique President Mr J. Asschier President Count Goblet d'Alviella Secretary-Treasurer Mr O. Verner Secretary General Mr Charles Thoeni Address Sturepalatset 7, Stockholm, Sweden Address Route de Lyon 88, Geneva, Switzerland British Canoe Union Amateur Gymnastic Association President Mr H. Eustace Wells President Rt Hon the Earl of Gainsborough Hon. Secretary Mr J. W. Dudderidge Hon. Secretary Mr E. A. Simmonds Address 33 The Avenue, Radlett. Herts Address 55 Holdenhurst Avenue, London N12

CYCLING HOCKEY Union Cycliste Internationale Fédération Internationale de Hockey President Mr Achille Joinard President Mr L. J. Quarles van Ufford General Secretary Mr R. Chesal General Secretary Mr Albert Demaurex Address 1 rue Ambroise Thomas, Paris IXe, France Address Chemin de Bouchet 17, Geneva, Switzerland National Cyclists' Union British Hockey Board President Mr E. J. Southcott President Sir Denys Stocks CB OBE Secretary Mr A. P. Chamberlin Hon. Secretary Mr K. H. Ingredew Address 35 Doughty Street, London WC1 Address Royal Chambers, Parkgate, Cardiff

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Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library INTERNATIONAL AND BRITISH SWIMMING Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur SPORTING ASSOCIATIONS President Alderman H. E. Fern OBE JP Hon. Secretary Mr Max Ritter CONTINUED Address 428 Vernon Road, Jenkintown, Pa., U.S.A. Amateur Swimming Association President Mr R. J. Pryde MODERN PENTATHLON Hon. Secretary Alderman H. E. Fern OBE JP Comité International du Pentathlon Moderne Olympique Address Springhaven, 9 Bedford Avenue, Barnet, Herts. President Count Clarence de Rosen Hon. Secretary Major Tor Wibom Address Stromsborg, Stockholm, Sweden WEIGHTLIFTING The Modern Pentathlon Association of Fédération Internationale Haltérophile President Brig L. F. E. Weiler CBE President Mr J. Rosset Hon. Secretary Lt-Col O. G. W. White DSO General Secretary Mr E. Gouleau Address H.Q. and Hants District, Address Av. des Gobelins 9, Paris Ve, France Aldershot, Hants British Amateur Weightlifters' Association President Mr Percy F. Cranmer ROWING Hon. Secretary Mr Oscar State Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron Address 181 Fulwell Park Avenue, Twickenham, Middlesex President Mr Rico Fioroni General Secretary Mr Gaston Mullegg Address Territet—Montreux, Switzerland Amateur Rowing Association Fédération Internationale de Lutte Amateur President His Honour C. M. Pitman KC President Mr Viktor Smeds Hon. Secretary Mr G. O. Nickalls Secretary-Treasurer Mr Roger Coulon Address 93 Park Lane, London Wl Address rue Taitbout 1, Paris Ville, France British Amateur Wrestling Association President Mr P. Longhurst SHOOTING Secretary Mr G. Mackenzie Union Internationale de Tir Address 60 Calabria Road, London N5 President Mr Eric Carlsson General Secretary Mr K. A. Larsson Address Arsenalsgatan 4, Box 284, Stockholm, Sweden YACHTING The National Rifle Association International Yacht Racing Union President H.R.H. The Duke of Gloucester KG Secretary Major-General D. P. Dickinson CB DSO OBE MC President Major Sir Ralph Gore, Bart. Address Bisley Camp, Brookwood, Woking, Secretary Mr F. P. Usborne Address 54 Victoria Street, London SW1 National Smallbore Rifle Association Yacht Racing Association of Great Britain President Field Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke KG GCB OM DSO President Major Sir Ralph Gore, Bart. Acting Secretary Mr A. J. Palmer Secretary Mr F. P. Usborne Address Mayleigh, Petersham Road, Richmond, Surrey Address 54 Victoria Street, London SW1

raj

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ORGANISATION OF THE XIV OLYMPIAD ORGANISING COMMITTEE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE The Rt Hon The Viscount Portal DSO MVO Chairman Mr E. J. H. Holt OBE Chairman Mr J. Eaton Griffith OBE Vice-Chairman Col Evan A. Hunter OBE Vice Chairman Sir Arthur J. Elvin MBE Mr D. T. P. Pain British Amateur Athletic Board Alderman H. E. Fern OBE JP Mr W. Browning Amateur Basketball Association Mr S. F. Rous CBE Mr J. M. Wyatt FRCS Amateur Boxing Association Mr R. B. Studdert Mr H. E. Wells British Canoe Union Mr E. B. Christie Secretary to Committee Mr A. P. Chamberlin National Cyclists' Union Col V. D. S. Williams OBE British Horse Society Mr L. V. Fildes Amateur Fencing Association FINANCE COMMITTEE Mr C. J. Battersby Football Association Alderman H. E. Fern OBE JP Chairman Mr E. A. Simmonds Amateur Gymnastic Association Mr E. J. H. Holt OBE Mr A. G. J. Hands Hockey Association Col Evan A. Hunter OBE Lt-Col O. G. W. White DSO Modern Pentathlon Mr C. G. Moira Association of Great Britain Mr S. F. Rous CBE Mr G. O. Nickalls Amateur Rowing Association Mr R. B. Studdert Cdr H. Lingard RN (retd) National Rifle Association Lt-Col T. P. M. Bevan MC Secretary to Committee Mr A. J. Palmer National Smallbore Rifle Association The General Purposes Committee is responsible for the Capt B. W. Cummins Amateur Swimming Association financial commitments of the Organising Committee and Mr O. State British Amateur Weightlifters' Association supervises all legal issues. The Finance Committee exercises Mr G. Mackenzie British Amateur Wrestling Association detailed supervision of all expenditure. Although the Mr P. Scott MBE DSC Yacht Racing Association of Organising Committee is not a profit-seeking body, and will Great Britain not retain any balance which may result, it is essential that Lt-Col R. H. Russell International Amateur Boxing there should be strict control of the commercial side of what Association is necessarily a tremendous undertaking. Lt-Cdr R. S. Attwater RN Royal Navy and Royal Marines Wing Cdr A. F. Ingram Royal Air Force Brigadier L. F. E. Wieler CBE Army FINE ARTS COMMITTEE Mr E. A. Barker Secretary to Committee and General Sir Ronald Adam BT GCB DSO OBE Chairman Technical Manager Sir Eric de Normann KBE CB Deputy Chairman First to be set up of the departmental committees of the Sir Arnold Bax MUS.D Music Organising Committee was the Technical Committee which, Sir William Reid Dick KCVO RA FRBS Sculpture with the Technical Department, began planning the detailed Sir Alan Herbert MP Literature organisation of the Olympic Games in October, 1946. The Sir A. Leigh Ashton Crafts selection and equipment of the venues, the publication of Mr Malcolm Osborne RA Graphic Art handbooks of regulations, the production of the daily pro­ Sir Percy Thomas OBE LLD PPRIBA Architecture grammes, the arrangements for training, the selection and Mr Norman Wilkinson CBE PRI ROI Painting testing of the arena equipment, the checking of entry forms, Major A. A. Longden DSO OBE Director of Arts scoreboards and numbers, flags, identity cards, telephone and teleprinter circuits, and special customs facilities are The Art Exhibition of the Olympic Games " Sport in among the many problems which have been dealt with. Art " was opened at the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington, S.W.7, by HRH The Duchess of HOUSING COMMITTEE Gloucester on July 15th. The exhibition and the five art Mr H. S. Townend MA Chairman competitions, the awards for which appear in this Mr A. J. Adams programme, are " an integral part of the Olympic Mr S. Ashburner Games " under the International Olympic Committee's Major H. L. Churcher regulations. To make arrangements for the judging of the Mr. W. H. Knight contests and the staging of the exhibition, which includes Mr J. H. Palfroy many notable works which were not eligible for competition, Air Commodore G. Harcourt Smith CB CBE MVO the Fine Arts Committee was set up, comprising disting­ Mr R. B. Studdert uished representatives of each of the several branches of art Mr S. G. J. Briault Secretary to Committee and included in the Olympic Games. Housing Manager The' Housing Committee and the Housing Department PRESS DEPARTMENT have been responsible for arranging the accommodation for all competitors at the Olympic Games. They have had Mr R. F. Church MBE Press Officer to select and equip all the 32 housing centres in and around' Keeping the Olympic Games before the public of the London and near the other places of competition—Henley, world during the last two years has been but a part of the Aldershot, Bisley and Torquay. They have had to ensure task of the Press Department, which has also been involved arrangements for catering for these competitors, both at in contact with press and radio correspondents of the 61 the housing centres and at the places of Olympic competition, nations, arrangements for photographic and press facilities arrangements which have to be not merely adequate but at all the Olympic venues, and the production of the Olympic suited to the different nationalities represented and their poster, news-letter and information sheet. differences in diet.

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Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ORGANISATION OF THE XIV OLYMPIAD

MEDICAL GENERAL COMMITTEE TRANSPORT COMMITTEE

Mr A. E. Porritt CBE FRCS Chairman Mr F. A. A. Menzler FIA Chairman Sir Adolphe Abrahams OBE FRCS Mr C. K. Bird MM Sir Henry Tidy KBE Mr W. P. Bradbury OBE Dr R. Greene Mr Gilbert Matthews CBE Professor A. V. Hill FRS Mr F. G. Maxwell Brigadier Glyn Hughes CBE DSO MC Mr R. M. T. Richards OBE Dr K. N. Irvine Mr D. McKenna \Secretaries to Committee Mr Hume Kendall FRCS Mr B. J. Wainwright J Professor A. Kennedy Dr. K. O'Flanagan TRANSPORT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Dr. J. M. G. Sarson Mr H. B. Stallard Mr P. F. Cranmer Chairman Mr W. E. Tucker, MBE FRCS Col Evan A. Hunter OBE Major A. C. White-Knox Mr D. Maloney Dr A. L. Winner Mr G. P. Stewart-Clark Mr R. S. Woods FRCS Mr P. Whetstone Lt-Col T. P. M. Bevan MC Secretary to Committee Supt S. G. Wells Mr B. J. Wainwright Secretary to Committee and Transport Manager MEDICAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE From the time when Olympic competitors arrive in this country, at the docks or at the airport, representatives of the Mr A. E. Porritt CBE FRCS Chairman Transport Department will be at hand to facilitate their Lord Amulree MD FRCP travel from place to place. In addition to planning and Sir Adolphe Abrahams OBE FRCS supervising travel to centres, the Transport Department is res­ Brigadier Glyn Hughes CBE DSO MC ponsible for providing the special buses or coaches which Captain R. Goulden take competitors direct from their centre to their training Professor A. Kennedy arena or competition venue. Peak load for the transport Mr Hume Kendall FRCS department is the marshalling of the competitors and Major A. C. White-Knox officials for to-day's ceremony. 250 vehicles were used. Dr A. L. Winner Mr E. H. Beasant Advisory Lt-Col T. P. M. Bevan MC Secretary to Committee RECEPTION COMMITTEE Arrangements for first aid and skilled medical assistance Sir Eugen Millington-Drake KCMG Chairman to be available to all Olympic competitors during the com­ Sir Noel Curtis-Bennett KCVO Vice-Chairman petitions is absolutely essential, particularly in such sports Viscount Acheson OBE as boxing, and in events like the cycle road race, in which Sir John Bennett KCSI CIE CBE MC there is bound to be an element of risk and danger. The Mr A. Deakin CBE JP medical committee has been responsible for providing this Sir Angus Gillan KBE CMG attention at all Olympic venues, and in addition has arranged Mr Harold Holt for a full-time medical service at all the major housing Mr J. W. Piatt centres and for doctors and nurses to be on immediate call Mr Thos. H. Preston OBE for the smaller centres. In carrying out their task they Lt-Col R. H. Russell have received the full support and co-operation of the voluntary first aid and nursing services in this country, who Mr Gar%LFÍfehrfield}Secretaries t0 C"ttee have willingly made available both personnel and supplies. The Reception Committee has been responsible for en­ suring that visitors to this country who are competing or officiating in the Olympic Games receive not merely an TORCH RELAY DEPARTMENT official welcome but also the type of hospitality they desire. By supplying a corps of interpreters and by co-ordinating all Cdr F. W. Collins RN (retd) Honorary Organiser the offers of entertainment and sightseeing which have been The Torch Relay Department has been responsible for the made by so many people, they hope to give Olympic visitors organisation of the Relay from Olympia to London and happy memories, not merely of the Olympic Games, but Torquay as described on the next page. also of many aspects of English life.

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library FROM OLYMPIA TO LONDON

In the days of the ancient Greek Olympiads a Special ceremonies took place when the flame was sacred fire was kept burning on the altar at Olympia carried across each national border, and also at the throughout the period of the Games. It was lit grave of Baron Pierre de Coubertin, at Lausanne. by the winning team in a relay race, in which the On arrival at Dover there was an official reception, runners passed on burning brands, the team to and the route during the few hours preceding the arrive at the altar first and light the fire being the Opening Ceremony has been through Canterbury, team of honour for the Olympiad. Maidstone, Redhill, , , Windsor, and Uxbridge to Wembley. The Olympic Fire now, as in ancient times, burns at the main centre of the Games for the whole of On Sunday a torch will be lit from the flame in the their duration and the act of lighting it is part of the and the relay continued to ceremony always carried out when the Games are Torquay, where there will be a reception before the declared open. In 1936, for the first time, it was Olympic Yacht races. The route will be via decided that a closer link would be provided with , Reading, Salisbury,Yeovil and Exeter. the fine traditions of the past if the Fire was Each runner has his own torch of a special design originally kindled at Olympia in Greece and the evolved for this occasion, so it is the Flame and Olympic Flame carried across Europe by a relay not the torch which is passed from one man to the of runners, to light the Fire in the Stadium at the next. At the end of his run he retains his torch as end of its journey. a memento of his part in the Relay.

This arrangement is being repeated for the XIV For the short passage across the English Channel Olympiad, and on July 17th, a fire was lit on an a series of torches was kept alight, the burning altar erected on the traditional site of the ancient torch being carried in a special bracket mounted on Olympic temple in southern Greece. Travelling the quarterdeck of the ship. But for the sea passage by a more or less direct route, the flame has been from Corfu to Italy, which took some 22 hours, a passed on from runner to runner day and night gas burner was provided, fed by the same gas as is for a fortnight, thus giving an opportunity to some used for the Stadium Fire. This burner was lit 1,600 young athletes to play their part in the from the torch of the last Greek runner, and from Olympic Festival. Though they do not enter for it the British Naval runner ignited his torch before any of the competitions, they will have made their he took the Flame ashore to the waiting Italian contribution to the Olympic ideal by showing to athlete. the world that by their courage and endurance they The torches, which are made of burnished alu­ could overcome all difficulties of the arduous route minium and which burn a solid wax fuel, are extending from one end of Europe to the other. inscribed with the following words : " XIV In each country through which the Flame passed OLYMPIAD, 1948. OLYMPIA TO LONDON WITH the detailed arrangements for the Relay were THANKS TO THE BEARER." made by the Olympic Committee of the country The torch carried by the final runner in the Stadium, concerned, under the general direction of the to whom falls the honour of lighting the Olympic Organising Committee in London. On the map Fire, is of a different design, for the fuel it burns is are shown the countries through which the Flame magnesium and the torch holder is made of stainless was carried, while for the two sea passages, ships steel. One of the relay torches and the final torch of the Royal Navy had the honour of transporting itself are on view at the Olympic Art Exhibition at the Flame. the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

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Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library THE ROUTE

|< '"'"jí-^gRUSSKl-S. OF THE ../ÍL1LLF

L OLYMPIC TORCH UXEMBOURG RELAY

SWITZERLAND

N

50 100 150 .200 250 300 350 400 450 SOO 550 600 6S0 700 730 a» eoo 950 looo loso

100 ISO 200 250 300 3S0 «00 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 BOO B30 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 ) 450 1500 ) 5M 1600 1690 1700 1750 1800 KILOMETRES

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library OLYMPIC . = ao g _ I § „ g » a, GAMES I j I I I H I I s I j! I I • i f» i I « PNTPTPS «IgSS.ãSã.ll^Soáí^giS o fc M lAltu < ¡a B U U W B. B. O Ï20.0Î M C«!>S? >- H

Afghanistan A .. ...A... 2 Argentine A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 15 Australia A A A A A A A A 8 Austria A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 15 Belgium A A A, A A A A A A A A A A A 14 Bermuda ..A... 2 Brazil A A A A A A A A A 10 British Guiana A A A A A 5 Bulgaria A 2 Burma ..A... 3 Canada A A A A ' A .A... A A A A 11 Ceylon 3 Chile A A A A A ..A... A A 8 China A A A A ..A... 5 Colombia A A A A ...A... 5 Cuba A A A ... A.. ... A.. A A A A A A A 12 Czechoslovakia A • A A A .. A-. A A A A A A 12 Denmark A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 15 Egypt A • A A A A A A... A A A 11 Eire A • A A A A A .A...... A... A 10 Finland A A A A A A ...A... A A A A A A A 14 France A • • A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 17 Great Britain A • • A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 17 9 Greece A A A A.. A A A A A Hungary A A A A A A... A A A A A A A A A 15 Iceland A ...A... 2 India A • A A A.. ...A... A A A 9 Iran A A A A 4 Iraq A A A ... A.. 4 Italy A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 15 Jamaica A A ..A... 3 Korea A • A A A.. A A 7 Lebanon A A ... A... 3 Liechtenstein 1 Luxembourg A A A A A A A ...A... 8 Malta 1 Mexico A • A A A A A A ...A.. A A A A 13 Monaco ...A.. 1 Netherlands A A A A A A A ...A.. A A A A A A 14 New Zealand A A ...A.. 4 Norway A A A A A A A A A 10 Pakistan A A A ...A.. A A A 7 Panama A 1 Peru • A, A A A ...A.. ...A.. ...A.. 8 Philippines A A A A A A 7 A A A A ...A...... A.. 7 Portugal A A A A A A A 7 Puerto Rico A ...A.. 3 Roumania A A ... A.. ... A .. 4 Singapore A • 1 South Africa A A A ... A.. A A A A 8 Spain A A. A A A A A A 9 Sweden A A A A A A A A A A A A A 14 Switzerland A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 16 Syria ... A.- 1 Trinidad A A ...A.. 3 Turkey A A A A A A A A 8 United States A • • A A A A ' A A A A A A A A A A 17 Uruguay A A A A A A A ... A.. A 9 Venezuela ..A . 1 Yugoslavia A A A A A A A 7

TOTAL 54 27 41 17 36 21 29 18 17 15 18 29 31 36 32 31 25

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library DETAILS OF THIS AFTERNOON'S PROGRAMME

Arrival of the Royal Party

Members of the International Olympic Committee and of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad line up on the arena opposite to the Royal Box to await the arrival of the Royal Party.

The Royal Party arrives at the Royal Tunnel, which leads into the Stadium immediately beneath the Royal Box, and is received by the President of the Games, the Rt Hon The Viscount Portal and the Lord Mayor of London, the Rt Hon Sir Frederick Michael Wells.

At the entrance of the arena the President of the Games presents the President of the International Olympic Committee, Mr J. Sigfrid Edstrom, and the Chairman of the Organising Committee, the Rt Hon The Lord Burghley, to His Majesty.

The National Anthem is played.

The President of the International Olympic Committee presents his colleagues, the members of the International Olympic Committee, to His Majesty and the Chairman of the Organising Committee presents the members of the Organising Committee. His Majesty is conducted to the Royal Box by the President of the Games and the President of the International Olympic Committee.

The Programme of the Opening Ceremony is continued on the following four pages

1 1

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library March Past of the Athletes

The national teams march into the arena to the music of the Massed Bands of the Brigade of Guards. Each contingent is preceded by a shield bearing the name of its country and accompanied by its national flag. The teams march round the Stadium saluting, as they pass the Royal Box, by turning their heads to the right. They line up on the centre of the arena in columns, each behind its shield and flag, facing the Royal Box. Greece leads the parade in recognition of the origin of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece. Great Britain, as the host nation, brings up the rear. All other teams parade in alphabetical order. The complete order is as follows :

GREECE EIRE PANAMA AFGHANISTAN FINLAND PERU ARGENTINE FRANCE PHILIPPINES AUSTRALIA HUNGARY POLAND AUSTRIA ICELAND PORTUGAL BELGIUM INDIA PUERTO RICO BERMUDA IRAN ROUMANIA BRAZIL IRAQ SINGAPORE BRITISH GUIANA ITALY SOUTH AFRICA BULGARIA JAMAICA SPAIN BURMA KOREA SWEDEN CANADA LEBANON SWITZERLAND CEYLON LIECHTENSTEIN SYRIA CHILE LUXEMBOURG TRINIDAD CHINA MALTA TURKEY COLOMBIA MEXICO UNITED STATES CUBA MONACO URUGUAY CZECHOSLOVAKIA NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA DENMARK NEW ZEALAND YUGOSLAVIA EGYPT NORWAY GREAT BRITAIN PAKISTAN

As the final teams line up on the centre of the ground, the members of the International Olympic Committee and the Organising Committee headed by their Presidents leave their positions in the stand and form a semi-circle on the arena facing the Royal Box.

12

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library The Chairman of the Organising Committee invites His Majesty to declare open the Games of the XIV Olympiad.

His Majesty the King at 4 p.m. declares :

/ proclaim open the Olympic Games of London celebrating the XIV Olympiad of the modern era.

A fanfare of trumpets is sounded by the Trumpeters of the Household Cavalry and the Olympic Flag is raised in the arena.

Seven thousand pigeons are released. In the time of the Ancient Games the arrival of the pigeons was a signal to Greeks in all parts of the country that the Games had begun and that there must be peace in the land.

A salute of 21 guns is fired.

Arrival of the Olympic Torch

The torch-bearer enters the Stadium. He pauses in salute, holding aloft the Olympic llame. The athlete then completes one circuit of the track and mounts the steps leading to the peristyle on the east terraces of the Stadium. Here, in the bowl, he kindles the sacred flame which will burn day and night throughout the period of the Games.

13

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library 099 The Olympic Hymn

NON NOBIS DOMINE

Non nobis, Domine! And we confess our blame, Not unto us, O Lord, How all too high we hold The Praise and Glory be That noise which men call Fame, Of any deed or word. That dross which men call Gold. For in Thy Judgment lies For these we undergo To crown or bring to nought Our hot and godless days, All knowledge and device But in our souls we know That Man has reached or wrought. Not unto us the praise.

O Power, by Whom we live, Creator, Judge and Friend, Upholdingly forgive, Nor leave us at the end. But grant us yet to see, In all our piteous ways, Non nobis, Domine, Not unto us the Praise.

WORDS BY RUDYARD KIPLING MUSIC BY ROGER QUILTER

Dedication Address

By the Archbishop of York The Rt Hon and Most Rev C. F. Garbett DD

The Hallelujah Chorus is sung by the choir. During the singing the flag bearers of each nation take their places in the semi-circle previously formed by members of the Inter­ national Olympic Committee and the Organising Committee, who return to their seats.

14

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library A member of the British team, as representative of the country where the Games are taking place, advances to the Tribune of Honour, preceded by the bearer of the British flag. Holding a corner of the flag, he pronounces the Olympic oath :

" We swear that we will take part in the Olympic Games in

loyal competition, respecting the regulations which govern

them, and desirous of participating in them in the true

spirit of sportsmanship, for the honour of our country and

for the glory of sport. s )

Members of all the teams signify their acceptance of the oath by raising their right hands during the recitation.

The National Anthem is sung by the Choir.

The flag bearers rejoin their teams in readiness for the march out of the athletes.

Before the start of the Opening Ceremony there will be a display by the Trumpeters of the Household Cavalry and the Massed Drums, Fifes and Pipers of His Majesty's Brigade of Guards. The Massed Bands of the Brigade of Guards play by permission of Major General J. C. O. Marriott, evo, DSO, MC, Major General commanding the Brigade of Guards, under the conductorship of Major G. H. Willcocks, MBE, ARCM, psm, Irish Guards, Senior Director of Music, Brigade of Guards. During the singing the Choir and Massed Bands are conducted by Sir Malcolm Sargent. The Choir consists of members of the following organisations : Alexandra Choral Society, BBC Choral Society, City of Westminster Music Society, Harrow Choral Society, National Provincial Bank Choir, Royal Choral Society, Wembley Philharmonic Society. The pigeons which are released during the Opening Ceremony have been sent from six countries to com­ pete for a special cup which has been presented by the Organising Committee. The words of the Olympic Hymn, Non Nobis Domine, are reproduced by permission of Mrs. George Bambridge and Messrs. Macmillan and Co., Ltd.

15

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library AWARDS IN THE SPORT IN ART COMPETITION

ARCHITECTURE Coureurs Cyclistes dans la cote de " Coeur-Volant " Town Planning by Aimé Thevenet FRANCE FIRST PRIZE Scullers and Crews Practising on the Thames by Cosmo Clark GREAT BRITAIN The Centre of Athletics in Varkaus, Finland The Quagga Race by Yrjõ Lindegren FINLAND by Walter Battiss SOUTH AFRICA SECOND PRIZE Breaking Away Swiss Federal Sports and Gymnastics Training Centre by F. Brandtner CANADA Polospel by Werner Schindler and Dr Edy Knupfer SWITZERLAND by A. M. Luyt HOLLAND THIRD PRIZE The Athletic Centre in Kemi, Finland Engravings, Etchings etc by Ilmari Niemelainen FINLAND FIRST PRIZE Honourable Mention Swimming Pool by Albert Decaris FRANCE Centre Social de la Jeunesse et des Sports de la Commune SECOND PRIZE de Levallois Polo Players by J. Neel and E. Vago FRANCE by John Copley PRBA RE GREAT BRITAIN Architectural Designs THIRD PRIZE FIRST PRIZE Seaside Sport Skisprungschanze auf dem Kobenzl by Walter Battiss SOUTH AFRICA by Adolf Hoch AUSTRIA Honourable Mention SECOND PRIZE Boxing Sketch Watersports Centre in Carinthia by Laura Knight DBE RA GREAT BRITAIN by Alfred L. Rinesch AUSTRIA Eight Studies of Athletes THIRD PRIZE by Adam Marczynski POLAND Baths and Sporting Hall for Gothenburg Saddling Up by John Skeaping GREAT BRITAIN by Nils Olsson SWEDEN Spada Honourable Mention by Gino de Finetti ITALY Stadium for the Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto Riding by Marani and Morris CANADA by Hsiao-Nan Chen CHINA Gymnasium of Sokols, Prague Applied Art and Crafts by Frantisek Marek CZECHOSLOVAKIA Sailing Club SECOND PRIZE World Championship for Cycling Poster by P. B. Horsbrugh GREAT BRITAIN Civic and Sporting Hall for Rydboholm by A. W. Diggelmann SWITZERLAND by Õrjan Lüning SWEDEN THIRD PRIZE Stadium for Zagreb World Championship for ¡ce Hockey Poster by Vladimir Turina and Franjo Neidhardt YUGOSLAVIA by A. W. Diggelmann SWITZERLAND The Great Stadium for Belgrade Honourable Mention by V. Turina, F. Neidhardt and D. Boltar YUGOSLAVIA Silver Symbolic Torch Olympic Centre for 1956 Olympic Games designed by Bernard Cuzner, made by him and Stanley by Dagoberto Ortensi ITALY Morris and exhibited by the Worshipful Company of PAINTING AND GRAPHIC ART Goldsmiths Great Britain Oils, Water Colours etc SCULPTURE FIRST PRIZE In the Round London Amateur Championships FIRST PRIZE by A. R. Thomson RA GREAT BRITAIN Homage to Ling SECOND PRIZE by Gustaf Nordahl SWEDEN Le Pistard SECOND PRIZE The Stag by Giovanni Stradone ITALY by C. Kar ARBS GREAT BRITAIN THIRD PRIZE THIRD PRIZE Meath Hunt Point-to-Point Races Nageuse by Letitia M. Hamilton RHA EIRE by Hubert Yencesse FRANCE Honourable Mention Honourable Mention Cavaliers Athlete Marchant by Lucien Fontanarosa FRANCE by Joseph Riviere FRANCE

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library AWARDS IN THE SPORT IN ART COMPETITION

La Pesca SECOND PRIZE by Filippo Sgarlata ITALY The Olympic Champion Lottatore in riposo by Josef Petersen DENMARK by Emilio Greco ITALY THIRD PRIZE Crawl The Well of Youth by Jerzy Bandura POLAND by Eve Foldes HUNGARY At the Finishing Line Honourable Mention by Strynkiewicz POLAND Sensenschmied Young Man with Discus by H. Breidbach-Bernau AUSTRIA by Knud Nellemose DENMARK Echoes of the Hunting Horn Head of a Boxer by Stanislaus Lynch EIRE by Knud Nellemose DENMARK MUSIC Reliefs Vocal THIRD PRIZE THIRD PRIZE The End of the Covert Inno Olimpionico by Rosamund M. B. Fletcher GREAT BRITAIN by Gabriele Bianchi ITALY Medals and Plaques Honourable Mention SECOND PRIZE Lament for Bion Eight Sports Plaques by Ina Boyle EIRE by Oskar Thiede AUSTRIA Instrumental and Chamber THIRD PRIZE SECOND PRIZE Prize Rowing Trophy Divertimenti for Solo Flute and Strings by Edwin Grienauer AUSTRIA Honourable Mention by Jean Weinzweig CANADA Swiss Roller-skating Championship Medal THIRD PRIZE by A. W. Diggelmann SWITZERLAND Toccata per Pianoforte La Caccia and II Disco by Sergio Lauricella ITALY by Filippo Sgarlata ITALY Honourable Mention LITERATURE Sonata for Oboe and Piano Lyrics by Jean Coulthard Adams CANADA FIRST PRIZE Quartetto in Re Laurel of Hellas by Mario Panunzi ITALY by Aale Tynni FINLAND Choral and Orchestral SECOND PRIZE FIRST PRIZE Six Poems Olympic Symphony by Zbigniew Turski POLAND by E. Van Heerden SOUTH AFRICA SECOND PRIZE THIRD PRIZE Karhunpyynti Rythme du Stade by Kalervo Tuukanen FINLAND by Gilbert Prouteau FRANCE THIRD PRIZE Honourable Mention Viguer Olympic Odes by Erling Brene DENMARK by J. Iwaszkiewicz POLAND Endure and Win Honourable Mention by Heikki Asunta FINLAND Epinikia Greetings to the Olympians by Einar Englund,FINLAND by Walter Roberts GREAT BRITAIN Le Grand Voilier by Yves Baudrier FRANCE Dramatic Works Marathon Scherzo Honourable Mention by Jan Kapr CZECHOSLOVAKIA El Desafio Olympic Harvest Cantate by Clotilde Luisi and J. Maria Podesta URUGUAY by Stanislaw Wiechowicz POLAND Epic Works Olympic Cantate FIRST PRIZE by Grazyna Bacewicz POLAND La Grotta Le Serment de l'Athlète by Giani Stuparich ITALY by Maurice Thiriet FRANCE

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library OLYMPIC VENUES

EMPIRE STADIUM WEMBLEY HERNE HILL The main Olympic Stadium at the 1948 Games The cycle track at Heme Hill was first opened in is the Empire Stadium at Wembley, completed in 1891, but many improvements have been made 1923 in readiness for the Exhibition during succeeding years and special plans have been of 1924-25. It is now the home of the Football made in readiness for the Olympic cycling events. Association Cup Final, the Rugby League Cup A new surface was laid on the track during the Final and other international football matches. years 1944 and 1945. New stands have been built It stages greyhound and speedway racing throughout to accommodate the increased crowds expected to the season and many other displays and festivals. witness the Olympic races. A special track has been laid for the athletic events at the Games and, in addition to the athletics, the opening and closing ceremonies, gymnastics, the Permission has been given by H.M. King George VI hockey and football semi-finals and finals and the for the Olympic cycle road race to be held over a Prix des Nations horse jumping competition will course in Windsor Great Park, part of the royal be held here. estate. The length of the course is a little over 7 miles (11 kilometres) and 17 laps will be covered, EMPIRE POOL & SPORTS ARENA WEMBLEY making the total distance 120 miles 914 yards At the Empire Pool, completed in 1934, the boxing (194.633 kilometres). and swimming events of the Games will be staged. The Empire Pool was the scene of the 1938 Euro­ HENLEY pean swimming championships, has staged many The Olympic rowing and canoeing events will be national amateur boxing championships and inter­ held on the stretch of the Thames which is also national matches, and has also been the venue for the scene of . Henley such varied activities as tennis, table tennis, skating Regatta was founded in 1839; Henley was the course and , six-day cycle races and indoor chosen for the first Oxford-Cambridge boat race athletics. in 1829, and was the scene of the 1908 Olympic Regatta the last time the Games were staged in PALACE OF ENGINEERING WEMBLEY London. The Olympic regatta course will be A part of one of the main buildings of the 1924-25 1,850 metres (1 mile 263 yards), a little shorter Exhibition has been taken over and specially than the normal regatta course in order that races equipped by the Organising Committee for the may be rowed with three crews abreast instead Olympic fencing events. Eight pistes are provided, of two. stands have been erected for spectators and all the necessary facilities for competitors arranged. TORQUAY Torquay has been a yachting centre for well over ARENA 100 years, the first " Town Regatta " having been Opened in 1936, is one of the celebrated in 1813. , in which the various leading indoor sports arenas of the country and Olympic events will be held, is roughly circular, regularly stages ice hockey, boxing, wrestling, about five miles in diameter and almost entirely badminton and other sports, in addition to the landlocked, ensuring smooth water whatever the London Music Festival, a Christmas Circus and strength of the prevailing winds. other entertainments. Throughout the 1948 Games it will be the centre of the Olympic basketball BISLEY tournament. Bisley has been the home of the National Rifle Association and of British shooting since 1890. EMPRESS HALL, EARLS COURT It was the scene of the 1908 Olympic shooting and Another of London's largest indoor sports arenas, is the regular venue for such events as the King's it will be the scene of the wrestling and weight- Prize, the premier shooting award of the country. lifting events at the Games, in addition to staging Here all the Olympic shooting events, including the the preliminary rounds of the boxing contests. The shooting section of the modern pentathlon, will be Olympic Games are the first sporting events to be held. staged at this arena since it was requisitioned for OPPOSITE Aerial view ot WEMBLEY, Government purposes during the war. showing the Empire Stadium and the Empire Pool and Sports Arena

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library OLYMPIC VENUES

FOOTBALL GROUNDS swimming in the Aldershot Borough Council's Preliminary matches in the Olympic football open-air pool. tournament will be held on eight of the most FINCHLEY OPEN-AIR POOL famous club grounds in London—those of the Arsenal, Tottenham Hotspur, Brentford, Fulham The large number of entries for the Olympic and Crystal Palace clubs, which compete in the swimming, diving and water-polo events has Football League, and of three of the leading necessitated the provision of an extra pool in which amateur clubs in the country, Dulwich Hamlet, matches in the preliminary rounds of the water- Walthamstow Avenue and Ilford of the Isthmian polo tournament can be staged. The choice has League. fallen on the Open-Air Pool at Finchley, in North London, one of the most spacious and attractive HOCKEY GROUNDS pools in London, opened in 1932.

The preliminary groups in the hockey tournament VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM will be contested on three grounds, those of the The Victoria and Albert Museum at South Polytechnic club at Chiswick, the Lyons Sports Kensington, in seven galleries of which the Sport in Club at Sudbury Hill and the Guinness Sports Art Exhibition is held from July 15th to August 14th, Club at . was so named in 1899 when laid the EQUESTRIAN EVENTS foundation stone of the late Sir Aston Webb's new Apart from the Prix des Nations jumping competi­ buildings. Ten years later King Edward VII opened tion at the Empire Stadium, there will be equestrian the Museum which formerly was called the South events in the Command Central Stadium at Aider- Kensington Museum. After the great 1851 Exhibit­ shot and over a cross-country and steeplechase ion in Hyde Park the sum of £5,000 was spent on course in the Aldershot and area. objects " for the improvement of modern taste in design and the application of fine art to objects of MODERN PENTATHLON EVENTS utility." This collection was exhibited in Marl­ The running and riding cross-country events will borough House under the title of " museum of be held over courses in the neighbourhood of manufactures and ornamental art. " It was moved Camberley and Aldershot respectively, the shooting to its present site in 1857. The Victoria and Albert at Bisley, the fencing at the gymnasia of the Army is now a museum of all branches of Fineand Applied School of Physical Training at Aldershot, and the Art under the Ministry of Education.

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library HISTORY OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

The antiquity of the Olympic Games of Ancient for many months before the Games, and the Greece is widely known to sportsmen and sports­ winners were considered to have bestowed so much women the world over. Few of them, however, honour upon the State or City to which they realise how long was the period during which these belonged, that rewards and privileges were usually Games were continuously celebrated. The British showered upon them by their fellow citizens. Nor, generally regard themselves as a race with sporting apparently, was the sporting spirit always all that traditions rooted in the past and many of the leading could be desired for, despite the heavy fines which British sporting events have what is considered to were imposed, cases of bribing the competitors be a long history. Yet, apart from a few were not infrequently recorded. race meetings and such events as " Doggetts Coat and Badge" for professional scullers, how few contests have been established for even as long as During the Roman era the Games apparently 200 years. To be comparable with the period began to decline in favour and they were eventually over which the Ancient Olympic Games were con­ banned by the Emperor Theodosius in A.D. 394. It tinuously celebrated, a sporting event of to-day is difficult to know how far this was due to political would have been inaugurated in the ninth century, reasons, and how far to changing social conditions. in the days of King Alfred, of Charlemagne, or of Harun al Raschid. To put it in another way, Precisely 1500 years later the first positive steps if the modern Olympic Games have a history com­ for the revival of the Games were taken. Baron parable to those of the Greeks, there will still be Pierre de Coubertin, a Frenchman, who had been celebrations in the year 3000 A.D. much impressed during visits to and the United States by the way in which sport helped to mould national character, was the moving force The Greek Olympiad (a period of four years) behind the international gathering then assembled. was first established as a chronological era in the As a result of this meeting, the International year 776 B.C., but ancient writers claim that the Olympic Committee was formed, with Baron Pierre Olympic Games had been held continuously from de Coubertin as its first President, and it was the time of Iphitus, King of Elis, who lived nearly agreed to stage the first Olympic Games of the one hundred years previously. It is also claimed modern era at Athens in 1896. The Games of that Iphitus did not establish the Games, but was 1896, 1900 and 1904 were not on the scale of the merely the reviver of a festival whose origin is Olympic Games of to-day, nor did they attract the lost in the mists of tradition or mythology. It same world-wide attention from competitors or was Iphitus, however, who linked the Games with public. At the London Games of 1908, however, the idea of peace. Warfare was prohibited among there was a much fuller programme, including no the Greeks for the month during which the Games fewer than 21 sports (compared with 17 in 1948), were held. This was an edict which was almost and just under 100 separate events were contested invariably obeyed because the Olympic Games had (136 in 1948). a religious and sacramental significance, and they were held on holy ground, dedicated to Zeus. Since that time the Olympic Games have been recognised throughout the world as the major In some respects the events of the ancient event in amateur sport, and the winning of an Olympic Games were comparable to those of Olympic Games title is the ultimate ambition of to-day, inc1,.*Éb as they did foot-races, wrestling, amai' ^3 sportsmen and sportswomen. It is need­ boxing and 'he pentathlon, an all-round contest less to recount the well-known history of recent of five events. Horse and chariot races were also Games. Let us rather quote the desire of their popular, and contests for heralds and trumpeters Founder that " the athletic representatives of the were introduced at one period. The only prize world may be brought together, and the spirit of awarded to winners was the garland of wild olives, international comity advanced by the celebration of cut from a sacred tree. This must not, however, their chivalrous and peaceful contests," and hope be regarded as symbolic of the pure amateur spirit that that indeed may be the spirit in which are of the festival. All the competitors were compelled celebrated the Games of the XIV Olympiad at to undergo a period of the most rigorous training London in 1948.

21

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES FROM THE CHARTER OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES

1. The Olympic Games are celebrated every four years. They assemble the amateurs of all nations on an equal footing and under conditions as perfect as possible.

2. An Olympiad need not be celebrated but neither the order nor the intervals can be altered. The International Olympiads are counted as beginning from the first Olympiad of the modern era, celebrated at Athens in 1896.

3. The International Olympic Committee has the sole right to choose the place for the celebration of each Olympiad.

4. The Olympic Games must include the following events : athletics, gymnastics, combative sports, swimming, equestrian sports, pentathlons and art competitions.

5. There is a distinct cycle of Olympic Winter Games which are celebrated in the same year as the other Games. Starting from the VIII Olympiad they take the title of First Olympic Winter Games but the term Olympiad will not be used to describe them.

6. The International Olympic Committee fixes the site for the celebration of the Olympic Winter Games, on condition that the National Olympic Committee is able to furnish satisfactory guarantees for the organisation of the Winter Games as a whole.

7. Generally speaking, only those who are natives of a country, or naturalised subjects of that country, are qualified to compete in the Olympic Games under the colours of that country.

OLYMPIC GAMES OF THE MODERN ERA

I OLYMPIAD ATHENS 1896 VIII OLYMPIAD PARIS 1924

11 OLYMPIAD PARIS 1900 IX OLYMPIAD 1928

III OLYMPIAD ST. LOUIS 190C'/^ X OLYMPIAD LOS AN^FLES 1932

IV OLYMPIAD LONDON 1908 XI OLYMPIAD BERLIN 1936

V OLYMPIAD STOCKHOLM 1912 XII OLYMPIAD Not Celebrated

VI OLYMPIAD Not Celebrated XIII OLYMPIAD Not Celebrated

VII OLYMPIAD 1920 XIV OLYMPIAD LONDON 1948

22

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library THE OLYMPIC GAMES

Extracts of Interest from the Regulations and General Rules for their Celebration

TIME OF THE GAMES DEMONSTRATIONS The Olympic Games must take place during the The Organising Committee of the Games can first year of the Olympiad which they are to cele­ organise demonstrations of two sports not included brate. in the programme : The Games of the XIV Olympiad must, therefore, 1. A national sport. take place during 1948. 2. A sport foreign to the organising country. Their non-celebration during the year chosen The demonstrations in the 1948 Games will be of means that the Olympiad is not celebrated and lacrosse on Thursday, August 5th, preceding the involves the annulment of the rights of the town athletic programme, and of gymnastics by members chosen and the country to which this town belongs. of the Svenska Gymnastikforbundet on Saturday, August 1th, preceding the start of the marathon race, The period of the Games shall not exceed 16 days and on Friday, August \3th, preceding the final of including the opening day. the football tournament.

As no competitive events are being held on Sundays during the 1948 Games, these days are disregarded in NUMBER OF ENTRIES connection with the above rule by agreement with the The maximum number of entries from each nation International Olympic Committee. in each event is fixed by the international federation. The following numbers cannot be exceeded : OLYMPIC FLAG (a) For individual events, three competitors from A large Olympic flag must fly in the Stadium during each nation (without reserves). the Games from a central flagstaff, where it is (b) For team events, one team per nation, the hoisted at the moment the Games are declared number of reserves to be fixed by the inter­ open and taken down when they are declared national federations concerned. closed. The Olympic flag has a white background with no border ; in the centre it has five interlaced Team events mean events in which more than one rings (blue, yellow, black, green, red). competitor per nation must take part, e.g., the double sculls is considered as a " team " event. In QUALIFICATION the 1948 Games three competitors per nation are allowed in individual events in the following sports : The definition of an amateur, as drawn up by the athletics, equestrian, fencing, pentathlon, shooting respective international federations of sport, is and swimming. Two competitors per nation are recognised for the admission of athletes taking allowed in wgightlifttng. Only one competitor per part in the Olympic Games. nation is allowed in individual events in the following sports : boxing, canoeing, cycling, rowing, wrest­ Only those who are nationals or naturalised sub­ ling, yachting. jects of a county, or of a state which is part of that country, areU» to represent that country in the Olympic Games. JURIES There is no age limit for competitors in the Olympic A Jury of Appeal is appointed for each sport by the International Federation of the sport concerned. Games. The Executive Committee of the International Women are allowed to compete in certain events Olympic Committee is constituted a Jury of Honour. at the Olympic Games. The programme sets forth the events in which they may take part. The duty of this jury is to intervene in all questions of a non-technical nature outside the jurisdiction No entrance fee can be demanded from competitors. of the juries of the international federation.

* Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library PRIZES At the 1948 Games, diplomas will he awarded, at The prizes at the Olympic Games consist of Olympic the request of the International Olympic Committee, medals and diplomas. Each medal is accompanied to those placed fourth, fifth and sixth, in addition to by a diploma. A diploma is also given to the the competitors in the first three places. winning team in team competitions. The Organis­ ing Committee may, upon the suggestion of the CLASSIFICATION international federation, give a diploma of merit In the Olympic Games there is no classification to a competitor whose performance has been according to points. A Roll of Honour, in alpha­ brilliant but who has not won a prize. All those betical order, shall be set up bearing the names of participating in the Games shall receive a com­ the first six competitors in each event as soon as memorative medal. this classification has been made. This document shall be drawn up and kept under the control of The winners of individual events and the winning the International Olympic Committee. team in team events receive silver-gilt medals ; silver medals are awarded to those in second place PROGRAMMES and bronze medals to those placed third. In team The programmes of the Olympic Games shall not events all those who have actually taken part in include any advertisements. an event shall have a right to the medal and diploma corresponding to the prize gained by the team. RECORD OF THE GAMES The names of the winners shall be inscribed upon The Organising Committee must make the neces­ the walls of the Stadium where the Games have sary arrangements for making a record of the Games been opened and closed. by means of photography and moving pictures.

Published by the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 194S Designed by H. A. Rothholz, MSIA Printed by M<°Corquodalc & Co Ltd London SEI

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library HOW TO GET TO OLYMPIC VENUES

Nearest Station EMPIRE STADIUM From Marylebone EMPIRE POOL [ «J WEMBLEY PARK Metropolitan or Bakerloo line PALACE OF ENGINEERING J 1 WEMBLEY CENTRAL From Euston or Bakerloo line HARRINGAY ARENA • Piccadilly line EMPRESS HALL • EARLS COURT District or Piccadilly line HERNE HILL • HERNE HILL From Victoria or Holborn Viaduct NORTH DULWICH From London Bridge WINDSOR GREAT PARK WINDSOR From Paddington or Waterloo From Waterloo or Green Line coach HENLEY HENLEY From Paddington ALDERSHOT ALDERSHOT From Waterloo BISLEY BROOKWOOD From Waterloo TORQUAY TORQUAY From Paddington FINCHLEY POOL • EAST FINCHLEY Northern line thence by trolleybus

POLYTECHNIC, CHISWICK • CHISWICK From Waterloo TURNHAM GREEN District line thence by bus

LYONS, SUDBURY • SUDBURY HILL Piccadilly line GUINNESS, PARK ROYAL • PARK ROYAL Piccadilly line HANGER LANE Central line

• OR BY BUS OR TROLLEYBUS

ADDITIONAL JP£

Boxing Preliminaries At Empress Hall, Earls Court, on Saturday August 7th at 11.30 am and at 7.30 pm

Fencing The afternoon sessions will cpntinuc during the evening if necessary to complete the programme Football and Hockey If replays of any of the matches are necessary they will be additional to, and at separate times from, the events shown in the table

Water Polo Preliminaries At Finchlcy Open Air Pool, Friday July 30th, Saturday July 31st, Monday August 2nd and Tuesday August 3rd, each day at 10.30 am and 2.30 pm

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library OLYMPIC GAMES AT A GLANCE AFTERNOON • EVENING A

VENUES DATES July-August 29 30 31 2 3 4 5 6 ! 7 9 1 10 j 11 12 • 13 1 14 SPORTS Empire Stadium Opening Ceremony • Wembley Kmpirc Pool Swimming • • • • • • • • Wembley A A A A A A A A

• • • Empress Hall Wrestling - V A A A A A A A Earl's Court

Empire Stadium Athletics • • Wembley

• • a • Palace of Engineering Fencing • • • • • • • • 9 4 • • • Wembley

Empire Stadium Football • and other Venues A. A • A A A

m • • Aldershot Modern Pentathlon and other Venues

Empire Stadium Hockey A A A A A A A A A and other Venues

Bisley Shooting Surrey

Torquay Yachting e • • • • • • Devon

Henley- Rowing • e 0 • on-Thames

m • 8 . Sports Arena Basketball • • • • • • e • • • • • • Harringay A A A A A A A A A A A A A

Heme Hill and Cycling • • A A Windsor Great Park —> * S3 Empire Stadium Equestrian • • 0 • • and Aldershot

y » " > — - - 0 Empire Stadium Gymnastics Wembley

• • M Empire Pool M • 0 m Boxing • • Wembley A A A A A

Empress Hall Weightlifting • • • Earl's Court A A A

M Henley- Canoeing • on-Thames A

Empire Stadium Closing Ceremony • Wembley

Arts Exhibition July 15-August 14 Victoria and Albert Museum

ADDITIONAL PROGRAMME NOTES ON INSIDE BACK COVER

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library