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ALABAMA CONFEDERATE BATTLE FLAGS: HISTORY, PRESERVATION, AND INTERPRETATION by Stanley A. Hutson A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Public History Middle Tennessee State University December 2018 Thesis Committee: Dr. C. Van West, Chair Dr. Brenden Martin ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am truly thankful to many people for their help, and more importantly, their support, during the completion of my thesis. If it were not for God’s guidance I may never have seen my thesis through to completion. His will be done. First and foremost, I want to thank Dr. Martin and Dr. West. Upon my reentry into graduate school, well, Dr. Martin made that possible and worked wonders to square things away for me. Dr. West was on my original thesis committee and we picked up right where we left off like I never missed a beat. I would also like to thank Shannon Brown of the MTSU Veteran’s Services office, she made my re-enrollment in graduate school become a reality and she is a true asset to MTSU. Aside from this, these people, well, they were a blessing to work with and I was glad to have their advice and encouragement. My biggest thanks go to my father, Stanley G. Hutson Jr., who has always been there for me, both in the writing of this thesis and beyond. To my little brother, Stephen, who relentlessly pushed me to reenroll in college in order to finish my Master’s Degree. To Bob Bradley, a true and respectful historian, and one of a kind person, his knowledge has always been admirable. To my family and friends and how much you all mean to me. And to all those that helped me along the way, thank you, my thoughts and prayers are always with you. ii ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on the preservation and interpretation of Alabama Confederate battle flags, mainly those at the Alabama Department of Archives and History. I study the complex history of Confederate flags, along with the now almost singularly known ‘Rebel flag’, in order to better understand modern day preservation and interpretation attempts both at the ADAH and other historic venues across the United States. This thesis explores the society that existed before the Civil War in the southern United States and how that unique culture was eventually tangibly embodied within those flags. I also research the wartime use of Confederate flags to understand what they meant in the context of those times and how they were used as utilitarian military objects in combat, but took on greater meaning and developed in to a source of pride for the men who fought under them. I then explore the post war history of the flags, from their repatriation to archival repositories across the South, to their use by the KKK, and their place in Southern culture. Finally, I briefly explore contemporary issues concerning the flags and how those factors influence their preservation and interpretation. Lastly, I discuss the latest trends at the ADAH concerning the preservation and interpretation of Alabama Confederate flags. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Chapter I: The Confederate Flag and Its Interpreters .........................................................2 Chapter II: Southerners and Their Flags ...........................................................................15 Chapter III: Confederate Flags During the Civil War ......................................................23 Chapter IV: The Lost Cause and Remembrance ...............................................................43 Chapter V: Alabama Confederate Flags: Historical and Contemporary Issues ...............57 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..75 Appendix A: Record of Rebel Flags Captured By Union Troops after April 19, 1861………………………………………………………………………………………83 Appendix B: Flags at the Alabama Department of Archives and History………………85 Appendix C: Alabama Confederate Flag Images……………………………………….88 iv 1 INTRODUCTION In 1999, I heard news that two Confederate flags, one belonging to the 10 th Alabama Infantry and one belonging to the 44 th Alabama Infantry, had been found and that the owner was considering donating them to the Alabama Department of Archives and History. Upon hearing the story of these two flags, my interest was piqued and I intently followed developments concerning their discovery. Shortly after their discovery, I enrolled at MTSU. The flags were of such interest to me that I wanted to do further research on not only those flags, but Confederate flags in general in the possession of the Alabama Department of Archives and History, the ADAH. So, after writing one paper for class on that topic, I decided to pursue this as my thesis. The ‘racist’ history of ‘the’ Confederate flag has been more than thoroughly well documented. However, aside from people interested in the Civil War, a study of Confederate flags through the structured format of academia has been absent in the narrative on Confederate flags. This thesis will explore the origins of Confederate flags, and in particular Confederate flags relating to Alabama and Alabama regiments, their construction and design, their usage in battle, and the story of post war efforts to preserve and display those flags in their rightful context. 2 CHAPTER I THE CONFEDERATE FLAG & ITS INTERPRETERS The preservation and interpretation of Confederate battle flags became part of the historical fabric of the American narrative the moment the Civil War ended. In light of very recent events in modern U.S. society, it is more crucial now than ever to understanding Confederate flags and how they shaped and continue to shape American history, culture, and society. In recent years objects related to the Confederacy have been the subject of derision and division in the country, as many seek to destroy or only partially interpret Confederate flags and other relics and artifacts of Southern culture and history. The story behind the flags is much more diverse than the vast majority of the American public understands. Historians, Civil War buffs, and those with a strong passion for the subject have the led the way to the current understanding of the very essence of Confederate flags. Historian John Coski in his authoritative study, The Confederate Battle Flag , concluded: Overcoming the Confederate flag, seeking to understand why people revere it, or simply making peace with it are more constructive and realistic ways of dealing with the flag than campaigning to banish it. The Confederate battle flag is an American flag, and some Americans will continue to revere and defend it, especially as others attack it. Above all, the Confederate battle flag represents the most contested chapter in American history, and it is destined to remain a contested symbol. 1 1 John M. Coski, The Confederate Battle Flag: America’s Most Embattled Emblem (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 306. 3 The question this dissertation wishes to address is how to interpret Confederate flags. These flags, as tangible cultural artifacts of American history, they are in fact valuable artifacts with multiple contexts and meanings. The wartime usage of the flags together with their individual fates after the Civil War must be identified and interpreted so their material culture value can be better understood. 2 Confederate flags have two histories: the history of the flags as relics of the Civil War and the history of the flags as used by the KKK and other hate groups as a symbol of hate and racism. The former subject almost always receives less attention not just in academia, but also in all aspects of society while the latter indeed receives the most attention in social commentary and political dialogue. It was upon the cessation of hostilities that the darker history of the Confederate flags emerged as it is known today. To be sure, many Southerners were pursuing respectable methods by which to honor the former Confederacy and Confederate flags. All members of Southern society however did not accept this benevolent mindset concerning the loss of the Civil War and the desire to peacefully rebuild and coexist with the Northern states. The KKK embraced a very different method by which to 'remember' the former Confederacy. The racist appropriation of the Confederate battle flag shapes African American perceptions of the flag’s value. Racial violence towards blacks continued during 2 Coski, The Confederate Battle Flag , 305-306. 4 Reconstruction and the long decades of the Jim Crow laws. 3 Then in the 1950s and 1960s, in particular, those who opposed the end of segregation used the Confederate flag in their public rallies. 4 It is obviously understandable that almost all African Americans detest and loathe the Confederate flag as to them it represents hate and suffering and slavery. 5 The most prominent influence concerning the use of Confederate flags is, and for the most part always has been, the practice as carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan since the 1920s. When this secretive entity began using as its standard numerous Confederate flags, which developed mainly into the use of the Miles pattern flag, the current nuances of ‘the Rebel flag' originated into its own distinct story. The history of Confederate flags and the history of the KKK are almost inseparable in modern times. The Ku Klux Klan formed in Pulaski, Tennessee and consisted of former Confederate soldiers who were attempting to regain the political and social standing they had lost as a result of the war. 6 The Klan quickly changed and became more racist and violent. As a result many of the members of the original Klan left the 3 Michael Newton, White Robes and Burning Crosses: History of the Ku Klux Klan from 1866 (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc., Publishers, 2014), 26-27. 4 Coski, The Confederate Battle Flag , 143. 5 B. Brain Foster, “Confederate Monuments are more than reminder of our racist past,” Washington Post , August 24, 2017.

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