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A Commentary on Eusebius of Caesarea Ecclesiastical History Book VIII Written by Andrew William Clay Has Been Approved for the Department of Classics

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A Commentary on Eusebius of Caesarea Ecclesiastical History Book VIII Written by Andrew William Clay Has Been Approved for the Department of Classics A COMMENTARY ON EUSEBIUS OF CAESAREA ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY BOOK VIII by ANDREW WILLIAM CLAY B.A. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004 M.T.S. Duke University, 2006 M.A. University of Colorado at Boulder, 2008 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics 2012 This thesis entitled: A Commentary on Eusebius of Caesarea Ecclesiastical History Book VIII written by Andrew William Clay has been approved for the Department of Classics (Noel Lenski) (Andrew Cain) (John Gibert) (Aaron Johnson) (Scot Douglass) Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we Find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards Of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. Clay, Andrew William (Ph.D., Classics) A Commentary on Eusebius of Caesarea Ecclesiastical History Book VIII Thesis directed by Associate Professor Noel Lenski Eusebius of Caesarea (ca. 260-339 CE) was a highly productive and innovative writer of Christian history, apology, and biblical scholarship, and as metropolitan bishop of Palestine, an active participant in fourth-century ecclesiastical politics. His most famous work, the Historia Ecclesiastica (HE), a history of the Church from its foundation to ca. 325, is one of our best sources for the history of early Christianity and reign of Constantine. Book eight of the HE is of particular importance, as it provides the focal point of the work through a critical first-hand account of the Great Persecution (303-313) and events surrounding Constantine’s rise to power. The present study is a literary and historical commentary on book eight of the HE. It consists of four parts: an introduction, the Greek text, an English translation, and a commentary on the Greek text. The fundamental scope of the project is quite broad and interdisciplinary: philological, insofar as it approaches a Greek text that has remained largely without critical comment; historical, since this is both the genre to which the work belongs and a large part of its scholarly significance; and religio-historical in its examination of aspects of Christian theology, doctrine, and the Church's place in the Roman world. This inherently expansive study is restricted, however, by a focused, thematic approach which centers on the theme of persecution, the author's Palestinian viewpoint, and the pervasive historical and historiographical considerations. This work aims to furnish an essential tool, heretofore missing, to scholars in different fields for whom the study of Eusebius, early Christianity, late Greek historiography, and Roman iii history plays an important role. For those who wish to approach the text itself, a theme therein, or a topic specific to the period, it will serve as an up-to-date reference and compass for further research. Its thematic approach and new interpretative suggestions, however, ensure that it will also stand in its own right as a coherent piece of scholarship that contributes to the Eusebian debate. iv uxori carissimae et patientissimae ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a great pleasure to thank everyone who was involved with my dissertation. First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Professor Noel Lenski, my dissertation advisor, who supported and guided me throughout the process. His indefatigable knowledge of all things ancient is surpassed only by his kindness and generosity. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Professor Andrew Cain, Professor John Gibert, Professor Aaron Johnson, and Professor Scot Douglass. For their considerable time and expertise I am very grateful. This dissertation would not have been possible without the financial support of the Department of Classics and the funding provided by the Graduate School and College of Arts and Sciences through the Florence Husted Lowe and F. Rex Lowe Student Support Fund. To my family – to my uncle, and academic role model, Dr. Kenneth Bost, who inspired me from my earliest years to live an examined life; to my grandparents, who taught me the meaning of hard work, honesty, and family; and to my wife, Adrienne, who has been my steadfast companion through life’s vicissitudes – I cannot begin to express my gratitude. Ultimately, however, this project owes to my wonderful parents, who have always encouraged me to pursue my interests and passions. Their love and dedication have seen me through twenty- four years of formal schooling. Yet they are the professors of my education in life. vi CONTENTS CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................1 Life and Times ....................................................................................1 Works ..................................................................................................3 Editions and Manuscripts ....................................................................9 Content and Structure .......................................................................11 Sources ..............................................................................................24 Historical Considerations ..................................................................26 Style ..................................................................................................37 II. GREEK TEXT ........................................................................................41 III. TRANSLATION.....................................................................................67 IV. COMMENTARY ....................................................................................96 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………..…………………………………………261 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION I. Life and Times Eusebius of Caesarea (ca. CE 260-339) was a highly productive and innovative writer of Christian history, apology, and biblical scholarship, and as metropolitan bishop of Palestine, an active participant in fourth-century ecclesiastical politics. Since the biography written by Acacius, his successor to the see of Caesarea, is no longer extant, we must derive biographical details from his own writings.1 We know very little about his early life. He was probably born at Caesarea around CE 260 and received the typical education of the period. His advanced education under Pamphilus perhaps resembled that of Origen's school two generations before and included the study of historians, philosophers, and the Bible.2 When Diocletian's edict reached Caesarea in March of 303, the Church had enjoyed more than four decades of freedom from persecution. Eusebius had never experienced such an attack on Christianity, and the works he produced during this period and afterwards suggest a deep impact. He seems to have remained in Palestine during the first bout of persecution (303-311), helping Pamphilus to write his Defense of Origen while the latter was in prison from 307. This allowed him to witness the martyrdoms of friends and fellow students which he records in his 1 For notice of Acacius’biography, see Soc. HE 2.4; for his education under Eusebius, see Soz. HE 3.2; 4.23. L. Levine, Caesarea under Roman Rule (Brill: Leiden, 1975), 113-134 provides a discussion of the Christian community at Caesarea. 2 A. Carriker, The Library of Eusebius of Caesarea (Brill: Leiden, 2003), 17-18. Pamphilus had come to Caesarea after receiving a philosophical and theological education at Alexandria under the presbyter Pierius, who had studied under Origen and was himself styled "Origen the Younger." 1 Martyrs of Palestine. The martyrdom of Pamphilus in December 310 prompted Eusebius to memorialize his beloved master by composing a Life of Pamphilus and adopting the cognomen, ὁ Παμφίλου (lit., "the son of Pamphilus"). Shortly after Galerius' edict of toleration in April 311, Maximin resumed persecution in the East. Eusebius traveled to Phoenicia and Tyre and there witnessed additional martyrdoms which he recounts in Bks VIII and IX of his Historia Ecclesiastica.3 It seems that he was imprisoned in Egypt during this time but escaped unharmed.4 The death of Maximin in 313 brought the end of persecution in the East and allowed Eusebius to complete and publish the first edition of the Historia Ecclesiastica in 313/14. At some point after 313, certainly by 315, he was appointed bishop of Caesarea.5 He held this position until the end of his life. As a follower of Origen, Eusebius was sympathetic to the idea that Christ was subordinate to and of a different substance than the Father. This would cause him trouble during the Arian controversy in the 320s. At the council of Antioch in the Spring of 325, Eusebius’ views were declared heretical, and he was provisionally excommunicated until the council of Nicaea that summer. There he defended himself successfully against the charges of heresy and stood with the orthodox majority at the council in his endorsement of the term homoousios.6 In a succession of councils following Nicaea, however, he again showed himself a supporter of the Arian cause.7 Later in his life (ca. 335), Eusebius traveled to Constantinople where he delivered 3 Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 148-149. 4 Athan. Apol. sec. 8.3; Epiph. Pan. 68.8.3. There is no evidence to support the later claims that he compromised his faith to secure release. 5 He was a bishop in 315, when he delivered a speech on the rededication of the church in Tyre (HE X.4). His letter to the Caesarean congregation
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