Bibliography and Index of Illinois Geology
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Environmental Overview Data
ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW DATA for LYON and CALDWELL COUNTIES US 641 CORRIDOR FROM EDDYVILLE TO FREDONIA ITEM NUMBER: NOT ASSIGNED Prepared For KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION CABINET DIVISION OF PLANNING Prepared By Palmer Engineering 400 Shoppers Drive Winchester, Kentucky 40392 859-744-1218 JUNE 2004 Revised July 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction....................................................................................................................................1 General Characteristics of the Project and Project Area ..........................................................1 Project Description and Purpose......................................................................................1 Project Area Physiological and Soils Characteristics.....................................................4 Project Area Water Resources .........................................................................................7 Project Area Land Use ......................................................................................................7 Environmental Overview Considerations....................................................................................7 Land Use .........................................................................................................................................7 Air Quality Considerations ...............................................................................................8 Highway Noise Considerations .........................................................................................9 -
Oil Investigations in Illinois in 1916, Under Direction of Fred H
m$ 1 H On 5 T ATE QE OI-OQICAL miWif.n . SURVEY 3 3051 00000 3057 ILLINOIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LSBRAnY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/oilinvestigation35illi STATE OF ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FRANK W. DE WOLF. Director BULLETIN No. 35 OIL INVESTIGATIONS IN ILLINOIS IN 1916 UNDER DIRECTION OF FRED H. KAY Petroleum in Illinois in 1916 By Fred H. Kay Parts of Saline, Williamson, Pope and Johnson counties By Albert D. Brokaw Parts of Williamson, Union and Jackson counties By Stuart St. Clair The Ava area By Stuart St. Glair The Gentralia area By Stuart St. Glair Parts of Hardin, Pope, and Saline counties By Charles Butts WORK IN COOPERATION WITH U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA 1917 CL . 2- STATE GEOLOGICAL COMMISSION Frank O. Lowden, Chairman Governor of Illinois Thomas C. Chamberlin, Vice-Chairman Edmund J. James, Secretary President of the University of Illinois Frank W. DeWolf, Director Fred H. Kay, Asst. State Geologist LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL State Geological Survey University of Illinois, January 26, 1917 Governor Frank O. Lozvden, Chairman, and Members of the Geological Commission. Gentlemen : I submit herewith manuscript of reports on oil investiga- tions in Illinois in 1916, and recommend their publication as Bulletin 35. Because of its importance, part of this bulletin appeared in abbreviated form as an Extract, and development in the field described is now proceed- ing according to recommendations. The demand for these publications increases constantly. -
Tetrapod Tracks from the Mauch Chunk Formation (Middle to Upper Mississippian) of Pennsylvania, U.S.A Author(S): Matthew B
Tetrapod tracks from the Mauch Chunk Formation (middle to upper Mississippian) of Pennsylvania, U.S.A Author(s): Matthew B. Vrazo, Michael J. Benton, Edward B. Daeschler Source: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 156(1):199-209. 2007. Published By: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[199:TTFTMC]2.0.CO;2 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/ full/10.1635/0097-3157%282007%29156%5B199%3ATTFTMC%5D2.0.CO%3B2 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. ISSN 0097-3157 PMROCEEDINGSISSISSIPPIAN OF THETETRAPOD ACADEMY T RACKSOF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 156: 199-209 JUNE 2007199 Tetrapod tracks from the Mauch Chunk Formation (middle to upper Mississippian) of Pennsylvania, U.S.A. MATTHEW B. VRAZO AND MICHAEL J. -
Publications of the Illinois State Geological Survey
LINv -~ ... t·,.;l.' iGtC.Ai. s SURVEY. LI JlAA'( 14.GS: CIR 340 OH A c. 1 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION LATE MISSISSIPPIAN SANDSTONES OF ILLINO.IS Paul Edwin Potter ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY URBANA CIRCULAR 340 1962 LATE MISSISSIPPIAN SANDSTONES . OF ILLINOIS Paul Edwin Potter ABSTRACT Sandstones, one of the distincti ve lithologies of the late Mississippian sediments ofthe Illinois Basin, constitute approx imately one-fourth of the section. The sandstones consist chiefly of well sorted and moderately well rounded, mineralogically stable detrital grains and their chief sedimentary structures are cross-bedding and ripple marks. The sandstones occur as sheets and as four types of elon gate sand bodies: pods, ribbons, dendroids, and belts. Detailed local maps showing the thicknes s of sand of the Degonia, Waltersburg, and Cypres s Formations and regional maps for the Degonia, Palestine, Waltersburg, and Hardinsburg For mationsdisplay the recurring types of sand bodies and emphasize the·essential similarity of all the late Mississippian sandstones. This similarity is a basis for better understanding and improved prediction of sandstone trends. Data gained from the study of the sandstones integrates well with other known features relative to paleogeography of late Mississippian time. INTRODUCTION Sandstones are an important constituent in the late Mississippian rocks of the Illinois Basin. They occur not only "in the Chesterian (Upper Mississippian) Series but also in the upper part of the Valmeyerian (Middle Mississippian) Series. The sandstone-bearing sediments in both series have been placed in the Pope Megagroup by Swann and Willman (1961), but are generally referred to in this paper as late Misslssippian. -
Studies of the Chester Series in the Illinois Basin
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository °,'S ,S}*TE If/jltf GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00003 5240 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/studiesofchester91illi STATE OF ILLINOIS DWICHT H. GREEN. Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION FRANK G. THOMPSON. Director DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON. Chief URBANA CIRCULAR NO. 9: STUDIES OF THE CHESTER SERIES IN THE ILLINOIS BASIN REPRINTED FROM THE TRANSACTIONS. ILLINOIS STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. VOL. 35. NO. 2. DECEMBER 1942 < 1943) PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA. ILLINOIS 19 4 3 CONTENTS PAGE USE OF THE GLEN DEAN LIMESTONE AS A STRUCTURAL KEY HORIZON IN THE ILLINOIS BASIN By George V. Cohee 5 CHESTER INDEX OSTRACODES By Chalmer L. Cooper 8 SUBSURFACE STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS NEAR TYPE CHESTER LOCALI- TIES IN SOUTHWESTERN ILLINOIS Bji Frank E. Tippie 9 [3] USE OF THE GLEN DEAN LIMESTONE AS A STRUCTURAL KEY HORIZON IN THE ILLINOIS BASIN 1 GEORGE V. CoHEE" Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois The Glen Dean formation is one of the dicating some structural movement dur- best known formations of the Chester ing late or post-Glen Dean time. series in Illinois. Since 1937 the basal The Glen Dean formation in the Illi- limestone has been used widely as a nois basin is predominantly limestone structural key horizon and as a subsur- with various amounts of shale. -
Sedimentology, Diagenesis and Trapping Style, Mississippian Tar Springs Sandstone, Inman East Consolidated Field, Gallatin Count
w IP 157 #»» Sedimentology, Diagenesis and Trapping Style, MississippianTar Springs Sandstone, Inman East Consolidated Field, Gallatin County, Illinois David G. Morse Illinois Petroleum 157 2001 George H. Ryan, Governor Department of Natural Resources ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY XX l^ William W. Shilts, Chief ^«' >.*» -^", ii. Sedimentology, Diagenesis and Trapping Style, MississippianTar Springs Sandstone, Inman East Consolidated Field, Gallatin County, Illinois David G. Morse Illinois Petroleum 157 2001 «••* 1^ George H. Ryan, Governor Q ^\ Department of Natural Resources ^ »%**' ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY * &^ William W. Shilts, Chief Natural Resources Building 615 East Peabody Drive Champaign, IL 61820-6964 (217)333-4747 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared by the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) as part of a project sponsored by the State of Illinois. It presents reasonable interpretations of available scientific data. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author. Neither the ISGS, any individual members of the ISGS staff, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, nor the U.S. Department of Energy assumes any liability with respect to the use of any information contained in this report. Trade names cited in this report are provided solely for the purpose of informing the public. Use of a particular product does not constitute an endorsement by the ISGS. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Donald F.OItz initially suggested that I study the Tar Springs Sandstone. Preliminary work by Richard Howard at Sailor Springs Field provided some insight about how to attempt this study. Beverly Seyler was particularly helpful in the scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray analyses and interpretation of the Tar Springs samples, along with advice on thin-section preparation. -
2002 Ground-Water Resources in the White and West Fork White River Basin, Indiana
GROUND-WATER RESOURCES IN THE WHITE AND WEST FORK WHITE RIVER BASIN, INDIANA STATE OF INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF WATER 2002 GROUND-WATER RESOURCES IN THE WHITE AND WEST FORK WHITE RIVER BASIN, INDIANA STATE OF INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF WATER Water Resource Assessment 2002-6 Printed By Authority of the State of Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana: 2002 STATE OF INDIANA Frank O'Bannon, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES John Goss, Director DIVISION OF WATER Michael W. Neyer, Director Project Manager: Judith E. Beaty Editor: Judith E. Beaty This report was prepared by the Basin Studies Section Greg Schrader and Ralph Spaeth And The Ground Water Section Bill Herring, Glenn Grove, and Randy Meier For sale by Division of Water, Indianapolis, Indiana CONTENTS page INTRODUCTION . .1 Purpose and scope . .1 Previous investigations . .1 Acknowledgements . .3 GEOLOGY . .4 Sources of geologic data . .4 Regional physiography . .4 Overview of glacial history and deposits . .5 Summary of major Quaternary deposits . .9 Glacial terrains . .10 Bedrock geology . .12 Bedrock physiography . .13 Bedrock stratigraphy and lithology . .14 GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY . .19 Ground-water resources . .19 Ground-water levels . .19 Potentiometric surface maps . .21 Aquifer systems . .21 Unconsolidated aquifer systems . .21 Tipton Till Plain Aquifer System . .24 Tipton Till Plain Aquifer Subsystem . .27 Dissected Till and Residuum Aquifer System . .29 White River and Tributaries Outwash Aquifer System . .29 White River and Tributaries Outwash Aquifer Subsystem . .29 Buried Valley Aquifer System . .30 Lacustrine and Backwater Deposits Aquifer System . .30 Bedrock aquifer systems . .30 Ordovician/Maquoketa Group . .31 Silurian and Devonian Carbonates . .32 Devonian and Mississippian/ New Albany Shale . -
Jlogy of the Waltersburg Quadrangle Pope County, Illinois
JLOGY OF THE WALTERSBURG QUADRANGLE POPE COUNTY, ILLINOIS W Joh Ne ls on W ib l . C . Piu s e e n Oliv e r St v P . Eslin Lynne B . e en g Department of Energy and Natural Resources ILLINOISSTATEGEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 98 1993 GEOLOGY OF THE WALTERSBURG QUADRANGLE POPE COUNTY , ILLINOIS i l W Joh N ls o C . Piu s We be . n e n Illinois Sta te Geological Survey liv r St v P . Eslin Lynne B . O e e en g Southern Illinois Univ ersity at Carbondale BULLETIN 98 1993 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W i rris . L i Mo e ghton, Ch ef 615 East Peabody Drive a i 61820—69 Ch mpa gn, IL 64 Cover photo Pounds Sandstone Member of the Caseyville Formation southwest f R k P We b l o oc in Pope County (photo by C . ius i e ) Printed by authority of the State of Illinois/ 1993/ 1200 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Location Physiography Geologic Setting Previous Studies Method of Study BEDROCK STRATIGRAPHY Mississippian System Undifferentiated Pope Group Golconda Formation Ha rdinsburg Sandstone Glen Dean Limestone Tar Springs Sandstone Vi enna Limestone Waltersburg Formation Menard Limestone Palestine Sandstone Clore Formation De gonia Formation Kinkaid Limestone Mississippian— Pennsylvanian Unconformity Pennsylvanian System Caseyville Formation " Wayside Member Battery Rock Sandstone Member " " Drury Member Pounds Sandstone Member Tradewater Formation Lower shale and sandstone member Middle sandstone member Upper shaley member SURFICIAL GEOLOGY Introduction Methodology Field Methods Laboratory Methods Construction of the Stack-Uni t -
Bedrock Geology of Herod Quadrangle
BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF HEROD QUADRANGLE ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY POPE, SALINE, AND HARDIN COUNTIES, ILLINOIS STATEMAP Herod-BG E. Donald McKay III, Interim Director F. Brett Denny, W. John Nelson, and Joseph A. Devera 2008 A ( o ( 15 o ( N J 10 ( Mk ª &cv Mdc EXPLANATION & o t ( Mm &t 18 o5 ( 25 ( Mp &t N J o ( 7 Igneous dikes, Permian P(i) Leonardian NJ ( o ( sills, and pipes Mk ? 4 ( 5 o Mk o ( Unconformity ( & J t N J N G ( H &cv &t Mu Mp o ( Mm &t Tradewater Formation Atokan NJ &t ( &cv 38 o e Mdc ( Mp Pennsylvanian NJ ( 10 ( S AB Land #1 ( ªÜ &cv Caseyville Formation 12 NJ 930 Morrowan o ( H King #1 o o 6 G 4 ( o 40 Unconformity Æ o 20 N J o 3 ( G 35 o &cv Ü 5 Mk Kinkaid Limestone ( ª 3172 o N J ANTICLINE Æ &t N J ( 8 ( o H Mdc Ä Degonia Sandstone N J ( G Mdc TON HILL and Clore Formation N J ? ( HOR Mp N Mk Jas Cox J 3 &cv o ( 25 Ü ª N o 476 J &cv JN ( Mk 2 Mp Palestine Formation N Mm J o ( 20 Ä o N J e 17 ( o Ä Æ &cv P(i) Mm Menard Limestone ? ( &cv H 8 ( Mp o Mdc N K G J RMIC o8 Waltersburg Fm, Vienna Ls, McCO ( Mwvt o Mk ANTICLINE T ZONE o and Tar Springs Ss UL ( 8 10 Mp N Unconformity Mdc Mk J o7 Mk Mm ( T ZONE UL Mdc Mgd Glen Dean Limestone ( Mp Mwvt WN FA N o J O ( 4 &t 10 Mgd ( OD FA o J N Mh Hardinsburg Sandstone Chesterian N WNEET J Mh J ( &t HER N o J Mm N SHA 4 5 Mwvt ( J Ä o N N Mwvt J o9 Mg Golconda Formation J N Mdc J &cv N J N Mm N J Mgd J N Mwvt Mh J Mp N o9 Mississippian Mcy Cypress Sandstone 3 Mg o N k J 142 Mk J Rose Creek Jacob Hamp N ½ N Unconformity J N J 14 k ½ o Mh k 1045 Mcy o Ridenhower Formation and &cv 22 Mrb J N J Hamp N Bethel Sandstone J N Mines½ Æ N J Williams ½ ½ Mk Mg Mrb ½ J ½ Mdc N Downeys Bluff Limestone, N J N J ½ N J J N J Mdc N 7 Mdyr ½ Mdyr Yankeetown Sandstone, 11 N J o J Mav N Mk 10 and Renault Limestone o o &cv N 10 J o N J Mh J J N J N Mp N Mk o N Mav J Aux Vases Sandstone N P(i) J J N ( N J J N J J 24N N J N N J ( Mgd Mk Mdc &cv Mdyr N Ste. -
Stratigraphy and Structure of the Western Kentucky Fluorspar District
Stratigraphy and Structure of the Western Kentucky Fluorspar District GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER Prepared tn cooperation with the Geological Surrey Stratigraphy and Structure of the Western Kentucky Fluorspar District 53? Robert D. Trace and Dewey H. Amos CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1151-D Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Geological Survey Mississippian and Pennsylvanian limestone and clastic rocks are exposed in northeast- trending horsts and grab ens UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, W ASH I NGT O N : 1984 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WILLIAM P. CLARK, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Trace, Robert Denny, 1917- Stratigraphy and structure of the western Kentucky fluorspar district. (Contributions to the geology of Kentucky) (Geological Survey professional paper ; 1151-D) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.16:1151-D 1. Geology, Stratigraphic Mississippian. 2. Geology, Stratigraphic Pennsylvanian. 3. Geology Kentucky. I. Amos, Dewey Harold, 1925- joint author. II. Kentucky. Geological Survey. III. Title. IV. Series. V. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 1151-D. QE672.T7 551.7'009769 80-607000 For sale by the Distribution Branch, U.S. Geological Survey, 604 South Pickett Street, Alexandria, VA 22304 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ————————————— Dl Stratigraphy—Continued Introduction ——————————— 2 Pennsylvanian System—Continued Production ——————————— 3 Morrowan Provincial Series—Continued History of previous geologic work • 4 Caseyville Formation—Continued Stratigraphy — 5 Caseyville Formation, undivided, along eastern Mississippian System —— 5 margin of district ——————— ———— D22 Osagean Provincial Series——————— 5 Sequence between the Pounds Sandstone Fort Payne Formation——————— 5 Member of the Caseyville Formation and Meramecian Provincial Series ———— 7 the Grindstaff Sandstone Member of the Trade- Warsaw-Salem-St. -
THE PLUMMER FIELD, GREENE COUNTY, INDIAN~".Iy
SURvt"Y THE PLUMMER FIELD, GREENE COUNTY, INDIAN~".iY,.:: Special Report 17 COJ..l.Y 11,-> 0 m 01 0 aliper 0..... 0 0 amma 0..... 01 0 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JOHN B. PATTON, State Geologist MAURICE E. BIGGS, Assistant State Geologist MARY BETH FOX, Mineral Statistician COAL AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS SECTION GEOLOGY SECTION DONALD D. CARR, Geologist and Head ROBERT H. SHAVER, Paleontologist and Head CURTIS H. AULT, Geologist and Associate Head HENRY H. GRAY, Head Stratigrapher PEl-YUAN CHEN, Geologist N. K. BLEUER, Glacial Geologist DONALD L. EGGERT, Geologist EDWIN J. HARTKE, Environmental Geologist GORDON S. FRASER, Geologist JOHN R. HILL, Glacial Geologist DENVER HARPER, Geologist CARL B. REXROAD, Paleontologist WALTER A. HASENMUELLER, Geologist NELSON R. SHAFFER, Geologist GEOPHYSICS SECTION PAUL IRWIN, Geological Assistant MAURICE E. BIGGS, Geophysicist and Head ROBERT F. BLAKELY, Geophysicist JOSEPH F. WHALEY, Geophysicist DRAFTING AND PHOTOGRAPHY SECTION JOHN R. HELMS, Driller WILLIAM H. MORAN, Chief Draftsman and Head MARVIN T. IVERSON, Geophysical Assistant RICHARD T. HILL, Geological Draftsman ROGER L. PURCELL, Senior Geological Draftsman PETROLEUM SECTION GEORGE R. RINGER, Photographer G. L. CARPENTER, Geologist and Head WILBUR E. ST ALlONS, Artist-Draftsman ANDREW J. HREHA, Geologist BRIAN D. KEITH, Geologist EDUCATIONAL SERVICES SECTION STANLEY J. KELLER, Geologist R. DEE RARICK, Geologist and Head DAN M. SULLIVAN, Geologist JAMES T. CAZEE, Geological Assistant SHERRY CAZEE, Geological Assistant GEOCHEMISTRY SECTION WILLIAM E. HAMM, Geological Assistant R. K. LEININGER, Geochemist and Head LOUIS V. MILLER, Coal Chemist PUBLICATIONS SECTION MARGARET V. GOLDE, Instrumental Analyst GERALDS. WOODARD, Editor and Head JOSEPH G. -
ROCKS ASSOCIATED with the MISSISSIPPIAN-PENNSYLVANIAN UNCONFORMITY in SOUTHWESTERN INDIANA Indiana Department of Conservation
ROCKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MISSISSIPPIAN-PENNSYLVANIAN UNCONFORMITY IN SOUTHWESTERN INDIANA Indiana Department of Conservation GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Field Conference Guidebook No. 9 1957 STATE OF INDIANA Harold W. Handley, Governor DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION E. Kenneth Marlin, Director GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles F. Deiss, State Geologist Bloomington ______________________________________________________________________________________ Field Conference Guidebook No. 9 ______________________________________________________________________________________ ROCKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MISSISSIPPIAN-PENNSYLVANIAN UNCONFORMITY IN SOUTHWESTERN INDIANA CONFERENCE SPONSORED BY Geological Survey, Indiana Department of Conservation and Department of Geology, Indiana University, October 4, 5, and 6, 1957 CONFERENCE COMMITTEE Henry H. Gray, Chairman; T. A. Dawson; Duncan J. McGregor; T. G. Perry; and William J. Wayne Printed by authority of the State of Indiana BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA October 1957 ______________________________________________________________________________________ For sale by Geological Survey, Indiana Department of Conservation, Bloomington, Indiana Price $1.00 This page intentionally blank CONTENTS 3 Page Page Introduction ---------------------------------------5 Glossary of rock-type terms ---------------------32 Physiography ----------------------------------5 Literature cited ------------------------------------33 Paleozoic stratigraphy ------------------------5 Postconference road logs ------------------------35 Geomorphic history ---------------------------7