DOCSLIB.ORG

Eritrea - United Nations Annual Needs Assessment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eritrea - United Nations Annual Needs Assessment REPORT OF THE JOINT GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF ERITREA - UNITED NATIONS ANNUAL NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO ERITREA JANUARY 2001 Table of Contents Map of Eritrea...............................................................................................................iii I. Executive Summary...................................................................................................1 II. Introduction ...............................................................................................................3 A. Objectives...............................................................................................................3 B. Methodology ...........................................................................................................3 1. The Food Aid and Food Security Assessment..................................................... 3 2. The Non-Food Sector Assessment...................................................................... 4 C. Constraints and Recommendations ........................................................................5 D. Structure of the Assessment Report .......................................................................6 III. The Year in Review ..................................................................................................7 A. Humanitarian Developments during 2000 ...............................................................7 B. Changes to Humanitarian Operations .....................................................................7 C. Lessons Learned ....................................................................................................8 IV. Current Situation ...................................................................................................10 A. Description of Current Humanitarian Context........................................................10 B. Key Themes and Concerns for Humanitarian Assistance......................................10 C. Information on Target Population Groups .............................................................12 1. Target Population Profiles ................................................................................. 13 2. Population Figures ............................................................................................ 16 V. Sectoral Summaries ...............................................................................................18 A. Food Aid and Food Security..................................................................................18 B. Shelter and Household Items................................................................................20 C. Health and Nutrition..............................................................................................20 D. Water and Sanitation ............................................................................................21 E. Education and Child Protection.............................................................................22 F. Mine Action ...........................................................................................................23 G. Social and Economic Activities .............................................................................23 VI. Zoba Reports .........................................................................................................25 A. Zoba Anseba ........................................................................................................25 1. Food Aid and Food Security .............................................................................. 25 2. Non-Food Sectors by Target Populations.......................................................... 26 B. Zoba Debub..........................................................................................................33 1. Available Information on the Occupied Areas – Senafe..................................... 33 2. Food Aid and Food Security .............................................................................. 33 3. Non-Food Sectors by Target Populations .......................................................... 34 C. Zoba Gash Barka ..................................................................................................42 1. Food Aid and Food Security .............................................................................. 42 2. Non-Food Sectors by Target Populations .......................................................... 44 i D. Zoba Maakel.........................................................................................................51 1. Food Aid and Food Security .............................................................................. 51 2. Non-Food Sectors by Target Populations ......................................................... 51 E. Zoba Northern Red Sea........................................................................................55 1. Food Aid and Food Security .............................................................................. 55 2. Non-Food Sectors by Target Populations .......................................................... 56 F. Zoba Southern Red Sea .......................................................................................65 1. Food Aid and Food Security ............................................................................. 65 2. Non-Food Sectors by Target Populations .......................................................... 66 Annex I – Acronyms and Abbreviations....................................................................72 ii Map of Eritrea iii I. Executive Summary Since the humanitarian community launched its appeals for assistance in January 20001, two developments occurred that had major implications for the general humanitarian situation. Firstly, the third major round of hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia, which took place in May-June 2000, led to the displacement of over a million Eritreans, mainly from the war-affected border zones of Gash Barka and Debub. With much of the fighting taking place in Eritrea’s most fertile regions (that account for 70% of Eritrea’s agricultural production), displacement from these areas and the fact that farming activities were brought to a standstill resulted in food shortages in most of the country. Secondly, the drought that affected large areas of the Horn of Africa in 2000 intensified during the course of the year impacting an estimated 335,000 people in Eritrea. With two (currently three) consecutive years of inadequate rainfall, agro-pastoralists in the most drought-affected zones of Anseba, Northern Red Sea, and Southern Red Sea were forced to increasingly rely on traditional coping mechanisms for survival (this included the sale of livestock, which is often seen as a last coping mechanism). With water shortages in much of the country, vulnerable population groups, in particular children, became more susceptible to malnutrition and diseases related to poor sanitation. In response to the deteriorating situation, the Government and the humanitarian community made complementary efforts to assist the most vulnerable war- and drought-affected populations. Revised Government and UN Country Team appeals were launched in June and July 2000 respectively, in addition to an Emergency Appeal for the Drought in the Horn of Africa issued in June 2000. Although considerable progress was made in 2000, in terms of meeting the urgent needs of the war- and drought-affected groups, the peace process (resulting in the signing of the Algiers Peace Agreement on 12 December 2000), and the subsequent return of more than 400,000 displaced persons, it is clear that significant populations will continue to require humanitarian assistance throughout 2001. Thus, in looking forward, it was determined that with the continued combined and increasingly overlapping humanitarian implications of the drought and war, the humanitarian community would require a comprehensive survey of the needs of affected populations on which to base its humanitarian planning for 2001. This Annual Needs Assessment (ANA) was therefore undertaken (under the joint auspices of Government and the UN, with participation from the NGO community) in an effort to determine the number of people in need of assistance, particularly in drought- and war-affected areas, and to estimate and prioritize the needs of vulnerable populations in these areas. While separate methodologies and assessment teams were used to assess needs in the food and non-food sectors, both areas are covered in this report. In terms of major findings, the ANA found that a total of 1,761,8542 of the most vulnerable rural inhabitants will need various levels of food assistance in 2001. Certain sub-sets of this group will also require different types of non-food assistance, depending on their particular situation. In addition to these rural groups in need of 1 The UN Country Team launched a Country Team Appeal in January 2000 covering the needs of 583,000 drought- and war-affected persons; the Government of Eritrea issued an appeal targeting 850,000 persons in the same two categories. 2 This includes provisional planning figures for a possible further 45,000 expellees/deportees from Ethiopia and 62,000 returnees from Sudan. 1 food and/or non-food aid, it was determined that approximately 154,000 urban residents, classified as vulnerable, will require varying types and levels of non-food assistance in the coming year. The assessment identified four main target population groups:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Statement by Ms. Daniela Kravetz, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human in Eritrea
    [Check against delivery] STATEMENT BY MS. DANIELA KRAVETZ, UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN IN ERITREA Seventy-fifth session of the General Assembly Third Committee Item 72(c) NEW YORK 26 October 2020 1 Mr. Chairperson, distinguishes delegates, ladies and gentlemen. It is with great honour that I present my oral update on the situation of human rights in Eritrea. It has been two years since the peace agreement with Ethiopia and the lifting of the UN sanctions on Eritrea. In this period, Eritrea has strengthened its cooperation with neighboring countries. Yet, Eritrea’s increased engagement at the regional level has not translated into reforms in the country. In my May 2020 report, I set out five benchmarks for progress in human rights and noted the lack of meaningful and substantive improvement in relation to these areas. Since the publication of my report, there have been limited signs of progress. On the issue of political prisoners, there has been no progress. This lack of progress was most recently acknowledged by the European Parliament in a resolution adopted earlier this month, which focused on the case of Dawit Isaak and noted the pervasiveness of arbitrary detentions and enforced disappearances in Eritrea. Dawit Isaak is a Swedish-Eritrean journalist who has been held for over 19 years in Eritrea, without charge or trial. His case is not an isolated one. This December will mark the 8th year since the arrest of Ciham Ali Abdu, an American-Eritrean woman who has been held incommunicado since the age of 15. She was arrested as she tried to flee the country in December 2012, and has not been heard of since.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Administration Reform in Eritrea: Past Trends and Emerging Challenges
    Vol. 6(3) pp. 44-58, September 2014 DOI: 10.5897/JPAPR2014.0285 Article Number: 1CFE3AB47302 Journal of Public Administration and Policy ISSN 2141-2480 Copyright © 2014 Research Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JPAPR Full Length Research Paper Public administration reform in Eritrea: Past trends and emerging challenges GebreMichael Kibreab Habtom College of Business and Economics, University of Asmara, Eritrea. Received 6 May, 2014; Accepted 18 August, 2014 Public administration has always been the tool available to African governments for the implementation of developmental goals and objectives. It is seen as being crucial to the growth and development of African economies. To this end efforts have been made in many African countries to increase efficiency through decentralization, restructuring and privatization. This study presents Eritrea’s public administration reform experience, and assesses the extent to which Eritrea has taken up New Public Management reforms. The aim is to show the outcome of reforms on civil service, public enterprises and local government management. It is found that in Eritrea there is a need for periodic review and continuous administrative reform. In the civil service there are absence of promotion, retirement, and lack of competitive wages and salary increments. In local government there are lack of administrative capacity, absence of clear accountability lines and fiscal decentralization, and lack of coordination and information sharing among local government units and line ministries. The Eritrean government should now emphasize on investment in developing human capital towards effective policy formulation, analysis, implementation and evaluation, and on the reform of the public sector itself besides privatization aimed at allowing public enterprises to operate more efficiently and effectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Eritrea: Fact-Finding Mission to Ethiopia
    ERITREA: FACT-FINDING MISSION TO ETHIOPIA IN MAY 2019 20.11.2019 Fact-finding Mission Report Country Information Service Raportti MIG-205841 06.03.00 07.04.2020 MIGDno-2019-205 Introduction This report has been prepared as part of the FAKTA project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF).1 Researchers of the Finnish Immigration Service’s Country Information Service conducted a fact-finding mission regarding Eritrea to Ethiopia in May 2019. The purpose of the fact-finding mission was to gather information on the effects of the peace agreement between Eritrea and Ethiopia, the situation at the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia, and the situation of Eritrean refugees in Ethiopia. Another objective of the mission was to create a contact network with international and national operators. During the fact-finding mission, the researchers visited the Tigray Region near the border with Eritrea, and the capital city of Addis Ababa. The researchers interviewed international organisations and Ethiopian operators as well as Eritrean refugees and asylum seekers who had arrived in Ethiopia. The parties interviewed for this report did not want their names revealed in the report, due to the sensitive nature of the subject matter. Some of the interviewees wished to remain completely anonymous. 1 Development Project for fact-finding mission practices on country of origin information 2017–2020. PL 10 PB 10 PO Box 10 00086 Maahanmuuttovirasto 00086 Migrationsverket FI-00086 Maahanmuuttovirasto puh. 0295 430 431 tfn 0295 430 431 tel. +358 295 430 431 faksi 0295 411 720 fax 0295 411 720 fax +358 295 411 720 2 (52) Contents 1 The effects of the peace agreement between Ethiopia and Eritrea in Eritrea .........................
    [Show full text]
  • UNDP ERITREA NEWSLETTER Special Edition ©Undperitrea/Mwaniki
    UNDP ERITREA NEWSLETTER Special Edition ©UNDPEritrea/Mwaniki UNDP Staff in Asmara, Eritrea In this Issue 3. New UN Secretary General Cooperation Framework 10. Ground breaking 6. Eritrean Students receive 2017-2015. International Conference 708 bicycles from Qhubeka 8. International Day for the on Eritrean Studies held in Asmara 7. Government of the Eradication of Poaverty State of Eritrea and the marked in Eritrea 11. Fifty years of development, United Nations launch 9. International Youth Day Eritrea celebrates UNDP’s the Strategic Partnership celebration in Eritrea 50th anniversary Message from the Resident Representative elcome to our special edition of the UNDP Eritrea annual newsletter. In this special edition, we shareW with our partners and the public some of our stories from Eritrea. From the beginning of this year, we embarked on a new Country Programme Document (CPD) and a new Strategic Partnership Cooperation Framework (SPCF) between the UN and The Government of the State of Eritrea. Both documents will guide our work until 2021. In February 2017, we partnered with the Ministry of Education, Qhubeka, Eritrea Commission of Culture and Sports and © UNDP Eritrea/Mwaniki the 50 mile Ride for Rwanda to bring 708 bicycles to students in Eritrea. This UNDP Eritrea RR promoting the SDGs to mark the 50th Anniversary initiative is an education empowerment program in Eritrea that has been going Framework (SPCF) 2017 – 2021 between In 2017, I encourage each one of us to on for 2 years. the UN and the Government of the State reflect on our successes and lessons of Eritrea. learned in the previous years.
    [Show full text]
  • Eritrea Profile
    Thai Trade Center CAIRO Eritrea Profile Location Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Sudan Basic Information ormation President name: Isaias Afwerki Country name: conventional long form: State of Eritrea conventional short form: Eritrea local long form: Hagere Ertra local short form: Ertra Government Type: presidential republic Independence: 24 May 1993 (from Ethiopia) Capital: Asmara (Asmera) Area: 117,600sq km Population: 5,918,919 (July 2017 est.) Ethnic Groups: nine recognized ethnic groups: Tigrinya 55%, Tigre 30%, Saho 4%, Kunama 2%, Rashaida 2%, Bilen 2%, other (Afar, Beni Amir, Nera) 5% (2010 est.) Languages : Tigrinya (official), Arabic (official), English (official), Tigre, Kunama, Afar, other Cushitic languages Religions: Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant Population Pyramid A population pyramidormation illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends. For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab. History After independence from Italian colonial control in 1941 and 10 years of British administrative control, the UN established Eritrea as an autonomous region within the Ethiopian federation in 1952.
    [Show full text]
  • The Question of Structural Violence on the Saho People of Eritrea, in Spite of Their Important Role During the Eritrean Struggle for Independence
    Faculty of Humanities, Social Science and Education Centre for Peace Studies The Question of Structural Violence on the Saho people of Eritrea, in spite of their important role during the Eritrean Struggle for Independence Romodan Abdellah Esmail Master’s Thesis in Peace and Conflict Transformation: SVF-3901 University of Tromsø, Norway June 2015 Foreword This thesis is written as a completion to the Master of Peace and Conflict Transformation at the University of Tromsø, Norway. The research focuses on structural violence against the Saho people of Eritrea, a cultural minority group. There is very little information about the Saho people in general and about structural violence on the Saho people in particular. Moreover, under the contemporary despotic government of Eritrea, minority voices become unheard and even forbidden. Their suffering as well has become unrecognized. From these perspectives and as a member of the population being studied, the topic was initiated and selected by myself. The main intention of the research is to hopefully give a reader deeper insight and understanding about the overall situation, mainly the question of structural violence, on the Saho people under the current regime of Eritrea. The full scope of the research is the Saho people therefore it has mainly relied on understandings and narrations of the Saho people. As a true revealing task, the research has chosen to link a human rights and justice perspective to the topic, in line with the research field. Since the current situation of the Saho people are products of pre independence historic processes, as a background, pre independence history of the Saho people has been covered.
    [Show full text]
  • Desert Locust Swarm in Northern Red Sea Region Soil and Water Conservation Crops in Halhal Sub-Zone in Good Condition
    Special Edition No. 25 Saturday, August 29, 2020 Pages 4 DESERT LOCUST SWARM IN NORTHERN RED SEA REGION SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION The administrator of Foro sub- ready for distribution to farmers, zone, Mr. Osman Arafa, called on Mr. Tesfay Tewolde, head of the the residents to finalize preparation Ministry of Agriculture branch in for the water and soil conservation the sub-zone, called on the farmers program that is set to begin in the to finalize preparation and the coming month of September. administrations to submit request for agricultural machinery service. Mr. Osman made the call at a meeting he conducted with Pointing out that effort is administrators and managing underway to put under control directors as well as village locust swarm migrating from coordinators of the administrative neighboring countries, Mr. Osman areas of Zula, Afta, Hadish called on the residents to stay Airomale, Malka and Roberia. vigilant and immediately report to concerned institutions in case of At the meeting, Mr. Osman new occurrence of locust swarm. indicated that the program will include construction of terraces and According to document from the water diversion schemes as well as Ministry of Agriculture in the sub- agricultural infrastructure. zone, in Foro sub-zone there is 83 Desert locust swarm originating to 80 hectares of land, Mr. Tesfit on controlling desert locust swarm Indicating that select seeds are hectares of arable land. from neighboring countries of Gerezgiher from the Ministry of invasion. Ethiopia and Yemen has been Agriculture branch in the region detected in small scale in some said that the swarm is spreading to areas of the Northern Red Sea other areas and that strong effort Region.
    [Show full text]
  • Eritrea Health Update Issue 3 No
    Eritrea Health Update Issue 3 No. 3 10th March – 16th March, 2008 Outbreak Monitoring: Week 11 (10th March – 16th March, 2008) PROFILES ) Eritrea Population: Report on Completeness is maintained at an 3,543,580 - (1997 and Timeliness appreciable level, there is an Projection) unprecedented delay in the ll six Zobas/Regions submission of weekly Number of Zobas submitted reports up reports from the (Regions): 6 Ato week 11. The zoba/regional health offices Southern Red Sea to the central Ministry of Humanitarian and Gash Baka Health. A mechanism Zobas/Regions continue to therefore has to be put in Target population: record the lowest place to facilitate the timely 2.3 Million percentages in terms of submission of reports from timeliness of reporting. the zoba/regional level to Sources of There is a need to work with the central Ministry of humanitarian these two regional health Health. funding: offices to improve the • UN CERF timeliness of reporting. Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis • EU-ECHO (CSM) Although the average To date, there has been no • DFID timeliness of reporting from newly suspected case of the health facilities to the meningitis recorded in 2008 HIGHLIGHTS zoba/regional health offices from any of the zones. Table 1: Average Health facility to Zoba weekly report completeness and Outbreak monitoring timeliness as at week 11(10th – 16th March, 2008) for week 11 Measles and AFP Zoba Total Population Number of HFs Timeliness Completeness Surveillance Anseba 570079 34 Indicators for the First 97.79 100 Quarter in 2008 Debub 942128 60 98.66 99.25 Rapid Assessment Gash Barka 704151 65 57.30 92.70 Mission Report to the Maekel 671941 31 Southern Red Sea 97.66 100 Zone NRS 572546 37 75.42 92.14 SRS 82735 15 38.79 87.88 ERITREA HEALTH Total 3,543,580 242 96.79 80.27 UPDATE Eritrea Health Update c/o WHO, Adi Yakob street N.
    [Show full text]
  • Tackling the Root Causes of Human Trafficking and Smuggling from Eritrea
    TACKLING THE ROOT CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND SMUGGLING FROM ERITREA The need for an empirically grounded EU policy on mixed migration in the Horn of Africa NOVEMBER 2017 The International Refugee Rights Initiative (IRRI) was founded in 2004 to inform and improve responses to the cycles of violence and displacement. IRRI has developed a holistic approach to the protection of human rights before, during, and in the aftermath of displacement, by identifying the violations that cause displacement and exile; protecting the rights of those who are displaced; and ensuring the solutions to their displacement are durable, rights respecting, safe and timely. The Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa (SIHA) is a network of civil society organisations from Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia, Somaliland, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Uganda, and the coastal area of Kenya. Established in 1995 by a coalition of women’s rights activists with the aim of strengthening the capacities of women’s rights organisations and addressing women’s subordination and violence against women and girls in the Horn of Africa, SIHA is now comprised of close to 75 members. The Centre for Human Rights Law, SOAS, University of London, provides a forum for scholarship and collaborative approaches on human rights law in practice. It has hosted a number of events, made submissions and provided expert testimony on human rights in Sudan and policies on mixed migration in the Horn of Africa, with a particular focus on the Khartoum Process. This report was written by Dr. Lucy Hovil (IRRI) and Dr. Lutz Oette (SOAS), with significant input from Yotam Gidron (IRRI).
    [Show full text]
  • The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community
    NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume 24 Number 2 Article 7 Winter 1999 The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community Wendy Pitcher Wilson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Wendy P. Wilson, The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community, 24 N.C. J. INT'L L. 451 (1998). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol24/iss2/7 This Comments is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This comments is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/ vol24/iss2/7 COMMENT The Deportation of "Eritreans"from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community I. Introduction After Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia in 1993, the two countries publicly enjoyed a peaceful and supportive relationship.' On May 6, 1998, however, fighting began between the two nations in a conflict over their common border.2 They engaged in six weeks of hostilities, including air attacks,
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation Development in Eritrea: Potentials and Constraints
    AEAS / ESAPP / SLM Eritrea Joint Report Irrigation Development in Eritrea: Potentials and Constraints Proceedings of the Workshop of the Association of Eritreans in Agricultural Sciences (AEAS) and the Sustainable Land Management Programme (SLM) Eritrea 14 – 15 August 2003 Asmara, Eritrea Editors: Tadesse Mehari and Bissrat Ghebru 2005 A ESAPP E A S Irrigation Development in Eritrea: Potentials and Constraints Irrigation Development in Eritrea: Potentials and Constraints Proceedings of Workshop of the Association of Eritreans in Agricultural Sciences (AEAS) and the Sustainable Land Management Programme (SLM) Eritrea Editors: Tadesse Mehari and Bissrat Ghebru Publisher: Geographica Bernensia Berne, 2005 Citation: Tadesse Mehari and Bissrat Ghebru (Editors) 2005 Irrigation Development in Eritrea: Potentials and Constraints. Proceedings of the Workshop of the Association of Eritreans in Agricultural Sciences (AEAS) and the Sustainable Land Management Programme (SLM) Eritrea, 14-15 August 2003, Asmara Berne, Geographica Bernensia, 150pp. SLM Eritrea, and ESAPP, Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture, and Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Berne, 2005 Publisher: Geographica Bernensia Printed by: Victor Hotz AG, CH-6312 Steinhausen, Switzerland Copyright© 2005 by: Association of Eritreans in Agricultural Sciences (AEAS), and Sustainable Land Management Programme (SLM) Eritrea This publication was prepared with support from: Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture, Basle, and Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Programme (ESAPP) English language editing: Tadesse Mehari and Bissrat Ghebru Layout: Simone Kummer, Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Berne Maps: Brigitta Stillhardt, Kurt Gerber, Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Berne Copies of this report can be obtained from: Association of Eritreans in Agricultural Tel ++291 1 18 10 77 Sciences (AEAS), Fax ++291 1 18 14 15 P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eritrean Liberation Front: Social and Political Factors Shaping Its Emergence, Development and Demise, 1960-1981
    The Eritrean Liberation Front: Social and Political Factors Shaping Its Emergence, Development and Demise, 1960-1981 A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in African Studies (Research) Michael Weldeghiorghis Tedla Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Jon Abbink Prof. Dr. Robert J. Ross Leiden, the Netherlands August, 2014 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures, Tables and Maps ............................................................................... v List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgments.................................................................................................... vii Abstract .................................................................................................................... xii INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Problem Statement and Rationale .............................................................................. 1 Research Questions and Scope of the Study .............................................................. 4 Theoretical Considerations ........................................................................................ 4 Methodology .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]