Material Culture Studies and Art Education

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Material Culture Studies and Art Education The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Arts and Architecture MATERIAL CULTURE STUDIES AND ART EDUCATION: EXAMINING THE CULTURAL ARTIFACTS OF THE BOHRA FROM MAKAAN TO MASJID A Thesis in Art Education by Themina Kader Copyright 2000 Themina Kader Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2000 We approve the thesis of Themina Kader. Date of Signature Paul E. Bolin Head of Art Education Program Associate Professor of Art Education Thesis Advisor Chair of Committee Patricia M. Amburgy Associate Professor of Art Education Yvonne M. Gaudelius Assistant Professor of Art Education and Women’s Studies E. Paul Durrenberger Professor of Anthropology iii ABSTRACT In this research study I posit the theory that artifacts are and should be an integral part of art education. Despite continual controversy over the definition of the categories of art and artifacts, researchers generally agree that visual culture in the postmodern and post-historical context, must embrace all forms of expression. That the word “artifact has art embedded in it is no mere coincidence. Art and artifacts are a reflection of a culture, past and present. As such all objects, grand and small, good and bad, become part of the material culture of any given society. These cultural artifacts, once considered “craft” narrow the gap between European and non-European cultures. Hence, the focus of my inquiry is on how the study of artifacts can help to eliminate distinctions that have been drawn and are still prevalent between art and artifacts. Using the pedagogy of material culture studies, I examine three questions: (a) How can material culture studies, mediated by the cultural artifacts of the Bohra, be integrated into art education at the same level as the study of paintings and sculptures? (b) What is the link between the artifactual and art, vis-à-vis the dress, containers, and furniture of the Bohra? (c) How can artifacts become markers of a cultural identity for a people who are dispersed throughout the world as the Bohra are? These primary questions provoke further inquiry and analysis of the meaning Bohra families attach to their material world. iv This research is an ethnographic study of the culture of a specific community— the Bohra. As such, the interconnectedness of informants, artifacts and researcher was crucial. I employed participant observation as the main tool, supplemented by interview questions, for data collection. I used an intensive sampling of three families and 24 informants to provide me with information. The selection criterion was based on the socio-economic status of each family. In preparation for this study, I made preliminary contacts and conducted interviews with four Bohra families living in the state of Pennsylvania. The pilot study was particularly useful for revising some of my interview questions and how I presented myself to my informants. My research venue was Kenya, and although I interacted with the informants for only six weeks, any disadvantage accrued by this relatively short period was in part mitigated by my emic role. As a Bohra, I was able to capture the subtle nuances of attitudes to interpret the significance of artifacts and bring to the research the viewpoint of an observer as participant. Furthermore, knowledge of their language, customs, rites and rituals created an instant rapport between the researched and the researcher. I have also interspersed this study with narratives of experiences and memories that are inherent to the understanding of the close relationship between artifacts and artificers. The raison d’être of this study was the hypothesis that material culture studies and art education can be partners—each supporting and complementing the other. This research study enabled me to understand the role of artifacts and how the Bohra make sense of their lives through using them. Because I am a Bohra, I opted to study the artifacts of my culture. I suggest that art educators can utilize artifacts that are familiar to v their students to include material culture studies in an art education program. Toward this end, I discuss three inquiry methods that can be employed to teach art. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .............................................................................................ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................xi CHAPTER I CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK...........................1 Conceptual Framework ...................................................................................................1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 Outline of Successive Chapters...................................................................................2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................3 The Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................8 The Significance of the Study ...................................................................................10 Definition of Terms—Listed Alphabetically ............................................................12 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................17 Artifacts .....................................................................................................................17 Methodology .............................................................................................................30 Pilot Study.................................................................................................................33 Participant Observation .............................................................................................34 Historical and Demographic Information on the Bohra............................................35 A Memory .................................................................................................................37 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................40 Material Culture ............................................................................................................40 Material Culture Studies................................................................................................41 Art and Artifacts............................................................................................................52 Material Culture and Art Education..............................................................................55 Inquiry Methods ............................................................................................................60 Recontextualizing Artworks......................................................................................61 Museums, Material Culture, and Masterpieces .........................................................63 CHAPTER III THE BOHRA AND THEIR MATERIAL CULTURE ............................69 A Celebration: Misaaq Mubaarak ...............................................................................69 The Artifacts..................................................................................................................72 Dress..............................................................................................................................73 Men’s Dress...............................................................................................................74 Kurta......................................................................................................................74 Saya .......................................................................................................................76 Perun .....................................................................................................................76 Topi........................................................................................................................77 Women’s Dress .........................................................................................................78 Ridah .....................................................................................................................78 Orhnu ....................................................................................................................80 Massalaa ...............................................................................................................81 Tasbee....................................................................................................................81 vii Bakhoor and Bakhoor Dani...................................................................................83 Personal Experience ..............................................................................................84 Misri and Ittar .......................................................................................................85 Misri Dani .............................................................................................................86 Ittar Dani...............................................................................................................86 Ornaments .................................................................................................................87
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