DOCSLIB.ORG

June 2000 Newsletter of the Mycological Society of America

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Supplement to Mycologia Vol. 51(3) 1 U U June 2000 Newsletter of the Mycological Society of America In This Issue -- The "PhyloCode" - - A Commentary Redhead Commentary ............................. 1-4 by Scott A Redhead Mycomics ................................................. 4-5 This is the$rst of a planned series of articles by systematists facing nomen- IBOY ........................................................... 5 clatural instability caused by the recent explosion of DNA-based informa- MSA Official Business tion. Below, DKRedhead, Curator of the Canadian Mycological Herbarium From the President ............................... 6-7 at Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada in Ottawa, considers the "PhyloCode" Minutes ...............................................7-10 and questions the advisability of rushing to dismantle the current Linnaean- Committees ............................................10 based International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. MSA 2000 ...................................... 10- 12 What is the PhyloCode? This has been a nagging question in my mind New MSA Undergraduate Award .......... 12 ever since I read the mini review by Hibbett & Donoghue (1998) in .............................. 1 Sustaining Members 8 Mycologia. That article closed with the statement, "We hope that this essay Forms will encourage mycologists to critically evaluate the alternatives, and per- Change of Address ............................. 11 haps join in the development of a new phylogenetic code of biological no- Gift Membership ................................ 84 menclature." Via Email I discussed with David Hibbett the possibility of Endowment & Contributions .............82 initiating an open discussion in Inoculum for the purpose of alerting MSA Society Membership .......................... 83 members to this looming issue, and to explore its possible repercussions. From tlze Editor ........................................ 12 I have been trained by guardians of the old school, but I am hardly what ABSTRACTS ..................................... 13-70 anyone would consider to be truly educated or scholarly. Anyone who knows Mycological News ...............................7 1-74 Latin and has read any of my independent attempts to create a Latin diagno- sis should not be eating or drinking while doing so because they may well Mycologist's Bookshelf .......................75-76 choke. I have also naively tried to follow and apply (without trying conser- Review - Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae & Nectriaceae vation - another option available) the International Code of Botanical No- Mycological Classifieds ........................... 77 menclature (ICBN) to the letter, and always try to accredit the first author or Posirions, Goods & Services, scientist properly. Never does one suffer so much ridicule as when they play Publications, Fungi with nomenclature. Therefore, I have been seasoned by my experiences. I Mycology On-Line ..............................78-79 know the system is not perfect and probably never will be. That being said, I also know that it works not too badly, normally. It works well enough for Calendar of Events ............................ 79-80 us to get on with everyday taxonomy and to apply the taxonomy to other - Important Dates - human endeavours such as surveys, antibiotic testing, determinations of pathogens, labeling of foods, and so on. So I am skeptical when I hear of June 15 - Deadline, Inoculum 5 l(3) people wishing to overthrow an established system. Yet I am also intrigued July 29-August 3 - MSA 2000, when I hear there is this new system; doubly so, because several of my Burlington, VT colleagues are working on phylogenetic analyses and have asked me to as- August 25-29 - MSA 2001, Salt Lake sist with the conclusions and nomenclature and taxonomy, and I have seen June 22-26 - MSA 2002, Corvallis OR some of the major changes coming. All practising taxonomists should pay at- Editor - But where is the PhyloCode? 1 1 tention to what is happening, I learned. To begin with, the PhyloCode is Lorelei Norvell, PNW Mycology Service under construction. It does not yet exist. It may in the future, but it doesn't 6720 NW Skyline Blvd right now. Therefore, to test it or to buy into it is very difficult. If I am Portland OR 97229-1309 USA wrong, I hope someone points it out to us, because I would like to test this 503.297.3296 FAX 503.296.6745 new code as soon as possible. The latest works appeared in two journals, Lorelei @ teIeport.com Taron and Systematic Biology, in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Cantino (1999) MSA Homepage - published a follow-up to a session held at the XVI International Botanical http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/-w3msd Congress (IBC) in St. Louis. The symposium he helped to organise drew a very large crowd and was one of the more contentious symposia held at the Commentary IBC. Cantino, in publishing this article, are not the subject of this paper; they to a generic name to create a binomial. stated that he realised they had failed to are members of a fundamentally Application of the binomial is anchored "...allay possible concerns about the prac- different category of biological entities to a type (a sort of touchstone). We tical ramifications of the new system" at than monophyletic taxa." Basically, must never go so far that we lose touch the IBC, and he made it clear that the what they were discussing were with our anchorlstone. If you are at all PhyloCode is under development, and cladograms with the ultimate ends cut concerned with where taxonomy might that it will be "a code of phylogenetic off (the presumed interbreeding head, you should read this paper. If you nomenclature." individuals within populations). If you were concerned when you sat in the The idea of 'phylogenetic nomencla- are a skeptic like me, you get an uneasy audience in St. Louis, I daresay you ture' is attributed first to an article by feeling this might be the first step in will still be concerned. The different proposals for naming species were What is a family? made by the different authors. They are for discussion. Apparently, they could What is a genus? not agree upon a set technique. They What is an order? involve running generic and specific names together or combining them in Or to put them other ways, various ways or ... adding numbers or at what point on a cladogram does one use code letters, and so on. There is an order name, continual reference to "the PhyloCode" or "a PhyloCode name," but of course a family name, there is no PhyloCode. This is the or a generic name? generation of such a code. After -- reading it I remained skeptical. It still de Queiroz & Gauthier (1992), entitled losing touch with reality. However, sounds like a software company that I "Phylogenetic Taxonomy," a term sometimes it is best to approach would not invest in because the coined to cover a branch of 'phyloge- problems from a new direction. What I product, still under development, faces netic systematics.' The authors - felt I needed to get a better feel for major obstacles. zoologists apparently primarily where this is going, were some Two other articles reinforced my concerned with reptiles - realized that concrete examples, because the skepticism. Both were applications of taxonomists face great challenges now PhyloCode was beginning to sound like these phylogenetic systematics prin- that DNA sequencing technology has a new software being advertised but ciples as regarding nomenclature been improved and previously unimag- still under developme'nt. following taxonomic revisions. I inable analyses and tests are available The articles in Systematic Biology looked up and read a paper by Jackman and revealing new relationships. They offer several more tangible examples. et al. (1999) co-authored by one of the correctly perceived that there would be One is a philosophical discussion of original authors of "Phylogenetic a problem in trying to name all how such a code might address the Taxonomy" (de Queiroz). The authors supposed monophyletic lineages (or 'species' name issue (Cantino et al. of this paper, which reports on phylo- clades). There simply are not enough 1999). The abstract begins, "Linnaean genetic relationships in lizards (specifi- taxonomic categories to cover all binomial nomenclature is logically cally Anolis lizards), investigated possible relationships. There being a incompatible with the phylogenetic dozens of 'species' (whatever they are), shortage of terms and classical taxo- nomenclature of de Queiroz and and demonstrated that at least three nomic categories, they also correctly Gauthier (1992)...." Of course if you other 'genera' were nested within the perceived that there would be contro- design a nomenclatural system that Anolis clade. In this paper, at least, they versy over applying the existing names excludes the interbreeding organisms, appeared not to change any traditional to different levels. What is a family? you have excluded what most call taxonomy. To quote from their discus- What is a genus? What is an order? Or species; ergo, you have created an sion, "Our data suggest that to put them other ways, at what point incompatible nomenclatural system. Phenacosaurus, Chamaelinorps, and on a cladogram does one use an order This should not be news. Their paper Chamaeleolis are all nested within name, a family name, or a generic presents 13 different ways to name Anolis and therefore all should be name? species (however you define a species). synonymised with Anolis. If taxonomic It is important
Recommended publications
  • Topic Paper Chilterns Beechwoods

    Topic Paper Chilterns Beechwoods

    . O O o . 0 O . 0 . O Shoping growth in Docorum Appendices for Topic Paper for the Chilterns Beechwoods SAC A summary/overview of available evidence BOROUGH Dacorum Local Plan (2020-2038) Emerging Strategy for Growth COUNCIL November 2020 Appendices Natural England reports 5 Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation 6 Appendix 1: Citation for Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation (SAC) 7 Appendix 2: Chilterns Beechwoods SAC Features Matrix 9 Appendix 3: European Site Conservation Objectives for Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation Site Code: UK0012724 11 Appendix 4: Site Improvement Plan for Chilterns Beechwoods SAC, 2015 13 Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 27 Appendix 5: Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI citation 28 Appendix 6: Condition summary from Natural England’s website for Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 31 Appendix 7: Condition Assessment from Natural England’s website for Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 33 Appendix 8: Operations likely to damage the special interest features at Ashridge Commons and Woods, SSSI, Hertfordshire/Buckinghamshire 38 Appendix 9: Views About Management: A statement of English Nature’s views about the management of Ashridge Commons and Woods Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 2003 40 Tring Woodlands SSSI 44 Appendix 10: Tring Woodlands SSSI citation 45 Appendix 11: Condition summary from Natural England’s website for Tring Woodlands SSSI 48 Appendix 12: Condition Assessment from Natural England’s website for Tring Woodlands SSSI 51 Appendix 13: Operations likely to damage the special interest features at Tring Woodlands SSSI 53 Appendix 14: Views About Management: A statement of English Nature’s views about the management of Tring Woodlands Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 2003.
  • Proceedings of the 56 Annual Western International Forest Disease Work

    Proceedings of the 56 Annual Western International Forest Disease Work

    Proceedings of the 56th Annual Western International Forest Disease Work Conference October 27-31, 2008 Missoula, Montana St. Marys Lake, Glacier National Park Compiled by: Fred Baker Department of Wildland Resources College of Natural Resources Utah State University Proceedings of the 56th Annual Western International Forest Disease Work Conference October 27 -31, 2008 Missoula, Montana Holiday Inn Missoula Downtown At The Park Compiled by: Fred Baker Department of Wildland Resources College of Natural Resources Utah State University & Carrie Jamieson & Patsy Palacios S.J. and Jessie E. Quinney Natural Resources Research Library College of Natural Resources Utah State University, Logan 2009, WIFDWC These proceedings are not available for citation of publication without consent of the authors. Papers are formatted with minor editing for formatting, language, and style, but otherwise are printed as they were submitted. The authors are responsible for content. TABLE OF CONTENTS Program Opening Remarks: WIFDWC Chair Gregg DeNitto Panel: Climate Change and Forest Pathology – Focus on Carbon Impacts of Climate Change for Drought and Wildfire Faith Ann Heinsch 3 Carbon Credit Projects in the Forestry Sector: What is Being Done to Manage Carbon? What Can Be Done? Keegan Eisenstadt 3 Mountain Pine Beetle and Eastern Spruce Budworm Impacts on Forest Carbon Dynamics Caren Dymond 4 Climate Change’s Influence on Decay Rates Robert L. Edmonds 5 Panel: Invasive Species: Learning by Example (Ellen Goheen, Moderator) Is Firewood Moving Tree Pests? William
  • Response of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi to Inorganic and Organic Forms of Nitrogen and Phosphorus

    Response of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi to Inorganic and Organic Forms of Nitrogen and Phosphorus

    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Reports 2012 RESPONSE OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI TO INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FORMS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS Christa M. Luokkala Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Copyright 2012 Christa M. Luokkala Recommended Citation Luokkala, Christa M., "RESPONSE OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI TO INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FORMS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS", Master's report, Michigan Technological University, 2012. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/611 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Forest Sciences Commons RESPONSE OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI TO INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FORMS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS By Christa M. Luokkala A REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Applied Ecology MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Christa M. Luokkala This report has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Applied Ecology. School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Report Advisor: Dr. Erik A. Lilleskov Committee Member: Dr. Susan A. Bagley Committee Member: Dr. Dana L. Richter Committee Member: Dr. Christopher W. Swanston School Dean: Dr. Terry L. Sharik Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................
  • Development and Evaluation of Rrna Targeted in Situ Probes and Phylogenetic Relationships of Freshwater Fungi

    Development and Evaluation of Rrna Targeted in Situ Probes and Phylogenetic Relationships of Freshwater Fungi

    Development and evaluation of rRNA targeted in situ probes and phylogenetic relationships of freshwater fungi vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologin Christiane Baschien aus Berlin Von der Fakultät III - Prozesswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Lutz-Günter Fleischer Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Szewzyk Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Felix Bärlocher Berichter: Dr. habil. Werner Manz Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 19.05.2003 Berlin 2003 D83 Table of contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................................. 8 1. Used organisms ............................................................................................................................. 8 2. Media, culture conditions, maintenance of cultures and harvest procedure.................................. 9 2.1. Culture media........................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Culture conditions .................................................................................................................. 10 2.3. Maintenance of cultures.........................................................................................................10
  • Green-Tree Retention and Controlled Burning in Restoration and Conservation of Beetle Diversity in Boreal Forests

    Green-Tree Retention and Controlled Burning in Restoration and Conservation of Beetle Diversity in Boreal Forests

    Dissertationes Forestales 21 Green-tree retention and controlled burning in restoration and conservation of beetle diversity in boreal forests Esko Hyvärinen Faculty of Forestry University of Joensuu Academic dissertation To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Forestry of the University of Joensuu, for public criticism in auditorium C2 of the University of Joensuu, Yliopistonkatu 4, Joensuu, on 9th June 2006, at 12 o’clock noon. 2 Title: Green-tree retention and controlled burning in restoration and conservation of beetle diversity in boreal forests Author: Esko Hyvärinen Dissertationes Forestales 21 Supervisors: Prof. Jari Kouki, Faculty of Forestry, University of Joensuu, Finland Docent Petri Martikainen, Faculty of Forestry, University of Joensuu, Finland Pre-examiners: Docent Jyrki Muona, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoological Museum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Docent Tomas Roslin, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Division of Population Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Opponent: Prof. Bengt Gunnar Jonsson, Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden ISSN 1795-7389 ISBN-13: 978-951-651-130-9 (PDF) ISBN-10: 951-651-130-9 (PDF) Paper copy printed: Joensuun yliopistopaino, 2006 Publishers: The Finnish Society of Forest Science Finnish Forest Research Institute Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Helsinki Faculty of Forestry of the University of Joensuu Editorial Office: The Finnish Society of Forest Science Unioninkatu 40A, 00170 Helsinki, Finland http://www.metla.fi/dissertationes 3 Hyvärinen, Esko 2006. Green-tree retention and controlled burning in restoration and conservation of beetle diversity in boreal forests. University of Joensuu, Faculty of Forestry. ABSTRACT The main aim of this thesis was to demonstrate the effects of green-tree retention and controlled burning on beetles (Coleoptera) in order to provide information applicable to the restoration and conservation of beetle species diversity in boreal forests.
  • Pronectria Rhizocarpicola, a New Lichenicolous Fungus from Switzerland

    Pronectria Rhizocarpicola, a New Lichenicolous Fungus from Switzerland

    Mycosphere 926–928 (2013) ISSN 2077 7019 www.mycosphere.org Article Mycosphere Copyright © 2013 Online Edition Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/5/4 Pronectria rhizocarpicola, a new lichenicolous fungus from Switzerland Brackel WV Wolfgang von Brackel, Institut für Vegetationskunde und Landschaftsökologie, Georg-Eger-Str. 1b, D-91334 Hemhofen, Germany. – e-mail: [email protected] Brackel WV 2013 – Pronectria rhizocarpicola, a new lichenicolous fungus from Switzerland. Mycosphere 4(5), 926–928, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/4/5/4 Abstract Pronectria rhizocarpicola, a new species of Bionectriaceae is described and illustrated. It is growing parasitically on Rhizocarpon geographicum in the Swiss Alps. Key words – Ascomycota – bionectriaceae – hypocreales Introduction The genus Pronectria currently comprises 44 species, including 2 algicolous and 42 lichenicolous species. Most of the lichenicolous species are living on foliose and fruticose lichens (32 species), only a few on squamulose and crustose lichens (10 species). No species of the genus was ever reported from the host genus Rhizocarpon. Materials and methods Morphological and anatomical observations were made using standard microscopic techniques. Microscopic measurements were made on hand-cut sections mounted in water with an accuracy up to 0.5 µm. Measurements of ascospores and asci are recorded as (minimum–) X-σ X – X+σ X (–maximum) followed by the number of measurements. The holotype is deposited in M, one isotype in the private herbarium of the author (hb ivl). Results Pronectria rhizocarpicola Brackel, sp. nov. Figs 1–2 MycoBank 805068 Etymology – pertaining to the host genus Rhizocarpon. Diagnosis – Fungus lichenicola in thallo et ascomatibus lichenis Rhizocarpon geographicum crescens.
  • Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016

    Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016

    Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry.
  • Mass Flow in Hyphae of the Oomycete Achlya Bisexualis

    Mass Flow in Hyphae of the Oomycete Achlya Bisexualis

    Mass flow in hyphae of the oomycete Achlya bisexualis A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Cellular and Molecular Biology in the University of Canterbury by Mona Bidanjiri University of Canterbury 2018 Abstract Oomycetes and fungi grow in a polarized manner through the process of tip growth. This is a complex process, involving extension at the apex of the cell and the movement of the cytoplasm forward, as the tip extends. The mechanisms that underlie this growth are not clearly understood, but it is thought that the process is driven by the tip yielding to turgor pressure. Mass flow, the process where bulk flow of material occurs down a pressure gradient, may play a role in tip growth moving the cytoplasm forward. This has previously been demonstrated in mycelia of the oomycete Achlya bisexualis and in single hypha of the fungus Neurospora crassa. Microinjected silicone oil droplets were observed to move in the predicted direction after the establishment of an imposed pressure gradient. In order to test for mass flow in a single hypha of A. bisexualis the work in this thesis describes the microinjection of silicone oil droplets into hyphae. Pressure gradients were imposed by the addition of hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic solutions to the hyphae. In majority of experiments, after both hypo- and hyperosmotic treatments, the oil droplets moved down the imposed gradient in the predicted direction. This supports the existence of mass flow in single hypha of A. bisexualis. The Hagen-Poiseuille equation was used to calculate the theoretical rate of mass flow occurring within the hypha and this was compared to observed rates.
  • For Review Only 377 Algomyces Stechlinensis Clustered Together with Environmental Clones from a Eutrophic 378 Lake in France (Jobard Et Al

    For Review Only 377 Algomyces Stechlinensis Clustered Together with Environmental Clones from a Eutrophic 378 Lake in France (Jobard Et Al

    Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology Page 18 of 43 1 Running head: Parasitic chytrids of volvocacean algae. 2 3 Title: Diversity and Hidden Host Specificity of Chytrids infecting Colonial 4 Volvocacean Algae. 5 Authors: Silke Van den Wyngaerta, Keilor Rojas-Jimeneza,b, Kensuke Setoc, Maiko Kagamic, 6 Hans-Peter Grossarta,d 7 a Department of ExperimentalFor Limnology, Review Leibniz-Institute Only of Freshwater Ecology and Inland 8 Fisheries, Alte Fischerhuette 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany 9 b Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, Campus San Pedro, Apdo. 10138-1000, San Jose, Costa Rica 10 c Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, 11 Japan 12 d Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Maulbeerallee 2, 14476 Potsdam, 13 Germany 14 15 Corresponding Author: 16 Silke Van den Wyngaert, Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of 17 Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhuette 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany 18 Telephone number: +49 33082 69972; Fax number: +49 33082 69917; e-mail: [email protected], 19 [email protected] 20 21 22 23 1 Page 19 of 43 Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 24 ABSTRACT 25 Chytrids are zoosporic fungi that play an important, but yet understudied, ecological role in 26 aquatic ecosystems. Many chytrid species have been morphologically described as parasites on 27 phytoplankton. However, the majority of them have rarely been isolated and lack DNA sequence 28 data. In this study we isolated and cultivated three parasitic chytrids, infecting a common 29 volvocacean host species, Yamagishiella unicocca. In order to identify the chytrids, we 30 characterized morphology and life cycle, and analyzed phylogenetic relationships based on 18S 31 and 28S rDNA genes.
  • Leaf-Inhabiting Genera of the Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales

    Leaf-Inhabiting Genera of the Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales

    Studies in Mycology 62 (2008) Leaf-inhabiting genera of the Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales M.V. Sogonov, L.A. Castlebury, A.Y. Rossman, L.C. Mejía and J.F. White CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Leaf-inhabiting genera of the Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales STUDIE S IN MYCOLOGY 62, 2008 Studies in Mycology The Studies in Mycology is an international journal which publishes systematic monographs of filamentous fungi and yeasts, and in rare occasions the proceedings of special meetings related to all fields of mycology, biotechnology, ecology, molecular biology, pathology and systematics. For instructions for authors see www.cbs.knaw.nl. EXECUTIVE EDITOR Prof. dr Robert A. Samson, CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] LAYOUT EDITOR Marianne de Boeij, CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] SCIENTIFIC EDITOR S Prof. dr Uwe Braun, Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Prof. dr Pedro W. Crous, CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] Prof. dr David M. Geiser, Department of Plant Pathology, 121 Buckhout Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, U.S.A. 16802. E-mail: [email protected] Dr Lorelei L. Norvell, Pacific Northwest Mycology Service, 6720 NW Skyline Blvd, Portland, OR, U.S.A.
  • Illegal Drug and Marijuana Law

    Illegal Drug and Marijuana Law

    Illegal Drug and Marijuana Law Kreit_5pp.indb 1 7/12/19 6:42 PM Kreit_5pp.indb 2 7/12/19 6:42 PM Illegal Drug and Marijuana Law Alex Kreit Professor of Law Thomas Jefferson School of Law carolina academic press Durham, North Carolina Kreit_5pp.indb 3 7/12/19 6:42 PM Copyright © 2019 Alex Kreit All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-1-61163-789-2 e-ISBN 978-1-5310-1205-2 LCCN 2019944022 Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com Printed in the United States of America Kreit_5pp.indb 4 7/12/19 6:42 PM To my mother, Sonia Spindt, for always being there for me. Kreit_5pp.indb 5 7/12/19 6:42 PM Kreit_5pp.indb 6 7/12/19 6:42 PM Contents Table of Cases xix Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxix Introduction xxxv Chapter 1 • Drugs and Drug Use 3 A. What Is a Drug? 3 Drug Abuse in Amer i ca: Prob lem in Perspective, Second Report National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse 4 B. Perspectives on Substance Use, Abuse and Addiction 7 John Barleycorn Jack London 8 The Ethics of Wine Drinking and Tobacco Smoking Leo Tolstoy 10 PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin 14 Caring for Ms. L — ​­Overcoming My Fear of Treating Opioid Use Disorder Audrey M. Provenzano, M.D., M.P.H. 15 Facing Addiction in Amer i ca: The Surgeon General’s Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health U.S.
  • Downloaded Popular in Europe, and the “Rave” (An All Night Dance Party) from the Web [4]

    Downloaded Popular in Europe, and the “Rave” (An All Night Dance Party) from the Web [4]

    The Open Forensic Science Journal, 2011, 4, 20-24 20 Open Access A Historical Review of MDMA Steven B. Karch* Berkeley, California 94705, USA Abstract: In less than 50 years the number of MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or Ecstasy) users in the United States has gone from zero to nearly three million. For all of its popularity, very little is known about MDMA’s probable mechanism of action, or the mechanisms by which it causes death and disability. Even less is known about this drug’s checkered past, including dangerous plans by various government agencies to “weaponize” MDMA, and misleading research sponsored and propagated by the U.S. government. Recently, evidence has begun to emerge that MDMA may cause valvular heart disease and possibly myocardial disease as well. These issues have not yet appeared on the media radar. For that reason, an historical review of this fascinating drug was undertaken here. Keywords: Ecstacy, Shulgin, history, MK-Ultra, psychoactive, serotonin, empathogen, myocardial fibrosis, neurotoxicity. MDA, Club drugs, Raves. INTRODUCTION as a precursor compound, and never even evaluated MDMA’s basic physiologic properties until years after the Estimates of the United Nations suggest that in North patent for MDMA was actually awarded. America there are approximately 2.6 million MDMA (3,4- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or Ecstasy) users, mostly Fifteen years passed before Merck made any effort to in the United States. The annual prevalence of MDMA use systematically evaluate MDMA’s pharmacologic effects in within the general U.S. population is approximately 0.9%, animals. The first experiments were carried out in 1927.