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Reformation Ideas Spread

Reformation Ideas Spread

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Step-by-Step SECTION Instruction 4 WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO A King Speaks Out Objectives Henry VIII, the Catholic king of , was As you teach this section, keep students deeply disturbed by Luther’s teachings. In 1521 focused on the following objectives to help he wrote to the to express his displeasure. them answer the Section Focus Question “ . . . we believe that no duty is more incumbent and master core content. 4 on a Catholic sovereign than to preserve and 4 increase the Catholic faith . . . so when we ■ Describe the new ideas that Protestant Painter Hans Holbein shows learned that the pest of ’s sects embraced. Henry VIII as a commanding and regal king. A medal had appeared in and was raging ■ Understand why England formed a (top right) celebrates King everywhere . . . we bent all our thoughts and new church. Henry as the head of the energies on uprooting [those ] in every . possible way. . . . ■ Analyze how the ” reformed itself. Just a few years later, Henry would break with the Catholic Church and set England on the path to ■ Explain why many groups faced perse- becoming a Protestant country. cution during the . Focus Question How did the Reformation bring about two different religious paths in ?

Prepare to Read Reformation Ideas Spread

Build Background Knowledge L3 Objectives Throughout Europe, Catholic monarchs and the Catholic Church fought back against the Protestant challenge by taking steps to Considering the importance of to • Describe the new ideas that Protestant sects embraced. reform the Church and to restore its spiritual leadership of the Europeans before the Reformation, have • Understand why England formed a new church. Christian world. Still, Protestant ideas continued to spread. students predict how the split between • Analyze how the Catholic Church reformed itself. Protestants and Catholics would have affected life in Europe. • Explain why many groups faced persecution An Explosion of Protestant Sects during the Reformation. As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects, Set a Purpose L3 Terms, People, and Places or religious groups that had broken away from an established church, sprang up. Many of these followed variations on the teach- ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection sect compromise ings of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. Some sects, however, had ideas aloud or play the audio. Henry VIII Mary Tudor that were even more radical—such as rejecting infant baptism. AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Infants, they argued, are too young to understand what it means to Teresa of Avila A King Speaks Out Elizabeth ghetto accept the Christian faith. They became known as Anabaptists. What does Henry’s description of canonize A few Anabaptist sects sought radical social change as well. Some himself tell you about the impor- wanted to abolish private property. Others sought to speed up the coming of God’s day of judgment by violent means. When radical Ana- tance of Catholicism to Catholic Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas As you read baptists took over the of Munster in Germany, even Luther rulers? (It indicates that these rulers about the spread of the Protestant Reformation, advised his supporters to join Catholics in suppressing the threat to believed that Catholicism was an inte- record the main ideas in a flowchart like this one the traditional order. Most Anabaptists, however, were peaceful. They gral part of their rule.) below. Add more boxes as necessary. called for religious toleration and separation of church and state. ■ Despite harsh persecution, these groups influenced Protestant think- Focus Point out the Section Focus Protestant sects explode throughout Europe. Question and write it on the board. ing in many countries. Today, the Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish Tell students to refer to this question all trace their religious ancestry to the Anabaptists. as they read. (Answer appears with Who were the Anabaptists? Section 4 Assessment answers.) ■ Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Vocabulary Builder Terms, People, and Places. Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 7; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3

Answer High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence rigorous, p. 70 adj. strict; thorough Protestants who rejected infant baptism; He began a rigorous exercise program to get into shape. some also sought radical change.

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The ■ Have students read this

In England, religious leaders like John Wycliffe had called for Church BIOGRAPHY section using the Guided Questioning reform as early as the 1300s. By the , some English clergy were strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, exploring Protestant ideas. The break with the Catholic Church, how- have students fill in the flowchart with ever, was the work not of religious leaders but of King Henry VIII. the main ideas about the spread of the BIOGRAPHY Reformation. Henry VIII Seeks an At first, Henry VIII stood firmly against the Protestant revolt. The pope even awarded him the title Reading and Note Taking “Defender of the Faith” for a pamphlet that he wrote denouncing Luther. Study Guide, p. 41 In 1527, however, an issue arose that set Henry at odds with the Church. After 18 years of marriage, Henry and his Spanish wife, Cather- ine of Aragon, had only one surviving child, Mary Tudor. Henry felt that England’s stability depended on his having a male heir. He had already Teach

fallen in love with a young noblewoman named , who served the Queen. He hoped that if he married her she would bear him a son. An Explosion Because Catholic law does not permit divorce, he asked the pope to annul, or cancel, his marriage. had annulled royal marriages of Protestant Sects L3 before. But this pope refused. He did not want to offend the Holy Roman Instruct emperor Charles V, Catherine’s nephew. ■ Introduce Display Color Transpar- Breaking With the Church Henry was furious. Spurred on by his The life of Elizabeth I (1533–1603) did not start favorably. When she was only ency 78: The Spread of Protestant- advisors, many of whom leaned toward , he decided to take ism. Emphasize to students how over the English church. Guided by his chancellor , he two years old her mother, Anne Boleyn, was beheaded so that her quickly Protestantism spread during had Parliament pass a series of laws. They took the English church from father, Henry VIII, could remarry. The this period. Have students identify the pope’s control and placed it under Henry’s rule. At the same time, young princess grew up in isolation. Protestant sects in this country and Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer archbishop of the new church. Still, Henry VIII was affectionate to his speculate on where they originated. Cranmer annulled the king’s marriage, and in 1533 Henry married Anne daughter and saw to it that she Boleyn. Soon, Anne gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth. received a rigorous education. Even as Color Transparencies, 78

In 1534, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, making Henry “the a teenager she was well-respected for ■ Teach Ask Why did the Catholic only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England.” Many loyal her sharp mind, fluency in languages, Church remain unchallenged for Catholics refused to accept the Act of Supremacy and were executed for and understanding of philosophy and so long? (Before the Renaissance, people theology. . Among them was the great English humanist Sir , did not think of denying the Church’s who served in Henry’s government but tried to resign in protest. More Under the reign of her half-sister authority.) Ask Why did Protestants was later canonized, or recognized as a saint, by the Catholic Church. Mary Tudor, Elizabeth became both a rallying symbol for Protestants and a develop many different sects, rather Strengthening the Church of England Between 1536 and 1540, target for Catholics. Though arrested just embracing ? (People royal officials investigated Catholic convents and monasteries. Claiming and imprisoned, she survived her sister had different criticisms of Catholicism that they were centers of immorality, Henry ordered them closed. He to become queen of England at age 25. and different ideas about what the ideal then confiscated, or seized, their lands and wealth. Henry shrewdly The well-loved Elizabeth used her Christian faith should be.) granted some of these lands to nobles and other high-ranking citizens. talents to unify England, expand its international power, and encourage a ■ He thus secured their support for the Anglican Church, as the new Quick Activity Ask students to find period of great artistic flowering. Why Church of England was called. Despite these actions, Henry was not a news articles about religious conflict in do you think the period under religious radical. He rejected most Protestant doctrines. Aside from the world today. Have student groups Elizabeth’s reign is now called discuss each article and compare it to breaking away from and allowing use of the English , he kept the Elizabethan Age? most Catholic forms of worship. the religious turmoil of the Reformation. Religious Turmoil When Henry died in 1547, he had only one surviv- Independent Practice ing son—despite having married six times. Nine-year-old Edward VI inherited the throne. The young king and his advisors were devout Prot- Have students use the results of their estants and took steps to make England a truly Protestant country. Quick Activity discussions to write a Under Edward, Parliament passed new laws bringing Protestant reforms paragraph comparing the spread of the to England. Thomas Cranmer drew up the Protestant Book of Common Protestant Reformation to religious Prayer, which became required reading in all of the country’s church ser- events today. vices. Though it outlined a moderate form of Protestant service, it sparked uprisings. These uprisings were harshly suppressed. Monitor Progress Ask students why some Protestants joined with Catholics to oppose other Protestants. Check that students under- Solutions for All Learners stand that different Protestant sects held L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 Learners very different beliefs and that many of them were competing for power. To help students explain why England formed its own Use the following resources to help students acquire church, have students read this section looking for evi- basic skills: dence of the reasons for the break with the Church. Ask Adapted Reading and Note Taking Answer them to create a bulleted list of their findings. Then have Study Guide BIOGRAPHY Elizabeth reigned for more them use their lists to write a one-sentence summary of ■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 41 this subsection. Have students repeat this strategy for each than 40 years and was such a strong, influen- ■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 42 subsection, using the section objectives as a guide. tial leader that her rule shaped the age she lived in.

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When Edward died in his teens, his half-sister Mary Tudor became The English Reformation L3 queen. She was determined to return England to the Catholic faith. Instruct Under Queen Mary hundreds of English Protestants, including Arch- Cranmer, were burned at the stake for heresy. ■ Introduce After students have read about Henry VIII’s break with the The Elizabethan Settlement On Mary’s death in 1558, the throne Catholic Church, have them reread the passed to 25-year-old Elizabeth, the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Witness History quotation. Explore Boleyn. For years, Elizabeth had survived court intrigues, including the with students how Henry’s actions religious swings under Edward and Mary. As queen, Elizabeth had to could be so different from his earlier determine the future of the Church of England. Moving cautiously at words. Ask students if they think first, she slowly enforced a series of reforms that over time came to be Henry would have still broken with the called the Elizabethan settlement. Church if Luther’s teachings had not The queen’s policies were a compromise, or acceptable middle become popular. ground, between Protestant and Catholic practices. The Church of England preserved much Catholic ritual, and it kept the hierarchy of ■ Teach Ask How did Henry gain sup- and archbishops. Unlike Henry, the queen did not call herself port for his Anglican Church? (He “supreme head” of the church, but she reaffirmed that the monarch was kept some forms of Catholic worship the “supreme governor” over spiritual matters in England. At the same and gave Church lands to important time, Elizabeth restored a version of the , people.) What actions did Queen accepted moderate Protestant doctrine, and allowed English to replace Elizabeth take to turn England Latin in church services. Her sensible compromises, which satisfied most toward Protestantism? (She firmly Catholics and Protestants, largely ended decades of religious turmoil. established Protestant practices but During a long reign, Elizabeth used all her skills to restore unity to retained Catholic rituals and ceremo- England. Even while keeping many Catholic traditions, she made nies, thus bringing about Protestantism England a firmly Protestant nation. After her death, England faced new religious storms. But it escaped the endless religious wars that tore gradually and without great opposi- apart and many other European states during the 1500s. tion.) Discuss with students why Elizabeth was able to unite the country Why was the Church of England established? while Edward and Mary had failed to do so. Ask How might Mary’s burn- ing of “heretics” have strength- ened the Protestant cause in England? (Protestants have banded together in opposition to such cruel punishment.) ■ Analyzing the Visuals Ask students to review the timeline on this page and the next. Have them use content from the text to add important events to the timeline.

Independent Practice Have students review the map two pages ahead. Ask them to summarize the geographical impact of the Protestant Reformation.

Monitor Progress ■ Have students read aloud the headings of this section, and summarize the con- tent under each. ■ As students fill in their flowcharts, cir- culate to make sure they understand how the Protestant Reformation Connect to Our World spread. For a completed version of the flowchart see Connections to Today The Reformation would religion, with 554 million Christians in Europe, 395 Note Taking Transparencies, 117 have a significant impact on the spread of million in Africa, 325 million in Asia, and 270 million in throughout the world. European explorers brought , and 25 million in Oceania. Latin Amer- Answer Christianity to Africa, Asia, and the . North ica has the highest concentration of Christians, with America became a refuge for Protestants. Today, Chris- 93 percent of the population, or 501 million people. Henry VIII declared the Church of England tianity has more adherents worldwide than any other

independent of Rome when the pope refused to grant him a divorce from .

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The Catholic Reformation The Catholic As the Protestant Reformation swept across northern Europe, a vigorous Reformation L3 reform movement took hold within the Catholic Church. Led by Pope Paul III, it is known as the Catholic Reformation, or the Counter- Instruct Reformation. During the and , the pope set out to revive the ■ moral authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide. He also Introduce: Vocabulary Builder appointed reformers to end corruption within the papacy itself. They and Have students read the Vocabulary their successors led the Catholic Reformation for the rest of the century. Builder term and definition. Ask Why might the Catholic Church Council of Trent To establish the direction that reform should take, have wanted to establish a rigor- the pope called the Council of Trent in 1545. Led by Italian cardinal ous religious order at the time of Carlo Borromeo, the council met off and on for almost 20 years. The coun- the Reformation? (The Church cil reaffirmed the traditional Catholic views that Protestants had chal- wanted to strengthen itself and train its lenged. It declared that salvation comes through faith and good works. priests strictly to spread Catholicism.) According to the council, the Bible, while a major source of religious truth, is not the only source. The council also took steps to end abuses in ■ Teach Remind students that the Cath- the Church. It provided stiff penalties for worldliness and corruption olic Reformation is also known as the among the clergy. It also established schools to create a better- Counter-Reformation. Ask What does educated clergy who could challenge Protestant teachings. the term Counter-Reformation imply about the causes of this Empowering the Pope Paul strengthened the Inquisi- movement? (that it was a specific tion to fight Protestantism. As you have read, the Inquisition was a Church court set up during the Middle Ages. The Inquisition used secret response to the Protestant Reformation) testimony, torture, and execution to root out heresy. It also prepared the What were the basic components of Index of Forbidden Books, a list of works considered too immoral or irreli- the Catholic Reformation? (reform gious for Catholics to read. The list included books by Luther and Calvin, of Church practices; strengthening the as well as earlier works by Petrarch and other humanists. Inquisition; founding new religious orders meant to bolster Catholicism) ■ Quick Activity Have groups of stu- dents discuss the ways in which the Jesuits were Renaissance men. Have Edward VI dies; them use specific examples from the 1553 Mary Tudor ᭤ becomes queen and restores text to support their arguments. Catholic doctrines. Independent Practice Have students make a timeline of events 1547 Henry VIII titled The Catholic Reformation. Direct dies; his son them to use the timeline shown at left as Edward VI becomes king and begins making a model. Protestant reforms. Monitor Progress Ask students to summarize the causes and effects of the Catholic Reformation.

Mary Tudor dies; 1558 Elizabeth I becomes Analyze Information queen and unifies England with Because of Henry VIII’s determination to the Elizabethan Settlement. obtain a divorce, Catholic England had become a solidly Protestant nation by 1600. How long did it take Henry VIII to become head of the Church of England?

Solutions for All Learners

L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented

Challenge students to compare how the Catholic Ref- the church, the Catholic reaction, and the Protestant ormation and the Protestant Reformation responded reform. Then ask students to write a short answer to to the growing problems within the church. Ask them the following question: In what ways can the Catholic to make a three-column chart, listing the problems in Reformation be considered a Counter-Reformation? Answer Analyze Information five years

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Founding the Jesuits In 1540, the Widespread Persecution L3 Major European About 1600 pope recognized a new religious order, Instruct 0˚ 10˚ E 20˚ E 30˚ E 40˚ E 50˚ E the Society of , or Jesuits. The order Mainly Roman Catholic was founded by Ignatius of Loyola, a ■ Introduce: Key Terms Point out the Mainly Anglican 70˚ Spanish knight raised in the crusading key term ghetto in the text. Ask stu- Mainly Lutheran N Mainly Calvinist tradition. After his leg was shattered in dents first for definitions of the word. Areas of Muslim minorities battle, he found comfort reading about Then ask them where they have heard Mainly Orthodox Christian Boundary of Holy Roman saints who had overcome mental and the term used, and how it was used. physical torture. Vowing to become a Finally, have them read the word in its Note: Not all minority religious “soldier of God,” Ignatius drew up a groups are shown. Jews were historical context in the text. dispersed throughout Europe. strict program for the Jesuits. It included 60˚ N spiritual and moral discipline, rigorous ■ SIA Teach Ask Why was religious 20˚ W 10˚ W RUS SC w religious training, and absolute obedi- persecution widespread during OTLA osco ND M ence to the Church. Led by Ignatius, the the Reformation? (People were strug- IREL IA AND AN 50˚ N EN PRUSSIA LITHU Jesuits embarked on a crusade to defend gling to establish their own faiths as the GLAND and spread the Catholic faith worldwide. L one true religion.) Why was persecu- A ondon Neth. tla Ca Munster To further the Catholic cause, Jesuits n nterbu LAND tion of Jews and “witches” espe- tic ry W PO Oce artburg became advisors to Catholic rulers, an Wor Bohemia cially harsh? (In a time of insecurity, Conic Projection Paris ms Swiss C helping them combat heresy in their 0200 400 mi FRAN onf. people looked for others to blame, espe- CE lands. They set up schools that taught AUSTRIA 0200 400 km Sa GARY cially those most unlike themselves.) voy Trent HUN humanist and Catholic beliefs and Avignon Venice 40˚ N PO PAPAL O enforced discipline and obedience. Dar- ■ Quick Activity Ask students to read RT STATES T ple UGA T ntino L O Consta Mad LY M ing Jesuits slipped into Protestant the text under the heading Conducting S rid ITA A PAIN Rome N E lands in disguise to minister to Catho- Witch Hunts. Ask them if they have M P I R E N lics. Jesuit missionaries spread their Medit heard the term “modern-day witch W erranean Sea E Catholic faith to distant lands, includ- hunt.” Help explain the term. Then use A S FRICA ing Asia, Africa, and the Americas. the Think-Write-Pair-Share Strategy (TE, p. T22) and ask students to dis- Map Skills By 1600, the spread of Teresa of Avila As the Catholic Ref- cuss ways in which people are perse- Protestantism had transformed Catholic ormation spread, many Catholics experienced renewed feelings of cuted today. Europe. intense faith. Teresa of Avila symbolized this renewal. Born into a 1. Locate (a) (b) Wittenberg wealthy Spanish family, Teresa entered a convent in her youth. Finding Independent Practice (c) Rome convent routine not strict enough, she established her own order of nuns. 2. Identify Identify the religion prac- They lived in isolation, eating and sleeping very little and dedicating Have students use the results from their ticed in each of the locations above. themselves to prayer and meditation. Quick Activity discussion to write a para- 3. Understand Main Ideas Explain Impressed by her spiritual life, her superiors in the Church asked graph that compares persecution during why most people in each region were Teresa to reorganize and reform Spanish convents and monasteries. Ter- the Renaissance and Reformation with practicing that religion by 1600. esa was widely honored for her work, and after her death the Church persecution today. canonized her. Her spiritual writings rank among the most important Christian texts of her time, and are still widely read today. For: Audio guided tour Web Code: nbp-1341 Monitor Progress Legacy of the Catholic Reformation By 1600, the majority of Euro- Check Reading and Note Taking Study Vocabulary Builder peans remained Catholic. Tireless Catholic reformers, like Francis de Guide entries for student understanding. rigorous—(RIG ur us) adj. strict; Sales in France, had succeeded in bringing back Protestant converts. thorough Moreover, renewed piety found expression in literature and art. Across Catholic Europe, charity flourished and church abuses were reduced. Still, Protestantism had gained a major foothold on the continent. The Reformation and the Catholic Reformation stirred up intense feeling and debate. Religious conflict played into heated disagreements about gov- ernment, which would erupt into war throughout much of Europe. At the end, Europe would remain—and still remains today—divided by differ- ing interpretations of Christianity. What was the outcome of the Catholic Reformation?

Answers History Background Map Skills 1. Review locations with students. Evidence of Witchcraft As the witchcraft mania to be a witch. Storms and diseases were also taken as 2. London: Anglican; Wittenberg: Lutheran; Rome: spread in Europe, popular superstitions came to be signs of sorcery. Witch hunts also took place across the Roman Catholic treated as legal truths. Until the late 1600s, most Atlantic in the English . In 1692, a witch hunt 3. Political leaders in each region had adopted magistrates accepted that there were physical tests broke out in the town of Salem, Massachusetts. that religion and persecuted members of other for witchcraft. If the body of the accused exhibited Accusations spread like wildfire throughout the town. religions. unusual marks, the person was considered to be a Before the witch hunt ended the following year, at Europe remained mainly Catholic; the Church witch. If the accused had body parts that were insen- least 200 people had been named as witches. Twenty

initiated reforms; a new piety was expressed in sitive to the prick of a needle, the person was judged of them had been executed. the arts.

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Widespread Persecution Assess and Reteach During this period of heightened religious passion, persecution was wide- spread. Both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance and per- Assess Progress L3 secuted radical sects like the Anabaptists, people they thought were witches, and Jews. ■ Have students complete the Section Assessment. Conducting Witch Hunts Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of women and men died as victims of witch hunts. Those accused of being ■ Administer the Section Quiz. witches, or agents of the devil, were usually women. Most victims of the Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 5 witch hunts died in the German states, Switzerland, and France, all cen- ters of religious conflict. When the wars of religion came to an end, the ■ To further assess student under- persecution of witches also declined. Teresa of Avila wrote a book in 1610 standing, use Scholars have offered various reasons for this persecution, but most describing her work with reforming Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 56 agree that it had to do with people’s twin beliefs in Christianity and Catholic convents and monasteries. magic. Most people believed that among them were witches who prac- Primary Source Reteach ticed magical deeds, often with the aid of the devil. Thus witches were At about this time there came to seen as anti-Christian. Because witches often behaved in non-traditional If students need more instruction, have “ my notice the harm and havoc ways, many people accused of witchcraft were often social outcasts, such them read the section summary. that were being wrought in as beggars. Midwives and herbalists were also targeted. Reading and Note Taking L3 France by these Lutherans and Study Guide, p. 42 Persecuting Jews For many Jews in , the early Renaissance had the way in which their unhappy been a time of relative prosperity. While had expelled its Jews in sect was increasing. . . . I wept Adapted Reading and L1 1492, Italy allowed them to remain. Still, pressure remained strong on before the Lord and entreated L2

Jews to convert. In 1516, Venice ordered Jews to live in a separate quar- Him to remedy this great evil. I Note Taking Study Guide, p. 42 ter of the city called the ghetto. Other Italian soon followed. felt that I would have laid down a During the Reformation, restrictions on Jews increased. At first, thousand lives to save a single Spanish Reading and L2 Luther hoped that Jews would be converted to his teachings. When they one of all the souls that were Note Taking Study Guide, p. 42 did not convert, he called for them to be expelled from Christian lands being lost there. And, seeing that and for their synagogues to be burned. In time, some German princes did I was a woman, and a sinner . . . I Extend L4 expel Jews. In the , Pope Paul IV placed added restrictions on Jews. determined to do the little that Have students research an important was in me. . . . Even Emperor Charles V, who supported toleration of Jews in the Holy ” religious figure from the section. Then Roman Empire, banned them from Spanish territories and new Ameri- have them decide whether the person’s can colonies. From the early 1500s on, many Jews migrated to the Medi- thinking was a result of the Renaissance, terranean parts of the and to the . or would have happened anyway without Why were Jews and other people persecuted? the Renaissance. Have students write a paragraph explaining and supporting Progress Monitoring Online their position. For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice 4 Web Code: nba-1341 Terms, People, and Places Comprehension and Critical Thinking ● Writing About History Answer 1. Place each of the key terms at the 3. Identify Point of View Why were the Quick Write: Decide on an because they would not convert to Christianity, beginning of this section into one of the Anabaptists considered to be radical? Organizational Strategy Write a thesis following categories: politics, culture, 4. Understand Sequence How did statement for a persuasive essay about and because of widespread religious intolerance economy, or geography. Write a sen- reforms cause England to become a the spread of the Reformation. List your tence for each term explaining your Protestant country? supporting arguments, from strongest to choice. 5. Recognize Ideologies Why might the weakest. Then make an outline that shows Catholic Church have found the ideas where your arguments will appear and of Ignatius to be particularly relevant to how they relate to your thesis statement. 2. Reading Skill: Identify Main the Catholic Reformation? You may want to save your strongest argu- Ideas Use your completed flowchart to 6. Make Comparisons Why did witch ment for the last paragraph of body text answer the Focus Question: How did the hunting decline with the end of the reli- before your conclusion. Reformation bring about two different gious wars, while persecution of Jews religious paths in Europe? did not?

majority of the English to convert to ● Writing About History Section 4 Assessment Protestantism. Responses should show an understanding 1. Sentences should reflect an understanding 5. Ignatius was seen as the kind of strong that a persuasive essay must be appropri- of each term, person, or place listed at the and disciplined leader the Church needed ately organized—such as a problem and a beginning of the section. to combat the Reformation. solution, or as questions and answers—in 2. It led to the establishment of Protestant- 6. Catholics and Protestants no longer saw order to make effective arguments. ism as an alternative to Catholicism. each other as social outcasts but continued 3. They advocated great social change and to view Jewish people as outcasts. very different interpretations of the Bible. For additional assessment, have students 4. They gave Henry VIII the idea to break access Progress Monitoring Online at with the Church; his influence caused the Web Code nba-1341.

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