0066_wh09MODte_Ch01s4_s.fm Page 66 Thursday, June 21, 2007 5:25WH07MOD_se_CH01_S04_s.fm PM Page 66 Wednesday, January 31, 2007 12:13 PM Step-by-Step SECTION Instruction 4 WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO A King Speaks Out Objectives Henry VIII, the Catholic king of England, was As you teach this section, keep students deeply disturbed by Luther’s teachings. In 1521 focused on the following objectives to help he wrote to the pope to express his displeasure. them answer the Section Focus Question “ . we believe that no duty is more incumbent and master core content. 4 on a Catholic sovereign than to preserve and 4 increase the Catholic faith . so when we ■ Describe the new ideas that Protestant Painter Hans Holbein shows learned that the pest of Martin Luther’s heresy sects embraced. Henry VIII as a commanding and regal king. A gold medal had appeared in Germany and was raging ■ Understand why England formed a (top right) celebrates King everywhere . we bent all our thoughts and new church. Henry as the head of the energies on uprooting [those heresies] in every Church of England. possible way. ■ Analyze how the Catholic Church ” reformed itself. Just a few years later, Henry would break with the Catholic Church and set England on the path to ■ Explain why many groups faced perse- becoming a Protestant country. cution during the Reformation. Focus Question How did the Reformation bring about two different religious paths in Europe? Prepare to Read Reformation Ideas Spread Build Background Knowledge L3 Objectives Throughout Europe, Catholic monarchs and the Catholic Church fought back against the Protestant challenge by taking steps to Considering the importance of religion to • Describe the new ideas that Protestant sects embraced. reform the Church and to restore its spiritual leadership of the Europeans before the Reformation, have • Understand why England formed a new church. Christian world. Still, Protestant ideas continued to spread. students predict how the split between • Analyze how the Catholic Church reformed itself. Protestants and Catholics would have affected life in Europe. • Explain why many groups faced persecution An Explosion of Protestant Sects during the Reformation. As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects, Set a Purpose L3 Terms, People, and Places or religious groups that had broken away from an established church, sprang up. Many of these followed variations on the teach- ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection sect compromise ings of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. Some sects, however, had ideas aloud or play the audio. Henry VIII Council of Trent Mary Tudor Ignatius of Loyola that were even more radical—such as rejecting infant baptism. AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Thomas Cranmer Infants, they argued, are too young to understand what it means to Teresa of Avila A King Speaks Out Elizabeth ghetto accept the Christian faith. They became known as Anabaptists. What does Henry’s description of canonize A few Anabaptist sects sought radical social change as well. Some himself tell you about the impor- wanted to abolish private property. Others sought to speed up the coming of God’s day of judgment by violent means. When radical Ana- tance of Catholicism to Catholic Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas As you read baptists took over the city of Munster in Germany, even Luther rulers? (It indicates that these rulers about the spread of the Protestant Reformation, advised his supporters to join Catholics in suppressing the threat to believed that Catholicism was an inte- record the main ideas in a flowchart like this one the traditional order. Most Anabaptists, however, were peaceful. They gral part of their rule.) below. Add more boxes as necessary. called for religious toleration and separation of church and state. ■ Despite harsh persecution, these groups influenced Protestant think- Focus Point out the Section Focus Protestant sects explode throughout Europe. Question and write it on the board. ing in many countries. Today, the Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish Tell students to refer to this question all trace their religious ancestry to the Anabaptists. as they read. (Answer appears with Who were the Anabaptists? Section 4 Assessment answers.) ■ Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Vocabulary Builder Terms, People, and Places. Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 7; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 Answer High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence rigorous, p. 70 adj. strict; thorough Protestants who rejected infant baptism; He began a rigorous exercise program to get into shape. some also sought radical change. 66 Renaissance and Reformation WH07MOD_se_CH01_S04_s.fmwh07_te_ch01_s04_MOD_s.fm Page 67 Page Tuesday, 67 JuneWednesday, 27, 2006 1:45 February PM 28, 2007 4:40 PM The English Reformation ■ Have students read this In England, religious leaders like John Wycliffe had called for Church BIOGRAPHY section using the Guided Questioning reform as early as the 1300s. By the 1520s, some English clergy were strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, exploring Protestant ideas. The break with the Catholic Church, how- have students fill in the flowchart with ever, was the work not of religious leaders but of King Henry VIII. the main ideas about the spread of the BIOGRAPHY Reformation. Henry VIII Seeks an Annulment At first, Henry VIII stood firmly against the Protestant revolt. The pope even awarded him the title Reading and Note Taking “Defender of the Faith” for a pamphlet that he wrote denouncing Luther. Study Guide, p. 41 In 1527, however, an issue arose that set Henry at odds with the Church. After 18 years of marriage, Henry and his Spanish wife, Cather- ine of Aragon, had only one surviving child, Mary Tudor. Henry felt that England’s stability depended on his having a male heir. He had already Teach fallen in love with a young noblewoman named Anne Boleyn, who served the Queen. He hoped that if he married her she would bear him a son. An Explosion Because Catholic law does not permit divorce, he asked the pope to annul, or cancel, his marriage. Popes had annulled royal marriages of Protestant Sects L3 before. But this pope refused. He did not want to offend the Holy Roman Instruct emperor Charles V, Catherine’s nephew. Elizabeth I ■ Introduce Display Color Transpar- Breaking With the Church Henry was furious. Spurred on by his The life of Elizabeth I (1533–1603) did not start favorably. When she was only ency 78: The Spread of Protestant- advisors, many of whom leaned toward Protestantism, he decided to take ism. Emphasize to students how over the English church. Guided by his chancellor Thomas Cromwell, he two years old her mother, Anne Boleyn, was beheaded so that her quickly Protestantism spread during had Parliament pass a series of laws. They took the English church from father, Henry VIII, could remarry. The this period. Have students identify the pope’s control and placed it under Henry’s rule. At the same time, young princess grew up in isolation. Protestant sects in this country and Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer archbishop of the new church. Still, Henry VIII was affectionate to his speculate on where they originated. Cranmer annulled the king’s marriage, and in 1533 Henry married Anne daughter and saw to it that she Boleyn. Soon, Anne gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth. received a rigorous education. Even as Color Transparencies, 78 In 1534, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, making Henry “the a teenager she was well-respected for ■ Teach Ask Why did the Catholic only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England.” Many loyal her sharp mind, fluency in languages, Church remain unchallenged for Catholics refused to accept the Act of Supremacy and were executed for and understanding of philosophy and so long? (Before the Renaissance, people theology. treason. Among them was the great English humanist Sir Thomas More, did not think of denying the Church’s who served in Henry’s government but tried to resign in protest. More Under the reign of her half-sister authority.) Ask Why did Protestants was later canonized, or recognized as a saint, by the Catholic Church. Mary Tudor, Elizabeth became both a rallying symbol for Protestants and a develop many different sects, rather Strengthening the Church of England Between 1536 and 1540, target for Catholics. Though arrested just embracing Lutheranism? (People royal officials investigated Catholic convents and monasteries. Claiming and imprisoned, she survived her sister had different criticisms of Catholicism that they were centers of immorality, Henry ordered them closed. He to become queen of England at age 25. and different ideas about what the ideal then confiscated, or seized, their lands and wealth. Henry shrewdly The well-loved Elizabeth used her Christian faith should be.) granted some of these lands to nobles and other high-ranking citizens. talents to unify England, expand its international power, and encourage a ■ He thus secured their support for the Anglican Church, as the new Quick Activity Ask students to find period of great artistic flowering. Why Church of England was called. Despite these actions, Henry was not a news articles about religious conflict in do you think the period under religious radical. He rejected most Protestant doctrines. Aside from the world today. Have student groups Elizabeth’s reign is now called discuss each article and compare it to breaking away from Rome and allowing use of the English Bible, he kept the Elizabethan Age? most Catholic forms of worship. the religious turmoil of the Reformation. Religious Turmoil When Henry died in 1547, he had only one surviv- Independent Practice ing son—despite having married six times. Nine-year-old Edward VI inherited the throne.