14962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE August 15 jurisdiction of the United States: to the By Mr. BROYHILL (by request}: Emergency Force; to the Committee on For Committee on the Judiciary. H. R. 9310. A bill to amend the District of eign Affairs. By Mr. DAVIS of Georgia: Columbia Business Corporation Act to per mit corporations to act as trustees under · H. R. 9304. A bill to amend section 12 of PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS the act approved September 1, 1916, as deeds of trust; to the Committee on the Dis amended; to the Committee on the District trict of Columbia. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private of Columbia. By Mr. LANKFORD: bills and resolutions were introduced and By Mr. HOEVEN: H. R. 9311. A bill to credit certain teachers in the District of Columbia for services per severally referred as follows: H. R. 9305. A bill to amend section 22 of By Mr. BOLLING: the Agricultural Adjustment Act, as amend formed by them between September 1944 and July 1, 1955; to the Committee on the Dis H. R. 9314. A bill for the relief of Antonio ed; to the Committee on Agriculture. Escobedo-Romo; to the Committee on the By Mr. LAIRD: trict of Columbia. By Mr. ZABLOCKI: Judiciary. H. R. 9306. A bill to regulate the foreign H. R. 9312. A bill to amend section 218 (f) By Mr. BROWN of Ohio: commerce of the United States by establish of the Social Security Act with respect to the H. R. 9315. A bill for the relief of John B. H. ing quantitative restrictions on the im effective date of certain State agreements or Waring; to the Committee on Armed Serv· portation of mink pelts; to the Committee modifications thereof; to the Committee on ices. on Ways and Means. Ways and Means. By Mr. HAGEN: By Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin: By Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey: H. R. 9316. A bill for the relief of Pierino H. R. 9307. A bill to amend the Labor H. R. 9313. A bill to prohibit Government Renzo Picchione; to the Committee on the Management Relations Act, 1947, as amended agencies from acquiring or using the Nation Judiciary. and for other purposes; to the Committee al Grange headquarters site without specific By Mr. LANE: on Education and Labor. Congressional approval, to provide for reno H. R. 9317. A bill for the relief of Oshiro By Mr. TOLLEFSON (by request): vation of the old State Department Building, Shoko; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H. R. 9308. A bill to amend the act entitled and for other purposes; to the Committee on By Mr. NORBLAD: .. An act to promote the conservation of wild Public Works. H. R. 9318. A bill for the relief of Elaine life, fish, and game, and for other purposes," By Mr. WIDNALL: Marie Simonton (Yu Keum Ok}; to the approved March 10, 1934, as amended, known H. J. Res. 441. Joint resolution to amend Committee on the Judiciary. as the Coordination Act; to the Committee the joint resolution of June 22, 1942, with By Mr. THOMSON of Wyoming: on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. respect to the days on which the flag of the H. J. Res. 442. Joint resolution authorizing By Mr. AYRES: United States should be displayed; to the the President to issue posthumously to the H. R. 9309. A bill to amend the Tariff Act Committee on the Judiciary. late Colonel William Mitchell a commission of 1930 to bar absolutely the importation of By Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN: as a major general, United States Army, and contraceptive articles; to the Committee on H. Res. 400. Resolution recommending the for other purpose-s; to the Committee on Ways and Means. creation of a permanent United Nations Armed Services.
· EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS
Achievements in Agriculture-The Meat buyers identify hogs with the most de dred. Again in 1954, producers increased Type Hog sirable weight and degree of fatness. total production by 9 million hogs fol Every man, woman, and child in this lowed by another 9-million-head in country is benefiting from the research crease in 1955. Hog market prices EXTENSION OF REMARKS that has made it possible for farmers dropped sharply. OF to give us the kind of pork we want and On the other hand as production is HON. MELVIN R. LAIRD need for best nutrition. It looks now reduced, prices go up. Hog producers as if our scientists will be able to do the made a cut of 7% million hogs in pro OF WISCONSIN same thing for beef. They are working duction in 1956. Hog prices have been IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES hard to develop beef animals that will running from $18 to $21 per hundred at Thursday, August 15, 1957 produce steaks and roasts that are Midwestern markets during recent Mr. LAIRD. Mr. Speaker, agricul tender and juicy without the large weeks. A year ago prices, while markets tural research has shown hog producers amount of fat consumers no longer want were recovering from heavy 1955-crop how to meet consumer demand for lean or need. They are making progress and marketings, were as much as $5 per pork and to cut the fat surplus at the deserve our full support. hundred less. same time. Scientists in the United l There have been periods when prices States Department of Agriculture in co have held when hog numbers expanded operation with State experiment stations but usually this was during a period when have shown that meat-type hogs can be Farmers Hold the Key to Future demand was high due to emergencies produced within any breed by selecting Hog Prices such as World War II and the Korean the right breeding stock. war. In 1941, the United States De These streamlined, meaty hogs dress partment of Agriculture asked for an EXTENSION OF REMARKS increase in production and prices held out 50 percent or more of the preferred OF lean cuts, compared with 44 percent in in the war period. With stable produc the lard-type hogs that have been grown HON. CHARLES B. HOEVEN tion in years following the war, prices in this country for many years. This OF IOWA stayed high in 1946, 1947, and 1948. means an extra 13 or 14 pounds of good IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES · Hog production was increased in 1950 lean meat with a corresponding decrease and 1951 but prices held due to the in the amount of fat. Furthermore, Thursday, August 15, 1957 Korean war. Sizable reductions in 1952 these hogs produce just as big litters, Mr. HOEVEN. Mr. Speaker, farmers and 1953 production increased the price which grow just as fast and just as hold the key to future hog prices. If the of hogs in ·1953 and 1954. economically as the old-fashioned lardy favorable prices and feeding ratio now The past shQWS that when production hogs do. Farmers can collect an extra enjoyed by producers prompt overexpan is balanced with demand, hog producers dividend of as much as $5 a head for sion of hog production, heavy supplies receive satisfactory prices. If produc the extra pounds of lean cuts. · could easily bring about lower prices as tion remains on an even keel during the Between 15 and 20 percent of the hogs past experience clearly demonstrates. coming months, price prospects for hogs going to market these days are meat Too many hogs leads to inefficient use should be favorable. type hogs, and the number ·is increasing of resources with accompanying low The Department of Agriculture has ex as the advantages show up all along the prices and incomes as producers well re pressed the hope that producers will con line. Some packers are paying a differ member from their experiences in 1949 tinue to avoid excessive increases at the ential for leaner hogs and others are and 1955. In 1949, hog producers in time of breeding for the 1958 spring pig discounting the price for fat hogs. Mar creased the pig crop by 10 million head crop. It should also be pointed out that ket grades have been established to help and hog prices dropped $5. to $6 per hun- the trend toward production of meat- '1957, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 14963 type hogs is continuin-g which indicates many of the practices so necessary to con To this end we must be certain that that producers are becoming increasing servation in various areas of the country. those who enter our Foreign Service as ly aware of the need for producing Marlon King, Princeton, Ky.: a career have every opportunity to be quality pork for effective marketing. liaving lived in a farming area all my life. made aware of the far-reaching respon I have had opportunity to observe at first sibilities they assume and be given the hand the tremendous value of ACP to the training and the knowledge and the pay farmers of our Nation. I express my personal that will keep them alert and eager to thanks for all you did to save this program. do their best. Agriculture Conservation Program We now have an increasingly good Everett Gould, W~st Pawlet, Vt.: Foreign Service Institute which not only As an eastern dairy farmer I wish to thank EXTENSION OF REMARKS you for helping to save the 1958 ACP. Con prepares new men and women, but gives OF servation is an investment from which every refresher courses all along the way that one can benefit. It does not cost-it pays. prepare them for top posts. This insti HON. EARL WILSON tute deserves to have Members of Con Martin B. Thorson. lola, Wis.: gress make themselves thoroughly aware OF INDIANA Farmers of Wisconsin will thank you for of the courses available and the work IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES your work in saving the practices of ACP. done. Any effort to weaken it would seriously Considered as an outstanding, satis Thursday, August 15, 1957 threaten their security. fying career as such, it is interesting to Mr. VIILSON of Indiana. Mr. Raymond A. Klopp, Route 2, Fremont, note that the career ambassador has Speaker, the agricultural conservation Wis.: been on the increase, as he should be. program has been saved for the farmers In my opinion, ACP has done much to pre The records show that under the Roose of America, and I am proud to have had serve our irreplaceable topsoil, and in many velt administration 51 percent of the a part in saving it. On July 9, I made other ways. It is gratifying to know that American ambassadors were career offi remarks on this floor which exposed a we have Congressmen like you who do care cers. Under Secretary of State Herter brazen effort by Assistant Agriculture for the farmer. recently testified before the Senate For Secretary E. L. Peterson to literally M. E. Conley, chairman, ASC Commit eign Relations Committee that today 68 wreck ACP in direct contradiction of the tee of Montgomery County, Tex.: percent of our ambassadors serving expressed will and intent of Congress. abroad are career men. This reportedly Mr. Peterson's proposals would have This committee wisnes to express appre ciation for your help in sustaining provisions is as high as the percentage has ever been a killing blow to many farmers, of the ACP. We feel the proposed changes been since the establishment of the particularly the small, family-sized would have been most detrimental to the career service. farms. Having been born and raised on farmers and ranchers of this and all other Of the 16 noncareer ambassadors a farm myself and having spent my life Texas counties. nominated this year, only 3 were with time in the farming regions of southern out previous Government experience. Indiana, I know-only too well-of the John M. Deely, Lee, Mass.: These 3 had broad executive experience many heartbreaking problems with Thank goodness there are people like you in business; while of the other 13, 3 which they have been faced for so many in Congress who have the foresight and had previously served as ambassadors years. Our farmers are caught in a fortitude to protect the farmers. My hat is off to you. and 10 had held other high Government squeeze between higher costs of opera positions. tion and lower income for the food and William Reckelhoff, Route 3, Hunting It seems to me, Mr. Speaker, that we fiber they produce. It is a vicious thing. burg, Ind.: have really begun to build. My speech of July 9 caused a consider I feel that if it had not been for you and able furor, Mr. Speaker. One result was a few other good men, the ACP would .have a public announcement by the Secretary been a poor program for many a farmer. of Agriculture that the ACP would be Of all farm programs, ACP stands out as the left intact and administered exactly as most important. We cannot afford to let Republican Support of Civil Rig~ts Congress intended. Another result-- the ACP be broken down. that of public reaction-is one to which Louis A. Burges, Jasper, Ind.: EXTENSION OF REMARKS I would call your attention at this time. In behalf of the farmers of Dubois County, 011' It bears out my own contention, which I want to thank you for taking a stand in try I have expressed frequently over the ing to keep our ACP effective. I have worked HON. TIMOTHY P. SHEEHAN years, that the ACP is of vital import in the office of the Dubois County ASC com OF ILLINOIS ance to the Nation's agriculture and is mittee for 18 years. The ACP has consist ently helped our farmers. Considering the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES widely appreciated by farmers every small cost, the results have been amazing. where. Thursday, August 15, 1957 Daily for the past several weeks I have Mr. SHEEHAN. Mr. Speaker, I no• received letters from farmers all over the ticed last night that one of the syndi country expressing their appreciation of Our Ambassadors cated columnists, Doris Fleeson, said: my efforts to keep ACP as an integral There are Republtcans, too, who can take part of the agriculture program. They EXTENSION OF REMARKS credit, but any veteran of the Congressional have pointed out the vast good ACP is OF galleries will certify that there have con doing in conserving the soil of America. sistently been more Democrats favoring civil I will quote from a few of these letters at HON. FRANCES P. BOLTON rights legislation through the years than this time, and my colleagues are welcome OF OHIO Republicans by a fairly wide margin. The number in Congress who have a passionate to inspect the many others I have in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES my office. conviction about the issue is another story Richard S. Winder, Route 2, Bethel, Thursday, August 15. 1957 entirely. Ohio, wrote: Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Speaker, before It has been brought to my attention I wish to thank you for helping to prevent the Congress closes, I would like to that other columnists are using this same elimination of the most important practices bring to the attention of all who are line to the effect that Democrats favor in the ACP. The proposals of Assistant Sec interested one of the paramount re civil-rights legislation more than the retary Peterson would have made the pro quirements which our United states Republicans. gram worthless to dirt farmers. must meet if she is to protect her people In order to set the facts straight and William H. Reichling, LaPuente, and give leadership to the Free World. to inform the public of the erroneousness Calif.: . It is of the greatest importance, Mr. of the statements of Miss Fleeson and As a citrus grower in Los Angeles County, Speaker, that we build a Foreign Service others, the record proves that it is the I wish to congratulate you and express my second to none, consecrated to the pro Republican Party that actually supports appreciation of your efforts in behalf of the tection of our citizens wherever they may civil rights. conservation-minded farmers of this county go and to all the implications of such In this year's civil-rights legislation in in preventing deletion from the 1958 ACP protection. the Senate, all 18 votes cast against the 14964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE iiugust 15 measure were Democrat votes. In the Percent-favorable votes of each party's Maine-were modified-certified free. House of Representatives, 168 Republi Members present and voting on civil• Now as of March 31, 657 counties, in cans voted for the civil-rights bill and Tights is.sues, 1933-52-continued. cluding 3 more States-Washington, only 19 against. The Democrats voted ANTIPOLL TAX Wisconsin, and Delaware-have this 118 in favor and 107 against. In other status. By June 30, the Department of words, the Democrats were practically Date of vote Republican Democrat Agriculture estimates that the total evenly split down the middle on the civil number of modified-free counties will rights issue whereas the Republicans in SENATE have grown to nearly a thousand. Al Percent Percent the House were about 9 to 1 in favor of Aug. 25, 1942 ______100 47 though in New York State only two civil rights. A review of the previous Nov. 23, 1942------57 42 counties are modified-certified brucel May 15, 1944 ______58 35 civil-rights legislation several years ago July 31, 1946------ 68 47 losis free, good progress is reported and proves the same story. Jan. 18, 1950------53 0 many other counties are expected to gain this status in the near future. We On July 23, 1956, last year's civil-rights ROUSE legislation on H. R. 627 in the House of in Wisconsin are proud of the fact that Oct. 13, 1942------97 61 we were the first State to be certified Representatives, there were 279 votes cast May 25, 1943 ______91 49 in favor and 126 votes against final pas June 12, 1945 ______87 57 under this program. July 21, 1947 ______100 47 Much of the success of the campaign sage on this measure. The Republicans Do ______-----______----- 94 43 voted 168 in favor and 24 against, where July 26, 1949 _____ ------82 60 is due to the close working relationships as the Democrat vote was 111 in favor Do _____ ------___ ------83 62 that exist between the research and the and 102 against this issue. Therefore, regulatory people in the Department's the great Republican support of civil ANTILYNCHING Agricultural Research Service. Many rights is most readily discernable. years of scientific study and especially In spite of all of the ballyhoo of the Date of vote Republican Democrat the development of an effective vaccine Democrats and the liberal columnists and of accurate, rapid methods of test SENATE ing for the disease, form the founda who support Democrat causes, the truth Percent Percent is that it is the Republican Party that July 26, 1937------ 83 39 tion for this eradication effort. It is to has consistently supported civil rights July 31, 1937 ------'- 100 34 the credit of Department organization Jan. 6, 1938------100 69 through the years. In the period from Feb. 21, 1938 ______71 18 that regulatory officials have been able 193S through 1952 when the Democrats Jan. 18, 1950------56 2 to apply research findings with such practical and beneficial results. controlled the Nation, of the 19 impor HOUSE tant Senate votes on civil rights, the Democrat majority voted against civil Apr. 15, 1937 ______99 61 rights in every single case with the ex Jan. 10, 1940------95 47 ception of two. On two of these 19 occa The Wilderness Gi!l sions, not a single Democrat voted fa Apparently, the Democrat Party and certain segments of the press use the vorably, and on two occasions, only one EXTENSION OF REMARKS Democrat joined the Republican ma "big lie" technique assuming that if you jority in sponsoring and being for civil tell a lie often enough, the public will OF rights. begin to believe it. The review of the facts should disprove the false claims of HON. JOHN P. SAYLOR In this same period from 1933 to 1952 OF PENNSYLVANIA in the House of Representatives, the Democrat support of civil rights. Democrats failed in seven..out of 14 votes IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to cast a majority in favor of civil-rights Thursday, August 15, 1957 legislation. - Achievements in Agriculture-Progress in Mr. SAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, on July The Republican record in the Senate 25, 1957, the gentleman from Oregon during this same period shows that the Brucellosis Eradication [Mr. ULLMAN] received unanimous con majority of Republicans voted in favor sent to insert in the RECORD, an article . of civil rights in every single cas~ with EXTENSION OF REMARKS from the Christian Science Monitor of the exception of one. In three of these OF July 22, 1957, entitled "Forest Service votes, the Republicans were 100 percent Opposes Sealed Wilds." At this time, in favor of civil rights. In 14 major HON. MELVIN R. LAIRD I would like to point out for the benefit votes in the House during this period, the OF WISCONSIN of my colleagues several misunderstand Republicans supported civil rights on IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ings of the purposes of the Wilderness every single vote with the percentages Thursday, August 15, 1957 bill and one outright misstatement of varying from 68 to 100 percent. fact which are included in this article. The following table during this period Mr. LAffiD. Mr. Speaker, ojlicials of In the eighth paragraph, the author from 1933 to 1952 should be noted: the Department of Agriculture say that of the article, Mr. Roscoe Fleming, they are within touching distance of writes: Percent-favorable votes of each party's eradicating brucellosis-one of our most Members present and voting on civil· costly diseases of cattle. Under the conservationists' bill as it is framed, the Wilderness Council it would set Tights issues, 1933-52 Excellent progress against this disease up could lessen, add to, create, or abolish ANTIDISCRIMINATION (INCLUDING FEPC) has been made since the end of World any wilderness area, and the order would War II, and particularly since 1954, when become effective unless either House of Con the Congress provided additional funds gress vetoed it within 120 days. Date of vote Republican Democrat for this current campaign. My own State of Wisconsin has been the leader This statement would seem to have no SENATE in this important program. · basis in fact. Quoting from Dr. Richard 1an. 17, 1946 ______Percent Percent McArdle, Chief of the Forest Service, in 93 61 Sometimes called Bang's disease or Feb. 9, 1946 ______his statement on S. 1176, the Wilderness Apr. 21, 1949 ______76 44 78 7 contagious abortion, brucellosis costs $50 bill, before the Subcommittee on Public MayDo 3, •.1949 ------_------______83 7 our farmers at least million a year. Lands of the Senate Committee on In May 31, 1949 ______48 0 The progress of the eradication cam 90 47 terior and Insular Affairs, June 19, 1957, May 19, 1950.------ 85 42 paign can be measured in the rapid in we find the following: June 21, 1950------ 87 39 crease of counties that have been rated July 12, 1950------85 45 modified -certified brucellosis-free-in The Wilderness Council would have no administrative responsibilities but would act HOUSE other words, containing less than 1 per as a repository for information, sponsor and. Feb. 21, 1946. _------ 94 51 cent infected cattle and less than 5 per coordinate surveys of wilderness needs, ad- Apr. 4, 1949.------68 47 cent infected herds. In September 1954, ' vise with governmental officials, report an Feb. 22, 1950------68 48 Feb. 2.~. 1950 ______75 46 at the beginning of the accelerated cam nually to Congress, and transmit to the Con June 6, 1951------80 51 paign, 341 counties including 3 States gress proposed. changes in wilderness bound North Carolina, New Hampshire, and aries. 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ·- HOUSE ·14965 Quoting directly from ·section 3 (a) of I certainly hope this may·ciarify some tion. This is not a ·question of a person's the bill itself, we find: of the misunderstanding of the wilder right to drink or not, as he may desire. ness bill set forth in Mr. Fleming's Safety is the most important factor in air The council shall have no administrative travel and it must be paramount over the jurisdiction over any unit in the system nor article. Thank you, Mr. Speaker. minor wishes or inclinations of the few. over any agency that does have such juris We had hoped that the airlines in partic diction. ular, and of their own volition, would realize I feel this is an obvious misunder the chances they are taking, and would standing on the part of Mr. Fleming and Liquor Drinking on Planes a Threat to abandon this custom. Two years ago, on August 21, 1955, I served hope it may be corrected in future Air Safety notice that; "unless the airlines cooperate by coverage of this bill. discontinuing the practice at once" or the As far as "freezing" all present wilder .. EXTENSION OF REMARKS CAB takes action, I would introduce a bill ness areas into law is concerned, as re OF making it a Federal offense to serve alcohol ferred to by Mr. Fleming in paragraph in the air. two, this is an expressed viewpoint of the HON. THOMAS J. LANE That warning has been disregarded. Department of Agriculture. It is, of OF MASSACHUSETTS Since then, the pilots, stewards, and stewardesses, have had to put up with anum course, the purpose of this bill to ensure IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the preservation as wilderness of the ber of distressing incidents . that have ac Thursday, August 15, 1957 centuated the need for legislation to prevent present areas so designated. As such this the service or consumption of firewater on is the preservation of status quo. The Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave commercial aircraft, and military planes. bill, however, provides a procedure for to extend my remarks in the RECORD, I Even many people who take a drink them· making changes-additions, modifica include my statement before the Senate selves, acknowledge that a line must be tions, or eliminations. These changes Interstate and Foreign Commerce Com drawn here, in the interest of public safety. Where air travel is concerned, there is no would be made in the same way as at mittee in support of the basic principles such thing as being too careful. An unruly present. The only difference under this of s. 4 and s. 593, which ban the con passenger in a plane is a far greater menace legislation is that before such changes sumption or the serving of alcoholic bev to the safety of others than he would be on become effective, Congress would have a erages aboard commercial and service a bus, a train, or a ship. Is sobriety too much 120 day period during which a majority airliners as a safety measure for com of a sacrifice to ask of a person aboard a vote of either house could reject the mercial air safety. plane, as his contribution to the safety of decision. The only situation when such The statement follows: all? My correspondence indicates overwhelming a vote could be secured on such short LIQUOR DRINKING ON PLANES A THREAT support for legislation to outlaw the serving notice would be a case of clear viola TO AIR SAFE'..'Y or consumption of alcoholic beverages aboard tion of sound policy. Thus, this safe (Statement of Congressman THOMAS J. LANE commercial passenger aircraft and military guard against an unwise decision of a before the Senate Interstate and Foreign aircraft. future Secretary of the Agriculture Commerce Committee, supporting basic Public opinion insists on this real:onable should not be interpreted as a freezing principles of S. 4. and S. 593 August 15, regulation to protect the planes and their of the status quo. 1957) passengers. Regarding Mr. Fleming's reference to Mr. Chairman, by serving or permitting the Wilderness Council as being com the consumption of alcoholic beverages on posed of a "minority of Federal officials aircraft while they are airborne, the com mercial airlines and the Department of De Civil-Rights Legislation and a majority of conservationists," it fense are asking for trouble. By giving in should be pointed out that amendments to the demands of a few; they are jeopard have already been proposed to the wil izing the safety of all. EXTENSION OF REMARKS derness bill which would add the Director We have the testimony of passengers who OF of the Bureau of Land Management to have been annoyed and frightened by the the Council and reduce the number of offensive and irresponsible actions of those HON. WILLIAM S. BROOMFIELD who insist on having their own way as a OF MICHIGAN citizen members from 6 to 3-thus giv.:. result of drinking liquor on a plane while ing the Council a composition of 5 Fed it is in flight. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES eral land administrators and 3 citizen The people best qualified to give an ob Thursda'!l, August 15, 1957 members. So constituted, the Council jective opinion because theirs is the respon could effectively carry on the functions sibility of coping with . the problem, are Mr. BROOMFIELD. Mr. Speaker. for which it was designated, yet not opposed to the servicing and consumption of under leave to extend my remarks, I threaten either to outvote or override the intoxicating beverages aboard aircraft. would like to point out that Governor land administrators. The pilots, stewards, and stewardesses are Williams and the AFL-CIO have sold In an attempt to clarify the intent of not theorizing about this. They have had the Negro down the river on the civil the harrowing experience of trying to con rights issue. the bill with respect to what the Forest trol and even subdl,le passengers who are not Service has termed an interposition of in full possession of their faculties. The · The executive council of the AFL-CIO another layer of authority between the human discipline that is essential to safety in reversing its stand, made a deliberate Executive and the Congress, an amend in air travel is seriously weakened when attempt to play for southern votes in ment has been proposed which will pro any individual is encouraged or permitted the Democratic convention in 1960. vide that reports of proposed changes in to drink any kind of intoxicating beverages Governor Williams has White House wilderness areas shall be submitted di that make his actions unpredictable. fever. He is willing to sacrifice what rectly to Congress by the Secretary of Due to military secrecy, we have no way ever principles he may have once pos of knowing how many accidents or fatal sessed in this regard in a desperate effort Agriculture. Copies only of such reports crashes can be traced to this cause. No will go to the secretary of the Council, matter how few they may be, we feel that to become a candidate for President. as a matter of information. the ban propqsed in the legislation under The Governor dragged the AFL-CIO Regarding the Department of Agricul discussion, should be applied to military as right along with him in the sellout of ture's substitute bill, which would apply well as commercial aircraft, as a further pre one of our most basic constitutional only to national forests, the Bureau of caution. guaranties-the right to vote. the Budget has advised: "Congress may The present policy on many commercial Governor Williams has charged that airlines, of serving liquor to passengers, is not wish to deal with the problems of difficult to understand in view of their other President Eisenhower killed the civil preservation of national wilderness wise excellent record in living up to the high rights bill. This is ridiculous, and ·he assets except in a general and uniform est standards of mechanical and operational knows it. It is a desperate effort to statute applicable to all ·affected agen efficiency and safety. The serving of liquor wiggle off the hook. The record will cies." Therefore, our opportunity adds an unnecessary and worrisome burden show that it was the Democrats-not the would seem to be one of integrating the to the responsibilities of the crew. It hardly Republicans-who voted against an ade suggested provisions of the substitute bill inspires confidence in the majority of the quate civil-rights bill in the Senate. passengers .when they observe that the air into the general statute. If this can be lines, in effect, offer this special service to Only 9 out of 49 Democrats supported acceptably done, the objective we are those who want cocktails in the sky. · the President in this measure compared aiming for will have been achieved-the This easygoing policy could precipitate a to 33 Republicans. preservation of a portion of America al major disaster. It is our duty to anticipate What happened to the rest of the Dem ways wild. and prevent such dangers by proper legisla- ocrats? Apparently, they still want to 14966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE August 15 use the civil-rights 'issue for campaign 2: 15: Scotland. world-trade policy and representing a purposes rather than to show concern 3:15: Newberry. district in the State of Ohio that is keen for equal rights for all of our people. 4:00: SwitzCity. ly aware of the importance of :foreign WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 13 trade, I was pleased to submit an article 8: 30: Worthington. for the October 195'1 issue of the GOP Trunklines publication. Seventh District Tour Schedule, 1957 9:30: Jasonville. · 10:30: Coalmont. Under leave to extend my remarks in 11: 30: Midland. the REcoRD, I wish to include the article, EXTENSION OF REMARKS 12:30: Linton. as follows: OF 2: 00: Marco. SOME OF THE BENEFITS OJ' FOREIGN TRADE HON. WILLIAM G. BRAY 3: 00: Lyons. On the very day I received an invitation to contribute a brief article to Trunkline OF INDIANA . THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 14 on the role of Ohio in foreign trade. I was IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.SENTATIVES 9:00: Farmersburg. writing our Ambassador in Tunisia about Thursday, August 15, 1957 10:00: Shelburn. the recent shipment of roadbuilding equip 11:00: Hymera. ment which left Cleveland a few weeks ago Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, to discuss 12: 00: Sullivan. destined for north _Africa. You may have the problems, interests, and wishes of 2: 00: Fairbanks. read in the local papers about these trucks the people of the Seventh Congressional 3 : 00: Graysville. and other machinery which were manufac tured by the Euclid division of General District, I will meet people at the various FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 15 post offices in accordance with the fol Motors. lowing schedules: 9:30: Memm. We Ohioans should be very proud of our 10:00: New Lebanon. expanding export industry. One sees the WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 30 11: 00: Paxton. products of Ohio's mills and factories no 8:30: Trafalgar. 12: 00: Carlisle. matter where one travels. 9: 30: Nineveh. 2: 00: Pleasantville. How delighted I was during my trip to 10:30: Edinburg. 3: 00: Dugger. Africa in 1955 to see Euclid trucks, manu factured by this very company, at work in 11:30: Franklin. MONDAY, NOVEMBER 18 1:45: Needham. the Boml Hills mine in Liberia. This mine, 8: 30: Harmony. ·in turn ships 20,000 tons of the highest grade 2: 30: Whiteland. iron ore to Cleveland mills each month for 3: 30: Greenwood. 9: 00: Knightsville. 10:30: Carbon. turning into countless steel products. 4:30: Bargersville. 11 : 00 : Brazil. In my own 22d Congressional District it THURSDAY, QCTOBEll 31 is difiicult to gather figures which indicate 1:30: Staunton. the great extent to which we are dependent 9:30: Indian Springs. 2:30: Cory. upon export business. We produce paint, 10:30: Shoals. 3:30: Poland. enamels, automobile and airplane parts, and 11: 30: Loogootee. TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 19 many other items which go into making a 1:30 : Alfordsville. complete machine. Moreover, there is con 9:30: Bowling Green. centrated in the State of Ohio, almost one 2: 30: Burns City. 10:30: Center Point. 3: 30: Crane. third of the entire machine-tool industry 11:30: Clay City. of the United States. the backbone of any MONDAY, NOVEMBER 4 1:30: Coal City. peacetime industrial or wartim.e armament 9:00: Oakland City. 2:30: Patricksburg. program. All of this points up the growing 10:15: Somerville. 3:30: Spencer. importance of reciprocal trade to hundreds 11:00: Mackey. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 21 of business and industrial firms in Ohio. 12: 00: Ft. Branch. A good indication of our dependence upon 9: 00: Freedom. foreign trade is shown in a recent Ohio in 1 : 30: Owensville-. 10:.00: Gosport. dustrial study by the United states Depart 2:45: Haubstadt. 11: 00: Quincy. ment of Commerce. It showed that about 3:45: Buckskin. 1:30: Eminence. 30 percent of Ohio workers are in indus 5 : 00 : Princeton. 2:30: .Hall. tries whose export sales on a national basis TUESDAY, NOVEMBER$ 3 :30: Monrovia. are more than 20 times as large as the corre sponding United States imports; and another 8: 00 : Francisco. FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 22 40 percent of Ohio's workers hold jobs in 9:00: Patoka. 8: 30: Harrodsburg. industries which sell to foreign markets from 10:00: Hazleton. 9: 30: Smithville. 4 to 20 times as much as is imported to this 10:30: Decker. 10:15: Clear Creek. country in comparable goods. 11 : 30: Vincinnes. 11: 15: Stanford. But the maximum effects on Ohio will be 2:00: Monroe City. 12: 15: Bloomington. in years to come when the great St. Law 3 :00: Wheatland. rence Seaway will be bringing new markets 2:30: Unionville. to our doors and new products to our people. 4 : 00 : Bruceville. 3:30: Ellettsville. Th.e seaway may transform the whole Great WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBERS 4:30: Stinesville. Lakes area into another coastline and those 8: 30: Emison. MONDAY, NOVEMBER 25 of us who look toward the future see that 9:30: Oaktown. our best interests lie in an enlightened world 9: 00: Morgantown. trade policy. 10:30: Freelandville. 10:00: Centerton. As Republicans we can feel great pride 11: 30: Ragsdale. 11: 00: Brooklyn. in the accomplishments of the Eisenhower 12: 15: Bicknell. 12 : 00 : Mooresville. administration in the field of foreign trade. 2:00: Edwardsport. 2: 30: Paragon. The administration has effected measures 2:45: Westphalia. 3:30: Martinsville. and programs that have resulted in the 3 :30: Sandborn. greatest expansion of peacetime world trade in history. United States commercial ex FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 8 ports increased from $12.3 billion in 1953 9:00: Odon. to $17.3 billion in 1956, and imports rose 10:00: Elnora. Ohio and Foreign Trade from $10.9 billion to $12.6 billion during the 11 : 00 : Plainville. same period. 12:00:Wasbington. EXTENSION OF.REMARKS The Secretary of Commerce reports that 2:00: Montgomery. OP among the Department's. activities which 3:00: Cannelburg. have contributed to this increase are the HON. FRANCES P. BOLTON organization of the Bureau of Foreign Com TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 12 OF OHIO merce in the Department, programs designed to stimulate tourism and United States in 9:00: Solsberry. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 10:00: Owensburg. vestment overseas, and the initiation of Thursday, August 15, 1957 American participation in international 11: 00: Koleen. trade fairs abroad. In the past 3 years, the 12 : 00: Bloomfield. Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Speaker,-having ·Department estimates that some 30 million 1:30: Doans. long been an advocate of an enlightened people visited United States exhibits at fairs 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 14967 1n 27 countries, including one 1n Poland of the railroads is always to seek higher Creation of a Commission To Study the which attracted an estimated 1.25 million rates in such situations. Everyone persons. knows that railroads do not have com Utilization of Those Areas of the Radio· Not only does all of this help in maintain mand of their costs as may exist in other frequency Spectrum ing our own prosperity, but it contributes much to carrying abroad to people every. industries. But there is a question of where the message of what is accomplished simple prudence. Is it prudent to fol EXTENSION OF REMARKS under our free way of life. low a course which inevitably, through OF increases in charges, will mean less and less business? Less and less business HON. WILLIAM G. BRAY through the imposition of higher and OF INDIANA Freight-Rate Increase higher charges has never been the Amer ican way. American industry has grown IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES great and has become the envy of the Thursday, August 15, 1957 EXTENSION OF REMARKS world by following precisely the opposite OF Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, on June 20 theory. of this year · I introduced House Joint I hope Mr. DeButts' voice is not one Resolution 381 proposing the creation of HON. THOMAS G. ABERNETHY · crying in the wilderness. I hope that OF MISSISSIPPI a Commission To Study the Utilization his voice will be heard and his conclu of Those Areas of the Radiofrequency IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sions and judgment studied not only in Spectrum which are assigned to the Thursday, August 15, 1957 the railroad business but in all industry. Federal Government. An identical pro We are treading on dangerous ground. Mr. ABERNETHY. Mr. Speaker, I Through inflation we may lose many of posal had been introduced previously by feel sure that I will be joined by all my the gains we have made in the past. Senator POTTER. colleagues from areas served by the The security of millions of families is The three Commission members would Southern Railway in applauding the po put in doubt. A continuation of the be experts in the communications field, sition taken by Southern's able and dis present trend will lead us all to an eco- but they would not be officers or em tinguished president, Harry A. DeButts, nomic bust. · ployees of the Federal Government. in reference to the latest freight-rate The obvious purpose of this study would increase granted by the Interstate Com be to allow persons outside of the Fed merce Commission. eral Government, but competent in the Southern's policy in regard to this in Achievements in Agriculture-The field, to see how well the frequencies crease is not to apply it in any situation Broiler Industry reserved for Sir Alexander Swinemunde and thence along the Oder River to the confluence of the Western West. Large subsidies, lavishly dis Cadogan, at that time Permanent Under Neisse River and along the Western Neisse tributed among east-German landown Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. to the Czechoslovak frontier, including that ers poured from Berlin in a steady ftow. In ·his letter of November 2, 1944, ad portion of East Prussia not placed under the During the period of 15 years, 1922-37, dressed to Mr. T. Romer, Polish Minister administration of the Union of Soviet So they reached RM2,600,000,000-over $1 of Foreign Affairs, Sir Alexander wrote: cialist Republics in accordance with the un billion prewar value. The Prime Minister, after consultation derstanding reached at this conference and including the area of the former free city German economists of the prewar with the Cabinet, has now directed me to period investigated the whole situation give you the following replies: of Danzig, shall be under the administration You asked in the first place whether, even of the Polish State and for such purpose with German thoroughness. One of the in the event of the United -States Govern should not be considered as part of the most prominent among them, Prof. ment finding themselves unable to agree to Soviet Zone of· occupation in Germany. Wilhelm Volz of the University of Leip the changes in the western frontier of Poland The protocol of the Potsdam Confer zig, whose opinions the gentleman from foreshadowed in the recent conversations in ence contained two important provisions. Tennessee now tries to disparage, got to Moscow, · His Majesty's Government would The first said that "the final delimitation the roots of the trouble. As a German still advocate these changes at the peace of the western frontier of Poland should patriot, Professor Volz was deeply settlement. The answer of His Majesty's alarmed by the decline of the eastern Government to this question is in the affirm await the peace settlement." The sec ative. ond dealt with the transfer of the Ger. , Provinces of the Reich. As a man of Secondly, you inquired whether His Maj man population. It said: great scientific integrity, he did not shirk esty's Government were definitely in favor The conference reached the following from presenting his conclusions, however of advancing the Polish frontier up to the agreement on the removal of Germans from unpopular these might have seemed at line of the Oder to include the port of Stet Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary: the time. tin. The answer is that His Majesty's Gov "The three Governments having considered If one still hears that the German East ernment do consider that Poland should the question in all its aspects, recognize that is the food base (Nahrungsgrundlage) of ihe have the right to extend her territory to this the transfer to Germany of German popula German Reich-said Professor Volz--'-then extent. tions or. elements thereof, remaining in the contention is a fallacy (Trugschluss). President Roosevelt returned to the Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary will The East might be this, if the rest of the have to be undertaken. They agree that any Reich did not satisfy its food demand partly subject after his reelection in November transfers that take place should be effected by its own production, partly by overseas im 1944. In his letter, addressed to the in an orderly and human manner." ports. The Reich do~s . not need the East. Polish Prime Minister, Mr. Mikolajczyk, There is nothing in the protocol to This is a bitter truth, but unfortunately it on November 17, the President wrote: is a truth. It should at last be said in plain In regard to the-future frontiers of Poland, substantiate the opinion, advanced by words. (Wilhelm Volz, Die Ostdeutsche if mutual agreement on this subject, in Mr. REECE as to the unilateral character Wirtschaft. Eine Witschaftspolitische Un cluding the proposed compensation · for of the Potsdam decisions. The text of tersuchung uber die naturliehen Grundlagen Poland from Germany, is reached between the protocol, clear and precise, does· not des Deutschen Ostens und seine Stellung in the Polish, Soviet, and British Governments, lend support to the allegation that the der gesamtdeutschen Wirtschaft. Berlin- this Government would ofi_er. -pp, _objections • Oder-Neisse line was only meant as a Leipzig, 1930, p~ 85.). · • ..• ;.7h''< On the transfer of nopulation Presi- temporary arrangement. Were it so, the It is true that in the last years before dent Roosevelt told tire ~:. :Polish ' Prime Great Powers would not have recognized the Second World War Germany made Minister: that "-the . transfer to Germany of Ger great efforts in order to achieve the high man populations will have to be un If the Polish Government and people de est possible measure of ·self-sufficiency. sire, in connection with the new frontiers of dertaken." Military authorities may in some exceptional cases-remove the German agriculture was stimulated and the Polish state, to bring about the transfer forcefully developed by diverse means in to and from the territory of Poland of na inhabitants of a strip of territory, en tional minorities, the United States Govern gulfed in military operations. But no order to be able to meet the pressing re ment will raise no objections and as far as responsible head of Government would quirements of war economy. ·Economic practicable will facilitate such transfer. dream of removing the whole German self-sufficiency was inscribed on the Nazi population from a province·, which it was banner. On the eve of the war Ger Mr. Churchill reiterated his former many's self-sufficiency in food, computed statements in his review of the general intended to maintain within the limits situation he made in the House·of Com of Germany. on the bas1s of its caloric v:;tlue, rose to mons on December 15, 1944. The British FOOD BASKET OF GERMANY 83 percent-as against 65 percent in Prime Minister was very outspoken on The gentleman from Tennessee claims 1928. After having secured such a high the subject of the transfers of popula that "the part east of the Oder-Neisse measure of independence Germany tions. He said: line was known as a food basket of the could now risk the supreme effort: the The transference of several millions of Germitn people." This clever definition well filled food basket increased her people would have to be effected from the which · has found wide currency in the chance of winning a war of aggression. 14974 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE August 15 This self-supporting economy, tuned ment may turn out to be an act of wild terly unjust to hold the Polish people re to the pressing needs of a powerful war injustice. sponsible for the heavy German losses, machine, belongs now to the past. In What is genocide? The matter was sustained in the course of military op 1945 Western Germany, so happy to live debated by the General Assembly of the erations or caused by savage Soviet in a free world, set to work with sus United Nations which on December 9, retribution. tained energy which earned her deserved 1948, unanimously adopted a convention TRANSFER OF THE POPULATION admiration. German economy, rising on the prevention and punishment of When Germany capitulated on May 7, from the ruins and quickly recovering its the crime of genocide. The text of 1945, about 4.4 million Germans re strength, seems to have found a new the convention contains a number of mained east of the Oder-Neisse line. balance of productive forces. clear definitiom;. It would seem proper The mass exodus of the German popu In August 1946 the prominent English to quote here from the official publica lation continued and at the date of the economist and social reformer, Lord tion of the United Nations. Polish Census--February 14, 1946- Beveridge, expressed the view that 70 Genocide is a new name for an old crime-- ther-e were 2,288,000 Germans within million Germans could perfectly well1ive the present limits of Poland. By the in the territory west of the Oder-Neisse We read in the background paper. It derives from the Latin wordS: "genus," end of 1947 a further 2,171,000 had been line if the country were more intensely transferred to Germany. if it a group, and "caedere,'' to kill. It means industrialized and expanded its the destruction of whole groups of people The mass transfer of the German foreign trade in order to be able to buy just because they belong to particular population was carried out in most diffi its requirements in foodstuffs. groups. The group may be racial, national. cult conditions. The country, utterly The economic development of Western or religious; it may be a particular ethnical disorganized, devastated by the retreat Germany has vindicated this opinion. or racial group. -Its destruction may take ing Germans and then stripped bare by German economy expanded under the the form of massacres, of executions, of sub· jecting the group to such conditions • • • the advancing Russians, had to face powerful stimulus of American aid and tremendous difficulties. Food.J fuel and of the mass influx of Germans trans that it cannot continue to live. These were all ~hniques used by the Nazi medicaments were in short supply; roll ferred from the east. American dol Government of Germany as part of its delib ing stock-utterly deficient. In the lars, so generously given, and the skilled erate policy. They were used particularly first stage the technical difficulties in labor of the industrious newcomers from a;gainst a racial and religious group-the volved in the mass transfer might have the east contributed mightily to the Jews---,and against a national and linguistic process which was so justly called the group-the Poles." (United Nations, De overwhelmed the erratic administration miracle of German recovery. partment of Public Information, Research set up by the new Communist regime Section Genocide, Background Paper No. which had been enforced upon Poland. Western Germany has to import from 68.12, November 1951.) In some cases there might have occurred abroad a part of her food supplies. She individual acts of cruelty or harsh has no difficulty, however, in pa,ying for In the light of these definitions it treatment, regrettable but comprehensi these imports by exporting her manu would seem just and fair to examine the ble amid the fresh ruins and smoulder factured goods. At the pr-esent degree whole process of the mass evacuation of ing ashes of the Nazi gas chambers. All of self-sufficien.cy in food, estimated at the Germans. 60 percent, Federal Germany is more se On the eve of the final collapse of Nazi these incidents and transient difficulties cure than is Great Britain, whose own Germany the population of the eastern may have cost some lives: they do not production covers only about 48 percent territories, swollen by large numbers of justify, in the least, wild accusations of its food supply. new German settlers--Umsiedler-and leveled against the Polish people. The food situation will still improve Luftkriegevakuirten who had taken ECONOMIC FACTS after the reunification of Germany, refuge from the British and American Poland, extending to the west in ac which is bound to shift the balance of air bombardments, a:rw.ounted to nearly cordance with the Potsdam Three Pow the German population in relation to its 10 million. This huge mass of human ers decisions, entered a desert. In 1945 agricultural basis. It is worth recalling beings, kept in complete ignorance of the the territories to the east of the Oder that only some 28 percent of the total desperate situation, -was taken by sur Neisse line presented a picture of ruin German population live in the Soviet prise. The German military authorities, and desolation. Once prosperous towns zone which contains nearly 40 percent of obeying strict orders from Hitler who suffered heavily during the last months Germany's arable land. refused to accept defeat, entirely neg of war, many towns, which had served WHAT IS GENOCIDE? lected an orderly evacuation of civilians. a~ German strong-points, were prac In face of the imminent Soviet advance, tically obliterated. In Gog6w-Glo The gentleman from Tennessee has millions of people, driven by despair and gau-and Kostrzyn-Ktistrin-95 per given much attention to the mass trans stricken with fear of a savage Russian cent of all buildings were destroyed or f-er of the German population from the retribution, rushed westward and got damaged; in Koobrzeg-Kolberg---Gu eastern territories. He maintains that entangled with the retreating German bin and Nysa the degree of destruction 10% million were summarily expelled troops. There followed wild scenes reached 80 percent; in Brzeg-J3rieg- and, in 1945 and 1946, were forced to which stagger imagination. The ad leave the land which had been theirs and 70 percent; in Elblag and Legniea 60 vancing Soviet troops machine-gunned percent; in Wrocaw-Breslau-and Szc their ancestors. Of these 10% million the unending convoys of refugees. human beings more than 7 million zecin---Stettin-over 50 percent. It was reached west and middle Germany: One ship alone, the Wilhelm GustlofJ- generally the center of the town, with about 1 million people were able to re its historic churches and buildings that I quote the gentleman from Tennes suffered most. On the nights of August main on the soil of their fathers. Mr. see-- 16-17 and August 20-21, 1944, Szczecin REECE forgot to mention that the ma took more than 6,000 refugees, mostly elderly was the_target of two heavy air raids jority of the last category are people of people, women and children, from East Polish origin. But, to quote again Mr. Prussia to their grave. by RAF Lancaster bombers. On March REECF;: 12, 1945, Swinouiscie--Swinemiinde Mr. REECE was justly indignant about was bombed by USAF Flying Fortresses. Two and two-tenths million human beings that disaster which he compared to the In addition all the towns in these areas is the heavy toll of those who did not survive sinking of the Titanic-though he should the process. suffered badly from ruthless Soviet dis have been more explicit with regard to mantling of industrial plants, from pil The gentleman from Tennessee con the Russians who actually sank the Wil lage by Soviet soldiers and sometimes cluded by saying that-- helm Gustloff. from a senseless destruction by hand Factual evidence that has since been sub Thousands of innocent people found grenades and fire after all fighting had mitted shows that they (viz, the 2.2 million an untimely death amid the chaos of a ceased. The old town of Gdansk human beings) and the other 7 million were disorderly evacuation. Hundreds of Danzig-was thus transformed into a victims of the crime of genocide. thousands were deported to Russia. The heap of charred ruins. fate of many remains unknown. But If one wishes to pass a judgment on a The situation of the agriculture was no their disappearance has no connection better. In the countryside, out of the crime he must first define the nature of whatsoever with the removal of the total number of 434,000 houses, barns, the crime and then indict the guilty German population, authorized by the stables, and other buildings, 123,000-28 criminal. If he fails to do this, his judg- Potsdam agreement. It would be ut- percent--were destroyed or heavily dam- 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 14975 aged. At the end of 1945 the total num 2,300,000 metric tons against 3,422,000 been badly shaken by 12 years of Com ber of horses in these areas shrank to in 1934-38. munist misrule. 10 percent of the prewar figures; the However, the greatest efforts went into True, the Communists are still at the number of cattle fell to 7 percent and the the reconstruction and further develop helm in Warsaw. But millions of Poles, pig population to 4 percent. As the ment of industry. Coal is the basic raw living under Communist control, are try chemical industry was destroyed by war material on which the growing indus ing hard to take full advantage of the or dismantled by the Soviet authorities, trialization of Poland is being built up. new opportunities which they have there was a general lack of nitrogenous In Polish Silesia in 1938 coal production gained in slightly relaxed conditions. and phosphatic fertilizers. The loss of amounted to 38.1 million tons, in the pre The irresistible pressure of the peasant Polish Kalusz potash salts, annexed by war German part of Silesia it reached masses swept away the abhorred collec Soviet Russia, seriously hampered a rap 32.5 million tons, making an aggregate of tive farms. Life is returning to the iJ restoration of agricultural production. 70.6 million tons. In 1955 the figure for countryside. Agricultural production, Capital was deficient, agricultural ma the now united Silesian coalfield was 94.5 relieved of the exacting burden of com chines and tractors in short supply. million tons-a rise of 34 percent. pulsory deliveries of grain, is beginning After 6 long years of a devastating war a process of organic regeneration. Poles had to rebuild the appalling ruins THE COAL PROBLEM I am glad to add that millions of Poles out of their meagre resources. On spe In his further remarks the gentleman in their hardly tried country greeted cific orders from Moscow the Warsaw from Tennessee recalled the fact that with satisfaction the first installment of Communist Government was forced to before the war "the hard-coal produc the American loan to Poland. They saw refuse the benefits of American aid, tion of the industrial part of the region, in it a most welcome proof that their which had been generously offered to Eu that is, Silesia, went to meet the require cause is not forgotten in the West and rope within the framework of the ments which Western European coun that their efforts tb achieve genuine in Marshall plan. tries had in addition to their own pro dependence are duly appreciated. duction." He assumed that "today the Skilled labor and managerial experi coal from German Upper Silesia would HISTORICAL SURVEY ence were lacking. During the whole suffice to offset West Europe's present The historical arguments which the period of their most ruthless occupation deficiency of hard coal." Congressman from Tennessee developed the Germans were busy exterminating at such length betray false sources of in the best among the Poles of all classes of I entirely agree on that important point with the learned gentleman. The formation based on clear political bias. the population. Iri the Katyn Forest For what is the impression left by his and in other, still unknown localities of rich coal basin of Polish Silesia forms an integral part of the European economy. account of the thousand years of Ger Russia, the henchmen of Stalin murdered man-Polish relations? It is that the another 10,000 or so. In conditions of political freedom it could make a most valuable contribu Poles and not the Germans were the im To complete the picture we should add perialists through the ages, that it was the impact of a wrong policy, stubbornly tion to European recovery. But Mr. REECE seems to have forgotten that after the Poles who subjugated German lands followed by the Communist regime. The and not the other way around, that his new settlers, coming from other Prov the war Poland lost her freedom of choice. Pressed against her will into. the tory tells of a Polish expansion to the inces of Poland, had to work in most Soviet orbit, she had to export very west in search of living space and not precarious conditions. Many Polish large quantities of coal to meet the of the German Drang · nach Osten · farmers were forced, against their will, exa.cting demands of her Soviet over which formula Mr. REECE describes as to join the collective farms. Early in lords. an "absurdity," "hazy," and "malicious." 1955 the Polish Communist press pub To a doctrine which would stand his lished a number of articles which con On August 16, 1945, an agreement was signed in Moscow by Mr. V. M. Molotov, torical truth on its head history itself demned harsh treatment of peasants and provides the answer. complained of the exorbitant taxation to then the Soviet People's Commissar for Hitler's Germany which began the which they were subjected. Trybuna Foreign Affairs, and E. Os6bka-Moraw conquest of Eastern Europe in 1939, oc-· Ludu, a Warsaw newspaper, on February ski, the so-called Polish Premier. This cupying first "ancient German" Cracow 26, 1955, carried an article which attrib agreement forced Poland to deliver to and then ''ancient German" Lwow, was uted peasant desertion of the land in the the Soviet Union, at the ridiculous price in fact faithfully carrying out an im county of Niedzica in the county of of $1.25 per ton, 8 million metric tons perialist design whose foundation had Olsztyn precisely to these things. of coal in 1946, 13 million tons in each of been laid 1,000 years earlier by Emperor And, in spite of all these difficulties the years 1947-50, and 12 million metric Henry I. In the years 927 and 928 it which might have seemed unsuperable, tons per annum thereafter until the was this German ruler who, forcing the Poles rushed in large masses to the west signature of a German peace treaty. Elbe which divided the Slav tribes from ern Provinces. They filled the empty True, in March 1947 the quantities of the the west, established two German desert, cultivated wasteland, rebuilt de coal tribute were reduced by 50 percent; marches with the object of subjugating stroyed buildings, and repopulated de but even so, the "liberator" still extorted by force and intrigue the territories of serted towns. from the "liberated" an exorbitantly low the western Slavs who were then en On January 1, 1957, the recovered ter price. From 1946 to November 1953, tering the European · scene. With a ritories had a population of 7.3 million. when this tribute ceased, Poland de break under Otto III, this task has been The dynamic race which settled in these livered to the Soviet Union about 54 mil taken up by Holy Roman Emperors, areas expanded rapidly: Its natural in lion tons of coal for which it received Margraves of Brandenburg, Teutonic the ridiculous sum of $67.5 million. If crease which reached the level of 27.5 we assume that the average world mar knights, electors and kings of Prussia per thousand stands far above the high ket price of coal was $16 per ton, we shall and rulers of the German Reich. average in Poland-19.1 per thousand in have no difficulty in calculating that in Two unchanging features of German 1952-56. Towns are throbbing with life. this typically colonial transaction Poland policy throughout a millenium-terri Out of a total of 63 towns with 10,000 was robbed of nearly $800 million. torial acquisitiveness and ready recourse inhabitan'"s or over, 28 towns had a to force-are absent from Polish po population higher than in 1939. In the light of my foregoing remarks litical history. Polish policy was al In spite of heavy errors of Communist it is hardly surprising that a delegation ways defensive. If any idea is strange policy, the hard work of the newly from Warsaw wished "to get from this to Poles it is imperialism. This settled Poles is beginning to pay hand Government a fat loan with which to does not of course·mean that other na some dividends. Agriculture is recover purchase grains, fats, oils, farm ma tions were not associated with Poland in ing from the acute crisis of the most dif chinery ai)d other equipment." I quote the Polish Commonwealth. But this ficult afterwar period. In the years here again the gentleman from Tennes came about through voluntary federal 1953-55 production of the 4 principal see. I feel I must say that on this matter relationships, which are historically of grains in the western Provinces reached of vital importance all Poles were unani the greatest interest. It was a specifi 71 percent of the prewar level-3,500,- mous. They all agreed that a broad cally Polish method, thank to which 000 metric tons against 4,861,000 in minded American aid was urgently unions of nations emerged which, ac 1934-38; production of sugar beet at needed in order to redress the balance of cording to the German· historian Jacob tained 68 percent of the prewar figure- the Polis~ national economy which had Caro, cannot be matched in European 14976 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE :4.ugust 15 history. It was the way of charity mans und~r Saxon Duke Henry the Lion theory, is derived from the German which, in the wor-ds of the rector of and Margrave Albrecht. Albrecht es Syling tribe. Cracow University, Paul Wodkowic., to tablished on Slav territory, between the The German chronicler Thietmar, the Council of Constance--1414-ac lower Elbe and the lower Oder, the new writing in the lOth century, remarked knowledges the right even of pagans to German duchy called Brandenburg from of an area now in Silesia that Sleza freedom and land. We read in the the Slav town of Branibor which its ruler Hill-Zobtenberg in German-on the Polish-Lithuanian Act of Union of 1413 Przybyslaw was tricked into sur Sleza River-Lohe in German-was the that this charity which "creates laws, rendering. center of a secret Slav pagan cult. After governs countries and establishes towns, While Mr. REECE describes as "aggres a contemptuous reference to this cult, will lead the estates of the Republic sion" the process of integration which he added: toward a better end, and he who despises went on between Slav and Christian There are as many temples and gods there it will lose all." Poland concluded a Poland and Slav but pagan Pomerania as there are lands. number of these voluntary relationships in the century and a half between 967 based on moral principles of respect for Let us pass at once to the 19th cen and 1130, the forcible German conquest tury and quote two views expressed by the freedom of the ·nation and of the of Slav lands from the Pomeranians is individual. In 1466 there was a union Bismarck on Silesia. When Wilhelm I not .to be so described. Yet the~r motives expressed doubt about his right to take ·between Prussia and Poland, and in 1561 were none other than those which Arch another voluntary union with Courland, Schlesvig and Holstein from Denmark, bishop Adelgot of Magdeburg was already Bismarck reassured him with the words: while in 1569 the original dynastic union urging in 1107: Did the Great Elector or Frederick have with Lithuania was crowned by a solemn These pagans (that is, the Pomeranians) covenant. more right to Prussia and Silesia? All the aTe the worst people in the world, but their Hohenzollerns have been aggrandizers of the These differences in the political back land is the best, so overflowing with meat, state. ground of Germans and Poles, as evi honey, flour, birds that none can be com denced by the history of a thousand pared with it. Therefore go east, o Saxons, And to Prince Buelow, who had ex years, are highly relevant to any con there you can save your souls and win the pressed similar scruples, he said: best land to live in. sideration of German-Polish relations. Frederick the Great stole Silesia and Mr. REECE forgets these differences when Then, as the historian says, the Slavs nevertheless he is one of the greatest states he discusses the present Polish-German beyond the Elbe laid down in their men of all time ( v. Buelow Bernhard, Denkwurdigkeiten, vol. 4, p. 10). frontier with the result that his histori grave~ and were replaced by German cal arguments lack not only substance villagers, whose settlers' documents in Thietmar and Bismarck supply the but plausibility. cluded a routine phrase "ejectis Slavis" answer to Mr. REECE. Let us add the These arguments deal with the alleged "after the Slavs had been thrown out." evidence provided bY excavations near ancient German character of Pomerania The · Congressman from Tennessee the castle church in Wroclaw begun and Silesia, the successes of the Teutonic would like to give the impression that in 1946 · by Prof. Rudolf Jamek, of knights and the role of Prussia in the Pomeranians and Poles, although Slavs, Wroclaw University. Initial investiga 18th century partitions of Poland. Let were distinct nations. But apart from tions showed the existence of ancient us consider each in turn. the fact that it is impossible to use the settlements which were Polish beyond term nation in the modern sense in dis doubt. No trace of Scandinavian influ POMERANIA cussing the lOth century, the words of Mr. REECE does not deny that Slav ence was found, which disposes of yet the 12th century chronicler Nestor may another German theory that Wroclaw peoples lived in Pomerania in the lOth also be borne in mind: fortress was organized by Vikings. century. And in 962 Pomerania is in Of the Lachs {1. e., the Poles) some called fact found in the hands of the first his _ Mr. REECE emphasized the service per themselves Lusatians, others Mazovians, formed by German settlers in founding toric Polish ruler, Mieszko I. A docu others Pomeranians. ment of the greatest significance for the towns in Silesia. But the most recent proper understanding of Polish history This chronicle, an authoritative source researches into the history of Polish law in the lOth century, is the so-called on all counts, thus plainly asserts that make plain that not all founders of Dagome judex, dating from 990 to 992. the Pomeranians were one of the Polish towns were German and that such foun It contains the donation of Poland to the tribes. dations were usually made at places Papacy, with detailed descriptions of the It should also be understood that until where local markets and craftworkers' country's boundaries, from which it ap the 13th century, internal conditions in settlements had already grown up round pears that the whole of Pomerania, be Pomerania differed in no way from those a castle or fortress. These investiga tween the lower Oder and the lower in other Polish territories. The ducal tions have shown that for example 81 out Vistula, belonged at that time to the court, the entire town and country popu of 95 market centers which existed be Polish State. The description in the lation and the clergy in large proportion fore the Germans arrived later became document begins as follows: were Polish. Afterward, when the dukes towns under German law. in particular succumbed to Germani . The fact that the Polish King Casimir A prima latere longum mare fine Bruzze zation, the picture began to change. the Great recognized the Czechs' right to usque in locum qui dicitur Russe. German elements were reinforced when the Silesian duchies in 1335 was not the That is, "from the first side along the sea the victory of the Reformation brought final historic decision in favor of Ger coast of Prussia to the place which is the German Bible to Pomerania. But many that Mr. REECE implies, but a called Ruthenia,'' and ends with the the native dynasty of Pomeranian dukes, politically imposed renunciation. He statement that from Olomuniec the bor descended from a branch of the Piasts, does not mention that the Polish King der runs to the land of Militz, that is, preserved until its extinction with the simultaneously arranged for ecclesiasti between the Oder and the lands of the death of the last duke, Boguslaw XIV, cal jurisdiction over Wroclaw to be ex Milchanians and the Lusatians--which is in the middle of the 17th century, a ercised from Gniezno, an arrangement the present line of the western border of strong sense of difference from Germans. which lasted until 1821. Silesia-and along the line of the Oder They perpetuated male family names Finally, Mr. REECE passes over in to "Schinesghe," identified by both Ger like Warcislaw, Boguslaw, Barnim, Raci silence the most important fact of all, man and Polish scholars with Szczecin bor, and female names like Miroslawa, which is that the Silesian population, Stettin. Dobroslawa, Przybyslawa, and always despite 600 years of rule by for~ign states Mr. REECE, however, believes that the called themselves dukes of the Slavs, and the unparalleled Germanization Pomeranians fought the Poles who Pomeranians, or Cassubians princes of the empire." What did hap Oder and Neisse--so-called Lower Sile According to Mr. REECE the Teutonic pen in 11'81? It was indeed the year of sia-was never the homeland of Poles Order took up the conquest and Chris the final defeat of the northwestern or of any other Slavs but is ancient Ger tianizing of the Baltic Prussians by the Slavs, of western_I>Dmerania., by the Ger- man land. The name Silesia, on this d.ir.ection and with the -consent of the 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 14977 German Emperor and the Pope, proceed of the 14th century, the Lithuanians, had never been German, but had been ing in due course to organize the most taught by historic evidence of these taken from King Ladislas the Short in modern state of the Middle Ages. Poles, missionary methods, sought refuge in 1308 by the knights, who by then con in alliance with Lithuanians, invaded union with Poland. The great scholar trolled Danzig and other Pomeranian Prussia and inflicted a heavy defeat on A. Brueckner has contrasted German towns, having put their populations to the knights at GrUnwald. But the methods with those employed by Poland the sword. At the same time East Prus knights held on to East Prussia, al in the work of Christianization: sia became a fief of Poland-the Polish though the Polish King gained sover The Poles were pioneers of Christianity and king was henceforth known as "lord and eignty over it. Western Prussia, how culture among the Prussians; and if this heir of Prussia"-also in accordance with ever, was illegally incorporated into natural course had not suddenly ceased with historic tradition, for the Prussians had Poland by a coup d'etat performed at the the introduction of the knights, the Prus owed allegiance and paid tribute to Po Lublin diet of 1569. The links between sians would have become Christian as the land since the lOth century. So it be Lithuanians did, that is, without losing their Poland and East Prussia were finally national character in the process (Brueckner comes understandable that in the 16th broken in 1660, when the elector of A. Archiv fuer Slavische Philologie, XX, 1898, century a Polish envoy, Dantyszek, was Brandenburg, heir of the knights, won p. 481). able to convince Charles V that Prussia Prussia's complete independence from semper subftiisse regno Poloniae-Prus Poland. Laudatory terms, so lavishly used by sia was always subject to Poland. The facts of history are different. In the gentleman from Tennessee with re The subsequent partitions, in 1793 and the first place, there is no mention in gard· to the Teutonic knights, do not 1795, which gave Prussia Polish territory Mr. REECE's account of Poland's part in stand the test of history. as far as Warsaw, are justified by Mr. introducing the knights, although they The truth of history is that wherever REECE on the grounds that "it was largely could not have begun their action they were active, the knight's name was a question of preventing Russia from against the Prussians except by passing synonymous with violence, robbery, grabbing all of it." The well-known through Polish territory with the con murder, and Germanization, an object of American Historian, Prof. R. H. Lord, sent of the Polish ruler. In fact it was universal hatred. puts forward quite different Prussian the Duke Conrad of Mazovia-of the When in 1410, Ladislas Jagiello, King motives. He suggests that Frederick Piast dynasty-who in 1226 suggested of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, William was not afraid of Russia's that the knights come to Poland. He defeated the knights at Grunwald he growing preponderance in Poland; on did so because at the time Poland was was acting in defense of two countries the contrary, he regarded it as advan divided into duchies and was struggling which had united a quarter of a century tageous to Prussia. to acquire the Cracow throne, and so au earlier in face of the aggression of the He determined- thority over the whole country, for him order, whose presence on the Baltic self. To this end he wanted relief from ceased to have any justification after Says Professor Lord- the threat of incursions by the pagan the conversion of Lithuania. In 1409, without any real necessity or compulsion Prussians among whom, ever since the the archbishop of Gniezno, Michael Ku whatever, to exploit the situation in order to satisfy his long-repressed covetousness murder of St. Adalbert in 997, the Piasts rowski, warned the grand master of the for Polish territory. (R. H. Lord, The Sec had fostered Christian missionary ac order that aggression by the knights ond Partition of Poland, Cambridge, 1915, tivity. Conrad's invitation to the against Lithuania must provoke a Polish p. 496.) knights was an ill-considered move: he reaction, and was told in reply: had ignored the warning implicit in the I consequently prefer to strike at the head Against Mr. REECE's comments on the King of Hungary's expulsion of the or rather than at the members, and I will move Poles, "political gluttony" and ''dreams der from Transylvania, whither it had against Poland, a country populous and culti of aggrandizement" may be set the con been invited to convert the pagan vated, rather than against the Lithuanian sidered views of Professor Lord on Prus Kumans, for aggression, exclusiveness forest wildernesses. sian policy in Poland: and disloyalty in the previous year. Mr. REECE admits that the gentry and This policy- When he ejected them the Hungarian the Prussian townsmen-the so-called He says-- King complained that to him they had League of Lizards-were already in re been "like fire in the chest, a mouse in was essentially one of territorial and selfish volt against the oppression of the order aggrandizement. The great • • • was the the wallet, and a snake in the bosom." in 1454, when they sent a mission to acquisition of new territories in any quar The hiring of the knights to repel the Polish king to ask for the return to ter-Lusatia, Swedish Pomerania, Dantzic, pagan attacks was not unusual in the Poland of the lands seized by the knights. Great Poland, or the whole left bank of the Christian world at the time and certainly But it is not true that West Prussia, Vistula; acquisitions by any means. • • • did not affect Poland s sovereignty. which was joined to Poland by a personal This aggressive policy was not dictated, of When he granted the order property in course, by any ideas about Prussia's German union in 1466, was somehow illegally in Mission or the duty of recovering lands of the distlict of Chelm, Conrad could not corporated into Poland in 1569. In that German nationality. Its basis was simply foresee that the knights, contrary to all year the Sejm in Lublin extended Polish the conViction that this Prussian Monarchy law and their own undertakings, would law to West Prussia-leaving the area its must take on flesh and bulk, and acquire a transform their endowment into a sepa separate treasury and courts-and Prus defensible frontier. (R. H. Lord, The Second rate state, not only independent of sian deputies and senators present en Partition of Poland, Cambridge, 1915, pp. Poland but actively hostile toward her. dorsed the reform. 492-3.) The well-known German historian Roe Mr. REECE, who regards East Prussia as It would be difficult to find a more pel remarked that Conrad would im German land, and Poland's historic and telling answer. probably have divested himself of his legal claims to it as absurd, who mocks PLEBISCITES AND VOTES sovereign rights over the Chelm lands the Poles' use of the expression "re or over the Prussian lands which were gained territories," says that in the After a survey of history, reaching to be occupied by the knights. Subse partition of Poland in 1772, Prussia back into the Middle Ages, the gentleman quent historians maintain that the docu "merely regained the lands conquered by from Tennessee discussed at some length ment from Conrad produced by the Poland in the 15th and 16th centuries." the results of the plebiscites which took knights in self-justification was in fact place after the First World War. He forged. GERMANY'S PART IN THE PARTITIONS OF POLAND stated that the Treaty of Versailles "im Towns and the modern methods of Discussing the first partition-which posed these plebiscites upon several re which the gentleman from Tennes took place at the instigation of Frederick gions of East Germany!' It would seem see [Mr. REECE] speaks approvingly ll-Mr. REECE claims that in ''regaining" more appropriate to say that these were introduced into the Baltic coun tl:ese lands from Poland, Prussia was plebiscites were imposed upon Poland. tries by the knights at the cost of the only "repairing the partitioning of Prus Carried out in most unfavorable con physical and national extermination of sia in 1466." And yet the fact, not con ditions, they vittated in many cases the the indigeneous inhabitants, Prussians, cealed by Mr. REECE, is that the knights genuine feelings of the Polish population Latvians, and Samogitians. Baptism at began to conquer the land of the Prus of the territories concerned. the hands of the order involved in prac sians, who were Baits and not Germans, It is worth recalling that in the peace tice extinction of the national individu in 1230. At the Peace of Torun-1466- proposals, submitted to the German del ality of the converted. Towar.d the end Poland received back Pomerania, which egation on May 7, 1919, it was intended 14978 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE August 16 to transfer the whole of Upper Silesia by the veteran Socialist leader Tomasz roots in the German provinces and can no to Poland. The German delegation in Arciszewski, in 1944 lodged a solemn pro. longer just be turned out. Of course, there its counterproposals presented on the test against the seizure by Russia of the has never been any suggestion of that kind 29th of May, very strongly objected to eastern Provinces of Poland and against by any group of German expellees. this paragraph of the draft treaty. the subjection of the whole country to I believe that the Poles understand the Only with Upper Silesia- an ill-disguised Soviet domination. In meaning of these words. Since the over this protest, which was intended as an whelming majority of German refugees Stated the German memorandum appeal to the conscience of the Free have settled for good within the limits of can Germany fulfill the obligations arising World, there is not a single word about the Federal German Republic, there are from the war, but without it never. the present Western frontiers of Poland. relatively few Germans who would like When the German counterproposals In no circumstances could this declara· to return to the former eastern Provinces had been examined, the British Prime tion of the Polish Government be made of the Reich. The hard labor of the mil Minister Mr. Lloyd George advised that to serve the purposes of those who are lions of Poles who are living and toiling a plebiscite should be held in Upper Si· trying to impugn these frontiers. there would be badly needed if German lesia. President Wilson, rather reluct· The gentleman from Tennessee was no revisionists had their way. Thus, the antly and after some hesitation gave his better advised in quoting an opinion, new cloak of noble humanitarianism assent. He stated, however, that "the falsely attributed to General Anders, the "stay, where you are"-covers the old people in Upper Silesia were entirely gallant Polish military leader. It ap German expansion, eager to conquer dominated by a small number of mag· pears that the general most emphatically both land and people. nates and capitalists," and that his ex denies having expressed such views. In I agree with the gentleman from Ten perts "did not believe that a free plebi· a letter to Congressman REECE, which nessee that the present situation is scite was possible in these conditions" has since been made public, General fraught with dangers. The very fact The Paris Peace Conference, volume VI, Anders stated: that the Sov~et Union, alone among the pages 147 and the following. To enforce your point of view you quoted big powers, did recognize the present The cautious judgment of the Presi an opinion which was falsely described a.s western frontiers of Poland is bound to dent and of his American advisers was the text of an interview which I allegedly increase Poland's dependence on Russia. fully vindicated by the event. German gave on December 14, 1946. This opinion If the Western Powers would join in an ascribed to me was, it is true, published at big landowners and industrial magnates that date in Die Tat. It was completely explicit recognition of that frontier, they exerted a very strong pressure on the untrue and the editors of Die Tat were im would greatly assist the Polish nation, working people of Upper Silesia. Coer· mediately informed of the fact, while the anxious to secure genuine independence tion and intimidation reinforced the Polish Press in the free world at once pub and would earn the deep gratitude of dominant influence of the German Cath lished my official denial. For instance the many peoples behind the Iron Curtain. olic hierarchy, headed by the Archbishop Polish dailies in London: Dziennik Polski, I would wish to strike a note of warn of Breslau-Wroclaw-Cardinal Bert· Dziennik Zolnierza, and Slowo Polskie on ram. At the plebiscite, held on March January 1, 1947, gave the statement on ing. It is true that words cannot shift the utter falsity of this alleged interview. frontiers. But careless talk here might 20, 1921, many Pol~s cast their vote The same was printed by the weekly Orzel under duress. For many of those 479,000 only nourish dangerous illusions in Ger Bialy at that time. many. It could embolden the extrem who voted for Poland the vote was an Moreover, the editor of Die Tat in a letter act of self-abnegation and great moral dated as recently as July 6, 1955, has ex ists among the Germans and distil the courage. pressed his regret for the incident. heady spirit of German nationalism The plebiscite in East Prussia was car· which has cost the world so much. General Anders is very outspoken on Let us not try to undermine a ter ried out at a very critical moment-July the subject of the present Polish-Ger· 1920-when the Red army stood at the man frontier. He says in his letter: ritorial settlement which has come to gates of Warsaw. The population stay. Let us not discourage millions of stricken with terror voted under the For my part, during all these years, in public appearances, radio speeches, and press people who are deeply attached to it. threat of imminent danger. Fear is publications I have repeatedly emphasized They are our friends, as they still believe sometimes the worst adviser. Before my conviction of the intrinsic justice and in freedom and democracy. Driven to Poland, engaged in deadly struggle, won inviolability of the present Polish western despair by a lack of understanding on our the decisive battle on the Vistula, the frontiers. part, they could fall victims of bitter dis vote was cast. That part of East Prussia LOOKING FORWARD illusionment and that vital part of the was safe for Germany, as a springboard There is not much, indeed, I would for a future invasion of Poland. old Continent of Europe would be lost wish to add. To my mind the position is forever. SOUND POLISH VOICES clear. Poles in Poland, and Poles living Let us face the future with courage Contradicted by history and by factual in the Free World speak with one voice. They do not admit the possibility of a and imagination. One day the waves of evidence, the gentleman from Tennessee the Soviet flood will recede to the East. patiently pursued his search for acts or peaceful revision of the present western declarations which might help to invali· frontiers. And after all their ordeals A new pattern of things will emerge in date the present frontier on the Oder· and tribulations they will not be deluded central-eastern Europe. Let us hope it Neisse line. In this laborious pursuit, he by the alluring words we have heard may bring a better and happier world, was however ill-advised to quote the his here from the honorable gentleman. based on the foundation of four free toric protest of the Polish Government Mr. REECE said: doms: freedom of expression, freedom of in exile against the decisions of the Yalta The argument is sometimes advanced that belief, freedom from want, and freedom Conference. That government, headed the newly settled Poles • • • have struck from fear.
May all speak justly, yet charitably; THE JOURNAL SENATE with courage of conviction, yet with a On request of Mr. MANSFIELD, and by readiness to be informed; always mindful unanimous consent, the Journal of the FRIDAY, AUGUST 16, 1957 of the tremendous responsibility that is proceedings of Thursday, August 15, theirs, and always worthy of the trust The Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m. 1957, was approved, and its reading was that has been given them. dispensed with. Rev. W. Louis Quinn, assistant pas· During these troublesome and difficult tor, st. Matthew's Cathedral, Washing· times, let this country of ours shine forth ton, D. C., offered the following prayer: to all nations not only as a beacon of hope but as an example of the peace and MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT We ask Thee, Almighty God, so to en harmony that exist when the rights Messages in writing from the Presi lighten and move the minds and hearts Thou hast given to every individual are dent of the United States submitting of those who deliberate here today that acknowledged and respected. nominations were communicated to the the good of all our fellow citizens will be May Thy blessing be with us always. Senate by Mr. Ratchford, one of his the result. Amen. secretaries.