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The History of Spaceflight Q U a R T E R 2018 ‑ Volume 25 ‑ No. 1 spacehistory101.com THE HISTORY OF SPACEFLIGHT QUARTERLY AN INTERVIEW WITH GERALD P. CARR, FINAL SKYLAB COMMANDER SENATOR ROBERT KERR AND SpacE, 1961-1962 DEaf PERspECTIVE: INsiDE VIEW OF EARLY SpacE RESEARCH SpacE HisTORY IN THE WIDER VIEW —THE HisTORY OF QUEST, PART III Contents Volume 25 • Number 1 2018 www.spacehistory101.com QUEST AT 25 BOOK REVIEWS 3 Space History in the Wider View: 64 The New Gold Rush: The Riches of Space The History of Quest, Part III Beckons! By David Christopher Arnold Book by Joseph Pelton Review by Scott Sacknoff 9 Why I Fell in Love with Quest: 65 Breaking the Chains of Gravity: The Story The Publisher’s Perspective of Spaceflight before NASA By Scott Sacknoff Book by Amy Shira Teitel Review by Paul E. Ceruzzi FEATURES 66 Spaceflight in the Shuttle Era and Beyond: 12 Deaf Perspective: Inside View of Early Space Redefining Humanity’s Purpose in Space Research Book by Valerie Neal By Jean Lindquist Bergey Review by John Sislin 29 Snapshot of a Shifting Senate: 67 Satellite: Innovation in Orbit Senator Robert Kerr and Space, 1961-1962 Book by Doug Millard By Wendy N. Whitman Cobb Review by Scott Sacknoff 68 The Canadian Space Program: From Black Brant to the International Space Station RAL ISTORY O H Book by Andrew B. Godefroy 41 An Interview with Gerald P. Carr, Final Review by Christopher Gainor Skylab Commander Interview by Kevin M. Rusnak FRONT COVER CAPTION Photograph taken from the hatch into the airlock module looking the length of the Skylab Orbital Workshop. Gibson and Carr look up the passageway with trash bags around them. Credit: NASA ISSN 1065-7738 The editorial office of Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly (ISSN 1065-7738) is located at the ISBC, 6615 Hillandale Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6424. E-mail quest@space- history101.com for information regarding submission of articles or letters to the editor. Quest is published quarterly, four times per year by the International Space Business Council LLC, 6615 Hillandale Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6424 USA. Periodical postage paid at Bethesda, Maryland, and additional offices. Postmaster: Send all inquiries, letters, and changes of address to Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly, P.O. Box 5752, Bethesda, MD 20824-5752 USA. ©2018 International Space Business Council LLC, All Rights Reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. Printed in the United States of America. F EATURE Deaf Perspective: Inside View of Early Space Research By Jean Lindquist Bergey School for the Deaf in Rome, and sick. the Florida School for the Deaf in Visual, vestibular, and In the mid-1950s the United St. Augustine. A prolific letter somatosensory systems impact spa- States Naval School of Aviation writer, Greenmun performed exten- tial disorientation and motion sick- Medicine (NSAM) in Pensacola, sive duties as secretary-treasurer for ness. What we see, combined with Florida, conducted tests on motion the National Association of the Deaf how our inner ear organs interpret sickness with at least two deaf peo- for 18 years.2 motion, equilibrium, and spatial ori- ple, Pauline (Polly) Hicks and Directing the motion sickness entation, along with what is sensed Robert (Bob) Greenmun. research was Captain Ashton in terms of pressure, pain, or Information on Hicks’ time as a test Graybiel, MC, USN, (1902-1995), a warmth/cold throughout the body subject is scant, but Greenmun noted cardiologist who led studies (as opposed to a specific organ) all remained involved in studies on for the NSAM and the National are connected to motion sickness. A motion sickness, equilibrium, and Aeronautics and Space Naval Aerospace Medical Research weightlessness for more than a Administration (NASA) on how Laboratory report explained: decade. In the 1960s, 11 more deaf spaceflight impacts the human body. “The vestibular system is the people signed on to serve as test From 1936 to 1943, Graybiel only sensory system devoted subjects in studies for which they worked at Harvard University’s exclusively to the detection of were uniquely qualified. Fatigue Laboratory developing acceleration. Secondary infor- Greenmun provided a record methods for measuring cardiovascu- mation is supplied by vision and of this research through vivid let- lar performance. His coauthored somatosensory information ters about his experience. As a deaf book “Electrocardiography in from skin, muscle, and joint. person, calling home to tell his Practice” served as a text for med- The pivotal role played by the family what he experienced was ical students and doctors from the vestibular system is evidenced not an option. Communication at 1940s to the 1960s. He authored or by the absolute immunity to that time had to be in writing. coauthored hundreds of publica- motion sickness in individuals Through descriptive correspon- tions.3 The Ashton Graybiel with nonfunctioning vestibular dence Greenmun painted an insid- Spatial Orientation Laboratory at end organs. All other individu- er’s picture of early studies on the Brandeis University in Waltham, als are susceptible to motion physical effects of space travel from Massachusetts, is named in his sickness.”5 the perspective of a human test sub- honor. ject. Greenmun’s letters, photo- Preventing motion sickness Greenmun had this “absolute graphs, and movies have been that could threaten spaceflight immunity” and participated in donated to Gallaudet University for became an area of study that extensive studies on motion sick- exhibition use by the Drs. John S. brought Graybiel into contact with ness and how it could physically and and Betty J. Schuchman Deaf Greenmun. Graybiel described the cognitively impact astronauts dur- Documentary Center and preserva- research as “designed to demon- ing space travel. tion in Gallaudet University’s Deaf strate difference between persons What follows are text selec- Collections and Archives. with and without organs of equilib- tions from Greenmun’s and Greenmun (1913-1970) became rium.”4 It is exactly the lack of func- Graybiel’s letters. Each section deaf at the age of 12.1 Graduating tioning organs of equilibrium—the addresses a new topic, study, or from Gallaudet College (now semicircular canals and the otolith issue. Text, taken mostly from University) in 1936, he went on to organs—that made Greenmun so typed letters, is chronological within teach at the Ohio School for the valuable to the studies. He could each topic. Brackets indicate a note Deaf in Columbus, the New York endure tests that made most subjects for clarity. Q U E S T 25:1 2018 12 www.spacehistory101.com The Slow Rotation Room (SRR) ture, but I think it has to do with On 27 July 1959, Greenmun physical control under condi- wrote to Polly Hicks, and copied tions of constant rotation. The the letter to his family. He describes centrifuge rotates rather slowly a Slow Rotation Room (SRR) that but fast enough to keep you a could turn at constant velocities of bit unsteady on your feet. up to 20 RPM. Captain Graybiel told me that it made most people quite * * * uncomfortable, but that he did- Dear Pol, Since you are the n’t think it would bother me. original Pensacola Guinea Pig, Well, while we were in the and are no doubt biting your room, Dr. Brant Clark, who is nails with impatience to know running this project, locked us whatall is going on up here that in! Captain Graybiel told me they didn’t let you in on, I am that while it was rotating we addressing this to you...This should seek support when mov- will be mostly concerned with ing about. At the time he was your ex-job as [at] a Naval sitting down holding an over- Experimental Station...I’ll tell head crossbar and gritting his you how I’m going to be a teeth for dear life, and looking Robert Greenmun in a centrifuge chair. Navy Big Wheel… very uncomfortable, and it sud- Photo courtesy of James Greenmun. There is a working model denly dawned on me that we of the HDD [Human had been in motion even while Disorientation Device—test he was talking. Darned if we either foot and your eyes equipment that can simultane- hadn’t! I never even realized it, closed. There is a tiny sink. ously tip riders vertically and and had been walking all over There is a place where you can horizontally] in the hall by the room inspecting it. go when you have to go. There Capt. Graybiel’s office, and it is I’ll try to describe the room, is an intercom, dials, lights, an awesome thing. but I lack Polly’s gift for mak- fuse boxes, various controls Now for the wheel. ing the humdrum exciting, and that looks like something out of Remember the human cen- the painful experiences gleeful Rube Goldberg. trifuge? It’s been modified, episodes so enjoyable that and how! They’ve built a everyone who hears about them * * * roughly circular room on the is wild to have his eyeballs Greenmun mentioned the center of the platform… full of stitched or his insides swirled “stitching of eyeballs” in a few let- more gadgets than I can possi- around, or to stand on his head ters. While a complete picture of bly enumerate in this letter… and whistle Yankee Doodle. As the procedure is unclear, it seems That room is to be my home I said, it is full of gadgets. One that threads attached to the eyes away from home for some time is a seat with hydraulic con- enabled researchers to more closely to come, sometimes for two or trols—you lie flat and suddenly watch for any nystagmus or move- three days at a time.
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