Preservation, Education, and Commemoration of Naval History Vol. 51, No. 2 Spring/Summer 2012 PULL TOGETHER Newsletter of the Naval Historical Foundation

Dudley Knox

Our Vanishing History and Traditions

Also in the issue: Message from the Chairman, p. 2; Navy Museum News, pp. 15-18; Naval History News, pp. 22-25; News from the NHF, pp. 26-31. Message From the Chairman

I want to open my remarks with a salute to Vice Adm. Bob Dunn, who stepped down after 14 years as president of the Naval Historical Foundation. Bob steered the Foundation through some tumultuous times in the wake of the attacks of 9/11 over a decade ago and today the organization is as robust as ever, with a greater outreach to academia and the retired Navy community to provide historical resources to the active duty Sailor. Under Bob’s stewardship, the Foundation conducted its fi rst capital campaign, raising funds for a series of exhibits for the Cold War Gallery—the most recent being entitled “Into The Lion’s Den.” We then parlayed those exhibits into educational outreach to America’s high schools through a STEM-H teacher fellowship program now in its second year. If you contributed to this program, thank you again!

Vice Admiral Robert F. Dunn with Admiral Bruce DeMars in the Cold War Gallery

To relieve Vice Adm. Dunn, who will remain on the board of directors, the NHF members voted at the recent annual meeting to accept the nomination of Rear Adm. John Mitchell to serve as our president. Rear Adm. Mitchell is a retired Engineering Duty Offi cer who has served two years on the Board and who has a pedigree of corporate experience.

John has been providing the NHF with sage advice as a member of our Executive Working Group. He looks forward to building closer ties with the Navy, our partner organizations, and our most valued asset, our members.

With regards to the Navy, we heartily welcome Capt. Jerry Hendrix, who recently took the helm at the Naval History and Heritage Command. At our June board meeting he received a vote of support and confi dence following his overview of the challenges and opportunities his command is facing in the coming years. Most welcome was his announcement of the reestablishment of the SecNav Advisory Subcommittee on Naval History to provide input to Navy leaders.

Because new leadership is now in place at both NHF and NHHC, the theme of this edition of Pull Together—“Our Vanishing History and Traditions”—is timely. The challenges Dudley Knox faced and how he met them are well worth reviewing. Though his 1926 article that led to the establishment of the Naval Historical Foundation focuses on written records, it turns out Knox was involved in all aspects of preserving naval history and thus it was during his tenure as president of the NHF that Adm. Arleigh Burke signed the directive establishing the Navy Museum. With your support, the NHF remains committed to supporting our Navy story through education, preservation, and commemoration.

Bruce DeMars

2 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 1

By Captain Dudley W. Knox, U.S. Navy, Retired

due to glaring defi ciencies in our continued to destroy shipping in written naval history, which in their increasing totals on the sea. In turn arise from the extraordinary in- a military sense, this meant that accessibility of authentic sources. the Americans were infl icting The general condition is best il- heavy damage upon the British, lustrated by reference to the Revo- while the British were fi nding lutionary War, in which it has been themselves unable to do damage claimed that we had more sailors en- to the Americans. gaged than soldiers. At all events the spontaneous uprising on the sea was We are compelled to the conclu- on a scale quite comparable to that sion that a military situation like ashore. Its general character has been this could not exist through all described by Captain T. G. Frothing- the years of trial, unless there ham, secretary of the Massachusetts was a strong surge underneath. Military Historical Society in the fol- Such a determined resistance of lowing words: a people must mean a mighty im- pelling . We must recognize The dogged resistance of the this military test as proving that he early history of any great Americans was maintaining this the rising' of our ancestors was nation is not only of espe- successful defence at home in one of the instinctive primitive cial interest to succeeding the face of military defeats in set movements of a people which Tgenerations, but also of vi- battles, and, in addition, it must can be brought about only where tal constructive value to the progress be kept in, mind that, with the long continued causes have pro- of the world, because the youthful British thus brought to an im- duced the inevitable effect of virile stage of development most passe in the American colonies, creating an irresistible force. clearly marks the fundamental the Americans themselves were This force was the spirit of our which have been at work. When we able to carry on an offensive, ancestors, created by their inborn look forward several hundred years which was doing decisive harm instinct for self-government, and and vision the maturity of the United to Great Britain. It is a fact that this should be emphasized at our States―her magnitude in all things the real offensive of the Ameri- coming anniversary observances. material and her leadership in all can colonies was on the sea, things cultural and spiritual we be- where the American privateers The importance of the naval side gin to realize how important it is to were taking such an unprecedent- (including irregular forces) of the the advancement of civilization that ed toll of British commerce that Revolution is manifest. Why has no the record of the origins and early these heavy losses to the British comprehensive history of all this na- development of this potential giant merchants were bringing about val activity ever been written? The of a country should be carefully pre- the demands in Parliament to let explanation is very simple. Many of served. the Americans go. It is not gen- the records, of course, have been lost, A great deal is now being done to erally understood, but our whole but hundreds of thousands of others this end in many fi elds of American offensive strength, in the true still in existence are so badly scat- history, but, unfortunately, much less military sense of doing damage tered as to make it almost impossible in the naval fi eld than in any other to the enemy, was thus upon the to fi nd and collate the information one of importance. The infl uence of sea, and the widespread losses which they contain and to piece to- naval and maritime affairs upon the infl icted upon British commerce gether anything approaching a com- course of the nation's history has provided the argument for setting plete history of what occurred. For- been very much greater than can pos- free an obstinate people, who not tunately there are a number of large sibly be recognized by the average only had shown that they refused collections of Revolutionary docu- person. This is, undoubtedly, largely to submit on the land, but also ments in state archives and in the

1 This article is an abridged version of the original published in the January 1926 Naval Institute Proceedings.

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 3 fi les of historical societies and librar- naval archives. New material is con- offi cial fi les as belonging to the offi - ies. But probably the greater num- stantly coming to light. Only within cer himself. Upon the detachment of ber are distributed in small groups the last few days the writer learned an offi cer of rank, he seems to have among thousands of small libraries, of three groups of very early manu- taken the fi les of his offi ce with him, county court houses, small historical script, one of them containing about as a matter of course. This practice societies, and private collectors. 1,000 documents, which have been continued even after the Civil War. Recognizing this unsatisfactory in a garret or otherwise inaccessible The thirty volume printed Offi cial situation, Congress appropriated for more than a hundred years. Every Records of the Union and Confed- $30,000 in 1913 for the purpose of effort is being made to obtain at least erate Navies could not have been photographing the scattered Revo- copies of these before they are acci- made even approximately complete lutionary military and naval docu- dentally burned or sold and scattered without reference to the thousands of ments and making a federal collec- to the four winds. originally offi cial documents in the tion of copies which would be suf- One might imagine that after personal possession of nearly every fi ciently complete to serve histori- the adoption of the Constitution and offi cer, who had served in command cal needs. The commission which the formation of the existing feder- rank during the Civil War. started this work very soon decided al government, pains were taken to Many large collections of this that their funds would limit efforts to keep reasonably complete offi cial kind were temporarily loaned to the a few states, and decided to concen- naval fi les. But such is unfortunately Navy Department for the purpose of trate upon Massachusetts, , not true. The case is illustrated by the being copied, preliminary to print- and North Carolina. Even in this re- recent discovery of an offi cial report ing, and then returned to the owner. stricted fi eld it was found impossible made in 1815 by the Board of Navy All papers could not be printed. For- to be thorough. For example, all that Commissioners to the Secretary tunately some of the most important could be done in Massachusetts was of the Navy, by special request of large collections, such as the Farra- to photostat from the state archives the latter. This important document gut, Porter, Dahlgren, Goldsborough, the Massachusetts making a general survey and broad Davis, McKean, Mervine, Wise, and minutes, orders, and letters (2,914 recommendations respecting the Macomb papers were donated and documents) and from the Harvard whole naval establishment―navy are now carefully preserved in the University Library, Hamilton's Jour- yards, ships, personnel, laws, and so offi cial archives. Others were placed nal of the Vincennes Expedition (77 forth―remained in the possession on indefi nite loan and in that status documents). In the Harvard Library of descendants of one of the Board have been at least available for refer- alone, to say nothing of hundreds of of Navy Commissioners until very ence for a number of years, though other sources of Revolutionary ma- recently when it was donated to the when the owners or their heirs wish terial within the state of Massachu- public archives. This is merely one them back, the Government will be setts, there must remain thousands of of a great number of similar cases in the anomalous position of having documents which could not be cop- which could be cited to demonstrate to give up to private individuals what ied. The commission ceased its work the wide dispersion and deplorable are in fact the originals of offi cial his- in 1914 on account of exhaustion of inaccessibility of the offi cial sources torical records. In the course of a few funds. of naval history and tradition; a con- generations most of such papers in Whether Congress will ever re- dition resulting from old customs private hands are inevitably burned, new appropriations for the comple- rather than any culpability on the rat-eaten, lost, rotted, scattered, or tion of the task of collecting originals part of individuals. sold to persons whose addresses are or copies of Revolutionary historical In the old days there was nothing diffi cult to determine. Naval history documents is doubtful. The necessity approaching modern fi ling systems and tradition vanish with them. of doing so much photostating makes or regulations regarding offi cial cor- But history and tradition are the work expensive, which diffi culty respondence and records. Personal by no means limited to what may might be largely overcome by the use idiosyncrasy more than any other be contained in offi cial correspon- of some such device as the recent in- factor governed both the method of dence. Personal letters very often vention of Admiral Fiske permitting fi ling and the fi nal disposition of pa- give more interesting sidelights and the ready reading of extremely small pers, and it has been said that there greater detail to important affairs. As type, and therefore a great reduc- were few qualities which the “old- a refl ection of the morale, discipline, tion in the size of the photostat copy. timers” were more famous for than manner of living, and customs, they Meantime efforts are being made to a degree of eccentricity. The fact are incomparable. They are the best induce private collectors to donate that commanding offi cers often had source of establishing the vital ele- originals or copies of Revolutionary fi nancial responsibilities in connec- ment of the “state of mind” of naval manuscript and pictures, and in this tion with their duties was doubtless personnel during war and peace. way, considerable progress recently a large infl uence in the custom of In the past there has been less has been made in building up the considering what we now regard as attention to this class of documents

4 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 than their real value warrants, and of the branch offi ces and naval sta- ness of a large number of persons. the number available for examina- tions outside of Washington, and Only a few weeks ago, while motor- tion is correspondingly small. The many of the American Consulates ing near Narragansett Pier, the writer reluctance which many persons feel abroad, have quantities of “dead” accidentally stopped at an old farm to violating the privacy of personal and forgotten fi les of no administra- house and quite unexpectedly found letters by placing them in public ar- tive value which properly belong in in the front parlor the naval historical chives can always be obviated by the central archives. The writer has document of the repro- special arrangements for safeguard- been told of a recent “fi nd” of naval duced on another page herein. When ing their confi dential nature until manuscript pertaining to the Barbary the owner's attention was called to its after the passage of several genera- War in the fi les of the Consulate of historical value he was kind enough tions, or other specifi ed time. . to have it photostated at his own ex- The foregoing is intended main- But the completion of a national pense and the copy forwarded to the ly to indicate the existing danger of archive building does not seem prob- Navy Department. It is in such ways losing permanently some of our most able for a number of years. Mean- that the service could be helpful in valuable naval history and tradition time the Navy Department is mak- building up the central source of our because of the very wide dispersion ing efforts toward getting its own history. of manuscript sources. This condi- historical documents in some kind There also are other ways. In al- tion renders it practically impossible of order. About thirty-fi ve years ago most every naval family of maturity to collate the needful information for the “dead” fi les of the Secretary of there are to be found papers which any comprehensive works on naval the Navy up to 1885 were transferred would be of much value to the offi - history which will do justice to the to the Offi ce of Naval Records and cial archives. The importance of per- Navy and the nation, and, moreover, now form the nucleus of the Navy's sonal letters containing references greatly adds to the probability of de- historical archives. After this fi rst to naval life and incidents has been struction of the documents. It is man- step little was done in the way of ar- pointed out above. In addition the ifestly desirable that such valuable chiving (many papers being received private fi les often include diaries and records should be accumulated into but merely stored) until after the copies of important offi cial reports, a few large collections, systemati- World War when Congress appro- the originals of which may have been cally archived, and properly secured priated money for collecting, fi ling, lost. For example, two years ago an against fi re and other risks. and indexing naval documents per- inquiry from a participant in the fi rst Perhaps the greatest forward step taining to that war. While the World Boxer Relief Expedition of 1900 led which could now be taken to this end War papers are being thus archived to a search being made for the offi - is the erection of the government ar- a simultaneous effort is also being cial report of the commander of the chive building in Washington, which made to fi ll in the gap between 1885 American contingent. Documents already has been authorized by Con- and 1917, and further to add to the of so late a date not having yet been gress, but for which construction archives of older date, many papers turned over to the Offi ce of Records, funds still remain to be appropriated. previously overlooked or subse- reference was made to the original The completion of such a building quently accumulated. It is estimated bureau fi les, but the report could not would seem certain to stimulate pub- that the Offi ce of Naval Records now be found. There was evidence of the lic interest in the general question of contains about one million docu- original report having been received the preservation of historical records ments of dates previous to 1885, and and lost and the commandant at and to persuade many private col- is thus much the largest single de- Cavite having been asked to forward lectors to deposit historical manu- pository for old naval manuscript in a duplicate. If he did so, the dupli- script in the great central archives. the country. cate also was lost. Inquiry was then A further advantage will be provi- However diligent the Navy De- made of other participants for data, sion for adequate space in which to partment may be in bringing together and Captain Courtney very kindly make accessible in a systematic way and archiving such records as are donated his private diary, which as huge quantities of old manuscript now in the custody of branches of subsequent events proved contained now boxed up and stored by the the naval establishment and of other photographs and many details not several government departments in government departments, it can nev- included in the offi cial report. After basements and numerous other odd er adequately safeguard our early his- a two-year search a copy of the lat- places. For example, large numbers tory and tradition without the interest ter was fi nally discovered among the of documents pertaining to naval his- and aid of offi cers and the relatives private papers of one of the heirs of tory are now contained in the store of former offi cers. Old documents its author. rooms of the State, War, Treasury, are too widely scattered and their A similar case is that of the na- and other departments. Similarly location too little known to permit val operations at Vera Cruz in April each of the various bureaus and of- the discovery of any great number of and May of 1914. Very recent careful fi ces of the Navy Department, many them without the constant watchful- search of Navy and State Department

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 5 fi les failed to disclose a single docu- into large public collections. Almost fi ce of Naval Records (which has ment pertaining to the naval land- every second-hand bookseller car- no funds for the purchase of manu- ing and occupation of that city. The ries a stock of manuscript, and there script) and therefore can hardly be unfortunate custom which has lately are frequent sales at auction of much expected to aid the latter by buying prevailed of burning ships' fi les of historically valuable material that was old naval manuscript. But they may supposedly no historical value prob- originally the equivalent of what we have opportunities of discouraging ably means that there are no records now consider as offi cial fi les. Among the sale of old collections, or of hav- of the important Vera Cruz operations papers recently seen in the stock of a ing them photostated before being except such as may remain among second-hand dealer were some twenty sold, or of encouraging some large the personal papers of offi cers. In the offi cial letter-books of the command- library or historical society to buy Department's historical archives (not er of a blockade squadron during the them. A service will be done the Of- administrative fi les) they would be Civil War. Another dealer has for sale fi ce of Naval Records by notifying it secure against loss. the offi cial notifi cation from the Sec- of the discovery of old historical ma- It is easy to understand the reluc- retary of the Navy to the commander- terial, so that at least a record of its tance which most persons feel over in-chief on the coast of California that existence and location may be kept. parting with family papers. But the the War with Mexico had terminated. Viewing the whole question sentimental aspects of this question The old offi cial documents are, broadly the rescue from loss and the appear to be outweighed by practical of course, more badly needed to subsequent preservation of our Navy's advantages to the owners themselves. complete the offi cial sources of his- history and traditions depends primar- The security of the precious docu- tory and tradition than any other kind ily upon the degree of interest felt ments is far greater when placed in of material. The older the documents, by naval offi cers and the relatives of public archives, where former offi cers. If keen they are usually also interest in the matter more accessible for ref- exists, offi cial and un- erence by members of offi cial ways and means the family. But perhaps will be exerted toward the greatest advan- fi lling the great gaps tage of all is that they in manuscript sources. are brought into close Undoubtedly, the pres- relation with a large ent lack of general inter- number of other papers est is due to a miscon- upon the same subjects, ception of the condition thus making possible of the naval archives, a proper understand- which it is the principal ing of the compara- purpose of this paper to tively few documents correct. otherwise held out of The author of a re- the main collection. cent book on old mer- Among family papers chant marine affairs there are often a few of this continent says: of outstanding personal “I have been collect- interest, such as letters ing information on the of commendation. In subject for many years. such cases a photostat But owing to the fact copy is almost as sat- that fi rst-hand sources isfactory for the public archives as the greater will be their accession of information were rapidly vanish- the original document. In all cases a value since it is in our earlier history ing, I have hastened the task of com- photostat reproduction is much bet- that the greatest gaps exist. From pilation in the hope that the publica- ter than no copy at all for the Depart- the beginning of the Revolution to tion of this record might result in an ment's historical archives. the year 1798 is the most important effort being made by public bodies to One of the greatest enemies of na- period of all, not only because of its preserve whatever remains of inter- val history is the private collector of antiquity but also on account of a fi re est and value in connection with the manuscript and old pictures. Due to in 1800 which destroyed most of the old-time shipping.” His plea can he these faddists probably more histori- fi les of the War Department, which applied with equal justice to the case cal records are now being dispersed had administered the Navy under the of our vanishing sources of naval beyond the reach of the research Constitution until 1798. Most naval history and traditions. worker than are fi nding their way offi cers are poorer even than the Of-

6 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 1

By Rear Admiral Strauss, U.S. Navy (Retired)

aptain Knox’s essay is an largely to the lack of a fi xed abode for for the purchase of such collections. appeal to all Americans those who have taken an active part Bequests and donations to a fund who may possess, by in its operation. Naval families move for this purpose would be made if Cinheritance or otherwise, here and there, and the expense and the worthiness of its aim were fully documents that would throw light trouble of caring for papers becomes understood and appreciated. Captain on our naval and maritime past, to a burden so that from time to time Knox’s essay would be a good secure their preservation by sending there is a “cleaning out” and many beginning to a campaign toward that them to responsible national custody. are destroyed. They should be sent end. For the present, at least, the Offi ce of to the archives of the Government, Napoleon ascribed his great Naval War Records should receive there to be kept or destroyed as the military success to memory rather them. Some day we may have a great superior judgment of the archivist than to reason. History must teach us Hall of Records where such precious determines. what to do both in national affairs as documents may be deposited. 2 From time to time, valuable well as in the conduct of campaigns; Considering the capital part our collections of naval manuscripts are every contribution to recorded history Navy has played in the history of our offered for sale. It has been suggested is therefore of prime importance. country, the literature on the subject that a trust fund be built up, the is singularly meager. This is due interest from which could be used

1 Comment appeared following the Knox article in the January 1926 edition. 2 The National Archives Building would be completed in 1935.

The Naval Historical Foundation owes its genesis to the Knox article and Strauss comment calling for the establishment of a trust fund to purchase items of naval historical signifi cance. Above is a check from the U.S. Naval Institute as a fi rst step for such a fund. Today the Naval Historical Foundation continues to acquire, when feasible, such items―most recently, a Civil War naval surgeon’s diary and a War of 1812 period pistol.

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 7 A Collector’s View By Vice Adm. George W. Emery, U.S. Navy (Retired)

n a thoughtful essay published and fi nally to notify the Navy of the assessment of written naval history in the U.S. Naval Institute existence and whereabouts of the as it is available to today’s public. Proceedings of 15 January 1926, documents they discover. It’s a timely subject as we begin the ICapt. Dudley Knox decries the I have been asked to comment celebration of the 200th anniversary dearth of records of the early Navy, on Captain Knox’s essay from of the War of 1812. And it’s a particularly documents refl ecting the the standpoint of one of the great relevant subject because the seed history of the . enemies of naval history: that is, a of my interest in collecting and Knox laments the general collector. cataloging printed and manuscript public’s unawareness of the One collector cannot speak documents related to the early Navy infl uence of the Navy on “the course for hundreds of others, but he can was generated by the written naval of the nation’s history.” He attributes speak from his experience and may history available a half-century after this lack of awareness to “glaring compare the availability and quality Captain Knox published his essay. defi ciencies in our written naval of written naval history and the The germination of my collection history, which in turn arise from accessibility of historical documents arose from the pen of one of the extraordinary inaccessibility of in this the second decade of the 21st America’s best-known defenders of authentic sources.” century with that of the third decade a navy, Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan, In the course of his essay of the 20th century. USN, author of The Infl uence of Sea Knox turns to the collector as a Let me begin with a personal Power Upon History 1660-1783 fundamental reason that (Boston, 1890). While documents of value in rereading Mahan’s treatise recording the Navy’s in the mid-1970s I decided history are extraordinarily I had to fi nd his sources, inaccessible. particularly those of naval tactics of the sailing era. One of the greatest Being often in London enemies of naval on Navy business I soon history is the discovered many of the private collector of city’s used bookshops. manuscript and old And my collecting days photos. Due to these began. faddists probably more Rather than a dearth historical records are of written naval history now being dispersed as lamented by Knox in beyond the reach of 1926, there was plenty the research worker of naval than are fi nding their history available to me in way into large public the 1970s as I gradually collections accumulated and read Mahan’s works. For He pleads for naval example, William Bell offi cers to get involved Clark had brought the in the salvation of Navy of the Revolutionary naval history. When War to life since Knox opportunities arise he wrote his essay with urges them to discourage works like Ben Franklin’s the sale of old collections, Privateers (Louisiana to encourage fi rst making Author (right) with NHF Executive Director Captain State University [LSU] copies of them if they Todd Creekman and NHHC Senior Historian Dr. Press, 1956) and George must be sold, to encourage Michael Crawford displaying a 19th Century naval Washington’s Navy (LSU libraries or historical document that the NHF acquired for the Navy Press, 1960). Samuel Eliot societies to buy them, with the author’s assistance. Morison contributed the

8 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 superb , A Sailor’s Reformer of the Antebellum Navy Naval Documents of the American Biography in 1959 and William (University Press of Florida, 2006); Revolution was published under James Morgan published Captains to Ian Toll’s masterful history of the the able editorship of William Bell the Northward in the same year. founding of the Navy, Six Frigates Clark. Since that year 10 additional There were also many fi ne (W.W. Norton, 2006); and George volumes have been published, the histories of the Federal Navy, that Daughan’s splendid history, If By Sea most recent, edited by historian is, the Navy spawned from George (New York, 2008) and more recently Michael Crawford, in 2005. Washington’s 1794 decision to build his prize-winning title, 1812: The Knox’s vision of a documentary the fi rst frigates. One of the best in Navy’s War (New York, 2011). And series recording the offi cial history of covering the history of the Quasi- these are just a few. the War of 1812, a vision expressed War Navy was Eugene Ferguson’s So, perhaps I could have in his preface to the fi rst volume of Truxtun of the Constellation (The convinced Captain Knox that well- the Barbary war series, did not make Johns Hopkins Press, 1956). Among written printed history of the United its appearance until volume one was those bringing a scholarly treatment States Navy had dramatically published under William Dudley’s of the maturing Navy of the Barbary matured and multiplied since 1926, leadership in 1985. Two other wars was Glenn Tucker in his Dawn but that says nothing about his volumes have followed and a fourth, Like Thunder (Bobbs-Merrill, second, and overriding concern: and fi nal, is in preparation. 1963). For the Navy in the War of “the vanishing sources of naval Captain Knox would not 1812 there was Tucker’s enjoyable history and tradition,” that is, the appreciate the meager government two-volume history Poltroons and inaccessibility of original historical funding of naval history over the Patriots (Bobbs-Merrill, 1954) and documents. past few decades. The publication C. S. Forester’s The Age of Fighting This was an issue that, thankfully, of the documents of the American Sail (Doubleday, 1956). Dudley Knox tackled with his own Revolution and the War of 1812 has While these and many other hands within a decade of writing the been hindered by a lack of suffi cient titles of the mid-20th century may essay in question. funding to see them through still be found on library shelves, It was not long before I discovered completion in the expeditious manner what is the health of printed naval Knox’s seminal productions, perhaps in which Knox was able to bring forth history in 2012? In my opinion the fruition of his essay’s appeal. The his 14 volumes of earlier historical Dudley Knox would be excited fi rst was Naval Documents Related documents. Knox was well funded to peer into that window today. to the Quasi-War between the United by the Roosevelt administration. He Any number of superbly written States and France (Washington, published the seven-volume Quasi- and scholarly naval histories and 1935-1938), seven thick volumes of War series in the three-year period biographies have been written and documents, letters, and lists covering 1935-1938, and the seven-volume published in recent decades. Among the Navy’s history during the period Barbary War series over the six-year them are Christopher McKee’s 1797 to 1801. Knox quickly followed period 1939-1945. At the biography Edward Preble: A Naval with Naval Documents Related to the rate, a century may pass before the Biography 1761-1807 (Annapolis, United States Wars with the Barbary fi nal volume of the documents of the 1972) and his extraordinary and Powers (Washington, 1939-1945). sees the light scholarly bible of the birth of the This was another seven-volume of day. Federal Navy, A Gentlemanly and effort, the fi nal volume an invaluable In addition to these Navy- Honorable Profession. The Creation Register of Offi cer Personnel United sponsored, government-funded series of the U.S. Naval Offi cer Corps, States Navy and Marine Corps and documenting the offi cial records of 1794-1815 (Annapolis, 1991); Ships’ Data 1801-1807. Roughly the Navy from its Continental venue Linda Maloney’s biography of Isaac half of the fi rst volume of this series to the War of 1812, a handful of Hull, The Captain from Connecticut prints documents, primarily of State illustrated histories have been printed (Northeastern University Press, Department origin, that establish the that deserve mention for bringing 1986); Cdr. Tyrone Martin’s revised background of our relations with the illustrations of important original history of Old Ironsides, A Most Barbary Powers from 1785-1801. Navy documents to the public. These Fortunate Ship (Annapolis, 1997); True, these 14 volumes were created include, but are not limited to, the David Skaggs and Gerard Altoff’s as a record of important naval Smithsonian Institute’s scholarly A Signal Victory, The Lake Erie documents, not for light reading, but history of Charles Wilkes’ voyage Campaign 1812-1813 (Annapolis, what references! I can’t imagine any of exploration of the South Seas, 1997); Michael Palmer’s history of American naval historian could write Magnifi cent Voyagers (Washington, the Quasi-War Navy, Stoddert’s War without them nearby on his reference 1985); Moebs’ (University of South Carolina Press, shelves. America’s Naval Heritage. A Catalog 1987); Capt. Ira Dye’s posthumously Captain Knox died in 1960, of Early Imprints from the Navy published biography, Uriah Levy, four years before the fi rst volume of Department Library (Washington,

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 9 2000); and the recent illustrated long… Decatur (nephew of Commodore history of the War of 1812 authored A photocopy of this personal ),” adding a brief by Mark Collins Jenkins and David A. and revealing letter is provided to description of the professional Taylor and published by the Boston the public online. Knox would have and personal documents and Book Company in association with been amazed. correspondence. Wouldn’t, shouldn’t, the , The the Navy wish to dig deeper? War of 1812 and the Rise of the At an auction in Maine a U.S. Navy. few years ago, many important While the remarkable documents related to the early publications mentioned in the Navy made their way to the above paragraphs would seem auction block. The auction to calm Knox’s fear of “our house made a special effort to vanishing sources of naval accommodate requests from the history and tradition,” he Naval Historical Foundation for would be even more impressed images of documents in which by the incredible amount of they were interested. One such information accessible on the request was for images of a Internet. Yes, you have to look journal of biographical sketches for it, but it’s there. of naval enlisted sailors who One of the most useful joined the Philadelphia Naval Internet sources is the wide Asylum during the fi rst half of range of collections recorded the 19th century. The auction therein. Looking for Stephen house provided the images and, Decatur correspondence? Try recognizing the signifi cance of the Georgetown University the journal, the Naval Historical Library Collection of Stephen Foundation helped to eventually and Susan Decatur papers. bring the original journal into Seeking the War of 1812 the Navy’s hands. as remembered in special Knox would have been collections? Try the William L. pleased with the entire process. Clements Library, University letter dated In closing, I confess that of Michigan website. It’s one of 24 April 1813. I am, in Captain Knox’s own many. Want to know what naval words, “one of the greatest material book and autograph enemies of naval history”―a sellers are offering the public? That Knox was especially private collector. However, I do Try a bookseller website such as concerned about accessibility to not consider myself an enemy of AbeBooks.com and type in the key personal letters is clear in his essay: naval history, but rather a student word Navy. As I type this essay, of naval history, who, caught up in one well-known autograph dealer But history and tradition are the drama of the lives and careers is offering a remarkable autograph by no means limited to what of predecessors in his chosen letter from former President John may be contained in offi cial fi eld, invests his free time and his Adams to Secretary of the Navy correspondence. Personal letters “allowance” in fulfi lling a desire to William Jones in 1813. In the letter very often give more interesting save bits and pieces of naval history Adams writes: sidelights and greater detail to from the dust bin, and to do his part important affairs. As a refl ection to reduce the “vanishing sources Far be from me, any Pride or of morale, discipline, manner of naval history and tradition” by Vanity, in the recollection of of living, and customs, they are bringing the details of his personal any Share I have taken in the incomparable. They are the best collection to the notice of the Navy, Institution of Our American source of establishing the vital and others. It is a work in progress, Navy: I am ashamed when I look element of “state of mind” of and I hope it remains just that. back and recollect how little I naval personnel during war and I like to think that Capt. Dudley have done, said or written in peace. Knox just might give me a friendly favour of this Essential arm for nod. the defence of our Country. I Another bookseller offers a know it to be the astonishment “Massive Archive of Manuscripts Vice Adm. Emery is a former vice of every Man of Sense in Europe and Printed Material relating to the president of the Naval Historical that we have neglected it so life and career of Captain Stephen Foundation.

10 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 Vanishing Sources of Naval History, 86 Years Later By Gregory J. Martin

heartened to know that much has administrative historical analysis been done to cover early Navy and publication. A search in World history since his essay. Published Cat for “naval operations in the scholarship on the Continental Cold War” yielded only 23 entries. Navy during the American What is ironic is that the practice Revolution is substantial, and of history in general has evolved there is a growing body of material substantially since Knox’s essay covering the War of 1812 and later in 1926. Effective integration of periods. A subject search in the social, cultural, legal, scientifi c, online book catalog World Cat engineering, business, and turned up 1,408 entries for “naval economic analysis has broadened operations during the American interpretation and signifi cantly Revolution.” Included among the improved our understanding of topical books in this search were military institutions and their several documentary histories, activities. We see publications not which are an especially rich only on operational history of the resource because they help solve military, but also on acquisitions, the problem Knox highlighted. logistics, planning, administration, These histories present literal research and development, aptain Dudley Knox’s transcriptions of hundreds of intelligence, leadership, and 1926 essay in the Naval primary source documents, personnel. The problem is that to Institute’s Proceedings normally found in scattered support the depth and scope of magazine lamented the private and public collections, analysis of current military and C combined in a single text which naval history practice requires “glaring defi ciencies in our written naval history, which in their turn serves as an essential resource greater depth and scope in primary arise from the extraordinary for further research and writing. source documents. inaccessibility of authentic Documentary histories of the The Archives Branch at the sources.” He expressed deep American Revolution, the Quasi NHHC has observed a steep concern over the lack of primary War with France, and the War decline in offi cial Navy records source documents, both offi cial of 1812 reside in libraries and submitted for permanent retention and personal, that historians authors’ bookshelves around in paper or other hard copy media must have to construct historical the world and are enormously over the past 15 years. Yet, there knowledge about past events important for scholarly research. has not been a concurrent increase and people, beginning with the The Naval History and Heritage in digital record submissions. The “naval activity” of the American Command (NHHC) is on track digital briefs, e-mails, and other Revolution. Without the written to publish the 12th volume of the documents created by decision history needed to effectively Naval Documents of the American makers and planners throughout communicate the “infl uence Revolution and the fourth and the Navy are often deleted instead of naval and maritime affairs,” fi nal volume of the Naval War of of being retained and eventually Knox knew the American public 1812 documentary history in the transferred in accordance with would not understand the Navy’s next two years. These volumes records management guidelines. contribution to the nation’s growth add to the collection of many Of even greater concern is and rise to greatness. He called fi ne documentary histories that a precipitous decline in the on active duty offi cers to help support telling the early history of submission of some key records correct a “wide dispersion and the Navy published since Knox’s such as command operations deplorable inaccessibility of the article. reports (formerly command offi cial sources of naval history Today, Dudley Knox would histories), especially from 2003 and tradition.” likely be worried about the to 2010. Every operational unit Captain Knox would be greatly lack of recent operational and and many administrative units

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 11 must submit these mandatory instructions and easier online into improving the archives’ annual reports, which provide a submission, coupled with messages processing capacity, including bedrock of information on which directly from the Director, Naval providing additional funding to just about any operational history Staff, on behalf of the Chief of Naval clear a processing backlog that can be built. Yet the percentage Operations, to delinquent commands has accumulated over the past two of ships and aviation commands emphasizing the importance of the decades. complying with the instruction and command operations reports. As a The challenges with the Navy’s submitting command operational result, submission rates substantially historical records will take several reports to the NHHC dropped increased for ships and aviation years to correct, but we are on the right from approximately 85 percent for units up to 75 percent, and the path. Solving the problems related to 2002 reports to a 25 percent initial effort continues to get that number collecting, processing, storing, and submission rate for 2010 reports. higher. Operational and major retrieving Navy records is essential Major commands were even lower. command submission rates remain to producing the kinds of naval The lack of original source stubbornly below 40 percent. The history that best educates decision materials makes it diffi cult for Department of the Navy Assistant for makers, sailors, and the American researchers to reconstruct events Administration (DON/AA) offi ce’s public about our proud heritage. that occurred within the past Advisory Committee on Records That history also helps inform the few years, let alone important Management pushed for attention Navy’s planning and programming policy and operational decisions to problems of records management processes, congressional budgetary made within the past two to three compliance, especially in the area decisions, and the American people decades. As a result, efforts to of permanent historical records. As about the essential role that the produce historical analysis of the a result, Navy and Marine Corps U.S. Navy continues to play in our modern Navy will be diffi cult at records management responsibilities national security and economic well- best, and impossible in some cases. were recently reorganized under being, just as it has for the past 237 This means that internal users, the direct supervision of DON/ years. Though Captain Knox would Congress, outside researchers, and AA. NHHC staff and the Director perhaps be frustrated that the Navy the American public will not have of Navy Records participated in is still fi ghting to save its history, he access to the kind of published planning meetings in 2011 for the would be heartened by many of the history of the Navy that could be Maritime Operations Center (MOC) gains we have made in the history we produced in the past. Archive Concept program being run produce and our efforts to improve As troubling as these indicators out of U.S. Fleet Forces Command. the collection of the source materials are, several initiatives are under way The eight MOCs operating around that are so vital to capturing the to counter these problems. Working the globe are incredible sources of Navy’s history. The NHHC will with the Director, Navy Staff, the operational data. The MOCs need to continue to serve at the forefront of NHHC Histories and Archives be essential conduits for channeling this effort. Division overhauled the Command selected operational records to the Operations Report program during NHHC Archives for permanent Gregory J. Martin is assistant the fi rst half of fi scal year 2012. retention. And fi nally, the Navy director for histories and archives This effort included improved is making substantial investment of the NHHC.

VOLUNTEERS NEEDED

The Navy Museum Store is in need of volunteers to help out as clerks both during the week and on alternating weekends. The job consists of ringing up customer sales, stocking in merchandise, assisting with quarterly used book sales, and just being an ambassador of good will to our Navy Museum patrons. The hours are fl exible: (weekdays between 9:00 a.m. and 1 p.m. and on Saturday/Sundays from 10:a.m. until 5:p.m.) Training will be provided. If you like to deal with the public and enjoy hearing sea stories from old salts, this is the position for you. If interested, please contact YNC Frank Arre, USN (Ret.) (Store Manager) at (202) 889-2212, or e-mail him at [email protected].

12 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 What Knox Overlooked By David F. Winkler and Taylor Hitt

t’s fascinating that Knox’s subscription. nearly one in three dollars raised “Vanishing History” clarion call While a 1924 Inspection and were needed to sustain the fundrais- that focused on the need to pre- Survey Report projected a cost of ing. Eventually, Congress authorized Iserve the Navy’s written records $473,725 to repair the deteriorating up to $300,000 to fi nish the job. The overlooked the conservation and warship, within two years estimates total overhaul, from removing the display of the sea service’s historic had nearly doubled as additional masts and bowsprit to creating a ships and artifacts, given these issues problems were discovered. In late special crib to settle the ship on the were germane at the time. However, 1925, an Elks campaign that engaged dry docks, to caulking and coppering Knox actually was very concerned schoolchildren raised $148,000. the hull, to making the ship capable about these aspects of vanishing his- Active duty Sailors, Marines, and to being sailed, and so much more, tory and tradition. Coast Guardsmen donated another was completed by October 1930, at Most notable was the plight of $31,000. In 1926, another effort sold which time there was a ceremonial Constitution. A year and a half be- lithographs of a painting of the ship trip around Boston Harbor. fore the Knox article, Secretary of done by Gordon Grant, at fi fty cents On 1 July 1931, Constitution was the Navy Curtis D. Wilbur recommissioned in inac- inspected the old frigate and tive status to be used for departed convinced that im- exhibition purposes only. mediate action was utterly Cdr. Louis J. Gulliver necessary. Wilbur believed was the designated cap- that the cost of Constitu- tain of Constitution and tion’s restoration should be took her around the raised “by small contribu- country on a show tour tions in order to inspire pa- which lasted until 7 May triotism in the children and 1934; she traveled around to increase their knowledge 22,000 miles and re- of the history of our coun- ceived 4,614,762 visitors try.” Thus in his next report aboard. This would be the to Congress, he requested last time the ship would authority to restore Consti- leave Boston where she tution “with monies sought remains today as a com- by a nationwide campaign.” missioned U.S. Navy With authorization granted Gordon Grant Constitution Painting ship―the oldest commis- in a bill passed on 3 March sioned warship afl oat in 1925, Wilbur assigned the the world! commandant of Boston’s Charles- a copy―President Coolidge bought However, Constitution was not town Navy Yard, Rear Adm. Louis the fi rst of over a million prints. In the only ship of historic interest. Of R. de Steiguer, oversight over a Na- December 1926, Paramount Pictures Spanish-American war fame, the tional Executive Committee of na- produced the movie Old Ironsides to battleship Oregon had been decom- val, government, and business lead- bring the issue into the public’s con- missioned in 1919. At the time of the ers. The campaign had the support of sciousness. With fundraising well Knox article, she rested in Portland, the Benevolent and Protective Order along, Constitution entered dry dock Oregon, following a four-year effort of Elks, the Daughters of 1812, and #1 on 16 June 1927. Unfortunately, by civic leaders to obtain the historic other patriotic groups for the purpose the costs of repairs outpaced the in- ship. Having arrived in Portland at of raising funds through voluntary come generated, especially since the time of the Knox article, Oregon served as a display ship on loan from the Navy. After a decade, civic lead- Citations for this article can be made available upon request. ers envisioned a permanent home at

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 13 a Battleship Oregon His letter called for a Marine Park, which U.S. naval museum would require major and cited the recent dredging, pier con- establishment of struction, and the ac- the Naval Historical quisition of concrete Foundation as a posi- anchors. In 1938, the tive development. governor of Oregon, Chartered to an- Charles H. Martin, swer Knox’s clarion asked the Secretary call to locate and pre- of the Navy to “bring serve historic naval re- to the attention of the cords, the foundation offi cers and men of did not initially have the Navy the opportu- building a national nity to subscribe to a naval museum from permanent monumen- Postcard of Oregon donated to NHHC from the NHF scratch as an objec- tation of an historic tive. However, shortly ship of the Navy.” To after writing the New make this more appealing to possible found on 8 December 1948 by naval York Times, Livingston wrote to the donors, those who donated a dollar aviators and returned to Guam with secretary of the foundation, who just or more were to be entered into The no damage reported. happened to be Captain Knox, urg- Battleship Oregon Roll of Honor, By August 1955, it was deter- ing support for his proposal. Knox which was to be preserved upon Or- mined that she was no longer es- discussed the idea with NHF Presi- egon herself. Secretary of the Navy sential to the defense of the United dent Rear Adm. William L. Rodg- Claude Swanson praised the preser- States by the CNO and in September, ers and the topic was placed on the vation efforts of Oregon by the peo- the SecNav authorized Oregon’s dis- agenda of the 17 October 1927 board ple of the state in a letter to the naval posal. In March 1956, Oregon was of trustees meeting. service. sold by the U.S. Government for sal- The outcome of the NHF meet- The battleships at Pearl Har- vage purposes to the Massey Supply ing was a strong campaign to win en- bor were not the only victims of the Corporation of Guam, which sold it dorsements from leaders throughout Japanese air attack on 7 December to Iwai Sanggo Company. The Japa- government to the board of 1941. A month later the state of Or- nese company towed Oregon’s hull regents of the Smithsonian Institute egon offered to return Oregon to the to Kawasaki for her eventual scrap- to break ground for a National Mari- Navy for “coastal or other defense.” ping. time Historical Museum. One of the Though this offer was declined, Three other ships of special his- letters came from foundation trustee, eventually the Navy did reclaim Or- toric interest existed at the time of Secretary of the Navy Curtis Wilbur. egon, but she was never again used Knox’s article. Two of them remain. The Smithsonian considered the as a weapon of war. On 7 December Their future would be tied in with NHF’s request at its 8 December 1942, Oregon was returned to the Franklin D. Roosevelt’s plans to 1927 regents meeting and over the Navy with an impressive ceremony. build a national navy museum that ensuing months, the two organiza- It was known that upon Oregon’s re- would have the charge of preserving tions exchanged correspondence on turn to the Navy she was to be dis- many of the Navy’s cherished arti- the matter. That the initial outcome mantled for scrap metal for war pro- facts. was not positive was probably noted duction; her breaking up began 23 Roosevelt probably saw a letter by NHF member, Franklin D. Roo- February 1943. Oregon was moved published in on sevelt. to Kalama, Wash., and stripped for 19 June 1927 by a member of an- The onset of the Great Depres- scrap before her hull was set aside other prominent New York family. sion did not dissuade the NHF from for use as an ammunition barge, and In the letter, Brockholst Livingston working with local planners to ac- in 1944 she was towed to Guam. In noted efforts in Britain to establish quire land for what now would be 1948, a typhoon caused Oregon to a national naval museum (eventually a national naval museum. By April break from her mooring lines and the National Maritime Museum was established by Parliament in 1934 at drift about 500 miles away, ending (Continued on Page 19) up near the Philippines. She was Greenwich and was opened in 1937).

14 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 The Naval Historical Foundation Volume 10 Issue 2 NAVY MUSEUM Spring/Summer 2012 NEWS 1306 Dahlgren Avenue SE • , DC 20374 • Phone (202) 678-4333 • Fax (202) 889-3565

www.usnavymuseum.org www.navyhistory.org

Admiral James L. Holloway III cuts the ribbon for the Cold War Gallery’s newest exhibit

he Naval Historical Foundation’s 2012 by enemy shore batteries as well as Russian- Annual Meeting was held on Saturday, built North Vietnamese PT boats. With the help 23 June, and featured the debut of a of two A-7 Corsair II Navy jets, the PT boats were destroyed and the four ships departed brand-new exhibit for the Cold War T the harbor safely after completing their mission. Gallery. Adm. James Holloway III, USN (Ret), Admiral Holloway was on board the cruiser USS christened the new exhibit with a riveting Newport News as Commander Seventh Fleet, fi rsthand account of the Vietnam War raid into and personally called in the air support that Haiphong Harbor that is dramatized in the new helped ensure the PT boat threat was eliminated. “Into the Lion’s Den” exhibit. At the NHF meeting, a crowd gathered around This display tells the story of four U.S. Navy the exhibit and Admiral Holloway shared the warships steaming into Haiphong Harbor in exciting story of the battle. Following his remarks, 1972 to shell North Vietnamese shore positions. he cut the ribbon on the new exhibit. When the Late on an August night they came under attack start button on the exhibit was pushed for the

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 15 fi rst time, the deck of the exhibit began to shake Navy is the history of technology, three certifi ed and rattle from simulated naval gunfi re, while history teachers were added to this year’s the portholes of the simulated cruiser bridge lit fellowship teams to develop history lesson plans up with fl ashes of the 8-inch and 5-inch guns. complementary to the STEM lesson plans. The audio portion of the exhibit included actual The fi rst fellowship team, Benjamin J. recorded Newport News sound-power phone Barris, Janice Cunningham, Bill Sanford, conversations from the 1972 battle, as well and Cynthia Woolston, concentrated on the as newly recorded clips from navy veterans, Covert Operations exhibit, with its Sailors, and Admiral Holloway himself. submarine navigation, communications, nuclear Plans call for the exhibit to be formally opened propulsion, torpedo, missile, , fi re control, to the public in conjunction with the Navy’s and undersea engineering areas. The second birthday celebration in October. In the interim, fellowship team, Donald G. Belle, John Clark, NHF members can arrange for exclusive tours J. Paul Parker, and Danielle Thomas, widened by contacting the foundation staff. the lesson planning scope to include naval aircraft and surface ships, their missiles, and naval research and development. Jeff Derda 2012 STEM-H Teacher and Ken Nagel, returning 2011 STEM fellows, were in Washington, D.C., to present their Fellows Arrive fellowship experiences at the National Academy Foundation conference. They also helped guide and assist the new fellowship teachers, with a view toward expanding the STEM-H fellowship program to several of the other 12 Navy museums nationwide.

The NHF thanks the following individuals/ corporations who made an annual commitment for 2012 to support the STEM-H program:

GOLD LEVEL

Naval Submarine League Crown Family Philanthropies STEM-H Teachers tour the submarine USS Ambassador J. William Middendorf II SCRANTON (SSN 756) at Norfolk. Teachers Wedge Group (L-R): Cynthia Woolston, Ben Barris, John Marriott International Inc. Clark, Janice Cunningham. SILVER LEVEL he NHF is pleased to announce that the eight selectees for the 2012 Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, Treadwell Corp Tand History (STEM-H) Teacher Fellowship have completed their Summer BRONZE LEVEL program. The teachers used the exhibits of the Cold War Gallery of the National Navy Museum General Atomics in Washington, D.C., during their two-week Applied Math fellowship to develop standards-based lesson Vice Adm. James Doyle plans, based on the technology, engineering, science, and mathematics inherent in the QinetiQ North America museum exhibits. Because the history of the

16 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 1990 the dove to 20,106 feet off of CURV-III Arrives Puerto Rico, making it the fi rst Navy recovery vehicle to go deeper than 6,000 meters. On 2 February 1992, CURV-III recovered a CH-47 helicopter off of Wake Island from 17,251 feet, the world’s record for deepest salvage at the time. Her last assignment was the recovery of a Royal Australian Navy H-60 Blackhawk helicopter from 9,000 feet of water off the coast of Fiji. CURV-III and its control van will become the cornerstones of the Cold War Gallery’s new STEM Center, an interactive learning activity center devoted to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education.

CURV-III now on display. Navy Museum Kicks his summer’s group of teacher fellows had a new object to work with as the Off Mission Ocean museum received CURV-III, the Navy’s Tmost sophisticated deep sea recovery Educational Program submersible from 1976 until its retirement in 2007, along with its Operator Control Van. s part of the NHF–Navy Museum The submersible and van were installed in the outreach to America’s youth, on Friday, Cold War Gallery, located in Building 70 at the 27 April, and Tuesday, 1 May, the Mission Washington Navy Yard, on 2 July. Ocean program was inaugurated in The display will include multiple real-time A the Museum’s Cold War Gallery. One hundred and vintage video camera feeds from Navy thirty students from two Prince William County, research and recovery , including Virginia, schools were the fi rst to conduct historic feeds from CURV-III. undersea exploration missions, employing CURV-III, which was capable of diving to networked computers to operate their simulated depths of over 20,000 feet, was ultimately made research submarine, while observing their sub’s obsolete by time and the introduction of the Navy’s state-of-the-art CURV-21. When it was initially deployed, Soviet planners were shocked to discover CURV-III’s abilities to retrieve lost Navy assets from such depths, especially when many of the recovered assets were theirs. “This is a remarkably important Cold War story, one that needs to be told,” said Jim Bruns, director of the National Navy Museum. This sentiment was echoed by John Sasse, supervisor of deep ocean search and recovery for the Navy, who said, “CURV- III’s colorful history makes it more desirable to donate it for display than any of the other alternatives available to the Navy.” Over the years CURV-III has participated in the recovery of countless black boxes and conducted many classifi ed missions, recovering Students used laptops to conduct an array of important lost Cold War objects. In undersea missions.

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 17 search on a 3D video display. Investigating the continental shelf area in the Aleutian Islands, Sub Exhibit at students used ocean and sulfur dioxide measurements to locate an actively Cold War Gallery erupting volcano in the virtual Education Center Formally Accepted by at the Cold War Gallery. During their visit to the museum, students UnderSECNAV were organized into teams, each taking their turn at the 45-minute submarine exploration n a letter to foundation President Vice Adm. problem. Student roles included the command Robert F. Dunn, USN (Ret.), dated 21 March team plus a scientist and personnel for drive, 2012, Undersecretary of the Navy Robert dive, ballast/trim, navigation, propulsion/ O. Work formally accepted the Covert electrical, and research data. All teams were I Submarine Operations exhibit in the Cold War successful in their mission, owing to great Gallery on behalf of the Department of the Navy. teamwork and year-long preparation. Construction of this exhibit was completed in 2011 by Design and Production, Inc., with funds raised by the NHF. The completed USNA Class of 1951 exhibit was then gifted to the Navy by the foundation. In his letter, Undersecretary Work Raises $51,000 for asked the foundation to “convey my personal appreciation and gratitude to the members of Navy’s Cold War the foundation for their support of this worthy Gallery project commemorating the Navy’s contribution to the Cold War.” he Cold War enveloped the Naval Acad- emy Class of 1951. As they entered their four years of education and training in An- USS Constitution Tnapolis the words of Winston Churchill’s Interactive Display 1946 “Iron Curtain” speech still echoed in Ban- croft Hall. They graduated and were commis- Dedicated at National sioned as ensigns and second lieutenants in the Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force just in time to Navy Museum join in the Korean War. Through numerous con- frontations and crises afterward the class stood n 12 March, Dr. Jack London, chairman in the forefront of American resolve to meet and of the board of CACI International parry Soviet-inspired crises around the world Inc. and descendant of Capt. Samuel including Lebanon, Cuba, the Tachens, Leba- Nicholson, fi rst commanding offi cer non, the Mediterranean, and more. In the Viet- O of USS Constitution, was presented with a nam War the class led as ship and squadron gavel and sounding board made from the commanding offi cers and Marine battalion com- wood of USS Constitution in appreciation for manders. Meanwhile Class of ’51 submariners his support and donation made toward the shadowed Soviet attack and SS- National Navy Museum’s new “Captains of BNs. In short, they typifi ed American efforts to the USS Constitution” interactive display. The confront the Soviets and their allies. interactive display allows visitors to explore To memorialize those efforts and their class- our Navy’s history in a dynamic way. The mates who lost their lives, the Naval Acad- touchscreen panel hosts a quiz, a timeline, emy Class of 1951 has raised and contributed and biographies of the commanding offi cers $51,000 to the building of the Navy’s Cold War of “Old Ironsides.” A collaborative effort Gallery. The Naval Historical Foundation ex- between the National Navy Museum and the tends heartfelt thanks and challenges other USS Constitution Museum, this interactive is Cold War veterans groups to do likewise. displayed in both museums.

18 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 (Continued from Page 14) Other subjects regarding naval the Committee of Naval Affairs, history were discussed and on 23 United States Senate, on 3 March October 1934 Captain Knox wrote 1936 envisioned the frigate Con- 1932, three sites had been identifi ed: to now Vice Admiral Rodgers that stellation as a national museum, en- riverfront property in Georgetown the president’s naval aide, Captain abling the Secretary of the Navy “to th between 26 Street and the river; a Wilson Brown, had briefed Roos- restore, as far as may be predictable, site at the base of the Naval Hospi- evelt about museum plans during the frigate Constellation to her origi- tal Hill facing the Lincoln Memorial; the president’s cruise to Hawaii. The nal condition, but not for active ser- and a triangular plot at Third St. and president agreed with the proposed vice, and to accept and use any dona- Pennsylvania Ave (site of the East locations. tions or contributions which may be Building of the National Gallery of Unfortunately, with the Great offered for such purpose….” In ad- Art). Depression, public and private fund- dition to having her come to Wash- The riverfront sites were clearly ing to support funds in the private ington, civic leaders in ex- favored by Rear Admiral Rodgers. sector were tight as Foundation ap- pressed interest in obtaining the ship. Speaking on the deck of the decom- peals to Carnegie and Newport News However, while investigations were missioned Olympia in Philadel- were shunned. done and estimated costs of restoring phia on 3 May 1931, Rodgers told In lieu of a national museum Constellation were completed, little 30 veterans of the Battle of Manila downtown, in April 1935 a Washing- action was taken to raise funds for Bay and some 10,000 onlookers that ton Navy Yard exhibit center opened the ship during the latter days of the “Everything possible will be done to in building 40 and a museum at the depression and the ship remained in preserve Olympia as a historic shrine U.S. Naval Academy was estab- Newport. in Washington along with the Consti- lished. The November 1935 annual In contrast, in October 1938, the tution and Admiral Farragut’s Hart- meeting featured reports of the Foun- Navy towed Hartford to the Wash- ford.” dation’s Potomac River plans and the ington Navy Yard from Charles- At the 28 October 1932 annual USNA effort noting that the “Former ton, S.C., where she had served as meeting of the NHF held in Room having the primary object of public a station ship until she was decom- 2727 at the Navy Department Build- education and the latter being mainly missioned in August 1926. Having ing, members were briefed that the intended for the benefi t of midship- languished in Charleston, Hartford National Capital Park and Plan- men.” arrived at the Navy Yard in Washing- ning Commission favored the South Although the NHF didn’t aban- ton, D.C., in October 1938. A press Side of Mall site (in the vicinity of don its desire for a national museum, release from the Navy Department the current National Air and Space other opportunities diluted its focus. regarding the condition of Hartford Museum) and the National Capital In 1936, Mrs. Truxtun Beale noted from 2 October 1939 sheds light on Planning Commission, led by FDR’s that her fi nancial situation would some of what was done to keep her uncle, Frederic Delano, favored a force her to place her house that intact: riverfront site where historic ships was built by Stephen Decatur on the could be berthed. Ships suggested commercial market. Thus began a Funds for repairing the HART- were Constellation, Constitution, long series of negotiations with the FORD were made available in Hartford, and Olympia. NHF aimed at preserving the historic [the] last year by the Federal A week later, the nation had home. Emergency Administration of elected Roosevelt as president. Al- During this time period, the Public Works. No funds have though the new president was bat- Navy took steps to support the mu- been provided for her restora- tling a banking crisis, high unem- seum-historic ship concept. Billed tion. Her underwater structure ployment, and other problems in the at the time of Knox’s article as the has been rebuilt and work to- aftermath of his inauguration, he did oldest commissioned ship in the U.S. ward preservation of the ship not hesitate to summon Knox to the Navy, USS Constellation appeared was undertaken. White House to discuss issues in- at the Sesquicentennial Exposition volving naval history. As noted in in Philadelphia in May 1926. Based With the arrival of Hartford, Vice Admiral Emery’s preceding in Newport, R.I., the ship served as a Vice Admiral Rodgers sought and commentary, the two men worked training ship. In June 1933, Constel- subsequently received an invitation closely to publish papers relating to lation was placed in decommissioned to discuss the naval museum and the the Quasi-War with France and the status to be preserved as a relic ship. berthing of historic ships with the Barbary Wars. A proposed joint resolution from president.

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 19 On 30 April 1939 the New York World War II changed the focus ed States National Naval Museum” Herald ran an article titled “Naval of Congress and appropriations for was ambitious. Worried about cost Museum in Washington Seems As- a new museum would not be forth- of maintenance, FDR suggested cut- sured.” Knox was cautiously opti- coming. But the president remained ting the proposed staff in half, and mistic. He wrote to a colleague that committed to the concept. With the that by charging 10 cents to tour the a Congressional Committee passed momentum of the war having shifted ships in the basin “it would be very a bill for a new Navy Department to the allies, now president of the nearly possible to make the whole Building and a Potomac River Mu- NHF Adm. Joseph Strauss, who had thing sustain itself.” In his memo, seum, but noted a separate bill for commented on Knox’s 1926 article, Knox had proposed selecting an An- appropriations would have to be sent a letter dated 26 June 1944 to napolis graduate to run the museum passed. This would prove to be a the commander-in-chief stating that and have the Chiefs of Bureaus of sticking point. a byproduct of the “titanic war that the Navy Department serve as trust- In November 1939, the founda- rages will be artifacts and that the ees. To which Roosevelt observed: tion endorsed building a museum Navy will need a place to display “Navy people are notorious for not in Washington near which historic them…or else they may share the knowing what appeals to civilians.” ships could be moored. Copies of the recent fate of prize guns off HMS Concluding his memo to Admiral resolution were sent to the president Macedonian which were melted for Brown, Roosevelt wrote: “Dudley and House and Senate Naval Affairs copper.” Knox had better come to see me as Committees. In his letter to the presi- Following a series of discussions I have worked on this matter person- dent Vice Admiral Rodgers remind- by local planning commissions, the ally for the last ten years.” ed Roosevelt: Navy was offered land along the Apparently, Knox redrafted his Potomac River (today’s Kennedy proposals on 5 March 1945. Five Our members are aware that the Center) with the initial thought of days later, Admiral Brown wrote him project is largely one of your berthing historic ships on the quay. to say the president had read it with own conception and they [are] all However, given tidal conditions, the interest and that the president would the more hopeful of your contin- Navy drafted plans for another wet meet with him and two assistants in ued interest in it, more especially basin somewhat smaller than the about two weeks. The meeting did since the United States among famed Tidal Basin. not occur. all the great maritime powers is On 25 July 1944 Rear Adm. Anticipating that the vision for alone in having no national naval Wilson Brown’s letter to Chief Bu- the naval museum and historic ships museum with which to illustrate reau of Yards and Docks Vice Adm. basin would move forward, the Navy for the general public the nation- Ben Moreell included the president’s dry-docked the Olympia in April al value of seapower. sketches of museum and basin that 1945 for hull cleaning and repair and would host Olympia, Constellation, other conservation work―it turned The foundation would repeat the Hartford, and a World War I fl ush- out to be the last time the ship was resolution at meetings in 1940, 1941, deck destroyer. taken out of water. 1942, and 1943. Knox’s “General Plan for a Unit- On 12 April 1945, President

1930s NHF proposed rendering for a Navy Museum

20 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 Roosevelt passed away. A grand vi- nation Program, with the Battleship preservationnation.org\olympia). sion died with him. Texas being transferred to the Battle- As documented in the Winter Even with the loss of his power- ship Texas Commission for berthing 2009/2010 Pull Together, the Navy’s ful ally, Knox would persist. With at San Jacinto in 1948 and the Ger- Ship Donation Program overall has Knox as the president of the NHF man submarine U-505 being sent to been a success story. With the re- in 1960, Chief of Naval Operations Chicago’s Museum of Science and cent donation of battleship Iowa to Adm. Arleigh Burke would sign a Industry in 1954. Constellation was the Pacifi c Battleship Center at the memorandum that would lead to the decommissioned once again, for the Port of Los Angeles at San Pedro, placement of a national naval mu- last time, on 4 February 1955. Ul- 47 former naval vessels have been seum at the Washington Navy Yard. timately, citizens of her new home made available for public viewing Regarding the ships that were port, Baltimore, determined to carry and education. In addition, other to be berthed in Washington, as of out Constellation’s preservation. groups have obtained former U.S. 1 November 1945 the Navy listed Constellation exchanged hands to naval vessels that were repatriated as “relics” Hartford, now stationed the Constellation Commission of the after service with foreign navies. at Norfolk, Va.; Constitution at the Star Spangled Banner Flag House The Navy itself added two ships for Charleston Navy Yard, Constellation Association Inc. of Maryland in July public display in addition to Consti- (which had been recommissioned as 1955 and on 9 August 1955 she ar- tution: nuclear submarine Nautilus at a fl agship during World War II) at rived in Baltimore, where the ship Groton, Conn., and Cold War vintage Newport, R.I.; and Olympia at Phila- became a permanent public memo- destroyer Barry at the Washington delphia, Pa. rial. Unfortunately, efforts to restore Navy Yard, D.C. In April 1953, a bill in the House the ship to her 18th-century confi gu- However, the plight of Olym- of Representatives stated the Secre- ration challenged the structural in- pia and recent hull leak issues with tary of the Navy was “authorized and tegrity of what was actually a 19th- Texas highlight some of the chal- directed to repair, equip and restore, century ship. By 1994, the Navy lenges of ship preservation that need as far as may be predictable, the declared the ship unsafe and she was to be addressed over the long term. United States ship Hartford, fl ag ship closed to visitors, due to concerns In some cases, such as with Olympia of Admiral Farragut, to her original about her keel strength. Dry-docked and Texas, there should be a stronger condition, and to permanently berth in 1996, the ship was restored to her public-private partnership to ensure such ship at Mobile, Alabama, as a original 1853 confi guration. Now their preservation. In some cases, national memorial.” This bill (Pub- maintained by Historic Ships in Bal- thought should be given to replace lic Law 523) made possible the al- timore, the sloop of war recently some of the current World War II/ location of Hartford as a gift to the emerged from another dry-docking early Cold War vessels on display State of Alabama, particularly the period. as current warships of historic note city of Mobile. Through this action, As the fourth ship to leave Navy such as Cole or Samuel B. Roberts the Navy was to no longer be sub- custody under the Ship Donation are decommissioned. Since these ject to expenses regarding the ship, Program, Olympia was transferred historic ships are carrying the burden as Mobile was to fi nance the resto- to the Cruiser Olympia Association of physically telling the Navy’s story ration. With Mobile being unable to in 1957. Eventually moved to Penn’s to the general public, the Navy has fulfi ll the cost of the restoration, the Landing from the Philadelphia Navy a stake in seeing that these historical law lapsed and Hartford sank along- Yard, Dewey’s fl agship came under resources are well-managed. side her pier at Norfolk, Va., on 20 the stewardship of the Independence Also of concern is the plight of November 1956. Disassembled by Seaport Museum in 2000. Because the National Museum of the United salvage workers at the Navy’s ex- the museum failed in efforts to raise States Navy and some of the other pense, Hartford’s helm and taffrail funds to underwrite a badly needed facilities in the Navy museum sys- are among the few artifacts that sur- overhaul, a transfer application pro- tem that have had access restricted vive and are on display at the Navy cess, modeled on the requirements of due to post-9/11 security require- Museum. the Navy’s Ship Donation Program, ments. Because of their confi gura- In October 1946, the Navy has been set in motion and groups tion, museums can display artifacts moved Constellation to Boston from Philadelphia, Pa.; Beaufort, and tell the Navy story in a myriad of where she was berthed alongside S.C.; Vallejo, Calif.; and Washing- innovative ways. Constitution to provide berthing for ton, D.C., have applied. Recognizing As with historic records, much her crew and that of “Old Ironsides.” the need for funds to effect immedi- progress has been made with historic Eventually, she would be the third ate repairs of the ship, the National ships and museums to keep our his- ship to be transferred under what be- Trust for Historic Preservation estab- tory and traditions alive; however, came known as the Navy’s Ship Do- lished a donation web portal (www. much work remains!

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 21 Naval History have been working together, making good progress, and are in the seed money campaign part of the project. In late 2011, the Navy determined that this ship is eligible for listing in the News National Register of Historic Places as an historic vessel. A nomination by the Historic Na- Historic Ships val Ships Association and the Naval Historical Foundation to place Olympia his past winter Iowa (BB 61) Meanwhile John O’Neil, execu- on the National Trust for Historic Pres- received a fresh coat of paint tive director of the Adams Class Mu- ervation’s America’s 11 most endan- and other repairs at Rich- seum, is working to obtain the de- gered places was not accepted for 2012. mond, Calif., after many stroyer Charles F. Adams (DDG 2) However, the Trust does maintain a T and bring her to Jacksonville as an donor portal for Dewey’s fl agship at years of having been weatherbeaten in the mothball fl eet at Suisun Bay. On attraction on the city’s Riverwalk. As www.preservationnation.org\olympia. 26 May, several harbor tugs gently the lead ship of a class of guided mis- Another warship in extremis is Battle- pulled Iowa free and the oceangoing sile destroyers designed from the keel ship Texas, which experienced severe Crowley Maritime tug Warrior was up as an anti-aircraft missile platform, fl ooding due to rivet failures in June at hooked up to the main towline for the Charles F. Adams remains at the in- its berth at San Jacinto. The fl ooding 450-mile mission. Arriving at the Port active ships facility in Philadelphia. forced the ship to be closed over the of Los Angeles at San Pedro a few The Jacksonville Historic Naval Ship 4th of July holiday. Repairs have sta- days later, she is now the centerpiece Association (JHNSA) and the Adams bilized the near century old ship and of the Pacifi c Battleship Center. Class Veterans Association (ACVA) she has been reopened to the public.

War of 1812 Notes

NHF Cosponsors SecNav War of 1812 Commemoration Kickoff—Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced the offi cial kickoff of the Navy’s three-year commemoration of the War of 1812 during a March 2012 ceremony held at the . The event was hosted in the Great Hall of the Library of Congress’ Jefferson Building, by Librarian of Congress Dr. James H. Billington. Joining the foundation in supporting this event were the Navy League of the United States, OpSail, and the National Maritime Historical Society. At the event NHF leaders Adm. Bruce DeMars, Vice Adm. Robert F. Dunn, and Board member Dr. Jack London presented SECNAV Mabus with a specially struck silver medal modeled on the Navy’s offi cial War of 1812 bicentennial logo. Bronze copies of the medal can be purchased through the Navy Museum Store at http://museumstore.navyhistory.org/.

22 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 fornia. Retired Capt. Steven Maffeo, Still There, On Land and Sea, NHF Speakers who wrote A Perfect Wreck: Consti- and Postwar Times) for the U.S. Engage the Public tution vs. Java, had opportunities to Navy’s War of 1812 Bicentennial address audiences in California and Commemoration. This release on Washington State. William S. Dud- the War of 1812 will be displayed n a speech to an audience of 50 ley and William H. White have each as part of Navy exhibits at ven- community leaders at the pres- spoken to numerous groups in Mary- ues across the country where the tigious Detroit Athletic Club in land and New York, respectively. bicentennial is being observed. The NHF is currently fi elding early May, Rear Adm. Joseph The videos will, for the most part, ICallo, USN (Ret.), provided his several requests for speakers in con- be accessible on visitors’ smart- cert with Navy birthday celebrations. thoughts of U.S. naval operations in phones, to be watched while they the War of 1812 that he highlighted in are waiting in line for the exhib- the previous edition of Pull Together. New Video Series on its. They will also be displayed, Callo’s talk was one of several con- in some locations, on video moni- ducted this spring by War of 1812 the War of 1812 tors. experts participating in the NHF War of 1812 Speakers Program. Rositzke, who also completed George C. Daughan, whose book H Rositzke & Associ- a Civil War video series sponsored 1812: The Navy’s War won the Soci- ates, LLC, has complet- by the Surface Navy Association, ety for History in the Federal Govern- ed work on fi ve videos served as a technical advisor for ment George Pendleton Prize, spoke (USS Constitution, On NHF’s Cold War Gallery exhibit R “Into the Lion’s Den.” at several venues in Florida and Cali- the Home Front, Our Flag Was

NHF Donates War of 1812 Vintage Navy Pistol to NHHC

To fi ll a gap in the Navy’s fi rearms collection, the NHF acquired a pistol from the War of 1812 era for the Navy’s collection, for study and for possible future display. NHF got involved in the bidding on a U.S. Navy model fl intlock pistol through the Rock Island Auction Company and fortunately was the successful bidder. This pistol was made by John Shuler as a result of a contract from the U.S. Navy in 1814/15, where he used parts from his 1808 Army contract and parts furnished by Schuylkill Arsenal to assemble the Navy contract fl intlock pistols. The pistol was inspected by U.S. Navy Lt. Edward Trenchard, and his “ET” initials are present.

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 23 Senior Historian of Navy Medicine, the bimonthly journal of the Navy Medical De- Celebrates 30 Years partment. With the Navy Medi- cal Support Command, Bethesda, of Service Md., Herman produced a six-part video series, “Navy Medicine at he satisfaction of War.” He has produced a docu- pursuing your pas- mentary and is writing a compan- sion is the best ion volume about the rescue of motivation pos- South Vietnamese sailors during “T the closing days of the Vietnam sible; for if you can make a living doing what you want to do, you War. The fi lm is entitled “The will hardly ever have to do a day Lucky Few: The Story of USS of work,” said Senior Historian Kirk.” He has authored over 50 Dr. Michael Crawford, who was articles and several books. In re- recently honored by the Naval tirement, Herman plans to con- History and Heritage Command tinue studying history and making (NHHC) for 30 years of dedicated documentary fi lms. service. Crawford has been described as an invaluable asset to the com- Commo. John Barry mand by NHHC’s Assistant Di- U.S. Navy/OPSAIL rector of Histories and Archives Statue Marker Division Greg Martin, who said Dedicated he feels fortunate to have him as he bicentennial on 18 a member of the leadership team. June 2012 of America’s “Crawford’s expertise contributes he Naval Order of the declaration of war against daily to the command’s mission United States has teamed Great Britain and the start of telling the Navy’s story,” said with the National Park T Service to create a way- of the War of 1812 was marked Martin. T with commemorations around the Following a yearlong fellow- side marker to be placed along- country. The city of Baltimore put ship editing historical documents side the statue of Commo. John on a “Star Spangled Sailabration” at the Adams Papers project at the Barry (1745-1803), U.S. Navy, to recall the role it played during Massachusetts Historical Society, in Franklin Park at 14th Street, NW, in Washington, D.C. Al- the war. Over that weekend, the Crawford joined the NHHC staff in 1982. In 1990 he became head though the statue has been vis- U.S. Navy put on quite a show on of the Early History Branch, a po- ited by the public since its dedi- the water and in the skies above sition he held until 2008. In 2008, cation by President Woodrow Baltimore. The Blue Angels per- he accepted his current position as Wilson in 1914, there has been formed two separate shows, and senior historian. no interpretive marker to explain Naval Special Warfare Command who Commo. John Barry was. (Navy SEALs) performed multi- Celebrated today as a founder of ple demonstrations on the waters Jan Herman Retires the U.S. Navy, Barry was a gal- around Fort McHenry. The U.S. lant warrior, a guiding force in Navy Band performed for huge shipbuilding and supply, and a n 1 June 2012, after 42 mentor to the next generation of crowds, and fi reworks shows lit years of federal ser- up the night skies over Baltimore U.S. naval offi cers who would go vice and 33 years as on to fi ght in the Barbary Wars as tens of thousands toured tall historian for the Navy and the War of 1812.The statue sailing ships and modern grey hull O Medical Department, Jan K. Her- was created by sculptor John J. warships that were open for pub- man retired. Since coming to the Boyle on commission from the lic tours in the Inner Harbor. For Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Ancient Order of Hibernians and details of other Navy/OPSAIL (BUMED) in 1979, Herman has other patriotic American groups and War of 1812 commemoration worked as historian of the Navy of Irish descent. The wayside events visit www.ourfl agwasstill- Medical Department, curator of marker was dedicated in Franklin there.org. the old U.S. Naval Observatory, Park on 4 May 2012, with a for- and, until 2009, editor-in-chief mal public ceremony.

24 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 New History Published on U.S. Navy’s Seventh Fleet

A new book has been published by the Naval History and Heritage Command, authored by historian Dr. Edward J. Marolda. Titled Ready Seapower: A History of the U.S. Seventh Fleet, this historical study cov- ers the service in the Asia-Pacifi c region of the U.S. Seventh Fleet dur- ing the 20th and 21st centuries. The Fleet saw combat in nearly every major battle of World War II in the Pacifi c and was in the forefront of U.S. forces involved in Korea, Vietnam, and the Arabian Gulf. Today the Fleet acts as a deterrent to aggressor nations, participates in joint and combined exercises, conducts counterterrorism and antipiracy op- erations, and provides humanitarian assistance as well as disaster relief. Partnering with its Asian allies, the Fleet maintains peace and stability in the region, patrolling the ocean commons to keep vital waterways open for commerce.

IJNH is looking for submissions to include in our upcoming issue!

With the centennial approaching, we are particularly interested in scholarship related to World War One.

Interested?

Consider the International Journal Of Naval History for your next publication. It offers the best in Naval History to the widest audience!

Check us out online at www.ijnhonline.org or drop us a line on our facebook page!

Go to www.ijnhonline.org/submissions/ to learn more about publishing with IJNH.

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 25 News from the Naval Historical Foundation Mitchell Elected as Eleventh President

has a B.A. and B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Rice University as well as an M.S. in Physics from the Naval Postgraduate School. “The Foundation has a long and He began his career on board USS successful history in serving as the Columbus (CG 12) operating her voice and agent for the preservation Tartar and Talos Missile Batteries. and awareness of the rich history, Missile systems defi ned his career, traditions, and heritage of the Navy. as he was involved with the Polaris, Working together we will build Poseidon, and Trident programs. on and expand on that past. I look After retirement from the Navy, he forward to sharing this voyage with worked for Bechtel National, Inc., you!! rising to the position of Senior Vice As the new President of NHF, President. While with Bechtel, he I look forward to hearing from you served as Deputy Director of the and getting your feedback as we Los Alamos National Laboratory, in move forward. We will ask for At the Naval Historical various General Manager positions your input over a range of areas in Foundation 2012 Annual Meeting, for the Nevada Test Site, Y-12 HEU future Pull Together issues. In the Rear Adm. John T. Mitchell, USN Plant, and the Yucca Mountain meantime please use all the normal (Ret), who has served on the NHF Project. He has served on the boards processes to connect to us if you Board for the past two years, was of prestigious institutions such as have a suggestion or concern.” elected president. Pantex Plant, Savannah River Plant, . Mitchell served in the Navy from Idaho National Laboratory, Bettis John T. Mitchell 1964 to 1994, retiring as the Director, National Laboratory, and Charles Strategic Systems Programs. He Stark Draper Laboratory.

2012 Beach Naval History Award: Continuing a 10-year tradition, on 24 May 2012, NHF Executive Director Midshipman Zach Schwartz Capt. Charles T. Creekman presented the Capt. Edward L. Beach, Jr., Naval History Award to Midshipman First Class Zachary D. Schwartz for his contributions to the study of naval and military history during his four years at the U.S. Naval Academy. Assisting the NHF executive director with the presentation was Mrs. Ingrid Beach, widow of Captain Beach, for whom the award is named.

Beach was a highly decorated World War II submariner; author of Navy-related fi ction and nonfi ction works; commanding offi cer of USS Triton during her 1960 submerged circumnavigation of the globe; and long-time NHF director.

26 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 Naval Recruiting District Richmond. Midway–1812 Because of the NHF’s outreach to educators through its sponsorship Linked of STEM-H programs at the Navy Museum, there is a good working relationship between the Foundation and Navy Recruiting Command.

OUTLAW SHARK Sunday, 3 June at the Army Seminar Navy Country Club in Arlington, Va., some 200 guests gathered to The 2012 Submarine History salute veterans in attendance and Seminar was held on the evening of the memories of thousands more, 24 April 2012 as part of the National who fought in one of the greatest War College Commandant’s Lecture battles in naval history: the World Series in historic Roosevelt Hall War II Battle of Midway. at the War College’s Fort McNair campus in southwest Washington, At the dinner, Chief of Naval D.C. This is the 11th year that Operations Admiral Jonathan W. Greenert and noted naval historian the NHF has partnered with the Dr. Craig Symonds linked the Naval Submarine League to stage 70th anniversary commemoration Dave Colamaria these compelling looks back at the of the Battle of Midway with the U.S. Navy’s submarine force in 200th anniversary commemoration war and peace. This year’s topic NHF Staff of the War of 1812. Both men was “OUTLAW SHARK―The highlighted the audacity of the Departures and Beginning of Over-The-Horizon Americans in the two confl icts Deployments Targeting.” The seminar took an in their willingness to take on in-depth look back at the intensive an enemy against overwhelming effort in the 1970s and 1980s to odds. In his remarks, the CNO Ray Godfrey, a part-time curator develop over-the-horizon (OTH) stressed the importance of superior for the NHF for the past fi ve years targeting methods needed to ensure equipment, training, readiness, and and the NHF 2009 Volunteer of that newly developed HARPOON leadership as hallmarks of both the Year, has been hard at work and TOMAHAWK cruise missiles the War of 1812 and Midway that examining many of the artifacts that could be employed reliably to their remain germane for today’s Navy. the foundation has acquired over full range potentials. Symonds discussed the compelling the years and fi nding new homes leadership and accountability for them in museums and archival The audience of nearly 70 active issues that inevitably arise in such collections. A plank owner in aircraft duty and retired Navy personnel, epic battles using as examples carrier Enterprise (CVN 65), Ray plus eight midshipmen of the Naval Commo. Oliver Perry at and his wife Dee have departed the Academy’s Dolphin Club, listened the Battle of Lake Erie and Rear Washington, DC area for their new Adm. Raymond Spruance at the home in Colorado. His hard work with rapt attention to the participants’ Battle of Midway. on behalf of the foundation will be enthralling descriptions of the U.S. missed! Navy’s ultimately successful effort to target the Soviet Navy before our During the dinner, seven Cold War adversaries were able to Midway veterans were presented In June, NHF staff member Dave with special 70th-anniversary develop the same capability to target Colamaria fl ew aboard the Navy’s commemorative coins that the newest carrier, George H.W. Bush, USN ships. Dinner Committee commissioned for a two-day orientation courtesy of especially for this year’s events.

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 27 In Tribute:

Vice Adm. William Douglas Houser passed away on 5 February 2012. A strong advocate for naval history, Houser was born in , Ga., on 11 November 1921.

He entered the Naval Academy in 1938. Graduating early with his Class of ’42 in December 1941, he spent three years of wartime service in the Pacifi c, stationed aboard Nashville (CL 43), which was tangentially involved with the Battle of Midway. Entering fl ight training and designated a naval aviator in 1946, he again saw combat experience in 1953 as the commanding offi cer of Fighter Squadron 44 fl ying against North Korean and Chinese Communist forces. Dr. Ballard stands between the NHF chairman and president

During his military career, in our extended continental shelf he had numerous key commands Dr. areas. From February to May 2012, including commanding offi cer of Visits CWG Research Vessel Okeanos Explorer Constellation (CVA 64) during the was under way in our coastal areas, Vietnam War, and Commander, r. Robert Ballard, an and may be observed at www. Carrier Division Two. His last educator and undersea nautiluslive.org or at oceanexplorer. assignment on active duty was explorer best known noaa.gov. Later this year, summer as Vice Admiral and Deputy for his discovery of the explorations in the Black Sea and Chief of Naval Operations for D will be carried wreck of Titanic in 1985, met with Air Warfare from 1972 to 1976, NHF leadership at the Washington live on www.nautiluslive.org. having operational and budgetary Navy Yard on Tuesday, 10 April responsibility for all U.S. Navy 2012. Dr. Ballard was here to discuss WWII Sub Patrol aircraft carriers, air stations, air educational programs and the wings, squadrons, aircraft, and opportunity for partnership between Reports Donated aviation personnel. Ballard’s Institute for Exploration, the Foundation, the Navy’s Undersea to Library As a founder and long-time Archeology Division, and Navy supporter of the highly successful Museum educators. The meeting took n 3 April 2012, Rear Midway Memorial Award, Annual place in the Navy Museum’s Cold Adm. William J. Holland, Dinner, and Foundation, Houser War Gallery Education Center. After vice president of the was recognized with a memorial a full tour of the gallery, Dr. Ballard ONHF, presented a digital tribute at the recent Battle of sat down to give a brief on the history copy of hundreds of World War II Midway Dinner held on 3 June of his explorations, the Navy’s role Submarine War Patrol Reports to 2012 at the Army-Navy Country in supporting his efforts through the the Navy Department Library on Club. Offi ce of Naval Research, and the behalf of retired EMC(SS) John importance of continued research Clear, USN. Over the past few

28 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 years, thousands of pages of these of this fi ve-DVD set in a number reports. The patrol reports are also reports, stored on approximately 250 of Navy museums and repositories. available online through the Historic microfi lm rolls, were painstakingly A set of the DVDs was acquired for Naval Ships Association, for those digitized by Chief Clear and his the Navy Department Library so that who prefer to download the fi les. (Note team to create this comprehensive Washington, D.C.,-area researchers the many of the fi les are lengthy and electronic archive. would have a convenient location contain hundreds of pages.) Chief Clear had placed copies at which to review these compelling

Upcoming Symposia and Conferences September 1–2, 2012: 46th Annual Maritime History Conference, Exeter, U.K.; http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/cmhs/conferences/ annual.htm

September 6–9, 2012: 2012 Annual Conference of the Association for Maritime History, Owen Sound, Ont.; ht tp://aglmh.yolasite.com

September 19–22, 2012: 2012 Annual Conference of the Historic Naval Ships Association, Key West, Fla.; www.hnsa. org

September 25–27, 2012: “Origins of War at Sea,” St. John, N.B.; e-mail: [email protected]

October 4–7, 2012: Society of History of Technology Annual Meeting, Copenhagen, Denmark; www.historyoftechnology. org

October 8–11, 2012: Annual Meeting of the Museum Small Craft Association for 2012, Mystic, Conn.; www. museumsmallcraft.org

October 11, 2012: 32nd Annual Salute to the U.S. Coast Guard, New York, N.Y.; http://coastguardfoundation.org/

October 16, 2012: 2012 History Conference: The History and Future Challenges of Cyber Power, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md.; http://www.usni.org/events/2012-history-conference

October 20, 2012: 1812 Symposium, Winnabow, N.C.; www.seahistory.org

October 24–27, 2012: Naval Order of the United States 2012 Congress, Baltimore, Md., www.nous.org

November 10, 2012; A House Divided: New York and the War of 1812, New York, N.Y.; www.seahistory.org

January 3–6, 2013: American Historical Society Annual Meeting, New Orleans, La.; www.historians.org

January 29–31, 2013: 2013 West Conference & Exposition, San Diego Convention Center, San Diego, Calif.; http:// www.usni.org/events/2013-west-conference-exposition

March 8–9, 2013: New Researchers in Maritime History Conference, Bristol, England; www.maritimehistory.org.uk

March 14–16, 2013: Society for Military History 2013 Annual Meeting, New Orleans, La.; www.smh-hq.org

March 27–30, 2013; Popular Culture Association/American Culture Association National Conference, Washington, D.C.; pcaaca.org/conference/national.php

July 25–27, 2013: Navy and Nation Conference, Greenwich, London; e-mail: [email protected]

September 8–14, 2013: 2013 International Congress of Maritime Museums Biennial Congress, Cascais, Portugal; www. icmmonline.org

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 29 If you missed a past copy of Naval History Book Reviews, just visit our www.navyhistory.org website and click on “Latest News” and then “Newsletters” and at the bottom of the page you will fi nd an archive for our Naval History Book Reviews as well as WE-PULL TOGETHER.

12 June, Issue 20 8 May, Issue 19 10 April, Issue 18

Lost Colony: The Untold Story 1812: The Navy’s War Voyage to Jamestown: Practical of China’s First Great Victory By George C. Daughan, Basic Navigation in the Age of Over the West Books, New York (2011) Discovery By Tonio Andrade, Princeton Reviewed by Rear Adm. William By Robert D. Hicks, Naval University Press, Princeton, NJ J. Holland, Jr. U.S. Navy (Ret.) Institute Press, Annapolis, MD (2011) (2011) Reviewed by STCM James C. Admiral Nimitz: The Reviewed by Mark Lardas Bussert, U.S. Navy (Ret.) Commander of the Pacifi c Ocean Theater Refi ghting the Pacifi c War—An Wired for War: The Robotic By Brayton Harris, Palgrave Alternative History of World Revolution and Confl ict in the Macmillan: New York (2012) War II 21st Century Reviewed by Capt. Scott Mobley, Edited by Jim Bresnahan By P.W. Singer, Penguin Books U.S. Navy (Ret.) Reviewed by Rear Adm. Ed (2009) Keats, USN (Ret.) Reviewed by John Grady An American Adventure: From Early Aviation Through Three American Women Artists in Aircraft Carrier Command Wars to the White House Wartime, 1776-2010 By Rear Adm. Peter B. Booth, By William Lloyd Stearman, By Paula E. Calvin and Deborah U.S. Navy (Ret.), AES Graphics Naval Institute Press: Annapolis, A. Deacon, McFarland & & Design, Pace, FL (2011) MD (2012) Company, Inc., Jefferson, NC & Reviewed by Rear Adm. Wick Reviewed by Dr. Richard P. London (2011) Parcells, U.S. Navy (Ret.) Hallion Reviewed by Diana L. Ahmad, Ph.D. The Patrol Frigate Story: The Saving Big Ben: The USS Tacoma-class Frigates in World Franklin and Father Joseph T. Black Hell - The Story of the War II and the Korean War, O’Callahan 133rd Navy Seabees at Iwo Jima 1943-1953 By John R. Satterfi eld, Naval By Kenneth E. Bingham, Seabee By David Hendrickson, Fortis, Institute Press: Annapolis, MD Book (2011) Jacksonville, FL (2011) (2011) Reviewed by Charles H. Bogart Reviewed by David F. Winkler Reviewed by Cdr. Paul W. Murphey, CHC, USNR (Ret.) The U.S. Navy Seabee Alaskan USS : Squadron at Sea Oil Expedition 1944—With By David Doyle, Squadron Destroyerman Additional WWII Alaskan Signal, Carrolton, TX (2011). By John T. Pigott (2006) History Reviewed by Alberto Savoretti, Reviewed by Rear Adm. Peter B. By Kenneth E. Bingham., Seabee MD Booth, U.S. Navy (Ret.) Books, Binghamus Press (2011) Reviewed by Charles H. Bogart Descent Into Darkness: Pearl The German and the Austrian Harbor, 1941, A Navy Diver’s Navies: Vol. I and II 8 March, Issue 17 Memoirs By Marc E. Nonnenkamp, By Cdr. Edward C. Raymer, CreateSpace: Charleston, SC McNamara, Clifford, and the USN (Ret.) Naval Institute Press, (2011) Burdens of Vietnam, 1965-69, Annapolis, MD (1996) Reviewed by Walter “Winn” a volume in the Secretaries of Reviewed by Tom Ostrom Price Defense Historical Series

30 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 By Edward J. Drea, Washington, All three reviewed by Charles Reviewed by Walter Price D.C.: Historical Offi ce, Offi ce of Bogart the Secretary of Defense (2011) 12 January, Issue 15 Reviewed by Dr. Richard P. 26 January, Issue 16 Hallion The Battle of Midway Three Splendid Little Wars: By Craig L. Symonds, Oxford Flotilla: The Patuxent Naval The Diary of Joseph K. Taussig University Press, Oxford & New Campaign in the War of 1812 1898-1901 York (2011) By Donald G. Shomette, Johns Evelyn Cherpak, Ed. Naval Reviewed by Rear Adm. William Hopkins University Press, War College Press, Newport, RI J. Holland Jr. U.S. Navy (Ret.) Baltimore, MD (2010) (2009) Reviewed by Vice Adm. Robert Reviewed by Kenneth J. Blume, The Captain Who Burned His F. Dunn, U.S. Navy (Ret.) Ph.D. Ships: Captain Thomas Tingey, USN, 1750-1829 Fighting for MacArthur: Perilous Fight, America’s Intrepid By Gordon S. Brown Naval The Navy and Marine Corps’ War with Britain on the High Institute Press, Annapolis (2011) Desperate Defense of the Seas, 1812-1815 Reviewed by John Grady Philippines By Stephan Budiansky, Alfred A. By John Gordon, Naval Institute Knopf, New York (2011) The U.S. Nuclear Arsenal: A Press, Annapolis, MD (2011) Reviewed by Vice Adm. Robert History of Weapons and Delivery Reviewed by Capt. Roger F. F. Dunn, USN (Ret.) Systems Since 1945 Jones, U.S. Navy (Retired) By Norman Polmar and Robert CSS Alabama vs USS S. Norris No Ordinary Summer Kearsarge: Cherbourg 1864 Reviewed by Capt. James B. By David T. Lindgren, By Mark Lardas, Osprey Bryant. U.S. Navy (Ret.) AuthorHouse, Bloomington, IN Publishing, (2011) (2010) Reviewed by Thomas P. Ostrom The Navy in Norco Reviewed by Capt. Roger F. By Kevin Bash and Brigitte Jones, U.S. Navy (Ret.) My Heroes Louxtel. Arcadia Publishing, By Jack Ferrell, edited by Megan Mount Pleasant, SC (2011) I Remember the Yorktown Burns, Waldenhouse Publishers, Reviewed by Charles H. Bogart By E. H. Domienik, Snipebook Athens, TN (2010) Publication, Venice, FL (2006) Reviewed by Charles Bogart The United States Coast Guard They Called Me Wee Vee and National Defense-A History By E. H. Domienik, Snipebook The Imperialist: A Novel of the from World War I to the Present Publication, Venice, FL (2008) Hawaiian Revolution (Historical By Thomas P. Ostrom., Apology Fiction) McFarland & Company, By E. H. Domienik, Snipebook By Kurt Hanson, CreateSpace, Jefferson, NC (2012) Publication, Venice, FL (2010) Seattle, WA, 2011 Reviewed by Charles H. Bogart

In Memory of: USN-USMC-AAF air crews Captain George W. Lautrup at the Mr. James Clendening Battle of Midway Mr. J. “Fred” Manzi Private Robert J. Boyd, USMC Mr. Clare Thomas Mr. Hugh Greene Mr. Clyde Hunt Mr. Richard R. Kerr Mr. Leo Hal Ricard Mr. Thomas F. Cline, Jr. Admiral James Watkins

Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012 31 Naval Historical Foundation 1306 Dahlgren Ave. SE Non Profi t Org. Washington Navy Yard, DC 20374-5055 U.S. POSTAGE PAID ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED Baltimore MD Permit No. 5415

You Make a Difference Preservation, Education, and Commemoration of Naval History The Naval Historical Foundation is a nonprofi t tax-exempt organization whose mission is “To portray the role of sea power in the ______development of the United States.” Membership in the Foundation is New member’s name and rank open to all who share that mission and are interested in the heritage and traditions of the U.S. Navy. The annual dues are: ______Street Address/Duty Station Student membership: $20 Basic membership: $35 ______Fellowship membership: $100 City/State/ZIP Corporate Membership: $5,000 ______There is also a $500 Life membership category. Members e-mail (if known) receive Foundation’s publications Pull Together and Navy Museum News and are entitled to receive the electronic publications Naval This is a gift from:______History Book Reviews and WE-PULL TOGETHER by contacting Dave Colamaria at [email protected]. Membership application and renewal may also be accomplished online at www.navyhistory.org. Help make a difference! Please consider giving a gift membership to a friend or associate. Each person to whom you give a membership Dues and other monetary contributions to the Foundation are will receive the Foundation’s publications for a year, plus a personal tax deductible. Please make check payable to the Naval Historical letter from the Foundation’s president, Rear Adm. John T. Mitchell, Foundation and mail to NHF, 1306 Dahlgren Ave, SE Washington noting that the membership was given by you. Navy Yard, DC 20374-5055.

Pull Together is published by the Naval Historical Foundation, © 2012. Address submissions and correspondence to Executive Editor, Pull Together, c/o NHF, 1306 Dahlgren Ave. SE, Washington Navy Editorial Board Yard, DC 20374-5055. Phone: (202) 678-4333. E-mail: nhfwny@ President, NHF: Rear Adm. John T. Mitchell USN (Ret.) navyhistory.org. Subscription is a benefi t of membership in the Executive Director: Capt. Charles T. Creekman, Jr. USN (Ret.) Naval Historical Foundation. Executive Editor: Dr. David F. Winkler Editorial Board: Dr. David Winkler, Capt. Creekman, Dave Colamaria Opinions expressed in Pull Together are those of the authors Copyeditor: Catherine S. Malo and do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Naval Historical Designer: Steven Lovass-Nagy Foundation.

32 Pull Together • Spring/Summer 2012