Sarah Sarah D. D. Allen Allen
Lee Lee E. E. Carbonneau Carbonneau
NE-189 NE-189 Report Report
General General Technical Technical
Natural Natural Area Area Experiment Experiment Station Station
Northeastern Northeastern Forest Forest
of of The The Bowl Bowl Research Research Forest Forest Service Service
Agriculture Agriculture
Botanical Botanical Reconnaissance Reconnaissance
Department Department ~ ~ of of
United United States States
1995 1995 February February
19087-8775 19087-8775 PA PA RADNOR, RADNOR,
6775 6775 BOX BOX PO PO
200 200 STE STE CTR CTR CORP CORP RADNOR RADNOR 5 5
SERVICE SERVICE FOREST FOREST USDA USDA
system. system. computer computer their their of of use use the the for for Inc. Inc. Associates Associates Normandeau Normandeau
to to and and report report the the of of review review thoughtful thoughtful his his for for Funk Funk T. T. Davici Davici to to thanks thanks Special Special
Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
1994 1994 January January 12 12 publication publication for for received received Manuscript Manuscript
habitats. habitats. wetland wetland and and terrestrial terrestrial both both for for plans plans management management resource resource
natural natural develop develop to to and and surveys, surveys, species species rare rare and and wildlife, wildlife, botanical, botanical, perform perform
to to opportunity opportunity every every takes takes she she addition, addition, In In design. design. mitigation mitigation and and analysis, analysis,
impact impact assessment, assessment, functional functional delineation, delineation, wetland wetland on on focuses focuses work work her her where where
firm, firm, consulting consulting environmental environmental an an for for scientist scientist wetland wetland a a as as employed employed currently currently
is is She She forests. forests. northern northern and and wetlands, wetlands, freshwater freshwater and and tidal tidal in in studies studies ecological ecological
including including systems, systems, natural natural of of variety variety a a in in worked worked has has She She 1989. 1989. in in Island Island Rhode Rhode
of of University University the the from from science science resources resources natural natural in in M.S. M.S. her her and and 1980, 1980, in in Vermont Vermont
of of University University the the from from biology biology wildlife wildlife in in B.S. B.S. her her received received ALLEN ALLEN D. D. SARAH SARAH
England. England. New New throughout throughout projects projects for for plans plans restoration restoration habitat habitat
designs designs and and studies studies ecological ecological performs performs She She Hampshire. Hampshire. New New in in firm firm consulting consulting
environmental environmental an an at at scientist scientist a a currently currently is is She She Areas. Areas. Natural Natural Research Research as as Forest Forest
National National Mountain Mountain White White the the in in stands stands old-growth old-growth four four of of designation designation for for Reports Reports
Establishment Establishment the the co-authored co-authored She She Hampshire. Hampshire. New New in in stands stands forest forest old-growth old-growth
of of study study a a was was work work graduate graduate Her Her Hampshire. Hampshire. New New of of University University the the from from
ecology ecology wildlife wildlife in in M.S. M.S. an an and and Forestry Forestry and and Science Science Environmental Environmental of of College College
SUNY SUNY from from biology biology environmental environmental in in B.S. B.S. a a received received CARBONNEAU CARBONNEAU E. E. LEE LEE
Authors Authors The The
occurred. occurred. microhabitats microhabitats of of variety variety greatest greatest the the where where Colluvium) Colluvium)
Bouldery Bouldery Deep Deep with with Slopes Slopes Side Side Mountain Mountain Upper Upper Steep Steep on on Softwoods Softwoods
(Predominantly (Predominantly T 6 6 T EL EL in in elevations elevations low low relatively relatively at at observed observed were were species species
Most Most Bowl. Bowl. the the in in else else nowhere nowhere observed observed were were seeps seeps in in found found species species
Eight Eight sp. sp. Cypripedium Cypripedium and and canadensis, canadensis, Dicentra Dicentra plants plants state-protected state-protected
the the including including recorded, recorded, were were species species Ninety-three Ninety-three described. described. are are
microhabitat microhabitat and and ELT ELT each each for for composition composition species species and and structure structure vegetation vegetation
The The inventoried. inventoried. also also were were trail, trail, well-traveled well-traveled a a and and openings, openings, canopy canopy ledges, ledges,
seeps, seeps, sidehill sidehill including including ELT's, ELT's, the the within within microhabitats microhabitats Several Several surveys. surveys.
meander meander qualitative qualitative during during and and plots plots 12 12 on on characterized characterized was was Bowl Bowl the the
of of (ELT's) (ELT's) Types Types Land Land Ecological Ecological four four in in vegetation vegetation Vascular Vascular Whiteface. Whiteface. Mt. Mt.
of of summit summit the the at at m m 1 ,215 ,215 1 to to Brook Brook Wonalancet Wonalancet along along m m 580 580 approximately approximately
from from range range Elevations Elevations Hampshire. Hampshire. New New of of Forest Forest National National Mountain Mountain
White White the the in in forest forest old-growth old-growth 206-ha 206-ha a a is is Area Area Natural Natural Research Research Bowl Bowl The The Abstract Abstract
recently. recently. As As the the Forest Forest Service Service moves moves in in the the direction direction of of Nancy Nancy Brook Brook Research Research Natural Natural Area Area
ago, ago, research research and and monitoring monitoring on on RNA's RNA's only only began began Botanical Botanical Reconnaissance Reconnaissance of of
Although Although the the RNA RNA program program began began more more than than 65 65 years years
The The Bowl Bowl Research Research Natural Natural Area Area
Botanical Botanical Reconnaissance Reconnaissance of of for for many many years years whereas whereas others others are are virtually virtually unstudied. unstudied.
these these areas areas have have been been the the scene scene of of active active field field research research
Mountain Mountain Pond Pond Research Research
Natural Natural Area Area
for for establishment establishment within within the the next next few few years. years. A A few few of of
Botanical Botanical Reconnaissance Reconnaissance
of of
established established and and 29 29 candidate candidate areas areas are are being being considered considered
forests, forests, six six Research Research Natural Natural Areas Areas (RNA's) (RNA's) have have been been
The The first first three three reports reports in in the the
series series are: are:
Experiment Experiment Station, Station, which which includes includes seven seven national national
Within Within the the 14-state 14-state territory territory of of the the Northeastern Northeastern Forest Forest
Chief Chief of of the the Forest Forest Service. Service.
the the RNA RNA Matching Matching Grant Grant Program Program sponsored sponsored by by the the
processes. processes. The The program program began began in in 1991 1991 with with funding funding support support from from
and and to to maintain maintain natural natural diversity diversity and and ecological ecological surveys surveys for for each each of of the the established established and and candidate candidate RNA's. RNA's.
disturbed disturbed conditions conditions for for research, research, monitoring, monitoring, education, education, commissioning commissioning a a series series of of botanical botanical reconnaissance reconnaissance
United United States. States. These These areas areas are are managed managed in in minimally minimally RNA's, RNA's, the the Northeastern Northeastern Forest Forest Experiment Experiment Station Station is is
unique unique natural natural ecosystems ecosystems on on national national forests forests in in the the In In an an effort effort to to encourage encourage and and expedite expedite research research on on
than than 300 300 candidate candidate areas areas representing representing typical typical and and
maintains maintains a a network network of of 289 289 established established areas areas and and more more a a vital vital role role in in forest forest management. management.
The The Forest Forest Service Service Research Research Natural Natural Areas Areas Program Program ecological ecological management, management, information information on on RNA's RNA's will will serve serve
Foreword Foreword
Natural Natural Area Area
of of The The Bowl Bowl Research Research
Botanical Botanical Reconnaissance Reconnaissance
(adapted (adapted from from Fig. Fig. 2, 2, intensively intensively USDA USDA For. For. surveyed surveyed Serv. Serv. 1986). 1986). because because of of their their unique unique vegetation, vegetation, as as
Figure Figure 1.--Location 1.--Location of of Deep Deep The The Bowl Bowl Bouldery Bouldery Research Research Colluvium), Colluvium), Natural Natural two two Area Area sidehill sidehill seeps seeps were were
Softwoods Softwoods on on Steep Steep Upper Upper Mountain Mountain Side Side Slopes Slopes with with
Mountain Mountain Club Club hiking hiking trails. trails. In In ELT ELT 6 6 (Predominantly (Predominantly
channels, channels, large large boulders, boulders, ledges, ledges, and and the the Appalachian Appalachian
performed performed in in obvious obvious microhabitats microhabitats such such as seeps, seeps, as stream stream
ELT ELT as as possible. possible. More More concentrated concentrated searches searches were were
possible, possible, travel travel routes routes were were varied varied to to cover cover as as much much of of the the
multiple multiple times times in in the the course course of of sampling, sampling, and and whenever whenever
while while traveling traveling within within an an ELT. ELT. Most Most ELT's ELT's were were visited visited
of of species species observed observed in in each each vegetation vegetation layer layer was was compiled compiled
each each species. species. During During the the meander meander surveys, surveys, a a running running list list
vegetation vegetation composition composition and and to to estimate estimate the the abundance abundance of of
this this report, report, were were performed performed in in each each ELT ELT to to catalog catalog
Qualitative Qualitative vegetation vegetation surveys, surveys, termed termed meander meander surveys surveys in in
Meander Meander Surveys Surveys
Rollins Rollins Trail Trail did did not not include include any any unique unique species. species.
Observations Observations made made during during passage passage through through it it on on the the
was was not not actively actively sampled sampled during during this this field field study. study.
Mountain Mountain Slopes Slopes with with Deep Deep Very Very Bouldery Bouldery Angular Angular Drift) Drift)
Bowl's Bowl's area) area) designated designated as as ELT ELT 14 14 (Softwood (Softwood Upper Upper
upper upper rim rim of of the the Bowl Bowl (comprising (comprising less less than than 1 1 percent percent of of the the
locations locations are are shown shown in in Figure Figure 2. 2. A A very very small small corner corner of of the the
were were set set up up and and assessed assessed during during August August 28-31, 28-31, 1992. 1992. Plot Plot
the the rim rim of of the the Bowl Bowl on on the the Rollins Rollins Trail. Trail. Temporary Temporary plots plots
NATIONAL NATIONAL
FOREST FOREST
28-31, 28-31, 1992, 1992, within within the the Bowl; Bowl; and and October October
3, 3, 1992, 1992, around around
WHITE WHITE MOUNTAIN MOUNTAIN
were were performed performed October October 13-14, 13-14, 1991 1991 June June ; 7, 7, 1992; 1992; August August
during during four four field field visits visits in in 1991 1991 and and 1992. 1992. Meander Meander surveys surveys
Vascular Vascular vegetation vegetation was was assessed assessed in in four four EL EL T's T's of of the the Bowl Bowl
Methods Methods
snowfall snowfall averaging averaging 4.2 4.2 m m (Byers (Byers and and Goodrich Goodrich 1977). 1977).
Pinkham Pinkham Notch Notch is is approximately approximately 145 145 em, em, with with total total annual annual conducted conducted in in 1991-92. 1991-92.
northeast northeast (Carr (Carr et et al. al. 1978). 1978). Mean Mean annual annual precipitation precipitation at at report report describes describes the the results results of of a a botanical botanical reconnaissance reconnaissance
in in Errol, Errol, New New Hampshire, Hampshire, approximately approximately 95 95 km km to to the the human human traffic traffic is is limited limited primarily primarily to to forest forest researchers. researchers. This This
spring spring frost frost and and the the first first fall fall frost frost is is approximately approximately 96 96 days days hikers; hikers; however, however, no no trails trails pass pass through through the the RNA, RNA, and and
increasing increasing elevation. elevation. The The average average period period between between the the last last trails trails that that ascend ascend the the surrounding surrounding rim rim are are popular popular with with
(Byers (Byers and and Goodrich Goodrich 1977). 1977). Temperatures Temperatures decrease decrease with with forest forest fires fires are are suppressed suppressed (USDA (USDA For. For. Serv. Serv. 1986). 1986). The The
January January to to 17.2°C 17.2°C in in July July for for the the 20-year 20-year period period of of record record monitored monitored research. research. Tree Tree harvesting harvesting is is prohibited, prohibited, and and
elevation elevation approximately approximately 610 610 m, m, ranged ranged from from -9.2°C -9.2°C in in natural natural forest forest succession, succession, non-motorized non-motorized recreation, recreation, and and
Mean Mean monthly monthly temperatures temperatures at at nearby nearby Pinkham Pinkham Notch, Notch, The The Bowl Bowl is is managed managed by by the the Saco Saco Ranger Ranger District District to to allow allow
communication). communication). the the White White Mountain Mountain National National Forest. Forest.
deep deep at at the the base base of of the the Bowl Bowl (Steve (Steve Fay, Fay, USFS, USFS, personal personal established established as as a a Research Research Natural Natural Area Area in in 1931, 1931, the the first first in in
steep steep ledges ledges near near the the mountain mountain summits summits but but more more than than 2 m m 2 composition, composition, and and structure. structure. The The Bowl Bowl was was formally formally
Pleistocene Pleistocene period. period. Bouldery Bouldery soils soils are are thin thin or or absent absent on on the the for for the the study study of of old-growth old-growth forest forest development; development;
ablation ablation tills tills below below were were formed formed by by glacial glacial action action during during the the 1951). 1951). This This has has made made the the Bowl Bowl a a valuable valuable research research subject subject
Whiteface Whiteface (Martin (Martin 1977). 1977). The The steep steep cirque cirque walls walls and and deep deep the White White the Mountains Mountains (Leak (Leak 1973, 1973, Oosting Oosting and and Billings Billings
580 580 m m along along the the brook brook to to 1 1 ,215 ,215 m m at at the the summit summit of of Mt. Mt. logging logging that that influenced influenced development development of of much much of of the the rest rest of of
present. present. Elevations Elevations in in the the Bowl Bowl range range from from approximately approximately Early Early research research indicated indicated this this drainage drainage area area escaped escaped the the
flow flow within within the the drainage drainage area, area, but but no no lakes lakes or or ponds ponds are are
Swift Swift River. River. Several Several perennial perennial and and intermittent intermittent tributaries tributaries location location of of ELT's ELT's in in the the Bowl. Bowl.
perennial perennial stream stream that that flows flows in in a a southerly southerly direction direction to to USFS, USFS, the the personal personal communication). communication). Figure Figure 2 2 illustrates illustrates the the
drainage drainage area area of of the the West West Branch Branch of of Wonalancet Wonalancet Brook, Brook, position, position, a a glacial glacial history, soils, soils, history, and and vegetation vegetation (Steve (Steve Fay, Fay,
(Fig. (Fig. 1 1 ). ). The The RNA RNA encompasses encompasses the the 206-ha 206-ha western western Ecological Ecological Land Land Type Type (ELT) (ELT) units units based based on on topographic topographic
Forest Forest and and lies lies at at latitude latitude 43°56'30", 43°56'30", longitude longitude 71°24'00" 71°24'00" classified classified into into broad broad land land type type associations associations and and smaller smaller
Range Range Wilderness Wilderness Area Area of of the White White the Mountain Mountain National National birch. birch. The The landscapes landscapes of of the White White the Mountains Mountains have have been been
Waterville, Waterville, New New Hampshire. Hampshire. It It is is part part of of the the Sandwich Sandwich spruce-balsam spruce-balsam fir fir and and 25-sugar 25-sugar maple-beech-yellow maple-beech-yellow
The The Bowl Bowl Research Research Natural Natural Area Area (RNA) (RNA) is is located located in in Foresters Foresters (SAF) (SAF) forest forest types types present present include: include: 33-red 33-red
forest forest climax climax type type (Kuchler (Kuchler 1975). 1975). Society Society of of American American
Introduction Introduction The The ·Bowl ·Bowl RNA RNA falls falls within within the the spruce-fir/northern spruce-fir/northern hardwood hardwood Figure 2.--Ecological Land Types (ELT's) of The Bowl and the location of vegetation plots sampled in August 1992.
2
3 3
(Betula (Betula papyrifera papyrifera var var cordifolia), cordifolia), which which is is considered considered lucidulum), lucidulum), a a and and bluebead bluebead lily lily (Ciintonia (Ciintonia borealis). borealis). Creeping Creeping
Cronquist Cronquist (1963). (1963). An An exception exception is is mountain mountain (Dryopteris (Dryopteris paper paper spinulosa), spinulosa), birch birch shining shining clubmoss clubmoss (Lycopodium (Lycopodium
Nomenclature Nomenclature used used in in this this report report follows follows Gleason Gleason and and wood wood sorrel sorrel (Oxalis (Oxalis montana), montana), spinulose spinulose shieldfern shieldfern
percent. percent. Common Common vascular vascular herbaceous herbaceous species species included included
Nomenclature Nomenclature
and and
Taxonomy Taxonomy
the the substrate substrate in in this this ELT ELT with with an an average average cover cover of of 54 54
mucronata). mucronata). Mosses Mosses covered covered the the greatest greatest percentage percentage of of
11, 11,
12, 12, and and
in in Appendix Appendix
A. A.
(Viburnum (Viburnum
cassinoides) cassinoides)
and and
mountain mountain holly holly (Nemopanthus (Nemopanthus
plot plot
data data
for for each each
ELT ELT are are provided provided
in in Tables Tables 2, 2, 3, 3, 5, 5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 9, 9,
steep steep
ledge ledge and and
near near the the rim, rim, including including northern northern wild wild raisin raisin
dead dead
and and down down
material material
were were
also also
recorded. recorded. Combined Combined
though though a a
few few other other species species
were were observed observed at at the the base base of of a a
surrounding surrounding
overstory overstory
and and understory understory
composition composition
and and
alnifolium) alnifolium)
was was the the only only common common nontree nontree shrub shrub species, species,
Slope, Slope, aspect, aspect,
and and general general
observations observations regarding regarding
with with
regenerating regenerating
softwoods. softwoods.
Hobblebush Hobblebush (Viburnum (Viburnum
included included
soil, soil,
leaf leaf
litter, litter, bare bare
rock, rock,
or or unvegetated unvegetated logs. logs.
The The understory understory
throughout throughout
ELT ELT 8 8 is is variously variously open open or or dense dense
species, species, and and percentage percentage of of exposed exposed substrate, substrate, which which
herb herb plots plots included included estimated estimated percent percent cover cover of of each each
paper paper
birch birch
also also
common. common.
and and woody woody
vegetation vegetation
<1.0 <1.0
m m in in height. height. Data Data recorded recorded in in
elevations, elevations,
with with red red
spruce, spruce, mountain-ash, mountain-ash, and and heart-leaved heart-leaved
shrub shrub
plot. plot.
Herbs Herbs
were were defined defined as as all all herbaceous herbaceous species species
Balsam Balsam
fir fir is is
the the most most
abundant abundant
tree tree species species at at these these
plot. plot. Four Four
0.5-m
herb herb plots plots were were sampled sampled within within each each 2 2
land. land.
The The
slopes slopes
of of
the the
Bowl Bowl fall fall
steeply steeply from from the the rim. rim.
species species
within within
a a round round
20-m
plot plot
in in the the center center of of the the tree tree 2 2
by by
openings openings
of of exposed exposed
bedrock bedrock ledges ledges at at the the height height of of
1.0 1.0 m m tall) tall)
was was
estimated estimated
to to
the the nearest nearest 5 5 percent percent for for each each
canopy canopy
is is
low low (approximately (approximately
8 m m 8 and and less) less)
and and interrupted interrupted
6.1 6.1 ~ ~
m m
tall) tall)
and and
shrubs shrubs
(woody (woody
species species <6.1 <6.1 m m tall tall and and ~ ~
At At
the the
highest highest
elevations elevations
of of the the
Bowl Bowl
in in
ELT ELT 8 8 the the forest forest
Percentage Percentage cover cover of of saplings saplings (species (species <12.7 <12.7 em em d.b.h. d.b.h. but but
a a diameter diameter tape, tape, and and tree tree height height was was visually visually estimated. estimated.
plots plots studied. studied.
d.b.h., d.b.h., and and
approximate approximate
height. height. D.b.h. D.b.h. was was measured measured with with
and and 3 3
include include
summaries summaries
of of tree tree composition composition and and size size in in the the
1OO-m
plot. plot.
For For
each each
tree, tree, data data collected collected included included species, species,
2 2
diameters diameters
were were quite quite
common. common.
Appendix Appendix
A A and and Tables Tables 2 2
layer layer
consisted consisted
of of all all trees trees ~12.7 ~12.7 em em d.b.h. d.b.h. within within a a round round
and and
spruce spruce
snags snags
representing representing
the the
full full range range
of of tree tree
life-form life-form
layers: layers:
tree, tree, sapling, sapling, shrub, shrub, and and herb. herb. The The tree tree
(Betula (Betula
lutea) lutea) were were
also also
observed observed
in in
the the tree tree layer. layer. Logs Logs
In In
each each sample sample
plot, plot,
vegetation vegetation
was was sampled sampled in in four four
(Sorbus (Sorbus americana) americana) at at lower lower elevations elevations and and yellow yellow birch birch
Plot Plot
3 3 to to
8 m m 8 near near the the ridge ridge top. top. American American mountain-ash mountain-ash
selecting selecting the the
exact exact
plot plot location. location.
canopy canopy decreased decreased
in in height height
from from
approximately approximately
15 15
m m at at
researcher researcher
would would then then lead, lead, in in an an effort effort to to reduce reduce bias bias in in
was was
between between
15 15
and and
18 18
em em
for for these these
three three
species, species,
and and the the
of of
paces paces (1 (1 0 0 to to 1 1 00) 00) to to a a plot plot center, center, to to which which the the other other
avalanches. avalanches.
Mean Mean tree tree
d.b.h. d.b.h. within within
the the four four ELT ELT 8 8 plots plots
would would
randomly randomly
designate designate
a a compass compass bearing bearing and and number number
and and
may may
indicate indicate
past past disturbances disturbances
such such as as debris debris slides slides or or
the the
general general plot plot location location was was reached, reached, one one researcher researcher
also also
present present on on
some some of of
the the
steep steep
slopes slopes (Figs. (Figs.
3 3 and and
4) 4)
and and
topographic topographic maps, maps, and and during during meander meander surveys. surveys. Once Once
stands stands
of of paper paper
birch birch
and and heart-leaved heart-leaved
paper paper
birch birch were were
cover cover types types previously previously identified identified from from aerial aerial photographs photographs
the the tree, tree, shrub, shrub,
and and herb herb
layers layers
of of ELT ELT
8 8 in in
most most
places, places,
typical typical habitats habitats in in the the range range of of elevations, elevations, aspects, aspects, and and
(Abies (Abies
balsamea) balsamea)
and and
red red spruce spruce
(Picea (Picea
rubens) rubens)
dominated dominated
General General
plot plot
locations locations
were were subjectively subjectively located located to to sample sample
8, 8, but but
varied varied
between between
plots plots (Fig. (Fig.
2). 2). Although Although balsam balsam fir fir
each each
ELT ELT in in August August 1992,to 1992,to collect collect quantitative quantitative data. data.
composition composition were were
fairly fairly
uniform uniform
within within plots plots
sampled sampled
in in ELT ELT
Two Two to to four four non-overlapping non-overlapping sample sample plots plots were were located located in in
down down the the steep steep slopes. slopes. Vegetation Vegetation structure structure and and
present. present. Several Several entrenched entrenched streambeds streambeds angle angle straight straight Vegetation Vegetation Plots Plots
vertical vertical cliffs, cliffs, and and a a few few relatively relatively flat flat knobs knobs are are also also
aspect. aspect. In In some some locations, locations, exposed exposed bedrock bedrock forms forms almost almost are are provided provided in in Tables Tables 1, 1, 4, 4, 7, 7, and and 1 1 0. 0.
percent percent slopes) slopes) are are generally generally northeast northeast to to southeast southeast in in based based on on seedlings seedlings older older than than 1 1 year. year. Meander Meander plot plot data data
The The bouldery bouldery slopes slopes of of ELT ELT 8 8 (approximately (approximately 20 20 to to 45 45 all all layers; layers; estimates estimates of of tree seedlings seedlings tree in in the the herb herb layer layer were were
each each layer. layer. Specimens Specimens of of tree tree most species species
were were found found in in ELT8 ELT8
providing providing a a general general understanding understanding of of species species abundance abundance in in
and and varied varied as as the the
ELT's ELT's in in the the
Bowl, Bowl,
these these data data
are are
useful useful
in in
Descriptions Descriptions of of the the vegetation vegetation of of these these EL EL Ts Ts follow. follow.
are are obvious obvious limitations limitations
of of such such
estimates estimates
in in
stands stands
as as large large
approximately approximately 13 13 percent percent of of the the Research Research Natural Natural Area. Area.
the the total total vegetative vegetative
cover cover
within within
the the
layer. layer.
Although Although
there there
Brook Brook below below ELT ELT 6 6 is is ELT ELT 105, 105, which which represents represents
cover cover of was was defined defined
as as
the the
cover cover of of
a a species species
relative relative to to
ELTs ELTs 6 6 (18 (18 percent) percent) and and 6E 6E (6 (6 percent). percent). Along Along Wonalancet Wonalancet
(0.1-5 (0.1-5 percent percent
cover) cover)
and and rare rare
(<0.1 (<0.1 percent). percent).
Percentage Percentage
shallow shallow soils soils dominated dominated by by spruce spruce and and fir. fir. Below Below this this are are
percent percent cover), cover),
common common
(5-25 (5-25
percent percent
cover), cover),
uncommon uncommon
elevation elevation of of 750 750 m. m. These These are are the the steep steep headwalls headwalls with with
each each layer layer using using
the the following following
categories: categories:
abundant abundant
(>25 (>25
Soils), Soils), which which extends extends from from the the ridgetops ridgetops down down to to an an
Plant Plant species species
abundances abundances
were were qualitatively qualitatively
estimated estimated
for for (Softwood (Softwood Headwalls Headwalls with with Shallow Shallow Bouldery Bouldery and and Ledgy Ledgy
Approximately Approximately 63 63 percent percent of of the the Bowl Bowl is is classified classified as as ELT ELT 8 8
surveyed, surveyed, as as it it was was visited visited only only once once on on August August 29, 29, 1992. 1992.
Ecological Ecological Land Land Type Type Descriptions Descriptions Slopes Slopes and and Notch Notch Floors Floors with with Deep Deep Till) Till) was was least least
through through these these two. two. ELT ELT 6E 6E (Softwood (Softwood on on High High Mountain Mountain
most most thoroughly thoroughly because because travel travel routes routes from from to to paper paper all all ELT's ELT's birch birch passed passed (B. (B. papyrifera) papyrifera) in in the the field. field.
Side Side Slopes Slopes with with Very Very taxonomy taxonomy Deep Deep Tills) Tills) and and and and the the ELT ELT difficultly difficultly 6 6 were were in in sampled sampled distinguishing distinguishing this this variety variety
Wiggins Wiggins trail. trail. EL EL T 1 1 T 05 05 We We (Hardwood (Hardwood used used the the hybrid hybrid Mid Mid and and name name Lower Lower in in recognition recognition Mountain Mountain current current of
was was the the base base of of a a 50-foot 50-foot separate separate ledge ledge species, species, in in ELT ELT 6 6 B. B. south south cordifolia, cordifolia, of of the the by by Gleason Gleason and and Cronquist. Cronquist.
4 4
exposed exposed bedrock bedrock ledge ledge were were observed observed Text Text in in continues continues ELT ELT 6. 6. Major Major on on page page 1 1 0. 0.
Many Many surface surface boulders boulders of of all all sizes sizes and and numerous numerous areas areas of of
till till more more than than 2.5 2.5 m m deep deep to to compacted compacted
till till and and
bedrock. bedrock.
described described by by the the USDA USDA Forest Forest Service. Service. Although Although
of of the the ELT, ELT, soil soil variability variability
is is high, high,
ranging ranging
from from
sandy sandy loamy loamy
considerably considerably from from the the climax climax spruce-fir spruce-fir forest forest association association
percent. percent. According According to to the the
USDA USDA
Forest Forest Service Service
description description
The The dominance dominance of of hardwoods hardwoods observed observed in in the the ELT ELT varies varies
ELT ELT 6 6 is is located located below below ELT ELT 8 8 on on slopes slopes averaging averaging 30 30 to to 35 35
and and mountain-ash. mountain-ash. ELT6 ELT6
included included striped striped maple maple (Acer (Acer pensylvanicum), pensylvanicum), paper paper birch birch
em em in in diameter. diameter. Other Other less less common common on on overstory overstory the the Rollins Rollins trees trees Trail. Trail.
during during the the meander meander the the throughout survey survey in in Bowl Bowl ELT ELT 6 6 were were was was most most a a yellow yellow common common birch birch 91 91 between between the the rocks rocks
large-diameter large-diameter component; component; the the largest largest punctilobula). punctilobula). specimen specimen Several Several measured measured sedges sedges and and grasses grasses found found
m m (Tables (Tables 5 5 and and 6). 6). Yellow Yellow angustifolium), angustifolium), birch birch was was a a and and common, common, hay-scented hay-scented fern fern (Dennstaedtia (Dennstaedtia
trees trees had had an an average average d.b.h. d.b.h. of of 24.3 24.3 (Carex (Carex em em and and crinita), crinita), height height late late of of 16.8 16.8 sweet sweet blueberry blueberry (Vaccinium (Vaccinium
grandifolia) grandifolia) (Table (Table 4 4 and and narrow narrow Fig. Fig. 5). 5). tree tree in in the the gap. gap. vegetation vegetation These These species species plots, plots, included included fringed fringed sedge sedge
were were sugar sugar maple maple (Acer (Acer saccharum) saccharum) seeds seeds by by trail trail and and users users beech beech or or (Fagus (Fagus the the additional additional light light provided provided by by the the
through through the the lower lower portion. portion. presence presence Dominant Dominant may may hardwood hardwood or or may may species species not not be be the the result result of of the the transport transport of of
Large Large individual individual spruce spruce trees trees These These and and species species snags snags are are were were native native scattered scattered to to the the White White Mountains; Mountains; their their
stands stands of of red red spruce spruce were were that that present present were were not observed observed not at at the the higher higher elevations. elevations. in in other other portions portions of of the the Bowl. Bowl.
Hardwoods Hardwoods dominated dominated most most along along of of the the the the Rollins Rollins ELT, ELT, though though Trail Trail which which small small traverses traverses the the rim rim of of the the Bowl Bowl
The The Rollins Rollins Trail. Trail. Several Several plant plant species species were were observed observed
strewn strewn portions portions of of the the channel. channel.
water water could could be be heard heard flowing flowing investigations investigations belowground belowground of of ELT ELT in in the the 8. 8. boulder
through through complete complete the the Bowl Bowl listing listing had had of of intermittent intermittent species species observed observed or or no no surface surface during during flow, flow, the the field field yet yet
Wonalancet Wonalancet species species Brook. Brook. recorded recorded Several Several from from the the of of vegetation vegetation the the tributaries tributaries plots. plots. flowing flowing Table Table 1 1 is is a a
during during Tables Tables the the four four 2 2 and and site site 3 3 visits visits summarize summarize were were low low the the to to percentage percentage average average in in of of cover cover of of
scoured, scoured, observed observed indicating indicating in in the the that that other other high high ELT's ELT's flows flows during during must must this this occur. occur. field field Flows Flows investigation. investigation.
stream stream channels channels snowberry snowberry were were typically typically (Gaultheria (Gaultheria well well hispidula) hispidula) defined defined and and was was very very an an alpine alpine species species not not
understory. understory.
Logs Logs ELT ELT and and 8. 8. snags snags Dense Dense are are softwood softwood common. common. regeneration regeneration is is occurring occurring in in the the
Figure Figure 4.--Red 4.--Red Figure Figure spruce-balsam spruce-balsam 3.--Uniform 3.--Uniform fir fir dominates dominates canopy canopy of of most most heart-leaved heart-leaved of of ELT ELT 8. 8. paper paper birch birch in in
5 5
Polystichum Polystichum braunii braunii Braun's Braun's hollyfern hollyfern Rare Rare
Gaultheria Gaultheria hispidula hispidula Creeping Creeping snowberry snowberry Rare Rare
Dennstaedtia Dennstaedtia punctilobula punctilobula Hay-scented Hay-scented fern fern Rare Rare
Rubus idaeus idaeus Rubus Red Red raspberry raspberry Rare Rare
Vaccinium Vaccinium angustifolium angustifolium Late Late sweet sweet blueberry blueberry Rare Rare
Carex Carex sp. sp. Sedge Sedge Rare Rare
Carex Carex crinita crinita Fringed Fringed sedge sedge Rare Rare
Carex Carex trisperma trisperma Three-seed Three-seed sedge sedge Rare Rare
Cinna Cinna latifolia latifolia Wood Wood reedgrass reedgrass Rare Rare
Deschampsia Deschampsia flexuosa flexuosa Common Common hairgrass hairgrass Rare Rare
Aster Aster cordifolius cordifolius Heart-leaf Heart-leaf aster aster Rare Rare
Polypodium Polypodium vulgare vulgare Rock Rock polypody polypody Uncommon Uncommon
Coptis Coptis trifolia trifolia Goldthread Goldthread Uncommon Uncommon
Comus Comus canadensis canadensis Bunchberry Bunchberry Uncommon Uncommon
Acer Acer pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Striped Striped maple maple Uncommon Uncommon
Thelypteris Thelypteris phegopteris phegopteris Northern Northern beech beech fern fern Uncommon Uncommon
Solidago Solidago hispida hispida Hairy Hairy goldenrod goldenrod Uncommon Uncommon
Monotropa Monotropa unif/ora unif/ora Indian-pipe Indian-pipe Uncommon Uncommon
Eupatorium Eupatorium rugosum rugosum White White snakeroot snakeroot Uncommon Uncommon
Aster Aster acuminatus acuminatus Woodland Woodland whorled whorled aster aster Uncommon Uncommon
Carex Carex intumescens intumescens Inflated Inflated sedge sedge Uncommon Uncommon
Carex Carex debilis debilis White-edge White-edge sedge sedge Uncommon Uncommon
Trientalis Trientalis borealis borealis Starflower Starflower Uncommon Uncommon
Betula Betula papyrifera papyrifera Paper Paper birch birch Common Common
Sorbus Sorbus americana americana Mountain-ash Mountain-ash Common Common
Clintonia Clintonia borealis borealis Bluebead Bluebead lily lily Common Common
Lycopodium Lycopodium lucidulum lucidulum Shining Shining clubmoss clubmoss Common Common
Picea Picea rubens rubens Red Red spruce spruce Common Common
Dryopteris Dryopteris spinulosa spinulosa Spinulose Spinulose shieldfern shieldfern Common Common
Oxalis Oxalis montana montana Wood Wood sorrel sorrel Common Common
Abies Abies balsamea balsamea Balsam Balsam fir fir Abundant Abundant
HERB HERB LAYER LAYER
Prunus Prunus pensylvanica pensylvanica Bird Bird cherry cherry Rare Rare
Amelanchier Amelanchier sp. sp. Shadbush Shadbush Rare Rare
Viburnum Viburnum cassinoides cassinoides Northern Northern wild wild raisin raisin Rare Rare
Nemopanthus Nemopanthus
mucronata mucronata Mountain Mountain holly holly Rare Rare
Sorbus Sorbus americana americana Mountain-ash Mountain-ash Uncommon Uncommon
Acer Acer pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Striped Striped maple maple Common Common
Viburnum Viburnum alnifolium alnifolium Hobblebush Hobblebush Common Common
Abies Abies balsamea balsamea Balsam Balsam fir fir Abundant Abundant
Picea Picea rubens rubens Red Red spruce spruce Abundant Abundant
SHRUB SHRUB LAYER LAYER
Sorbus Sorbus americana americana Mountain-ash Mountain-ash Uncommon Uncommon
Betula Betula lutea lutea Yellow Yellow birch birch Uncommon Uncommon
Betula Betula
papyrifera papyrifera var. var. cordifolia cordifolia Heart-leaved Heart-leaved paper paper birch birch Common Common
Betula Betula papyrifera papyrifera Paper Paper birch birch Common Common
Picea Picea
rubens rubens Red Red spruce spruce Abundant Abundant
Abies Abies balsamea balsamea Balsam Balsam fir fir Abundant Abundant
TREE TREE LAYER LAYER
Scientific Scientific name name Common Common name name Abundance Abundance
Table Table 1.--Meander 1.--Meander survey survey data data summary summary from from ELT ELT 8 8
6 6
cover. cover. the the of of percent percent 1 1 than than
less less represented represented but but plot plot herb herb 0.5-m a a in in present present was was Species Species T- 2 2
0.5 0.5 0.0- 0.1 0.1 Mountain-ash Mountain-ash americana americana Sorbus Sorbus
i i .5 .5 0.0- 0.4 0.4 maple maple Striped Striped pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Acer Acer
1.8 1.8 T- 0.7 0.7 spruce spruce Red Red rubens rubens Picea Picea
3.3 3.3 0.0- 0.8 0.8 clubmoss clubmoss Shining Shining lucidulum lucidulum Lycopodium Lycopodium
2.5 2.5 T- 1.1 1.1 Birch Birch sp. sp. Betula Betula
7.5 7.5 0.0- i i .9 .9 shieldfern shieldfern Spinulose Spinulose spinulosa spinulosa Dryopteris Dryopteris
8.8 8.8 0.0- 2.2 2.2 sorrel sorrel Wood Wood montana montana Oxalis Oxalis
0.3-24.0 0.3-24.0 9.4 9.4 fir fir Balsam Balsam balsamea balsamea Abies Abies
4.5-68.8 4.5-68.8 35.7 35.7 ground ground Bare Bare
15.0-97.5 15.0-97.5 54.4 54.4 Moss Moss
plots) plots) (sixteen (sixteen LAYER LAYER HERB HERB
0.0-20.0 0.0-20.0 6.3 6.3 spruce spruce Red Red rubens rubens Picea Picea
0.0-60.0 0.0-60.0 15.0 15.0 fir fir Balsam Balsam balsamea balsamea Abies Abies
plots) plots) (four (four LAYER LAYER SHRUB SHRUB
5.0 5.0 0.0- 1.3 1.3 fir fir Balsam Balsam balsamea balsamea Abies Abies
(four plots) plots) (four LAYER LAYER SAPLING SAPLING
Percent Percent Percent Percent
plots plots of of Range Range cover cover Average Average name name Common Common name name Scientific Scientific
plots plots vegetation vegetation T 8 8 T EL EL from from data data understory understory of of 3.--Summary 3.--Summary Table Table
6-12 6-12 10 10 28.8 28.8 12.7-25.5 12.7-25.5 14.0 14.0 15.7 15.7 9 9 Plot Plot
9 9 5-12 5-12 19.4 19.4 12.7-20.3 12.7-20.3 15.5 15.2 15.2 15.5 8 8 Plot Plot
12 12 9-14 9-14 25.1 25.1 12.7-20.3 12.7-20.3 17.8 17.8 16.8 16.8 7 7 Plot Plot
12-18 12-18 15 15 51.7 51.7 20.3 20.3 12.7-35.6 12.7-35.6 19.3 19.3 3 3 Plot Plot
PLOT PLOT BY BY - LAYER LAYER TREE TREE
8-15 8-15 12 12 2.7 2.7 6.6 6.6 0.0- 12.7-20.3 12.7-20.3 15.2 15.2 birch birch 16.2 16.2 Paper Paper papyrifera papyrifera Betula Betula
8-15 8-15 11 11 9.2 9.2 4.3-15.1 4.3-15.1 15.2 15.2 12.7-25.4 12.7-25.4 15.7 15.7 spruce spruce Red Red rubens rubens Picea Picea
5-18 5-18 12 12 19.4 19.4 2.4-41.2 2.4-41.2 12.7-35.6 12.7-35.6 17.8 17.8 18.0 18.0 fir fir Balsam Balsam balsamea balsamea Abies Abies
SPECIES SPECIES BY BY - LAYER LAYER TREE TREE
m m m m m2/ha m2/ha m2/ha m2/ha em em em em em em
range range height height range range area area range range basal basal d.b.h. d.b.h. d.b.h. d.b.h. name name number number plot plot
Height Height Average Average area area Basal Basal D.b.h. D.b.h. Average Average Median Median Average Average Common Common name/ name/ Scientific Scientific
plots) plots) {four {four plots plots vegetation vegetation 8 8 ELT ELT from from data data canopy canopy of of 2.--Summary 2.--Summary Table Table Table 4.-Meander survey data summe1ry from ELT 6
Scientific name Common name Abundance
TREE LAYER
Fagus grandifolia Beech Abundant Acer saccharum Sugar maple Abundant Betula lutea Yellow birch Common Sorbus americana Mountain-ash Uncommon Betula papyrifera Paper birch Uncommon Picea rubens Red spruce Uncommon Abies balsamea Balsam fir Uncommon Acer pensylvanicum Striped maple Uncommon
SHRUB LAYER
Viburnum alnifolium Hobblebush Abundant Fagus grandifolia Beech Abundant Acer pensylvanicum Striped maple Abundant Picea rubens Red spruce Common Sambucus pubens Red-berry elderberry Uncommon Comus altemifolia Alternate-leaf dogwood Uncommon Ribes lacustre Bristly black currant Uncommon Acer spicatum Mountain maple Uncommon Diervilla lonicera Bush honeysuckle Rare *Lonicera oblongifolia Swamp fly-honeysuckle Rare Amelanchier sp. Shadbush Rare Lonweracanadens~ Fly-honeysuckle Rare
HERB LAYER
Acer pensylvanicum Striped maple Abundant Clintonia borealis Bluebead lily Abundant Aster acuminatus Woodland whorled aster Common Sorbus americana Mountain-ash Common Erythronium americanum Yellow trout lily Common Acer saccharum Sugar maple Common Oxalis montana Wood sorrel Common Dryopteris spinulosa Spinulose shieldfern Common Abies balsamea Balsam fir Uncommon Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas fern Uncommon Viola sp. Violet Uncommon Monotropa uniflora Indian-pipe Uncommon Trillium undulatum Painted trillium Uncommon Solidago hispida Hairy goldenrod Uncommon Cinna latifolia Wood reedgrass Uncommon Trillium erectum Purple trillium Uncommon Epifagus virginiana Beech-drops Uncommon Streptopus roseus Twisted stalk Uncommon Betula lutea Yellow birch Uncommon Sphagnum sp. Sphagnum moss Uncommon Viola rotundifolia Early yellow violet Uncommon Lycopodium lucidulum Shining clubmoss Uncommon Prenanthes altissima Rattlesnake root Uncommon Aster cordifolius Heart-leaf aster Uncommon Eupatorium rugosum White snakeroot Uncommon Fagus grandifolia Beech Uncommon Smilacina racemosa False Solomon's seal Uncommon Aralia nudicaulis Wild sarsaparilla Uncommon Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit Uncommon Carex trisperrna Three-seed sedge Uncommon Continued
7
8 8
14-21 14-21 19 19 33.5 33.5 12.7-33.0 12.7-33.0 20.3 20.3 22.4 22.4 10 10 Plot Plot
12-15 12-15 14 14 23.0 23.0 12.7-30.5 12.7-30.5 20.3 20.3 21.1 21.1 5 5 Plot Plot
15-21 15-21 17 17 44.3 44.3 17.8-63.5 17.8-63.5 33.0 33.0 25.4 25.4 4 4 Plot Plot
PLOT PLOT BY BY - LAYER LAYER TREE TREE
1.0 1.0 12 12 3.1 3.1 0.0- 12.7-15.2 12.7-15.2 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 maple maple Striped Striped pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Acer Acer
14 14 4.1 4.1 0.0- 1.4 1.4 22.9 22.9 22.9 22.9 fir fir Balsam Balsam balsamea balsamea Abies Abies
15 15 2.0 2.0 6.1 6.1 0.0- 27.9 27.9 27.9 27.9 spruce spruce Red Red rubens rubens Picea Picea
18 18 15-21 15-21 12.6 12.6 0.0-31.7 0.0-31.7 27.9-63.5 27.9-63.5 45.7 45.7 45.7 45.7 birch birch Yellow Yellow lutea lutea Betula Betula
15-20 15-20 16 16 9.7 9.7 3.3- 6.5 6.5 17.8-30.5 17.8-30.5 20.3 20.3 21.8 21.8 Beech Beech grandifolia grandifolia Fagus Fagus
19 19 14-21 14-21 0.0-30.2 0.0-30.2 10.1 10.1 12.7-33.0 12.7-33.0 20.3 20.3 22.6 22.6 maple maple Sugar Sugar saccharum saccharum Acer Acer
SPECIES SPECIES BY BY - LAYER LAYER TREE TREE
m m m m ni!ha ni!ha em em ni!ha ni!ha em em em em
range range height height range range area area basal basal range range h. h. b. b. d. d. d.b.h. d.b.h. name name number number plot plot
Height Height Average Average area area Basal Basal Average Average D.b.h. D.b.h. Median Median Average Average Common Common name/ name/ Scientific Scientific
plots) plots) (three (three plots plots vegetation vegetation 6 6 ELT ELT from from data data canopy canopy of of 5.--Summary 5.--Summary Table Table
only. only. seeps seeps hillside hillside in in *Occurred *Occurred
Rare Rare fern fern Oak Oak dryopteris dryopteris Gymnocarpium Gymnocarpium
Rare Rare nightshade nightshade enchanter's enchanter's Dwarf Dwarf alpina alpina Circaea Circaea
Rare Rare water-hemlock water-hemlock Poison Poison bulbifera bulbifera *Cicuta *Cicuta
Rare Rare bedstraw bedstraw Fragrant Fragrant triflorum triflorum *Galium *Galium
Rare Rare willow-herb willow-herb Glandular Glandular glandulosum glandulosum Epilobium Epilobium
Rare Rare Water-horehound Water-horehound sp. sp. *Lycopus *Lycopus
Rare Rare spleenwort spleenwort Silvery Silvery thelypteroides thelypteroides Athyrium Athyrium
Rare Rare Jewelweed Jewelweed capensis capensis *Impatiens *Impatiens
Rare Rare skullcap skullcap Mad-dog Mad-dog * * lateriflora lateriflora Scutellaria Scutellaria
Rare Rare stalk stalk Twisted Twisted amplexifolius amplexifolius Streptopus Streptopus
Rare Rare Turtlehead Turtlehead glabra glabra *Chelone *Chelone
Rare Rare fern fern Lady Lady filix-femina filix-femina Athyrium Athyrium
Rare Rare Watercarpet Watercarpet americanum americanum *Chrysosplenium *Chrysosplenium
Rare Rare raspberry raspberry Red Red idaeus idaeus Rubus Rubus
Rare Rare Bedstraw Bedstraw sp. sp. Galium Galium
Rare Rare sedge sedge Rough Rough scabrata scabrata Carex Carex
Rare Rare fern fern Maidenhair Maidenhair pedatum pedatum Adiantum Adiantum
Rare Rare seal seal Solomon's Solomon's pubescens pubescens Polygonatum Polygonatum
Rare Rare shieldfern shieldfern Marignal Marignal marginalis marginalis Dryopteris Dryopteris
Rare Rare polypody polypody Rock Rock vulgare vulgare Polypodium Polypodium
Rare Rare wintergreen wintergreen Round-leaf Round-leaf rotundifolia rotundifolia Pyrola Pyrola
Uncommon Uncommon fern fern beech beech Long Long phegopteris phegopteris Thelypteris Thelypteris
Uncommon Uncommon Sedge Sedge sp. sp. Carex Carex
Uncommon Uncommon sedge sedge White-edge White-edge debilis debilis Carex Carex
Abundance Abundance name name Common Common name name Scientific Scientific
4.--Continued 4.--Continued Table Table
9 9
than than 1 1 percent percent of of the the cover. cover.
T-
Species Species was was
present present in in a a 0.5-m plot plot but but represented represented less less 2 2
Betula Betula lutea lutea Yellow Yellow birch birch T T 0.0- T T
Trillium Trillium erectum erectum Purple Purple trillium trillium 0.3 0.3 0.0- 1.8 1.8
Acer Acer spicatum spicatum Mountain Mountain maple maple 0.3 0.3 0.0- 1.0 1.0
Oxalis Oxalis montana montana Wood Wood sorrel sorrel 0.8 0.8 0.0- 2.3 2.3
Acer Acer pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Striped Striped maple maple 1.4 1.4 0.8- 2.5 2.5
Moss Moss 1.6 1.6 0.0- 3.5 3.5
Acer Acer saccharum saccharum Sugar Sugar maple maple 1.8 1.8 0.0- 5.0 5.0
Lycopodium Lycopodium lucidulum lucidulum Shining Shining clubmoss clubmoss 2.5 2.5 0.0- 7.5 7.5
Fagus Fagus grandifolia grandifolia Beech Beech 5.0 5.0 0.0-13.8 0.0-13.8
Dryopteris Dryopteris spinulosa spinulosa Spinulose Spinulose shieldfern shieldfern 15.0 15.0 13.3-16.0 13.3-16.0
Bare Bare ground ground 72.0 72.0 62.5-78.0 62.5-78.0
HERB HERB LAYER LAYER (twelve (twelve plots) plots)
Betula Betula lutea lutea Yellow Yellow birch birch T T 0.0-T 0.0-T
Acer Acer spicatum spicatum Mountain Mountain maple maple 1.0 1.0 0.0- 3.0 3.0
Acer Acer pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Striped Striped maple maple 7.0 7.0 0.0-20.0 0.0-20.0
Acer Acer saccharum saccharum Sugar Sugar maple maple 10.0 10.0 0.0-30.0 0.0-30.0
Fagus Fagus grandifolia grandifolia Beech Beech 15.0 15.0 10.0-25.0 10.0-25.0
SHRUB SHRUB LAYER LAYER (three (three plots) plots)
Percent Percent Percent Percent
Scientific Scientific name name Common Common name name Average Average cover cover Range Range of of plots plots
Table Table 6.--Summary 6.--Summary of of understory understory data data from from ELT ELT 6 6 vegetation vegetation plots plots
10 10
meander meander the the in in and and
9) 9) and and 8 8 (Tables (Tables plots plots vegetation vegetation community. community. seep seep the the of of representative representative
the the
In In 7). 7).
(Table (Table
birch birch
paper paper heart-leaved heart-leaved and and birch, birch, paper paper as as here here described described are are and and period period sampling sampling every every
mountain-ash, mountain-ash,
fir, fir,
balsam balsam were were species species tree tree Dominant Dominant during during repeatedly repeatedly visited visited were were 7) 7) and and 6 6 (Figs. (Figs. seeps seeps these these
of of Two Two occurred. occurred. sites sites discharge discharge groundwater groundwater of of number number
channels. channels.
defined defined
poorly poorly in in
typically typically and and intermittent intermittent were were a a 6, 6, ELT ELT of of boundary boundary lower lower the the Along Along seeps. seeps. Sidehi/1 Sidehi/1
Streams Streams till. till. rocky rocky of of m m 2.4 2.4 over over till till loam loam sandy sandy well-graded well-graded
of of m m
1.2 1.2
to to
0.6 0.6
typically typically are are comunication), comunication), personal personal site. site. ledge ledge a a and and seeps seeps
USFS, USFS,
Fay, Fay,
(Steve (Steve
Service Service Forest Forest USDA USDA the the to to according according sidehill sidehill 6: 6: ELT ELT in in found found were were microhabitats microhabitats distinct distinct Several Several
soils, soils, Its Its variable. variable. and and percent percent 30 30 as as field field the the in in estimated estimated
steep, steep,
moderately moderately were were
Slopes Slopes 6. 6. ELT ELT of of that that to to similar similar 8. 8. ELT ELT in in observed observed those those than than larger larger generally generally
more more
was was
8, 8, character character its its
ELT ELT to to parallel parallel and and m m 1,050 1,050 diameters diameters tree tree downed downed with with common common were were blowdowns blowdowns and and
over over
to to
elevation elevation in in
rising rising
Although Although 6E. 6E. ELT ELT as as typed typed was was 8. 8. Litter Litter ELT ELT in in than than abundant abundant less less much much was was cover cover Moss Moss
wall wall cirque cirque
the the of of portion portion a a
Bowl, Bowl, the the of of end end north north the the At At spring. spring. the the in in common common was was americanum) americanum) (Erythronium (Erythronium lily lily
Trout Trout seedlings. seedlings. maple maple striped striped and and lily, lily, bluebead bluebead shieldfern, shieldfern,
6E 6E
ELT ELT
spinulose spinulose by by dominated dominated was was and and cover, cover, total total percent percent
25 25
approximately approximately for for
accounted accounted
layer layer herbaceous herbaceous The The
unknown. unknown.
are are
habitat habitat
unique unique
this this creating creating
factors factors
the the
infrequent. infrequent.
was was
birch birch
yellow yellow
regenerating regenerating
though though species, species,
features, features,
site site other other
and and
soils soils of of
analysis analysis
additional additional
Without Without
understory understory
common common a a
was was
maple maple
Sugar Sugar
abundant. abundant. were were
1950). 1950).
(Fernald (Fernald
hardwoods hardwoods rich rich
and and
1963) 1963)
Cronquist Cronquist
maple maple
striped striped and and beech, beech,
hobblebush, hobblebush,
layer, layer,
shrub shrub the the In In
and and (Gleason (Gleason soils soils circumneutral circumneutral moist, moist, in in occur occur to to
reported reported is is fern fern maidenhair maidenhair The The fern). fern). lady lady and and
nightshade nightshade
ELT. ELT.
enchanter's enchanter's
(dwarf (dwarf
streams streams
and and
seeps seeps
or or
bedstraw) bedstraw)
the the of of
percent percent 25 25 to to
up up for for
account account
rnay rnay
slates slates description description
the the and and
woodfern woodfern
(marginal (marginal
ledges ledges
other other with with
either either
association association
forest forest the the which which
105, 105,
ELT ELT
of of inclusions inclusions
associated associated found found
were were
and and Bowl Bowl the the
throughout throughout rare rare
were were
to to due due
partially partially
be be may
discrepancy discrepancy This This
description. description.
species species These These fern. fern.
lady lady and and
nightshade nightshade
enchanter's enchanter's
dwarf dwarf
Service Service Forest Forest
USDA USDA the the in in
included included not not is is which which
sp.), sp.), (Galium (Galium
bedstraw bedstraw a a
marginalis), marginalis),
(Dryopteris (Dryopteris
woodfern woodfern
beech, beech, of of
amount amount
significant significant
a a
included included
and and dominated dominated
marginal marginal
with with
associated associated was was
and and 9) 9)
(Fig. (Fig.
location location
this this
hardwood clearly clearly were were
altitudes altitudes lower lower
the the ELT, ELT, this this of of
in in only only found found
was was
pedantum) pedantum)
(Adiantum (Adiantum
fern fern
Maidenhair Maidenhair
elevations elevations higher the the
in in
common common
more more
become become softwoods softwoods
site. site. this this to to unique unique assemblage assemblage an an formed formed that that species species
several several contained contained it it ELT, ELT, remaining remaining the the of of that that to to similar similar
6. 6. T T
EL EL in in
slope slope
was was community community vegetation vegetation general general the the Although Although moist. moist. and and
steep steep a a on on
stand stand beech beech
maple-American maple-American
5.--Sugar 5.--Sugar
Figure Figure steep, steep, moderately moderately boulder-strewn, boulder-strewn, ledge was was ledge the the of of base base
The The height. height. this this half half even even was was that that Bowl Bowl the the in in encountered encountered
was was ledge ledge other other No No maps). maps). RNA RNA some some on on Bowl Bowl
the the outside outside just just as as mapped mapped is is location location (This (This trail. trail. Wiggins Wiggins
the the of of south south just just located located was was elevation elevation m m 770 770 at at and and height height
in in m m 15 15 approximately approximately 8) 8) (Fig. (Fig. ledge ledge large large A A site. site. Ledge Ledge
seeps. seeps. the the
in in even even rare rare were were oblongifolia) oblongifolia) (Lonicera (Lonicera fly-honeysuckle fly-honeysuckle
swamp swamp and and glandulosum), glandulosum), (Epilobium (Epilobium willow-herb willow-herb glandular glandular
glabra), glabra), Chelone Chelone ( ( turtlehead turtlehead including including species, species, Several Several
4. 4. Table Table in in (*) (*) asterisk asterisk an an with with indicated indicated are are these these Bowl; Bowl; the the
in in else else nowhere nowhere found found were were seeps seeps the the in in identified identified species species
Eight Eight latifolia). latifolia). Cinna Cinna ( ( reedgrass reedgrass wood wood and and filix-femina), filix-femina),
(Athyrium (Athyrium fern fern lady lady rugosum), rugosum), (Eupatorium (Eupatorium snakeroot snakeroot white white
included included species species seep seep common common Other Other alpina). alpina). Circaea Circaea ( (
nightshade nightshade enchanter's enchanter's dwarf dwarf by by dominated dominated was was that that
Bowl Bowl the the of of edge edge southern southern the the near near one one of of exception exception the the
with with seeps seeps most most of of typical typical was was composition composition This This capensis). capensis).
(Impatiens (Impatiens jewelweed jewelweed by by dominanted dominanted layer layer herbaceous herbaceous
dense dense a a under under abundant abundant was was moss moss Sphagnum Sphagnum edges. edges.
the the crowded crowded community community forest forest the the of of typical typical shrubs shrubs of of layer layer
thick thick a a though though seeps, seeps, the the in in occurred occurred shrubs shrubs or or trees trees No No
200m • • 2
be be to to largest estimated estimated largest the the with with area, area, in in small small were were seeps seeps
The The areas. areas. these these from from originated originated streams streams intermittent intermittent
that that indicated indicated seeps seeps the the of of several several below below channels channels braided braided
small small and and visit, visit, site site every every during during occurred occurred conditions conditions
Saturated Saturated layer. layer. organic organic 15-cm 15-cm to to 2- a a and and till till loose loose of of soils soils
surface surface with with percent, percent, 5 5 were approximately approximately were slopes slopes Seep Seep
11 11
Figure Figure 7.--Seep 7.--Seep 2 2 in in August. August. Jewelweed Jewelweed is is flowering. flowering.
Figure Figure 6.--Seep 6.--Seep 1 1 (ELT (ELT 6) 6) in in June. June. Jewelweed Jewelweed and and wood wood reedgrass reedgrass are are most most evident. evident.
12 12
18. 18. page page on on the the of of continues continues Text Text overstory overstory the the in in tree tree most abundant abundant most the the was was beech beech
American American However, However, snag. snag. birch birch yellow yellow 58-cm 58-cm a a contained contained
plot plot
third third
The The 10). 10).
Fig. Fig. and and 11 11
and and
10 10
(Tables (Tables plots plots species species common common most most The The plots. plots. vegetation vegetation the the in in percent percent
vegetation vegetation three three
the the of of
two two in in
recorded recorded were were
m m
30 30 to to 25 25 30 30 estimated estimated an an averaged averaged cover cover ground ground herbaceous herbaceous The The
of of height height
and and em em 78 78
of of d.b.h. d.b.h.
with with trees trees
birch birch
Yellow Yellow 105. 105. glandulosum). glandulosum). R. R. lacustre; lacustre; (Ribes (Ribes gooseberry gooseberry of of species species
ELT ELT of of
portions portions
some some in in
canopy canopy
upper upper the the
dominate dominate which which
two two and and pubens), pubens), (Sambucus (Sambucus elder elder red-berried red-berried alterniflora), alterniflora),
birch, birch, yellow yellow
are are Bowl Bowl the the in in
trees trees
largest largest the the of of
Some Some
(Comus (Comus dogwood dogwood alternate-leaved alternate-leaved included included species species shrub shrub
Other Other spruce. spruce. red red young young and and hobblebush, hobblebush, beech, beech, young young
Bowl. Bowl.
by by dominated dominated and and sampled, sampled, plots plots three three the the
in in
cover cover
percent percent
the the
of of outlet outlet the the near near
northeast northeast
to to
ELT ELT the the of of
end end
northern northern
15 15 than than less less patchy, patchy, was was 105 105 ELT ELT in in layer layer
shrub shrub The The
the the at at southeast southeast from from ranges ranges Aspect Aspect diameter. diameter. in in
meters meters many many sometimes sometimes common, common, are are Boulders Boulders
percent). percent).
(1985). (1985). Leak Leak by by
8 8 to to 3 3
(generally (generally
slopes slopes
gentle gentle
and and
communication) communication)
recorded recorded been been have have old old years years 267 267 to to up up trees trees Birch Birch 1977). 1977).
personal personal
USFS, USFS,
Fay, Fay, (Steve (Steve
tills tills
ablational ablational deep deep by by
Martin Martin 1975, 1975, (Forcier (Forcier ago ago years years of of hundreds hundreds disturbance disturbance
characterized characterized is is m m
750 750
about about
below below
Bowl Bowl
the the of of
base base
The The
catastrophic catastrophic a a of of result result the the be be may may Bowl Bowl the the in in overstory overstory
birch birch
yellow yellow the the that that
speculated speculated have have Researchers Researchers 105 105 ELT ELT
trees. trees. of of windthrow windthrow as as such such disturbances disturbances with with associated associated
often often
are are which which
logs, logs, moist moist or or soils soils exposed exposed favor favor canopy. canopy. the the under under patches patches
seedlings seedlings its its and and
1975), 1975),
(Leak (Leak associates associates moist moist hardwood hardwood its its cool cool in in than than abundant abundant were were Mosses Mosses clubmoss. clubmoss. shining shining
tolerant tolerant
shade shade less less
somewhat somewhat
considered considered is is birch birch and and Yellow Yellow sorrel, sorrel, wood wood woodfern, woodfern, splnulose splnulose fir fir ::;eedlings, ::;eedlings, uctl:sam uctl:sam
by by dominated dominated was was and and cover, cover, percent percent 40 40 approximately approximately
sizes. sizes. and and composition composition layer composed composed layer herb herb The The dominant. dominant. was was mountain-ash mountain-ash
species species tree tree
summarize summarize
11 11
and and 10 10 Tables Tables dominating. dominating. regenerating regenerating canopy, canopy, the the in in openings openings numerous numerous In In
again again
beech beech
with with
canopy, canopy, lower lower
the the up up make make maple maple maple. maple. striped striped striped striped and and spruce, spruce, red red fir, fir, balsam balsam included included species species
and and
species species these these of of
Saplings Saplings
ravine. ravine. Brook Brook Wonalancet Wonalancet Common Common plots. plots. the the in in percent percent 1 1 0 0 approximately approximately of of cover cover
the the
along along
canopy canopy
the the in in
occurs occurs canadensis) canadensis) average average (Tsuga (Tsuga an an with with areas, areas, canopy canopy closed closed in in sparse sparse quite quite was was
hemlock hemlock
eastern eastern
occasional occasional
an an and and 105, 105, ELT ELT layer layer shrub shrub throughout throughout The The m. m. 13.8 13.8 of of height height average average an an and and em em 18.3 18.3
found found
are are
maple maple
sugar sugar
Large Large
12). 12). and and 11, 11, 10, 10, of of (Tables (Tables d.b.h. d.b.h. plots plots average average an an with with abundant, abundant, was was fir fir balsam balsam surveys, surveys,
6. 6. T T EL EL in in site site 6. 6. ELT ELT in in site) site) (ledge (ledge
ledge ledge
the the of of base base
the the at at fern fern 9.--Maidenhair 9.--Maidenhair Figure Figure Trail Trail Wiggins Wiggins the the of of south south cliffs cliffs 8.--Steep 8.--Steep Figure Figure
13 13
Cypripedium Cypripedium sp. sp. Lady Lady slipper slipper Rare Rare
Pyrola Pyrola rotundifolia rotundifolia Round-leaf Round-leaf wintergreen wintergreen Rare Rare
Carex Carex sp. sp. Sedge Sedge Uncommon Uncommon
Acer Acer spicatum spicatum Mountain Mountain maple maple Uncommon Uncommon
Sorbus Sorbus americana americana Mountain-ash Mountain-ash Uncommon Uncommon
Acer Acer pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Striped Striped maple maple Uncommon Uncommon
Trillium Trillium undulatum undulatum Painted Painted trillium trillium Uncommon Uncommon
Solidago Solidago hispida hispida Hairy Hairy goldenrod goldenrod Uncommon Uncommon
Betula Betula papyrifera papyrifera Paper Paper birch birch Uncommon Uncommon
Streptopus Streptopus roseus roseus Twisted Twisted stalk stalk Uncommon Uncommon
Thelypteris Thelypteris phegopteris phegopteris Long Long beech beech fern fern Uncommon Uncommon
Monotropa Monotropa uniflora uniflora Indian-pipe Indian-pipe Uncommon Uncommon
Aster Aster acuminatus acuminatus Woodland Woodland whorled whorled aster aster Uncommon Uncommon
Clintonia Clintonia borealis borealis Bluebead Bluebead lily lily Common Common
Maianthemum Maianthemum canadense canadense Canada Canada mayflower mayflower Common Common
Abies Abies balsamea balsamea Balsam Balsam fir fir Abundant Abundant
Picea Picea rubens rubens Red Red spruce spruce Abundant Abundant
Lycopodium Lycopodium lucidulum lucidulum Shining Shining clubmoss clubmoss Abundant Abundant
Oxalis Oxalis montana montana Wood Wood sorrel sorrel Abundant Abundant
Dryopteris Dryopteris spinulosa spinulosa Spinulose Spinulose shieldfern shieldfern Abundant Abundant
HERB HERB LAYER LAYER
Lonicera Lonicera canadensis canadensis Fly Fly honeysuckle honeysuckle Rare Rare
alternifolia alternifolia Comus Alternate-leaf Alternate-leaf dogwood dogwood Rare Rare
Acer Acer spicatum spicatum Mountain Mountain maple maple Uncommon Uncommon
Betula Betula lutea lutea Yellow Yellow birch birch Uncommon Uncommon
Viburnum Viburnum alnifolium alnifolium Hobblebush Hobblebush Uncommon Uncommon
Acer Acer pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Striped Striped maple maple Common Common
Picea Picea rubens rubens Red Red spruce spruce Common Common
Abies Abies balsamea balsamea Balsam Balsam fir fir Common Common
SHRUB SHRUB LAYER LAYER
Betula Betula lutea lutea Yellow Yellow birch birch Uncommon Uncommon
Betula Betula papyrifera papyrifera var. var. cordifolia cordifolia Heart-leaved Heart-leaved paper paper birch birch Common Common
Picea Picea rubens rubens Red Red spruce spruce Common Common
Abies Abies balsamea balsamea Balsam Balsam fir fir Abundant Abundant
Sorbus Sorbus americana americana Mountain-ash Mountain-ash Abundant Abundant
Betula Betula papyrifera papyrifera Paper Paper birch birch Abundant Abundant
TREE TREE LAYER LAYER
Scientific Scientific name name Common Common name name Abundance Abundance
Table Table 7.--Meander 7.--Meander survey survey data data summary summary from from ELT ELT 6E 6E
14 14
cover. cover. the the of of percent percent 1 1 than than
less less
represented represented but but plot plot herb herb 0.5-m a a in in present present was was Species Species T - T 2 2
0.0-T 0.0-T T T maple maple Mountain Mountain spicatum spicatum Acer Acer
0.3 0.3 0.0- T T Sedge Sedge sp. sp. Carex Carex
0.5 0.5 0.0- 0.3 0.3 sorrel sorrel Wood Wood montana montana Oxalis Oxalis
0.5 0.5 0.0- 0.3 0.3 mayflower mayflower Canada Canada canadense canadense Maianthemum Maianthemum
0.8 0.8 0.0- 0.4 0.4 maple maple Striped Striped pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Acer Acer
1.3 1.3 T- 0.6 0.6 birch birch Paper Paper papyrifera papyrifera Betula Betula
3.0 3.0 1.0- 2.0 2.0 Mountain-ash Mountain-ash americana americana Sorbus Sorbus
5.3 5.3 0.0- 2.6 2.6 Moss Moss
5.0 5.0 1.3- 3.1 3.1 clubmoss clubmoss lucidulum lucidulum Shining Shining Lycopodium Lycopodium
7.5 7.5 6.0- 6.8 6.8 shieldfern shieldfern Spinulose Spinulose spinulosa spinulosa Dryopteris Dryopteris
10.0-20.0 10.0-20.0 15.0 15.0 fir fir Balsam Balsam balsamea balsamea Abies Abies
60.5-77.3 60.5-77.3 68.9 68.9 ground ground Bare Bare
plots) plots) (eight (eight LAYER LAYER HERB HERB
1.0 1.0 0.0- 0.5 0.5 birch birch Yellow Yellow lutea lutea Betula Betula
3.0 3.0 0.0- 1.5 1.5 fir fir Balsam Balsam balsamea balsamea Abies Abies
5.0-10.1 5.0-10.1 7.5 7.5 spruce spruce Red Red rubens rubens Picea Picea
plots) plots) (two (two LAYER LAYER SHRUB SHRUB
3.0 3.0 0.0- 1.5 1.5 fir fir Balsam Balsam balsamea balsamea Abies Abies
plots) plots) (two (two LAYER LAYER SAPLING SAPLING
Percent Percent Percent Percent
plots plots of of Range Range cover cover Average Average name name Common Common name name Scientific Scientific
plots plots vegetation vegetation 6E 6E ELT ELT from from data data understory understory of of 9.--Summary 9.--Summary Table Table
11-15 11-15 13 13
26.3 26.3 12.7-20.3 12.7-20.3 15.2 15.2 15.8 15.8 2 2 Plot Plot
11-15 11-15 13 13
35.9 35.9 12.7-25.4 12.7-25.4 18.3 15.2 15.2 18.3 1 1 Plot Plot
PLOT PLOT BY BY - LAYER LAYER TREE TREE
12 12
0.0-1.9 0.0-1.9 0.9 0.9 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 maple maple Mountain Mountain spicatum spicatum Acer Acer
12 12
0.0-3.3 0.0-3.3 1.6 1.6 20.3 20.3 20.3 20.3 birch birch Yellow Yellow lutea lutea Betula Betula
12 12
1.9-2.5 1.9-2.5 2.2 2.2 15.2-17.8 15.2-17.8 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 Mountain-ash Mountain-ash americana americana Sorbus Sorbus
12 12
0.0-5.5 0.0-5.5 2.8 2.8 12.7-17.8 12.7-17.8 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 spruce spruce Red Red rubens rubens Picea Picea
11-12 11-12 12 12
8.1-8.6 8.1-8.6
8.4 8.4 12.7-25.4 12.7-25.4 15.2 15.2 15.9 15.9 birch birch Paper Paper papyrifera papyrifera Betula Betula
12-15 12-15 14 14
15.2 15.2 12.7-25.4 12.7-25.4 17.8 17.8 18.3 18.3 fir fir Balsam Balsam balsamea balsamea Abies Abies
SPECIES SPECIES BY BY - LAYER LAYER TREE TREE
m m m m w!ha w!ha ni!fha ni!fha em em em em em em
range range
height height
range range
area area basal basal range range d.b.h. d.b.h. d.b.h. d.b.h. name name number number plot plot
Height Height
Average Average
area area Basal Basal
Average Average D.b.h. D.b.h. Median Median Average Average Common Common name/ name/ Scientific Scientific
plots) plots) (two (two plots plots vegetation vegetation 6E 6E ELT ELT from from data data canopy canopy of of 8.--Summary 8.--Summary Table Table
15 15
T - T
Species Species
was was present present in in a a 0.5-m plot plot but but represented represented less less than than 1 1 percent percent of of the the cover. cover. 2 2
Betula Betula lutea lutea Yellow Yellow birch birch T T 0.0-T 0.0-T
Monotropa Monotropa unit/ora unit/ora Indian-pipe Indian-pipe T T 0.0-T 0.0-T
Trientafis Trientafis borealis borealis Starflower Starflower 0.1 0.1 0.0- 0.3 0.3
Medeola Medeola virginiana virginiana Indian Indian cucumber cucumber root root 0.2 0.2 0.0- 0.5 0.5
Fagus Fagus grandifolia grandifolia Beech Beech 0.2 0.2 0.0- 0.3 0.3
Acer Acer spicatum spicatum Mountain Mountain maple maple 0.4 0.4 0.0- 1.3 1.3
Clintonia Clintonia borealis borealis Bluebead Bluebead lily lily 1.0 1.0 0.5- 1.3 1.3
Maianthemum Maianthemum canadense canadense Canada Canada mayflower mayflower 1.0 1.0 0.0- 3.0 3.0
Lycopodium Lycopodium lucidulum lucidulum Shining Shining clubmoss clubmoss 1.3 1.3 0.0- 4.0 4.0
Dryopteris Dryopteris spinulosa spinulosa Spinulose Spinulose shieldfern shieldfern 1.7 1.7 0.0- 5.3 5.3
Moss Moss 2.8 2.8 0.0- 7.5 7.5
Acer Acer pensy/vanicum pensy/vanicum Striped Striped maple maple 1.8 1.8 T- 5.0 5.0
Oxalis Oxalis montana montana Wood Wood sorrel sorrel 3.3 3.3 T-10.0 T-10.0
Acer Acer saccharum saccharum Striped Striped maple maple 3.6 3.6 1.0- 6.0 6.0
Viburnum Viburnum alnifolium alnifolium Hobblebush Hobblebush 15.0 15.0 0.0-25.0 0.0-25.0
Bare Bare ground ground 70.0 70.0 58.8-81.3 58.8-81.3
HERB HERB LAYER LAYER (twelve (twelve plots) plots)
Picea Picea rubens rubens Red Red spruce spruce T T 0.0-T 0.0-T
Acer Acer pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Striped Striped maple maple 7.0 7.0 0.0- 2.0 2.0
Viburnum Viburnum alnifolium alnifolium Hobblebush Hobblebush 1.7 1.7 0.0- 5.0 5.0
Fagus Fagus grandifolia grandifolia Beech Beech 9.3 9.3 3.0-15.0 3.0-15.0
SHRUB SHRUB LAYER LAYER (three (three plots) plots)
Fagus Fagus grandifolia grandifolia Beech Beech 8.3 8.3 0.0-25.0 0.0-25.0
SAPLING SAPLING LAYER LAYER (three (three plots) plots)
Percent Percent Percent Percent
Scientific Scientific name name Common Common name name Average Average cover cover Range Range of of plots plots
Table Table 11.--Summary 11.--Summary of of understory understory data data from from ELT ELT 105 105 vegetation vegetation plots plots
Plot Plot 12 12 33.8 33.8 26.7 26.7 15.2-78.7 15.2-78.7 74.6 74.6 24 24 20-30 20-30
Plot Plot 11 11 43.2 43.2 40.6 40.6 15.2-73.7 15.2-73.7 57.6 57.6 22 22 12-30 12-30
Plot Plot 6 6 16.0 16.0 15.2 15.2 12.7-20.3 12.7-20.3 8.2 8.2 14 14 12-15 12-15
TREE TREE LAYER LAYER - BY BY PLOT PLOT
Fagus Fagus grandifolia grandifolia Beech Beech 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 12.7-22.9 12.7-22.9 4.3 4.3 1.9- 7.0 7.0 12-21 12-21 15 15
Acer Acer saccharum saccharum Sugar Sugar maple maple 21.1 21.1 19.1 19.1 12.7-33.0 12.7-33.0 0.0-14.4 0.0-14.4 5.2 5.2 14-24 14-24 20 20
Betula Betula lutea lutea Yellow Yellow birch birch 55.9 55.9 57.2 57.2 30.5-78.7 30.5-78.7 37.3 37.3 0.0-56.1 0.0-56.1 24-30 24-30 27 27
TREE TREE LAYER LAYER - BY BY SPECIES SPECIES
em em em em em em flil/ha flil/ha flil/ha flil/ha m m m m
plot plot number number name name d.b.h. d.b.h. d.b.h. d.b.h. range range basal basal area area range range height height range range
Scientific Scientific name/ name/ Common Common Average Average Median Median D.b.h. D.b.h. Average Average Average Average Basal Basal Height Height area area
Table Table 10.--Summary 10.--Summary of of canopy canopy data data from from ELT ELT 105 105 vegetation vegetation plots plots (three (three plots) plots)
16 16
Continued Continued
Uncommon Uncommon root root Rattlesnake Rattlesnake altissima altissima Prenanthes Prenanthes
Uncommon Uncommon maple maple Mountain Mountain spicatum spicatum Acer Acer
Uncommon Uncommon sarsaparilla sarsaparilla Wild Wild nudicaulis nudicaulis Aralia Aralia
Uncommon Uncommon Starflower Starflower borealis borealis Trientalis Trientalis
Uncommon Uncommon seal seal Solomon's Solomon's False False racemosa racemosa Smilacina Smilacina
Uncommon Uncommon root root cucumber cucumber Indian Indian virginiana virginiana Medea/a Medea/a
Uncommon Uncommon Partridge-berry Partridge-berry repens repens Mitchella Mitchella
Uncommon Uncommon bellwort bellwort Sessile Sessile sessilifolia sessilifolia Uvularia Uvularia
Uncommon Uncommon fern fern Lady Lady filix-femina filix-femina Athyrium Athyrium
Uncommon Uncommon Jack-in-the-pulpit Jack-in-the-pulpit triphyllum triphyllum Arisaema Arisaema
Uncommon Uncommon reedgrass reedgrass Wood Wood latifolia latifolia Cinna Cinna
Uncommon Uncommon Beech-drops Beech-drops virginiana virginiana Epifagus Epifagus
Uncommon Uncommon polypody polypody Rock Rock vulgare vulgare Po/ypodium Po/ypodium
Uncommon Uncommon snakeroot snakeroot White White rugosum rugosum Eupatorium Eupatorium
Uncommon Uncommon trillium trillium Purple Purple erectum erectum Trillium Trillium
Uncommon Uncommon fern fern beech beech Northern Northern phegopteris phegopteris Thelypteris Thelypteris
Uncommon Uncommon stalk stalk Twisted Twisted amplexifolius amplexifolius Streptopus Streptopus
Uncommon Uncommon aster aster whorled whorled Woodland Woodland acuminatus acuminatus Aster Aster
Uncommon Uncommon fir fir Balsam Balsam balsamea balsamea Abies Abies
Uncommon Uncommon goldenrod goldenrod Hairy Hairy hispida hispida Solidago Solidago
Uncommon Uncommon mayflower mayflower canadense canadense Canada Canada Maianthemum Maianthemum
Uncommon Uncommon Beech Beech grandifolia grandifolia Fagus Fagus
Uncommon Uncommon birch birch Yellow Yellow lutea lutea Betula Betula
Uncommon Uncommon Indian-pipe Indian-pipe uniflora uniflora Monotropa Monotropa
Uncommon Uncommon Sedge Sedge sp. sp. Carex Carex
Uncommon Uncommon sedge sedge White-edge White-edge debilis debilis Carex Carex
Uncommon Uncommon sedge sedge Inland Inland intumescens intumescens Carex Carex
Uncommon Uncommon sedge sedge Three-seed Three-seed trisperma trisperma Carex Carex
Common Common lily lily trout trout Yellow Yellow americanum americanum Erythronium Erythronium
Common Common maple maple Sugar Sugar saccharum saccharum Acer Acer
Common Common maple maple Striped Striped pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Acer Acer
Abundant Abundant shieldfern shieldfern Spinulose Spinulose spinulosa spinulosa Dryopteris Dryopteris
Abundant Abundant lily lily Bluebead Bluebead borealis borealis Clintonia Clintonia
Abundant Abundant clubmoss clubmoss Shining Shining lucidulum lucidulum Lycopodium Lycopodium
Abundant Abundant sorrel sorrel Wood Wood montana montana Oxalis Oxalis
LAYER LAYER HERB HERB
Rare Rare Yew Yew canadensis canadensis Taxus Taxus
Uncommon Uncommon elderbery elderbery Red-berry Red-berry pubens pubens Sambucus Sambucus
Uncommon Uncommon dogwood dogwood Alternate-leaf Alternate-leaf alternifolia alternifolia Comus Comus
Uncommon Uncommon currant currant black black Bristly Bristly lacustre lacustre Ribes Ribes
Uncommon Uncommon currant currant Skunk Skunk glandulosum glandulosum Ribes Ribes
Uncommon Uncommon maple maple Striped Striped pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Acer Acer
Common Common spruce spruce Red Red rubens rubens Picea Picea
Abundant Abundant Hobblebush Hobblebush alnifolium alnifolium Viburnum Viburnum
Abundant Abundant Beech Beech grandifolia grandifolia Fagus Fagus
LAYER LAYER SHRUB SHRUB
Uncommon Uncommon maple maple Striped Striped pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Acer Acer
Uncommon Uncommon Hemlock Hemlock canadensis canadensis Tsuga Tsuga
Uncommon Uncommon maple maple Sugar Sugar saccharum saccharum Acer Acer
Common Common birch birch Yellow Yellow lutea lutea Betula Betula
Abundant Abundant Beech Beech grandifolia grandifolia Fagus Fagus
LAYER LAYER TREE TREE
Abundance Abundance name name Common Common name name Scientific Scientific
105 105 ELT ELT from from summary summary data data survey survey 12.--Meander Table Table
17 17
Figure Figure 10.--A 10.--A large large Yellow Yellow birch birch dominates dominates plot plot 11 11 in in ELT ELT 105. 105.
Actaea Actaea alba alba White White baneberry baneberry Rare Rare
Anemone Anemone quinquefolia quinquefolia Wood Wood anemone anemone Rare Rare
Gymnocarpium Gymnocarpium dryopteris dryopteris Oak Oak fern fern Rare Rare
Dicentra Dicentra canadensis canadensis Squirrel Squirrel corn corn Rare Rare
Epilobium Epilobium glandulosum glandulosum Glandular Glandular willow-herb willow-herb Rare Rare
Circaea Circaea alpina alpina Dwarf Dwarf enchanter's enchanter's nightshade nightshade Rare Rare
Goodyera Goodyera tesselata tesselata Checkered Checkered rattlesnake rattlesnake plaintain plaintain Rare Rare
Trillium Trillium undulatum undulatum Painted Painted trillium trillium Rare Rare
Aralia Aralia racemosa racemosa Spikenard Spikenard Rare Rare
Actaea Actaea rubra rubra Red Red baneberry baneberry Rare Rare
Viola Viola sp. sp. Violet Violet Rare Rare
Rubus Rubus pubescens pubescens Dwarf Dwarf raspberry raspberry Rare Rare
Scientific Scientific name name Common Common name name Abundance Abundance
-----" -----"
Table Table 12.--Continued 12.--Continued
18 18
22. 22.
page page
on on
continues continues
Text Text
likely likely very very also also are are fir fir balsam balsam and and birch birch Paper Paper ELT's. ELT's.
all all in in found found were were maple maple striped striped and and spruce, spruce, red red birch, birch, yellow yellow
only only these, these, Of Of Bowl. Bowl. the the in in recorded recorded were were species species tree tree Ten Ten
survey. survey.
exhaustive exhaustive more more a a in in found found be be might might encountered encountered not not
but but expected expected were were that that species species Several Several incomplete. incomplete. likely likely
very very
are are
ELT ELT
each each for for listings listings species species the the that that mind mind in in kept kept
evident. evident.
not not
was was
area area the the
of of usage usage
be be should should it it
however, however, ELT's; ELT's; the the across across distribution distribution species species
their their though though observed, observed, was was
virginianus) virginianus)
Odocoileus Odocoileus ( (
deer deer
addresses addresses discussion discussion following following The The types. types. land land among among
white-tailed white-tailed One One
boles. boles.
beech beech on on scars scars
claw claw
bear bear
were were
vvidely vvidely
varied varied
abundance abundance their their though though 13), 13), (Table (Table ELT's ELT's all all to to
as as common, common, quite quite
also also
were were
browse browse
and and scat scat
americanus) americanus)
ubiquitous ubiquitous
were were
species species of of number number a a these, these, Of Of ELT's. ELT's. four four
(Lepus (Lepus
hare hare
Snowshoe Snowshoe
8. 8. ELT ELT
of of top top
the the at at
even even
the the over over
Bowl Bowl
the the in in recorded recorded were were species species Ninety-three Ninety-three
widespread, widespread, were were networks networks trail trail and and marks, marks, browse browse scat, scat,
but but seen seen were were individuals individuals No No area. area. study study Distribution Distribution the the Species Species throughout throughout
observed observed was was sign sign alces) alces) (Aices (Aices moose moose Abundant Abundant
Findings Findings Additional Additional
vegetation. vegetation. the the of of composition composition and and structure structure the the on on impact impact
significant significant a a have have may may wildlife wildlife of of species species several several survey, survey, knob. knob. slight slight a a on on
botanical botanical the the of of focus focus a a not not Although Although isolated isolated underrepresented. underrepresented. quite quite was was slipper slipper lady lady the the and and sparse sparse were were layers layers
surely surely are are mammals mammals small small and and survey survey 1992, 1992, 7, 7, herbaceous herbaceous and and shrub shrub The The hardwoods. hardwoods. some some and and fir, fir,
June June the the during during recorded recorded partially partially only only were were breeding birds birds breeding balsam balsam spruce, spruce, red red large large of of ::;land ::;land a a in in m), m), 940 940
example, example, for for complete; complete; be be to to intended intended not not is is 14) 14) (Table (Table elevation elevation (estimated (estimated slope slope the the up up halfway halfway approximately approximately
species species of of list list The The surveys. surveys. botanical botanical the the during during recorded recorded 8, 8, and and 6E 6E ELT's ELT's between between zone zone transition transition the the in in
casually casually were were sign sign their their and and wildlife wildlife of of Observations Observations occurred occurred It It 1992. 1992. 19, 19, August August on on Bowl Bowl the the in in identified identified was was
specimen specimen nonflowering nonflowering single, single, A A concern species. species. concern special special
Wildlife Wildlife
as as minimum minimum a a at at ranked ranked are are and and Hampshire," Hampshire," New New of of
Plants Plants "Protected "Protected in in included included are are slipper slipper lady lady of of species species All All
12). 12). and and 11 11 (Figs. (Figs. pubescens) pubescens)
(Rubus (Rubus raspberry raspberry dwarf dwarf and and fern, fern, beech beech long long idaeus), idaeus), sp.) sp.) Cypripedium Cypripedium ( ( slipper slipper Lady Lady
(Rubus (Rubus raspberry raspberry red red aster, aster, whorled whorled woodland woodland goldenrod, goldenrod,
hairy hairy included included openings openings the the in in occurring occurring commonly commonly both. both. or or
Species Species
discussion. discussion. this this from from excluded excluded are are descriptions" descriptions" herbivory, herbivory, or or senescence senescence to to due due unobservable unobservable presumably presumably
type type land land "Ecological "Ecological under under described described trails trails hiking hiking found, found, were were specimens specimens no no survey, survey, 1992 1992 August August
and and seeps seeps hillside hillside The The responding. responding. were were species species these these the the during during revisited revisited was was stand stand the the When When unmistakable. unmistakable.
which which to to
factor factor key key the the was was light light to to exposure exposure that that likely likely is is were were tubers tubers of of clumps clumps grainy grainy pink pink the the but but fruit, fruit, or or flower flower
it it so, so,
regimes; regimes; hydrologic hydrologic of of variety variety a a displayed displayed and and ledges, ledges, in in were were None None observed. observed. were were plants plants 8 8 to to 6 6 approximately approximately
large large and and
streamsides, streamsides, blowdowns, blowdowns, with with associated associated were were made, made, not not was was individuals individuals of of count count complete complete a a Although Although
openings openings The The elsewhere. elsewhere. infrequent infrequent were were that that species species of of
number number a a contained contained
ELT's ELT's the the throughout throughout openings openings Forest Forest scour. scour.
of of evidence evidence no no showed showed that that soil soil organic organic rich rich a a in in rooted rooted
was was
Openings Openings Forest Forest
corn corn squirrel squirrel the the though though flows, flows, high high during during channel channel overflow overflow
an an be be to to appeared appeared that that swale swale a a of of
the side side the on on occurred occurred ELT's. ELT's.
It It
Brook. Brook.
Wonalancet Wonalancet
to to
tributary tributary perennial perennial southernmost southernmost the the all all in in abundance abundance in in uncommon uncommon ranked ranked were were fern fern beech beech
the the of of
border border the the
along along
05 05 1 1 ELT ELT in in located located was was stand stand northern northern and and goldenrod, goldenrod, pipe, pipe, Indian Indian while while ELT's, ELT's, the the of of
The The
survey. survey.
1992, 1992, 7, 7,
June June the the
during during Bowl Bowl the the in in identified identified most most in in abundant abundant or or common common were were list list this this in in five five first first The The
was was
squirrel-corn squirrel-corn of of
stand stand small small A A occurrences). occurrences). 20 20 phegopteris). phegopteris). (Thelypteris (Thelypteris fern fern beech beech northern northern and and hispida), hispida),
than than
(more (more S3 S3 of of
rank rank element element
state state a a with with 1987), 1987), Develop. Develop. (Solidago (Solidago goldenrod goldenrod hairy hairy unif/ora), unif/ora), (Monotropa (Monotropa Indian-pipe Indian-pipe
Econ. Econ.
Resour. Resour.
Dep. Dep. (N.H. (N.H. Hampshire" Hampshire" New New of of Plants Plants clubmoss, clubmoss, shining shining acuminatus), acuminatus), (Aster (Aster aster aster whorled whorled
"Protected "Protected
the the in in
state-threatened state-threatened as as listed listed is is Squirrel-corn Squirrel-corn woodland woodland lily, lily, bluebead bluebead shieldfern, shieldfern, spinulose spinulose sorrel, sorrel, wood wood
ELT's: ELT's: four four all all in in
found found were were
species species herb herb 70 70 the the of of Eight Eight
canadensis) canadensis) (Dicentra (Dicentra Squirrel-corn Squirrel-corn
layer. layer. shrub shrub the the of of proportion proportion greater greater much much a a for for accounted accounted Species Species Rare Rare
species species tree tree of of Seedlings Seedlings uncommon. uncommon. were were species species
shrub shrub all all hobblebush, hobblebush, of of
exception exception
the the with with
that, that,
indicate indicate 10. 10. Table Table in in provided provided is is
which which 0) 0) 1 1 and and
7, 7, 4, 4,
1, 1,
(Tables (Tables
abundances abundances
survey survey meander meander abundances abundances relative relative estimated estimated their their and and surveys surveys meander meander
the the
with with
concur concur
data data These These
types. types.
land land two two or or one one only only and and sampling sampling plot plot during during 05 05 1 1 ELT ELT in in observed observed species species
to to
restricted restricted were were
most most
shrubs, shrubs,
remaining remaining
the the of of and and ELT's ELT's of of list list A A layer. layer. herb herb the the in in recorded recorded were were species species other other 38 38
all all
in in
occurred occurred
hobblebush hobblebush
only only
species, species, shrub shrub 13 13 the the Of Of ELT, ELT, the the within within trees trees the the of of seedlings seedlings and and species species these these to to
addition addition In In lily. lily. bluebead bluebead and and clubmoss, clubmoss, shining shining shieldfern, shieldfern,
them. them.
encounter encounter not not did did we we spinulose spinulose sorrel, sorrel, wood wood including including 8, 8, ELT ELT in in common common
that that
105 105 ELT ELT in in
numbers numbers
small small
such such in in occurring occurring ubiquitous, ubiquitous, most most also also those those were were surveys surveys meander meander during during observed observed
19 19
Continued Continued
Goodyera Goodyera tesselata tesselata Checkered Checkered rattlesnake rattlesnake plantain plantain X X
Cypripedium Cypripedium sp. sp. Lady Lady slipper slipper X X
ORCHIDACEAE ORCHIDACEAE
Medeola Medeola virginiana virginiana Indian Indian cucumber cucumber root root X X
Trillium Trillium
undulatum undulatum
Painted Painted trillium trillium X X X X X X
Trillium Trillium erectum erectum
Purple Purple trillium trillium X X X X
Polygonatum Polygonatum pubescens pubescens Solomon's Solomon's seal seal X X
Streptopus Streptopus roseus roseus
Twisted Twisted Stalk Stalk X X X X
Streptopus Streptopus amplexifolius amplexifolius
Twisted Twisted stalk stalk X X X X
Uvularia Uvularia sessifolia sessifolia Bellwort Bellwort X X
Maianthemum Maianthemum canadense canadense
Canada Canada mayflower mayflower X X X X
Smilacina Smilacina
racemosa racemosa False False Solomon's Solomon's seal seal X X X X
Clintonia Clintonia
borealis borealis
Bluebead Bluebead lily lily X X X X X X X X
Erythronium Erythronium americanum americanum Yellow Yellow trout trout lily lily X X
LILIACEAE LILIACEAE
Arisaema Arisaema triphyllum triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit Jack-in-the-pulpit X X X X
ARACEAE ARACEAE
Carex Carex sp. sp.
Sedge Sedge X X X X X X X X
Carex Carex intumescens intumescens Inflated Inflated sedge sedge X X
Carex Carex crinita crinita Fringed Fringed sedge sedge X X
Carex Carex scabrata scabrata Rough Rough sedge sedge X X
Carex Carex debilis debilis White-edge White-edge sedge sedge X X X X X X
Carex Carex trisperma trisperma Three-seed Three-seed sedge sedge X X X X X X
CYPERACEAE CYPERACEAE
Cinna Cinna latifolia latifolia Wood Wood reedgrass reedgrass X X X X X X
Deschampsia Deschampsia flexuosa flexuosa Common Common hairgrass hairgrass X X
GRAMINAE GRAMINAE
Picea Picea rubens rubens Red Red spruce spruce X X X X X X X X
Tsuga Tsuga canadensis canadensis Hemlock Hemlock X X
Abies Abies balsamea balsamea Balsam Balsam fir fir X X X X X X
PINACEAE PINACEAE
Taxus Taxus canadensis canadensis Yew Yew X X
TAXACEAE TAXACEAE
Polypodium Polypodium vulgare vulgare Rock Rock polypody polypody X X X X X X
Adiantum Adiantum pedatum pedatum Maidenhair Maidenhair fern fern X X
Athyrium Athyrium filix-femina filix-femina Lady Lady fern fern X X X X
Athyrium Athyrium thelypteroides thelypteroides Silvery Silvery spleenwort spleenwort X X
Dennstaedtia Dennstaedtia punctilobula punctilobula Hayscented Hayscented fern fern X X
Polystichum Polystichum acrostichoides acrostichoides Christmas Christmas fern fern X X
Polystichum Polystichum braunii braunii Braun's Braun's hollyfern hollyfern X X
Dryopteris Dryopteris marginalis marginalis Marginal Marginal shieldfern shieldfern X X
Dryopteris Dryopteris spinulosa spinulosa Spinulose Spinulose shieldfern shieldfern X X X X X X X X
Thelypteris Thelypteris phegopteris phegopteris Northern Northern beech beech fern fern X X X X X X X X
Gymnocarpium Gymnocarpium dryopteris dryopteris Oak Oak fern fern X X X X
Lycopodium Lycopodium lucidulum lucidulum Shining Shining clubmoss clubmoss X X X X X X X X
LYCOPODIACEAE LYCOPODIACEAE
Scientific Scientific name name ELT8 ELT8 ELT ELT Common Common 105 105 ELT6 ELT6 name name ELT6E ELT6E
Table Table 13.-Summary 13.-Summary listing listing of of vascular vascular plant plant species species encountered encountered In In the the by by Bowl, Bowl, ELT ELT
20 20
Continued Continued
X X nightshade nightshade X X enchanter's enchanter's apina apina Dwarf Dwarf Circaea Circaea
X X X X willow-herb willow-herb glandulosum glandulosum Glandular Glandular Epilobium Epilobium
ONAGRACEAE ONAGRACEAE
X X violet violet yellow yellow Early Early rotundifolia rotundifolia Viola Viola
X X X X Violet Violet sp. sp. Viola Viola
VIOLACEAE VIOLACEAE
X X Jewelweed Jewelweed capensis capensis Impatiens Impatiens
BALSAMINACEAE BALSAMINACEAE
X X X X maple maple Sugar Sugar saccharum saccharum Acer Acer
X X X X X X X X maple maple Striped Striped pensylvanicum pensylvanicum Acer Acer
X X X X maple maple Mountain Mountain spicatum spicatum Acer Acer
ACERACEAE ACERACEAE
holly holly X X Mountain Mountain mucronata mucronata Nemopanthus Nemopanthus
AQUIFOLIACEAE AQUIFOLIACEAE
X X X X X X X X sorrel sorrel Wood Wood montana montana Oxalis Oxalis
OXALIDACEAE OXALIDACEAE
X X cherry cherry Bird Bird pensylvanica pensylvanica Prunus Prunus
X X X X raspberry raspberry Red Red Rubusidaeus Rubusidaeus
X X
raspberry raspberry Dwarf Dwarf pubescens pubescens Rubus Rubus
X X
X X Shadbush Shadbush sp. sp. Amelanchier Amelanchier
X X X X X X Mountain-ash Mountain-ash americana americana Sorbus Sorbus
ROSACEAE ROSACEAE
X X X X
currant currant black black Bristly Bristly lacustre lacustre Ribes Ribes
X X
currant currant Skunk Skunk glandulosum glandulosum Ribes Ribes
X X Watercarpet Watercarpet americanum americanum Chrysosplenium Chrysosplenium
SAXIFRAGACEAE SAXIFRAGACEAE
X X
Squirrel-corn Squirrel-corn canadensis canadensis Dicentra Dicentra
FUMARIACEAE FUMARIACEAE
X X
Goldthread Goldthread trifolia trifolia Coptis Coptis
X X
baneberry baneberry White White alba alba Actaea Actaea
X X
baneberry baneberry Red Red rubra rubra Actaea Actaea
X X
anemone anemone Wood Wood quinquefolia quinquefolia Anemone Anemone
RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCULACEAE
X X
X X
Beech Beech grandifolia grandifolia Fagus Fagus
FAGACEAE FAGACEAE
X X
birch birch X X paper paper
Heart-leaved Heart-leaved cordifolia cordifolia var. var. papyrifera papyrifera Betula Betula
X X X X
X X birch birch
Paper Paper papyrifera papyrifera Betula Betula
X X X X
X X X X
birch birch Yellow Yellow lutea lutea Betula Betula
BETULACEAE BETULACEAE
105 105
ELT ELT 6E 6E ELT ELT 6 6 ELT ELT 8 8 ELT ELT
name name Common Common name name Scientific Scientific
13.--Continued 13.--Continued Table Table
21 21
Prenanthes Prenanthes altissima altissima
Rattlesnake Rattlesnake root root X X X X
Aster Aster acuminatus acuminatus
Woodland Woodland whorled whorled aster aster X X X X X X X X
Aster Aster cordifolius cordifolius Heart-leaf Heart-leaf aster aster X X
Solidago Solidago hispida hispida
Hairy Hairy goldenrod goldenrod X X X X X X X X
Eupatorium Eupatorium
rugosum rugosum
White White snakeroot snakeroot X X X X X X
COMPOSITAE COMPOSITAE
Viburnum Viburnum cassinoides cassinoides Northern Northern wild wild raisin raisin X X
Viburnum Viburnum alnifolium alnifolium
Hobblebush Hobblebush X X X X X X X X
Sambucus Sambucus pubens pubens
Red-berry Red-berry elderberry elderberry X X X X
Lonicera Lonicera oblongifolia oblongifolia Swamp Swamp fly fly honeysuckle honeysuckle X X
Lonicera Lonicera canadensis canadensis
Fly Fly honeysuckle honeysuckle X X X X
Diervilla Diervilla lonicera lonicera Bush Bush honeysuckle honeysuckle X X
CAPRIFOUACEAE CAPRIFOUACEAE
Mitchella Mitchella repens repens Partridge-berry Partridge-berry X X
Galium Galium triflorum triflorum Fragrant Fragrant bedstraw bedstraw X X
Galium Galium sp. sp. Bedstraw Bedstraw X X
RUBIACEA RUBIACEA
Epifagus Epifagus
virginiana virginiana Beech-drops Beech-drops X X X X
OROBANCHACEAE OROBANCHACEAE
Che!one Che!one glabra glabra Turtle Turtle head head X X
SCROPHULARIACEAE SCROPHULARIACEAE
Lycopus Lycopus sp. sp. Water-horehound Water-horehound X X
Scutellaria Scutellaria lateriflora lateriflora Mad-dog Mad-dog skullcap skullcap X X
LABIATAE LABIATAE
Trientalis Trientalis borealis borealis Starflower Starflower X X X X
PRIMULACEAE PRIMULACEAE
Vaccinium Vaccinium angustifolium angustifolium Late Late sweet sweet blueberry blueberry X X
Gaultheria Gaultheria hispidula hispidula Creeping Creeping snowberry snowberry X X
Monotropa Monotropa unit/ora unit/ora Indian-pipe Indian-pipe X X X X X X X X
Pyrola Pyrola rotundifolia rotundifolia Round-leaf Round-leaf wintergreen wintergreen X X X X
ERICACEAE ERICACEAE
Comus Comus alternifolia alternifolia Alternate-leaf Alternate-leaf dogwood dogwood X X X X X X
Comus Comus canadensis canadensis Bunchberry Bunchberry X X
CORNACEAE CORNACEAE
Cicuta Cicuta bulbifera bulbifera Poison Poison water-hemlock water-hemlock X X
UMBELLIFERAE UMBELLIFERAE
Aralia Aralia nudicaulis nudicaulis Wild Wild sarsaparilla sarsaparilla X X X X
Aralia Aralia racemosa racemosa Spikenard Spikenard X X
ARALIACEAE ARALIACEAE
Scientific Scientific name name Common name name Common ELTB ELTB ELT6 ELT6 ELT6E ELT6E ELT ELT 105 105
Table Table 13.-Continued 13.-Continued
22 22
raspberry. raspberry.
dwarf dwarf and and fern, fern, beech beech northern northern aster, aster, whorled whorled woodland woodland include include openings openings
small small other other and and habitats habitats streamside streamside to to common common species species 12.--Herbaceous 12.--Herbaceous Figure Figure
105. 105. ELT ELT in in tributaries tributaries Brook Brook Wonalancet Wonalancet
intermittent intermittent well-scoured well-scoured the the of of 11.--0ne 11.--0ne Figure Figure
precisely. precisely.
more more conditions conditions ELT ELT describe describe help help would would ledge, ledge, and and
boulders boulders material, material, woody woody dead dead litter, litter, leaf leaf including including ground, ground,
unvegetated unvegetated assessing assessing for for system system standard standard a a developing developing
Also, Also, interest. interest. of of be be would would also also specifically specifically material material
down down and and dead dead with with associated associated communities communities fungal fungal
and and plant plant the the of of study study A A community. community. the the of of part part important important
an an likely likely are are and and Bowl Bowl the the in in represented represented well well are are forms forms life life
these these however, however, fungi; fungi; or or mosses, mosses, lichens, lichens, study study not not did did We We
study. study. this this in in observed observed distributions distributions and and
associations associations the the to to clues clues yield yield may may differences differences microhabitat microhabitat
on on concentrating concentrating and and seedlings, seedlings, and and plants plants herbaceous herbaceous
of of distribution distribution spatial spatial the the in in observed observed were were differences differences
Many Many layer. layer. herbaceous herbaceous the the in in patchiness patchiness of of measure measure
a a is is useful useful be be would would that that parameters parameters vegetation vegetation the the
of of One One processes. processes. forest forest old-growth old-growth into into insights insights provide provide
could could explored, explored, if if that, that, identified identified were were base base data data vegetation vegetation
our our in in gaps gaps several several investigations, investigations, field field these these During During Recommendations Recommendations
23 23
Alces Alces alces alces
Moose Moose Sign Sign
Odocoi!eus Odocoi!eus virginianus virginianus
White-tailed White-tailed deer deer Sighting Sighting
Ursus Ursus americanus americanus
Black Black bear bear Sign Sign
Tamiasciurus Tamiasciurus hudsonicus hudsonicus
Red Red squirrel squirrel Sighting Sighting
Tamias Tamias striatus striatus
Eastern Eastern chipmunk chipmunk Sighting Sighting
Lepus Lepus americanus americanus
Snowshoe Snowshoe hare hare Sign Sign
MAMMALS MAMMALS
Junco Junco hyemaiis hyemaiis
Dark-eyed Dark-eyed junco junco Sighting Sighting
Seiurus Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus
Ovenbird Ovenbird Heard Heard
Setophaga Setophaga ruticilla ruticilla
American American redstart redstart Sighting Sighting
Dendroica Dendroica fusca fusca
Blackburnian Blackburnian warbler warbler Heard Heard
Dendroica Dendroica
virens virens Black-throated green green Black-throated warbler warbler Heard Heard
Dendroica Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens
Black-throated Black-throated blue blue warbler warbler Heard Heard
Vireo Vireo olivaceus olivaceus
Red-eyed Red-eyed vireo vireo Heard Heard
Turdus Turdus migratorius migratorius
American American robin robin Sighting Sighting
Hyfocichfa Hyfocichfa
mustelina mustelina Wood Wood thrush thrush Heard Heard
Catharus Catharus
sp. sp. Thrush Thrush Heard Heard
Regulus Regulus
satrapa satrapa Golden-crowned Golden-crowned kinglet kinglet Sighting Sighting
Certhia Certhia
americana americana Brown Brown creeper creeper Heard Heard
Sitta Sitta
carolinensis carolinensis White-breasted White-breasted nuthatch nuthatch Sighting Sighting
Sitta Sitta canadensis canadensis
Red-breasted Red-breasted nuthatch nuthatch Heard Heard
Parus Parus
hudsonicus hudsonicus Boreal Boreal chickadee chickadee Sighting Sighting
Parus Parus
atricapillus atricapillus Black-capped Black-capped chickadee chickadee Sighting Sighting
Corvus Corvus
corvax corvax Common Common raven raven Sighting Sighting
Cyanocitta Cyanocitta
cristata cristata Bluejay Bluejay Sighting Sighting
Dryocopus Dryocopus pileatus pileatus Pileated Pileated woodpecker woodpecker Sign Sign
Picoides Picoides vilfosus vilfosus Hairy Hairy woodpecker woodpecker Sighting Sighting
Sphyrapicus Sphyrapicus varius varius Yellow-bellied Yellow-bellied sapsucker sapsucker Sign Sign
Strix Strix varia varia Barred Barred owl owl Heard Heard
Accipitridae Accipitridae Accipiter Accipiter Sighting Sighting
BIRDS BIRDS
Ra.na Ra.na sylvatica sylvatica Wood Wood frog frog Sighting Sighting
Hyla Hyla c. c. crucifer crucifer Northern Northern spring spring peeper peeper Sighting Sighting
Bufo Bufo a. a. americanus americanus Eastern Eastern American American toad toad Sighting Sighting
Pfethodon Pfethodon cinereus cinereus Redback Redback salamander salamander Sighting Sighting
AMPHIBIANS AMPHIBIANS
Scientific Scientific name name Common Common name name Observation Observation
Table Table 14.--WIIdlife 14.--WIIdlife species species and and sign sign observed observed in in the the Bowl Bowl
24 24
p. p. 4 4 Station. Station. Experiment Experiment
p. p. 304 304 Region. Region. Forest Forest Northeastern Northeastern Service, Service, Forest Forest Agriculture, Agriculture,
Eastern Eastern Service, Service, Forest Forest Agriculture, Agriculture, of of of of Department Department Department Department U.S. U.S. PA: PA: Darby, Darby, Upper Upper NE-181. NE-181. Note Note
U.S. U.S. WI: WI: Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Forest. Forest. National National Res. Res. Mountain Mountain Hampshire. Hampshire. New New in in stand stand hardwood hardwood northern northern
White White plan, plan, management management resource resource and and virgin virgin Land Land a a of of structure structure and and Species Species 1973. 1973. W.B. W.B. Leak, Leak,
1986. 1986. Service. Service. Forest Forest Agriculture, Agriculture, of of Department Department U.S. U.S.
Society. Society. Geographical Geographical American American York: York:
New New 84-103. 84-103. 36. 36. Publ. Publ. Spec. Spec. States. States. United United coterminous coterminous
): ): 32(1 32(1 Ecology. Ecology. system. system. Appalachian Appalachian southern southern the the of of vegetation vegetation natural natural Potential Potential 1975. 1975. A.W. A.W. Kuchler, Kuchler,
and and northern northern the the in in forests forests spruce-fir spruce-fir virgin virgin
of of comparison comparison A A 1951. 1951. W.O. W.O. Billings, Billings, H.J.; H.J.; p. p. Oosting, Oosting, 810 810 Publishers. Publishers. PWS PWS MA: MA: Boston, Boston, Canada. Canada.
adjacent adjacent and and States States United United northeastern northeastern of of plants plants
Development. Development. Economic Economic and and Resources Resources of of Department Department vascular vascular of of Manual Manual A. A. 1963. 1963. Cronquist, Cronquist, H.A.; H.A.; Gleason, Gleason,
Hampshire Hampshire New New NH: NH: Concord, Concord, Listing. Listing. Plant Plant
306 306 N. N. Res.- Inventory. Inventory. Heritage Heritage Natural Natural Hampshire. Hampshire. 808-810. 808-810.
New New of of plants plants Protected Protected 1987. 1987. Development. Development. 189: 189: Science. Science. species. species. tree tree climax climax of of co-occurrence co-occurrence
Economic Economic and and Resources Resources of of Department Department Hampshire Hampshire New New and and strategies strategies Reproductive Reproductive 1975. 1975. L.K. L.K. Forcier, Forcier,
p. p.
6 6 Station. Station. Experiment Experiment Forest Forest Northeastern Northeastern Service, Service, p. p. 1632 1632 Company. Company. Book Book American American York: York: New New
Agriculture, Forest Forest Agriculture, of of Department Department U.S. U.S. PA: PA: Darby, Darby, ed. ed. 8th 8th botany. botany. of of manual manual Gray's Gray's 1950. 1950. M.L. M.L. Fernald, Fernald,
Upper Upper NE-244. NE-244. Note Note Res. Res. Hampshire. Hampshire. New New Bowl, Bowl, the the
forest, forest, hardwood--spruce-fir hardwood--spruce-fir northern northern undisturbed undisturbed p. p. 1236 1236 Inc. Inc. Press, Press, Rodale Rodale
an an in in species species tree tree of of Distribution Distribution 1977. 1977. C.W. C.W. Martin, Martin, PA: PA: Emmaus, Emmaus, gardening. gardening. organic organic of of encyclopedia encyclopedia
The The 1978. 1978. Jr. Jr. R.B., R.B., Yepson, Yepson, M.; M.; Stoner, Stoner, C.; C.; Stoner, Stoner,
p. p. 4 4 Station. Station. Experiment Experiment S.W.; S.W.; Smyser, Smyser, W.H.; W.H.; Hylton, Hylton, M.E.; M.E.; Chauner, Chauner, A.; A.; Carr, Carr,
Forest Forest Northeastern Northeastern Service, Service, Forest Forest Agriculture, Agriculture,
of of
Department Department U.S. U.S. PA: PA: Broomall, Broomall, NE-329. NE-329. Note Note Res. Res. p. p. 58 58 Hampshire: Hampshire: New New of of University University
spruce-fir. spruce-fir. and and hardwoods hardwoods northern northern old-growth old-growth In In Station, Station, Experiment Experiment Agricultural Agricultural Hampshire Hampshire New New
diameter diameter to to age age tree tree of of Relationships Relationships 1985. 1985. W.B. W.B. Leak, Leak, NH: NH: Durham, Durham, 60. 60. No. No. Rep. Rep. Res. Res. Hampshire. Hampshire. New New
of of climates climates Selected Selected 1977. 1977. D.L. D.L. Goodrich, Goodrich, G.L.; G.L.; Byers, Byers,
1451-1454. 1451-1454. 56(6): 56(6): Ecology. Ecology. hardwoods. hardwoods. northern northern and and
spruce spruce red red virgin virgin in in distribution distribution Age Age 1975. 1975. W.B. W.B. Leak, Leak, Cited Cited literature literature
25 25
Continued Continued
Average Average 15.8 15.8 204.3 204.3 11 11
Average Average 14.0 14.0 154.9 154.9 12 12
Total Total 3,677.2 3,677.2
309.7 309.7 Total Total
503.1 503.1
25.4 25.4 15 15
Acer Acer pensylvanicum pensylvanicum 15.2 15.2 187.1 187.1 12 12
20.3 20.3
329.0 329.0
12 12
Striped Striped maple/ maple/ 12.7 12.7 122.6 122.6 12 12
17.8 17.8 11 11 245.1 245.1
17.8 17.8 11 11 245.1 245.1
Abies Abies balsamea balsamea
17.8 17.8 11 11 245.1 245.1
Balsam Balsam fir/ fir/ 22.9 22.9 406.4 406.4
14 14
15.2 15.2 8 8 187.1 187.1
15.2 15.2 9 9 187.1 187.1
Picea Picea rubens rubens 15.2 15.2 8 8 187.1 187.1
Red Red spruce/ spruce/ 612.8 612.8 27.9 27.9 15 15 15.2 15.2 187.1 187.1 8 8
15.2 15.2 9 9 187.1 187.1
Average Average 1,889.9 1,889.9 45.7 45.7 18 18
15.2 15.2 187.1 187.1 11 11
Total Total 3,779.8 3,779.8 15.2 15.2 187.1 187.1 14 14
15.2 15.2 11 11 187.1 187.1
63.5 63.5 Betula Betula
lutea lutea 21 21 3,167.0 3,167.0
12.7 12.7 122.6 122.6 11 11
Yellow Yellow birch/ birch/ 27.9 27.9 15 15 612.8 612.8
9 9 12.7 12.7 122.6 122.6
12.7 12.7 9 9
122.6 122.6
Average Average 389.6 389.6 21.9 21.9 16 16
Picea Picea rubens rubens 12.7 12.7 122.6 122.6 12 12
Red Red spruce/ spruce/ 12.7 12.7 122.6 122.6 11 11 Total Total 1,948.0 1,948.0
30.5 30.5 722.4 722.4 15 15
Average Average 18.0 18.0 276.4 276.4 12 12
22.9 22.9 406.4 406.4 15 15
Total Total 7,741.1 7,741.1
20.3 20.3 20 20 329.0 329.0
-----·- Fagus Fagus grandifolia grandifolia 17.8 17.8 245.1 245.1
15 15
35.6 35.6 15 15 1,006.2 1,006.2
Beech/ Beech/
17.8 17.8
15 15 245.1 245.1
27.9 27.9 612.8 612.8 18 18
25.4 25.4 503.1 503.1 12 12
Average Average 22.5 22.5 431.2 431.2 19 19 22.9 22.9 15 15 406.4 406.4
22 22 9 9
406.4 406.4 15 15
Total Total 3,018.7 3,018.7
20.3 20.3 329.0 329.0 12 12
33.0 33.0 21 21 851.4 851.4 20.3 20.3 329.0 329.0 12 12
30.5 30.5 20 20 722.4 722.4 20.3 20.3 329.0 329.0 15 15
25.4 25.4 503.1 503.1 20 20 20.3 20.3 329.0 329.0 15 15
20.3 20.3 21 21 329.0 329.0 20.3 20.3 329.0 329.0 15 15
17.8 17.8 245.1 245.1 21 21 20.3 20.3 329.0 329.0 15 15
Acer Acer saccharum saccharum 17.8 17.8 245.1 245.1 14 14 17.8 17.8 245.1 245.1 11 11
Sugar Sugar maple/ maple/ 12.7 12.7 17 17 122.6 122.6 17.8 17.8 245.1 245.1 12 12
17.8 17.8 245.1 245.1 14 14
TREE TREE LAYER LAYER 17.8 17.8 9 9 245.1 245.1
15.2 15.2 187.1 187.1 11 11
m m em em cnr cnr 15.2 15.2 187.1 187.1 14 14
Scientific Scientific name name Basal Basal area area D.b.h. D.b.h. Height Height 15.2 15.2 187.1 187.1 12 12
Common Common name/ name/ 15.2 15.2 187.1 187.1 11 11
12.7 12.7 5 5 122.6 122.6
12.7 12.7 9 9 122.6 122.6 on on 08-30-1992 08-30-1992
12.7 12.7 122.6 122.6 12 12 Data Data collected collected by: by: Lee Lee E. E. Carbonneau, Carbonneau, Sarah Sarah D. D. Allen, Allen,
12.7 12.7 122.6 122.6 12 12 Site Site location: location: The The Bowl- ELT ELT 6, 6, NH NH
12.7 12.7 122.6 122.6 9 9
12.7 12.7 122.6 122.6 11 11
12.7 12.7 122.6 122.6 9 9
Abies Abies balsamea balsamea 12.7 12.7 122.6 122.6 7 7
Balsam Balsam fir/ fir/ 12.7 12.7 122.6 122.6 12 12
Average Average 16.2 16.2 12 12 218.1 218.1
Total Total 1,090.3 1,090.3 TREE TREE LAYER LAYER
329.0 329.0 20.3 20.3 11 11
m m em em cnr cnr
20.3 20.3 11 11 329.0 329.0
Scientific Scientific name name D.b.h. D.b.h. Basal Basal area area Height Height
15.2 15.2 8 8 187.1 187.1
Common Common name/ name/
Betula Betula papyrifera papyrifera 12.7 12.7 15 15 122.6 122.6
Paper Paper birch/ birch/ 12.7 12.7 15 15 122.6 122.6 on on 08-29-31-1992 08-29-31-1992
Data Data collected collected by by Lee Lee E. E. Carbonneau, Carbonneau, Sarah Sarah D. D. Allen, Allen,
m m em em cnr cnr Site Site location: location: The The Bowl- ELT ELT 8, 8, NH NH
Scientific Scientific name name D.b.h. D.b.h. Height Height Basal Basal area area
Appendix Appendix A--Vegetation A--Vegetation Plot Plot Data Data Common Common name/ name/
26 26
spicatum spicatum Acer Acer
12 12 maple/ maple/ 187.1 187.1 15.2 15.2 Mountain Mountain
lutea lutea Betula Betula
12 12 birch/ birch/ 329.0 329.0 20.3 20.3 Yellow Yellow
12 12 16.5 16.5 Average Average 216.1 216.1
Total Total 432.2 432.2
11 11 17.8 17.8 245.1 245.1 americana americana Sorbus Sorbus
12 12 187.1 187.1 15.2 15.2 Mountain-ash/ Mountain-ash/
12 12 Average Average 15.2 15.2 184.9 184.9
554.8 554.8 Total Total
12 12 245.1 245.1 17.8 17.8
12 12 187.1 187.1 15.2 15.2 rubens rubens Picea Picea
12 12 122.6 122.6 12.7 12.7 spruce/ spruce/ Red Red
12 12 209.7 209.7 Average Average 15.9 15.9
1,677.3 1,677.3 Total Total
15 15 258.0 258.0
17.8 17.8 Average Average
-·--~~·--··-· -·--~~·--··-·
12 12 503.1 503.1 25.4 25.4
1,290.2 1,290.2
Total Total
12 12 17.8 17.8 245.1 245.1
21 21 406.4 406.4 22.9 22.9 11 11 187.1 187.1 15.2 15.2
12 12 329.0 329.0 12 12 20.3 20.3 187.1 187.1 15.2 15.2
15 15 245.1 245.1 17.8 17.8 12 12 187.1 187.1 15.2 15.2
12 12 187.1 187.1 15.2 15.2 12 12 grandifolia grandifolia 122.6 122.6 Fagus Fagus 12.7 12.7
14 14 122.6 122.6 12.7 12.7 12 12 Beech/ Beech/ 122.6 122.6 12.7 12.7 papyrifera papyrifera Betula Betula
11 11 122.6 122.6 birch/ birch/ 12.7 12.7 Paper Paper
20 20 391.9 391.9 20.1 20.1 Average Average
14 14 276.8 276.8 18.3 18.3 Average Average
1,567.3 1,567.3 Total Total
3,044.8 3,044.8 Total Total
24 24 851.4 851.4 33.0 33.0
20 20 406.4 406.4 22.9 22.9 15 15 25.4 25.4 503.1 503.1
21 21 187.1 187.1 15.2 15.2 15 15 saccharum saccharum Acer Acer 503.1 503.1 25.4 25.4
14 14 122.6 122.6 12.7 12.7 maple/ maple/ 14 14 Sugar Sugar 329.0 329.0 20.3 20.3
15 15 329.0 329.0 20.3 20.3
27 27 2,796.1 2,796.1 55.9 55.9 14 14 Average Average 329.0 329.0 20.3 20.3
14 14 245.1 245.1 17.8 17.8
11,184.3 11,184.3
Total Total
14 14 187.1 187.1 15.2 15.2
30 30 4,889.1 4,889.1 78.7 78.7 14 14 187.1 187.1 15.2 15.2
30 30 4,269.9 4,269.9 73.7 73.7 12 12 187.1 187.1 15.2 15.2
24 24 1,302.9 1,302.9 40.6 40.6 lutea lutea Betula Betula 12 12 122.6 122.6 12.7 12.7 balsamea balsamea Abies Abies
24 24 722.4 722.4 30.5 30.5 birch/ birch/ Yellow Yellow 14 14 122.6 122.6 fir/ fir/ 12.7 12.7 Balsam Balsam
LAYER LAYER TREE TREE LAYER LAYER TREE TREE
m m cnf! cnf! em em m m cnf! cnf! em em
Height Height area area Basal Basal D.b.h. D.b.h. name name Scientific Scientific Height Height area area Basal Basal D.b.h. D.b.h. name name Scientific Scientific
name/ name/ Common Common name/ name/ Common Common
08-30-1992 08-30-1992 on on 08-30-1992 08-30-1992 on on
Allen, Allen, D. D. Sarah Sarah Carbonneau, Carbonneau, E. E. Lee Lee by: by: collected collected Data Data Allen, Allen, D. D. Sarah Sarah Carbonneau, Carbonneau, E. E. Lee Lee by: by: collected collected Data Data
NH NH 105, 105, ELT ELT Bowl- The The location: location: Site Site NH NH 6E, 6E, ELT ELT Bowl- The The location: location: Site Site Carbonneau, Lee E.; Allen, Sarah D. 1995. Botanical reconnaissance of The Bowl Research Natural Area. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-189. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 26 p.
The Bowl Research Natural Area is a 206-ha old-growth forest in the White Mountain National Forest of New Hampshire. Elevations range from approximately 580 m along Wonalancet Brook to 1,215 m at the summit of Mt. Whiteface. Vascular vegetation in four Ecological Land Types (ELT's) of the Bowl was characterized on 12 plots and during qualitative meander surveys. Several microhabitats within the ELT's, including sidehill seeps, ledges, canopy openings, and a well-traveled trail, were also inventoried. The vegetation structure and species composition for each ELT and microhabitat are described.
Send requests for publications to: USDA Forest Service Publications Distribution 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015 0 Printed on Recycled Paper Headquarters of the Northeastern Forest Experiment station is in Radnor, Pennsylvania. Field laboratories are maintained at:
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Princeton, West Virginia
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Warren, Pennsylvania
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