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TESE COMPLETA Maria Carolina MARIA CAROLINA DE ABREU Sistemática de Oxalis L. sect. Thamnoxys (Endl.) Progel no Brasil Recife, 2011 MARIA CAROLINA DE ABREU ii Sistemática de Oxalis L. sect. Thamnoxys (Endl.) Progel no Brasil Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Botânica da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco como requisito obrigatório necessário para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Botânica. Orientadora: Profª Drª. Margareth Ferreira de Sales (UFRPE) Conselheirros: Prof. Dr. Marcos José da Silva (UFG) Prof. Dr. Reginaldo Carvalho (UFRPE) Recife, 2011 iii Ficha Catalográfica A162s Abreu, Maria Carolina de Sistemática de Oxalis sect. Thamnoxys (Endl.) Progel no Brasil / Maria Carolina de Abreu. -- 2011. 151 f. : il. Orientadora: Margareth Ferreira de Sales. Tese (Doutorado em Botânica) – Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, Recife, 2011. Inclui anexos, apêndices e referências. 1. Oxalidaceae 2. Filogenia 3. Taxonomia 4. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura I. Sales, Margareth Ferreira de, Orientadora II. Título CDD 582 ii MARIA CAROLINA DE ABREU Sistemática de Oxalis L. sect. Thamnoxys (Endl.) Progel no Brasil Tese defendida e aprovada em 14/02/2011 Profª. Drª. Margareth Ferreira de Sales - UFRPE 1ª Examinadora - Orientadora Profº. Dr. André Laurênio de Melo UFRPE – UAST 2ª Examinador Profª. Drª. Carmen Sílvia Zickel - UFRPE 3ª Examinadora Profº. Dr. José Iranildo Miranda de Melo - UEPB 4ª Examinador Drª. Rita de Cássia Araújo Pereira - IPA 5ª Examinadora Profª. Drª. Suzene Izídio da Silva - UFRPE 1ª Suplente Profª. Drª. Ana Paula de Souza Gomes - FIS 2ª Suplente iii DEDICATÓRIA DEDICO aos que são fomento, Instituição, alicerce, pé direito e teto, responsáveis pela minha existência, formação e caráter: Família Abreu. Sem os quais não teria chegado aos 28 anos com uma experiência de vida de pessoa MADURA. “Jogar flores é te oferecer em primícias, meus mais leves suspiros, minhas maiores dores. Minhas tristezas, minha felicidade, meus pequenos sacrifícios, eis as minhas flores.” Teresa Martin – Santa Teresinha do Menino JESUS OFERECIMENTO OFEREÇO ao “metro quadrado” mais florido da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Orientado por uma pequena GRANDE Mulher, onde impera o companherismo e o senso de GRUPO ou seria FAMILIA? FLORES, esta tese é NOSSA!!!!! 4 FLORES Zélia Duncan Composição: Fred Martins e Marcelo Diniz “Flores para quando tu chegares Para além dos nomes, que possam dizê-las Flores para quando tu chorares Flores pra compores Uma dinâmica botânica de cores Metaforazantes, de comê-las Para tu dispores, pela casa Flores para mim Pelos cômodos, na cômoda do quarto Flores pros meus braços Uma banheira repleta de flores Ofertá-las para parabenizar-te Pela estrada, pela rua, na calçada Flores quantas flores, forem necessárias Flores no jardim Pra perguntares pra que tantas flores” Pétalas ao vento, para tu contares MUITO POUCO Maria Rita Composição: Moska “Pronto Não sei mais do que sou capaz Agora que voltou tudo ao normal Gritando pra não ficar rouca Talvez você consiga ser menos rei Em guerra lutando por paz E um pouco mais real Muito pra mim é tão pouco Esqueça.As horas nunca andam para trás E pouco eu não quero ... Todo dia é dia de aprender um pouco ...veja. A qualidade está inferior Do muito que a vida traz. E não é a quantidade que faz Mas muito pra mim é tão pouco A estrutura de um grande amor E pouco é um pouco demais Simplesmente seja Viver tá me deixando louca O que você julgar ser o melhor Não sei mais do que sou capaz Mas lembre-se que tudo que começa com Gritando pra não ficar rouca muito. Pode acabar muito pior Em guerra lutando por paz E muito pra mim é tão pouco Muito pra mim é tão pouco E pouco é um pouco demais E pouco eu não quero mais. Chega! Viver tá me deixando louca Não me condene pelo seu penar Não sei mais do que sou capaz Pesos e medidas não servem Gritando pra não ficar rouca Pra ninguém poder nos comparar Em guerra lutando por paz Porque. Eu não pertenço ao mesmo lugar Muito pra mim é tão pouco Em que você se afunda tão raso E pouco eu não quero mais Não dá nem pra tentar te salvar Pouco eu não quero mais. Porque muito pra mim é tão pouco Pouco eu não quero mais.” E pouco é um pouco demais Viver tá me deixando louca 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Depois de tanto aprendizado, trocas, discussões, dificuldades, alegrias e viagens alguns momentos de desespero, agradecer não é uma tarefa simples e a lista abaixo retrata o quanto fui e sou feliz e agradecida por todas as experiências vividas durante os seis anos fora de “casa”. Agradeço à DEUS e ao Divino Espírito Santo os quais iluminam meu caminho em busca do EQUILIBRIO e PAZ; Institucionalmente, meus agradecimentos à Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), pela estrutura física e de pessoal, ao Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq) pela concessão da bolsa de estudo com taxa de bancada indispensáveis à realização das pesquisas desta tese. À Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), berço de minha formação acadêmica a qual tenho a honra de fazer parte agora como membro docente da mesma. Nestes anos de aprendizado intensivo pude contar com os ensinamentos e a companhia de excelentes profissionais docentes e administrativos. Meus sinceros agradecimentos aos Coordenadores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Profª Ariadne do Nascimento Moura, Profª Carmen Sivia Zickel e Profº Ulysses Paulino de Albuquerque. Aos funcionários Manasses Araújo, Kênia Azevedo, Ariane Oliveira e Ana Katarina do serviço de comutação da Biblioteca. À minha orientadora Margareth Sales pelos ensinamentos, paciência, conselhos, por me incentivar sempre e acreditar na concretização deste trabalho, não me deixando desistir deste objetivo, meu muito obrigada. Agradeço à banca examinadora pelas contribuições que muito ajudaram a enriquecer esta tese. Assim como ao comitê de orientação e colaboradores dos artigos pela paciência e ensinamentos. Aos colegas de pós-graduação os quais muitas vezes só esbarramos nos corredores, outros os quais dividimos as aflições, compartilhamos momentos e experiências, André Lima, Clarissa Lopes, Douglas Burgos, Elifábia Neves, Luciana Maranhão, Marcelo Alves, Simone Lira, e Suellen Brayner. Como taxonomista, muitas vezes fui conhecida como aluna do curso de Turismo, devido a grande quantidade de viagens realizadas. Isso se deve a necessidade de conhecer a fundo a distribuição das espécies. Neste contexto agradeço a todos os Curadores de Herbários visitados e daqueles que emprestaram exsicatas, as quais foram imprescindíveis para a análise das espécies. Assim como a todos os colegas que me recepcionaram em suas casas nestes períodos de busca 6 aos Oxalis: Marcos José da Silva, Juliana Santos Silva, Daniela Werner, Família Neves. Agradeço à Regina Carvalho pelas ilustrações apresentadas nesta tese. O conceito de amizade acredito ser pequeno quando observo que não tenho apenas colegas e sim amigos na botânica. Agradecer às constantes provas de companheirismo e compreensão é pouco. Assim agradeço às flores do LATAX, Andresa Alves, Juliana Santos, Leidiana Lima, Luciana Oliveira, Paula Eymael e Sarah Athiê, sem esquecer nosso colega Wenderson, representante do sexo masculino do LATAX. Nestes anos tive o privilégio de conhecer pessoas especiais as quais se tornaram amigos, sim, e aqui agradeço ao grande amigo e companheiro de viagens Eduardo Bezerra de Almeida Júnior com o qual pude compartilhar conhecimentos e aprender muito, seja sobre ciência ou sobre convivência. Obrigada Edu pelo que construímos: amizade, carinho e bons momentos de conversa e aprendizado e principalmente pelo privilégio de ser sua amiga. À Ladivania Nascimento pela experiência e momentos de partilha e paz. Jadson Antunes amigo que agradeço pelo companheirismo e pelo apoio logístico no último ano da tese. Agradeço também ao incentivo dos amigos conquistados Alba Ferraz, Daniel Medeiros, Edson Moura, Fábio Vieira, Fátima Cavalcanti, Giulliari Lima, Jorge Irapuã, Kleber Andrade, Luciana Maranhão, Lucilene Lima, Maria das Graças, Olívia Cano e Renata Almeida. Em minha cidade natal, Teresina, deixei amigos que mesmo à distância sempre estiveram presentes. Agradeço à amizade de Ana Célia Silva, Anaregina Araújo, Evelise Siqueira, Janaína Mendes (comadre), João Filho, José Araújo Júnior (Juju), Josete Silva, Lara Cibele, Mariana Tajra (afilhada) e Wendell Lopes dentre outros que mesmo de longe se fizeram presentes nestes últimos anos. Finalmente agradeço à minha família, sem a qual não teria enfrentado e superado todas as dificuldades durante estes anos. Ao exemplo de força, superação e determinação de minha avó Maria de Jesus, ao amor incondicional de minha mãe Vera Lúcia e ao amor, carinho e exemplos de profissionalismo e honestidade de meus tios Paulo José, Maria de Lourdes e Conceição de Maria. Sei que alguns nomes não foram citados, mas ficam aqui meus sinceros agradecimentos a todos que contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para que esta tese exista. MEU MUITO OBRIGADA! 7 SUMÁRIO Pág. Lista de Tabela ix Lista de Figuras ix Resumo xii Abstract xiii INTRODUÇÃO 14 A Família Oxalidaceae R.Br. 16 O Gênero Oxalis L. e a Seção Thamnoxys Progel 17 Diversidade de Oxalis sect. Thamnoxys 21 Estudos Filogenéticos 24 Estudos de Microestrutura de Sementes 25 Referências Bibliográficas 30 MANUSCRITO I 39 Sistemática de Oxalis L. sect. Thamnoxys (Endl.) Progel (Oxalidaceae) no Brasil Introdução 41 Material e métodos 42 Resultados e discussão 42 Considerações finais 93 Referências bibliográficas 93 MANUSCRITO II 105 Análise cladística de Oxalis sect. Thamnoxys (Endl.) Progel (Oxalidaceae) baseada em dados morfológicos Introdução 108 Material e Métodos 108 Resultados 109 Discussão 110 Referências bibliográficas 115 8 MANUSCRITO III Estudos micromorfológicos das sementes de Oxalis L. (Oxalidaceae R.Br.) ocorrentes no Brasil 121 Introdução 123 Material e Métodos 123 Resultados 124 Discussão 128 Conclusão 130 Referências bibliográficas 131 CONSIDERAÇÔES FINAIS 135 ANEXOS 136 9 LISTA DE TABELAS Pág. Tabela 01.- Composição infragenérica do gênero Oxalis L. em diferentes tratamentos taxonômicos. 27 MANUSCRITO II Tabela 1.
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