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Krise Und Disziplin Zur Entstehung Der Fachsoziologie an Der University of Chicago Abhandlung Zur Erlangung Der Doktorwürde De Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2007 Krise und Disziplin : zur Entstehung der Fachsoziologie an der University of Chicago Egloff, Rainer Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-163969 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Egloff, Rainer. Krise und Disziplin : zur Entstehung der Fachsoziologie an der University of Chicago. 2007, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. Krise und Disziplin Zur Entstehung der Fachsoziologie an der University of Chicago Abhandlung zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich vorgelegt von Rainer Niklaus Egloff Brauer von Tägerwilen / TG Angenommen im Frühjahrssemester 2007 auf Antrag von Herrn Prof. Dr. Hansjörg Siegenthaler Dank Ohne die Geduld und die liebenswürdige Unterstützung folgender Personen wäre diese Arbeit nie fertig geworden: Hansjörg Siegenthaler, Jacqueline Holzer, Michael Guggenheim, Barbara Fässler. Im Weiteren gilt mein Dank der University of Chicago, die mir als Historiker nicht nur Forschungsobjekt war, sondern auch ein bisschen Heimat wurde. Besonderen Dank schulde ich Andrew Abbott sowie Robert Richards und Donald Levine. Für verschiedene Möglichkeiten, meine Arbeit vorzustellen und für hilfreiche Kritik bedanke ich mich ausser- dem bei Claudia Honegger und Hans Joas. Bedanken möchte ich mich schliesslich herzlich beim Collegium Helveticum, meinem langjährigen beruflichen und akademischen Wirkungs- ort, sowie bei meiner Familie – insbesondere bei meiner Frau Susanne Brauer und bei meinen beiden Söhnen Serafin und Yves. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung: Die Vor- und Frühgeschichte der soziologischen Disziplin an der University of Chicago – Probleme, Thesen und Fragestellungen 1 1.1. Frühe Soziologie in den USA und in Europa 1 Die Amerikanische Soziologie um 1920 1 Die Europäische Soziologie um 1920 3 The American Science: Eine Geschichte der Entstehung und Frühzeit der soziologischen Disziplin in den USA 8 Krisenwissenschaft Soziologie: Die neue Disziplin und der bestehende Fächerkanon 10 Krisenwissenschaft Soziologie: Der soziokulturelle Kontext der amerikanischen Soziologieetablierung 12 Die frühe Fachentwicklung 13 Brennpunkt Chicago: Zur Fokussierung des Department of Sociology and Anthropology an der University of Chicago 15 1.2. Chicagoer Institut und Chicagoer Schule in der Soziologiegeschichte: Rezeptionspolitiken und Forschungsstand 17 Tücken des Mythos: Die Chicago School of Sociology und die verlorene Frühzeit des Chicagoer Department 28 Für eine Historisierung und Kontextualisierung der Frühzeit des Department of Sociology and Anthropology an der University of Chicago 34 Thesen zum frühen Department (1892 bis 1917) und zu seiner dominanten Rolle innerhalb der US-Soziologie 37 Eine Kultur- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte der Soziologie-Anfänge in den USA – Nutzen, Vorgehen, Quellen 41 2. Theorieteil: Eine historiographische Konzeption für die Etablierung der soziologischen Disziplin 46 2.1. Eine kurze, kritische Geschichte der Soziologiegeschichtsschreibung, besonders in den USA 49 Soziologieentwicklung als Verwissenschaftlichungsphänomen 49 Kontextualistische Erklärungsansätze zur Entstehung und Entwicklung von Soziologie 53 Krisenwissenschaft Soziologie 57 2.2. Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft: Auf der Suche nach einer adäquaten historischen Modellierung von Soziologieentwicklung 67 Die Paraderolle der Naturwissenschaften 68 Thomas Kuhns internalistisches Krisenmodell epistemischen Wandels 69 Ludwik Flecks Theorie vom Denkstil und Denkkollektiv 72 Institutionalisierung, Akademisierung, Disziplin und Profession 77 Soziologieentwicklung zwischen Koalition und Abgrenzung 83 I Resumee des spezifisch wissenschaftsgeschichtlichen theoretischen Zugangs und seiner Grenzen 88 2.3. Hansjörg Siegenthalers Theorie von wirtschaftlichem Wachstum und gesellschaftlicher Krise 91 Strukturphase und nichtintendierte Wachstumsfolgen 93 Krise und Ansätze ihrer Überwindung 98 2.4. Gesellschaft, Wissenschaft und Krise 106 3. Gesellschaftliche Kontexte der Soziologie-Institutionalisierung in den USA 109 3.1. Interpretation und Periodisierung der wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen in den USA zwischen 1850 und 1900 112 3.2. Soziale Entwicklung in den Mittelschichten in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts 119 Status-Revolution 119 Einflussverlust und Profilkrisen des protestantischen Klerus 121 Neue Identitäten und Gemeinschaften mittelständischer Frauen 123 Reprofessionalisierungen und neue Berufszweige 128 3.3. Ideologische Dynamiken 131 Zwischen Laissez-faire und Wohlfahrtsstaat 132 Sumner vs. Ward 137 Krise des Raums und Verzeitlichung des Sozialen 139 3.4. Populäre parasoziologische Krisendiskurse 142 Missionarische Statistik: Josiah Strongs Our Country 142 Der politische Roman zwischen Utopie und Dystopie 147 Die Sozialreportage des Muckraking-Journalismus 149 If Christ Came to Chicago – die städtische Krise als Sensation und Soziologie 152 4. Arenen der Soziologie-Institutionalisierung 155 4.1. Bildungs- und Wissenschaftsbewegung 157 Die American Social Science Association (ASSA) 157 Die Universitäts-Bewegung 162 Parauniversitäre Organisationen: Chautauqua und Academy of Political and Social Science 166 4.2. Dissidente Paradigmen und Wissenschaftskrise in der ökonomischen Disziplin 169 4.3. Akademisierung und Disziplinierung der Soziologie 181 II 5. Gründung der University of Chicago und des dortigen Department of Sociology and Anthropology 184 5. 1. Die Gründung der Universität 184 Vom regionalen, konfessionellen College zur offenen, nationalen Universität 185 Der Universitätspräsident William Rainey Harper 190 5.2. Die Gründung des Department of Sociology and Anthropology 194 5.3. Universitätsgestalt – Soziologie-Institutionalisierung – Krise 197 6. Die ersten zehn Jahre Soziologie an der University of Chicago: 1892–1901 199 6.1. Die frühe Chicagoer Soziologie im Kontext 199 6.2. Entwicklung des Departements 212 6.3. Entwicklung der Soziologie 230 6.4. Kommunikation und Diskursgemeinschaft 247 6.5. Fazit zur Frühzeit der Soziologie an der University of Chicago 252 6.6. Ausblick: Die Chicagoer Soziologie nach ihrer ersten Dekade 256 7. Schluss, Zusammenfassung 258 Bibliographie 264 Quellen 264 Darstellungen: 270 Lebenslauf A III 1. Einleitung: Die Vor- und Frühgeschichte der soziologi- schen Disziplin an der University of Chicago – Probleme, Thesen und Fragestellungen 1.1. Frühe Soziologie in den USA und in Europa Die Amerikanische Soziologie um 1920 Hat die Soziologie eine Zukunft? Diese Frage war Thema eines Hauptreferates an der fünfzehnten Jahresversammlung der American Sociological Society, die Ende 1920 in Washington D.C. unter dem Titel “Some Newer Problems, National and Social” ab- gehalten wurde. Ohne den geringsten Zweifel, so der Referent Albion Woodbury Small – ein älterer Herr, dessen wohldressierter Bart noch aus dem 19. Jahrhundert stammte – habe die Soziologie eine Zukunft: “The readiest way to assure this conviction is to recall our past and to survey our present. We are often told that the ultimate criterion of science is its power to predict. Whether or not sociology has won a mandate to predict, our past furnishes us almost irresistible stimulus to believe. We are here. We are at work. It is inconceivable that anything short of our own defection can abort our future.”1 Diese pragmatische Rhetorik – wir sind hier, wir werden auch morgen noch da sein – mag, nach heute gängigen Kriterien, näher bei den ermunternden Beschwörungen eines Predigers liegen als bei einer veritablen soziologischen Trendanalyse. Doch immerhin kannte der Redner die Entwicklung des Fachs seit seinen Anfängen besser als irgendwer sonst. Als erster Vorsteher des Department of Sociology and Anthro- pology, das 1892 an der damals neu gegründeten University of Chicago eröffnet wor- den war, als einer der weltweit ersten Universitätsprofessoren mit der ausschliessli- chen Lehrstuhlbezeichnung “Sociology”2 und als Leiter des ersten amerikanischen Graduiertenprogramms mit Ph.D.-Abschlüssen im genannten Fach und Departement, verkörperte Albion Small (1854–1926) geradezu die amerikanische Gründerzeit der soziologischen Disziplin. Vom ersten Heft an (Juli 1895) bis zu seinem Tod (ein Jahr nach Emeritierung und Rücktritt als Departementsleiter 1925) gab Small zudem das American Journal of Sociology heraus, das bis in die 1920er Jahre quasi monopolisti- sche Zentralorgan der amerikanischen Soziologinnen und Soziologen. 1912/13 diente Small auch als vierter Präsident der 1906 gegründeten soziologischen Berufsorgani- sation American Sociological Society. Wahrlich, Albion Small spielte in den Anfän- gen und Entwicklungen der Fachsoziologie eine zentrale Rolle wie kein zweiter. 1 Small (1920), 174. 2 Morgan bezeichnet Small gar als ersten Soziologieprofessor überhaupt. Morgan (1982), 32 u. 46. Clark dagegen sieht als weltweit ersten Soziologielehrstuhl jenen, der 1885 für Charles Letourneau an der École d’Anthropologie de Paris eingerichtet wurde. Clark (1973), 118. 1 Und Small sollte Recht behalten, wenn er der amerikanischen Soziologie drei Deka- den nach dem Aufbau des ersten soziologischen Graduiertenprogramms zuversicht- lich weiteres Wachstum prognostizierte: “Today in hundreds of institutions, from academy to graduate school, sociology is a peer in aca- demic rank of all but the elements, language and mathematics. Nothing but unthinkable failure of so- ciologists to
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