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A Many-Storied Place
A Many-storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator Midwest Region National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska 2017 A Many-Storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator 2017 Recommended: {){ Superintendent, Arkansas Post AihV'j Concurred: Associate Regional Director, Cultural Resources, Midwest Region Date Approved: Date Remove not the ancient landmark which thy fathers have set. Proverbs 22:28 Words spoken by Regional Director Elbert Cox Arkansas Post National Memorial dedication June 23, 1964 Table of Contents List of Figures vii Introduction 1 1 – Geography and the River 4 2 – The Site in Antiquity and Quapaw Ethnogenesis 38 3 – A French and Spanish Outpost in Colonial America 72 4 – Osotouy and the Changing Native World 115 5 – Arkansas Post from the Louisiana Purchase to the Trail of Tears 141 6 – The River Port from Arkansas Statehood to the Civil War 179 7 – The Village and Environs from Reconstruction to Recent Times 209 Conclusion 237 Appendices 241 1 – Cultural Resource Base Map: Eight exhibits from the Memorial Unit CLR (a) Pre-1673 / Pre-Contact Period Contributing Features (b) 1673-1803 / Colonial and Revolutionary Period Contributing Features (c) 1804-1855 / Settlement and Early Statehood Period Contributing Features (d) 1856-1865 / Civil War Period Contributing Features (e) 1866-1928 / Late 19th and Early 20th Century Period Contributing Features (f) 1929-1963 / Early 20th Century Period -
A Confusion of Institutions: Spanish Law and Practice in a Francophone Colony, Louisiana, 1763-Circa 1798
THE TULANE EUROPEAN AND CIVIL LAW FORUM VOLUME 31/32 2017 A Confusion of Institutions: Spanish Law and Practice in a Francophone Colony, Louisiana, 1763-circa 1798 Paul E Hoffman* I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 II. THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM AND LOCAL LAW AND ORDER .................... 4 III. SLAVERY ............................................................................................. 13 IV. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 20 I. INTRODUCTION French Louisiana had been a thorn in the flank of Spain’s Atlantic Empire from its founding in 1699. Failure to remove that thorn in 1699 and again in 1716, when doing so would have been comparatively easy and Spanish naval forces were positioned to do so, meant that by 1762 the wound had festered, so that the colony had become what La Salle, Iberville, Bienville, and their royal masters had envisioned: a smuggling station through which French goods reached New Spain and Cuba and their goods—dye stuffs and silver mostly—reached France and helped to pay the costs of a colony that consumed more than it produced, at least so 1 far as the French crown’s finances were concerned. * © 2017 Paul E Hoffman. Professor Emeritus of History, Louisiana State University. 1. I have borrowed the “thorn” from ROBERT S. WEDDLE, THE FRENCH THORN: RIVAL EXPLORERS IN THE SPANISH SEA, 1682-1762 (1991); ROBERT S. WEDDLE, CHANGING TIDES: TWILIGHT AND DAWN IN THE SPANISH SEA, 1763-1803 (1995) (carries the story of explorations). The most detailed history of the French colony to 1731 is the five volumes of A History of French Louisiana: MARCEL GIRAUD, 1-4 HISTOIRE DE LA LOUISIANA FRANÇAISE (1953-74); 1 A HISTORY OF FRENCH LOUISIANA: THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV, 1698-1715 (Joseph C. -
Castillo De San Marcos National Monument and Fort Matanzas National Monument Climate Action Plan
National Park Be m ce U.S. Department of the Interior Castillo de San Marcos National Monument and Fort Matanzas National Monument Climate Action Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS The Challenge Of Climate Change ............................................................................................................. 1 Context for Action ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Castillo De San Marcos National Monument and Fort Matanzas National Monument Become Climate Friendly Parks ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Castillo De San Marcos NM and Fort Matanzas NM Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory..................... 7 STRATEGY 1: Identify and implement mitigation actions that the park can take to reduce GHG emissions resulting from park activities ..................................................................................................... 9 Energy Use Management ........................................................................................................................ 9 Transportation Management ................................................................................................................... 9 Waste Management ............................................................................................................................... 10 STRATEGY 2: Increase Climate Change Education And Outreach....................................................... -
Spain's Empire in the Americas
ahon11_sena_ch02_S2_s.fm Page 44 Friday, October 2, 2009 10:41 AM ahon09_sena_ch02_S2_s.fm Page 45 Friday, October 26, 2007 2:01 PM Section 2 About a year later, Cortés returned with a larger force, recaptured Step-by-Step Instruction Tenochtitlán, and then destroyed it. In its place he built Mexico City, The Indians Fear Us the capital of the Spanish colony of New Spain. Cortés used the same methods to subdue the Aztecs in Mexico SECTION SECTION The Indians of the coast, because of some fears “ that another conquistador, Francisco Pizarro, used in South America. of us, have abandoned all the country, so that for Review and Preview 2 Pizarro landed on the coast of Peru in 1531 to search for the Incas, thirty leagues not a man of them has halted. ” who were said to have much gold. In September 1532, he led about Students have learned about new 170 soldiers through the jungle into the heart of the Inca Empire. contacts between peoples of the Eastern —Hernando de Soto, Spanish explorer and conqueror, report on Pizarro then took the Inca ruler Atahualpa (ah tuh WAHL puh) pris- and Western hemispheres during the expedition to Florida, 1539 oner. Although the Inca people paid a huge ransom to free their ruler, Age of Exploration. Now students will Pizarro executed him anyway. By November 1533, the Spanish had focus on Spain’s early success at estab- defeated the leaderless Incas and captured their capital city of Cuzco. lishing colonies in the Americas. Why the Spanish Were Victorious How could a few � Hernando de Soto hundred Spanish soldiers defeat Native American armies many Vocabulary Builder times their size? Several factors explain the Spaniards’ success. -
Historic Preservation Element Data & Analysis
Historic Preservation Element Data & Analysis Prepared by: Planning and Building Department City of St. Augustine 75 King Street St. Augustine, Fl 32084 March, 2019 With reference to: City of St. Augustine Historic Preservation Master Plan Preservation Design Partnership, LLC (PDP) 10 Shurs Lane, Suite 104 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19127 October, 2018 The Comprehensive Plan – Update Historic Preservation Element Historic Property Associates, Inc. and the Planning and Building Department City of St. Augustine September, 1986 1 Historic Preservation Element Draft March 14, 2019 Historic Preservation Element Introduction The Historic Preservation Element is an optional comprehensive plan element under Florida’s Local Government Comprehensive Planning and Land Development Regulation Act (Chapter 163, Florida Statutes). The City is recognized as the oldest continuously occupied European settlement in the United States. Its colonial roots to Spain, and England are unique. The desire to protect, preserve, understand, and promote the unique cultural crossroads that St. Augustine represents prompted the City to include a Historic Preservation Element as part of the City’s Comprehensive Plan. To this end, the Historic Preservation Element contains a historical outline, analysis of resources both built and archaeological, and a set of Goals, Objectives and Policies to establish preservation needs. Purpose The Historic Preservation Element helps to serve as a guide for the development and use of land within the City of St. Augustine. This includes recognizing all the aspects of preservation of the city, and the very real threats to the remaining historic built environment, archaeological record, and its unique characteristics. The historic colonial Town Plan, and the surrounding historic residential neighborhoods, and commercial corridors need to be considered from a preservation perspective as time moves forward. -
The Spanish in South Carolina: Unsettled Frontier
S.C. Department of Archives & History • Public Programs Document Packet No. 3 THE SPANISH IN SOUTH CAROLINA: UNSETTLED FRONTIER Route of the Spanish treasure fleets Spain, flushed with the reconquest of South Carolina. Effective occupation of its land from the Moors, quickly extended this region would buttress the claims its explorations outward fromthe Spain made on the territory because it had Carrribean Islands and soon dominated discovered and explored it. “Las Indias,” as the new territories were Ponce de Leon unsucessfully known. In over seventy years, their attempted colonization of the Florida explorers and military leaders, known as peninsula in 1521. Five years later, after the Conquistadores, had planted the cross he had sent a ship up the coast of “La of Christianity and raised the royal Florida,” as the land to the north was standard of Spain over an area that called, Vasquez de Ayllon, an official in extended from the present southern United Hispaniola, tried to explore and settle States all the way to Argentina. And, like South Carolina. Reports from that all Europeans who sailed west, the expedition tell us Ayllon and 500 Conquistadores searched for a passage to colonists settled on the coast of South the Orient with its legendary riches of Carolina in 1526 but a severe winter and gold, silver, and spices. attacks from hostile Indians forced them New lands demanded new regulations. to abandon their settlement one year later. Philip II directed In Spain, Queen Isabella laid down In 1528, Panfilo de Navarez set out the settlement policies that would endure for centuries. -
National Park System M Ap and G U Ide National Park
San Juan Abbreviations for National Park System Areas Where the Parks Are Island IHS International Historic Site NL National Lakeshore N PRES National Preserve NS National Seashore NHP Alaska: 23 parks North NB National Battlefield NM National Monument NR National River NSR National Scenic River/Riverway Arctic Circle Cascades Ross Lake NRA NBP National Battlefield Park NM & PRES NRA National Recreation Area NST National Scenic Trail NP NBS National Battlefield Site National Monument and Preserve NRR National Recreational River PKWY Parkway Ebey’s Landing Olympic NP Lake Chelan NRA NMP National Military Park l NH RES NHP National Historical Park NRRA SRR Scenic and Recreational River a n N MEM National Memorial National River and Recreation Area e Contiguous US: 357 parks Wild River o NHP & PRES WR n i i t L SEATTLE National Historical Park and Preserve NP National Park N RES National Reserve WSR Wild and Scenic River a e n t NH RES National Historical Reserve NP & PRES r Puerto Rico and a Klondike Gold Rush NHP Guam: 1 park e Hawaii: 7 parks t National Park and Preserve D Virgin Islands: 6 parks NHS National Historic Site n I OLYMPIA Lake Roosevelt NRA Glacier NP Equator Lake of the Woods Mount Rainier NP American Samoa: 1 park Lewis and WASHINGTON Clark NHP 11 time zones ouri R Appalachian iss ive NST M r Fort Vancouver NHS Fort Union Trading Post NHS Voyageurs NP Whitman PORTLAND Col Nez Perce NHP Isle Royale NP umbia River Mission NHS Grand Portage NM Saint Croix Island MONTANA IHS NORTH DAKOTA KE SUPERIO SALEM LA R HELENA Knife River Indian Villages NHS MAINE Grant-Kohrs Ranch NHS Theodore Apostle Keweenaw NHP Roosevelt NP Islands Acadia NP BISMARCK NL AUGUSTA National Park Service U.S. -
Summer 2007 Arrowhead NL
Arrowhead • Summer 2007 1 Arrowhead Summer 2007 • Vol. 14 • No. 3 The Newsletter of the Employees & Alumni Association of the National Park Service Published By Eastern National FROM THE DIRECTOR Secretary Kempthorne Presents a Vision s the end of for the Future of Our National Parks Asummer draws another peak visi- tor season to a The National Park Service will: close, I thank each • lead America in preserving and restor- and every one of ing treasured resources; the National Park • demonstrate environmental leadership; Service team for • offer superior recreational experiences; your service to our • foster exceptional learning opportuni- visitors and the resources entrusted to us. It is not always easy—fires, ties that connect people to parks; and storms and other challenges keep • be managed with excellence. us all busy—but we are truly privi- Performance goals will guide our achieve- leged to work in such special ment. By 2016, the National Park Service places! plans to: This summer was not all joyful as • improve priority facilities to acceptable I spent a weekend in Texas attend- condition; ing the memorial service and • restore native habitats by controlling funeral of Lady Bird Johnson. With invasive species, and reintroducing key her passing, we lost a great cham- plant and animal species; pion who loved the parks and the • improve natural resources in parks as Park Service. measured by scientific vital signs mon- NPS photo by Rick Lewis I was so proud of the park staff, itoring; partners and volunteers. With quiet SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR DIRK KEMPTHORNE unveils details of “The Future of • reduce environmental impacts of park efficiency and professionalism, America’s National Parks,” a report to President Bush, at a rooftop press conference at the operations; they created a meaningful tribute Interior building on May 31, while NPS Director Mary Bomar looks on. -
Spanish Colonialism in the Philippines
Spanish colonialism in The Philippines Portugese explorer Ferdinand Magellan successfully led the European expedition to Philippines in the service of the King of Spain. On 31 March 1521 at Limasawa Island, Southern Leyte, as stated in Pigafetta's Primo Viaggio Intorno El Mondo (First Voyage Around the World), Magellan solemnly planted a cross on the summit of a hill overlooking the sea and claimed for the king of Spain possession of the islands he had seen, naming them Archipelago of Saint Lazarus . The invasion of Philippines by foreign powers however didn’t begin in earnest until 1564. After Magellan's voyage, subsequent expeditions were dispatched to the islands. Four expeditions were sent: Loaisa (1525), Cabot (1526), Saavedra (1527), Villalobos (1542), and Legazpi (1564) by Spain. The Legazpi expedition was the most successful as it resulted in the discovery of the tornaviaje or return trip to Mexico across the Pacific by Andrés de Urdaneta . This discovery started the Manila galleon trade 1, which lasted two and a half centuries. In 1570, Martín de Goiti having been dispatched by Legazpi to Luzon 2, conquered the Kingdom of Maynila (now Manila ). Legazpi then made Maynila the capital of the Philippines and simplified its spelling to Manila . His expedition also renamed Luzon Nueva Castilla . Legazpi became the country's first governor-general. The archipelago was Spain's outpost in the orient and Manila became the capital of the entire Spanish East Indies . The colony was administered through the Viceroyalty of New Spain (now Mexico) until 1821 when Mexico achieved independence from Spain. After 1821, the colony was governed directly from Spain. -
A Chronology of Spanish Florida 1513 to 1821
Conquistadores in the Land of Flowers: A Chronology of Spanish Florida 1513 to 1821 Compiled by Paul Eugen Camp Special Collections Department University of South Florida Library Tampa 2001 The First Spanish Period, 1513-1763 To a late sixteenth century Spaniard, “Florida” was a vast land stretching as far north as Chesapeake Bay and west to a point beyond the Mississippi. In the first half of the 1500's, Spain launched a series of expeditions to explore and colonize Florida. Although these expeditions brought back geographic knowledge, they were costly in blood and treasure, and failed to achieve a permanent Spanish settlement. The establishment of St. Augustine in 1565 marked the true beginning of Spain’s Florida colony. The remainder of the century saw the establishment of further settlements and the beginning of the mission system. During the seventeenth century, Spanish Florida prospered moderately, with an extensive system of Franciscan missions stretching from northern Georgia to the Florida panhandle, and large cattle ranchos operating in the Tallahassee and Alachua areas. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, war with England destroyed the missions and ranchos, and with them any hope of Florida becoming more than an isolated military frontier. By the time Spain turned Florida over to the British in 1763, Spanish control was limited to little more than St. Augustine, Pensacola and a few other outposts. 1510 Unrecorded Spanish expeditions searching for indian slaves probably reached the Florida coast as early as 1510, possibly even earlier. In 1565, the Spanish Council of the Indies claimed that Spanish ships had “gone to occupy” Florida ever since 1510. -
Colonial New Mexico
COLONIAL NEW MEXICO INTRODUCTION During the late evening hours of 15 July 1945, Enrico Fermi wandered among his fellow scientists at the Trinity Test Site soliciting bets. He wondered. Would the test bomb ignite the atmosphere? And, if so, would it destroy just New Mexico or destroy the world? A deafening roar, a brilliant orange ball of fire and a thunderous shockwave at 5:29:45 a.m. the next morning answered his question. In that same instant, the military future of New Mexico departed dramatically from its martial past. Very quickly, a territory and state that was often an outpost of empire and a battleground for Native Americans and Europeans, was becoming inextricably linked to a new ideological and imperial struggle being waged on a global scale. Despite that, two things remained constant. New Mexico would be just as it had been, dependant on a military presence for survival and stability. Secondly, those who would take part in modern conflict came from often diverse backgrounds. From the warrior traditions of the ancient Pueblo Indians to the significance of the state in the military-industrial complex of the atomic age, New Mexico's military heritage has been and continues to be defined by the contributions of peoples from a variety of cultures and backgrounds. For four centuries after the first Spanish expedition, New Mexicans fought each other in a prolonged struggle for control of the land, its resources and even its people before uniting together in the twentieth century against foreign powers. The legacy of these conflicts extends far beyond the fields of battle to an important and influential element in New Mexico's society - the veterans themselves. -
Castillo De San Marcos National M Onument Historic Resource Study
C ASTILLO DE SAN MARCOS N ATIONAL MONUMENT H ISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY March 1997 Jennifer D. Brown National Park Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia CONTENTS Figure Credits iv List of Figures V Foreword vii Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: The Struggle for Florida and Construction of Castillo de San Marcos, 1565- 1821 7 Associated Properties 18 Registration Requirements/Integrity 20 Contributing Properties 21 Noncontributing Properties 21 Chapter Three: The United States War Department at Fort Marion, 1821-1933 23 Associated Properties 32 Registration Requirements/Integrity 34 Contributing Properties 35 Noncontributing Properties 35 Chapter Four: Management Recommendations 37 Bibliography 39 Appendix A: Descriptions of Historic Resources A-l Appendix B: Historical Base Map B-l Appendix C: National Register Documentation C-l III FIGURE CREDITS Cover, clockwise from top left: Water Battery and City Gate, William Chapman for National Park Service, and aerial view of Castillo, Castillo de San Marcos National Monument archives p. 2: William Chapman for National Park Service; p. 8,9: Florida State Photographic Archives; p. 11: Christopher Duffy, The Fortress in The Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great, 1660-1789, p. 12,14: Castillo de San Marcos National Monument archives, p. 15: Jennifer D. Brown and Jill K. Hanson for National Park Service; p. 17: William Chapman for National Park Service; p. 24, Castillo de San Marcos National Monument archives; p. 26: William Chapman for National Park Service; p. 27: Jennifer D. Brown and Jill K Hanson for National Park Service, and William Chapman for National Park Service; p. 29,30: Castillo de San Marcos National Monument archives; p.