National Heritage Protection Plan

4A3

Cornish and harbours; assessing heritage significance, threats, protection and opportunities (4A3.204)

Project Number: 6306

Date of Issue: January 2013

Contents 1 Project name 2 Summary description of project 3 Background 4 Aims and objectives 5 Business case and interfaces 6 Methodology Stage 1 Assessment of whole resource Stage 2 Assessment of selected ports and harbours Stage 3 Collation of results and reporting Stage 4 Securing protection outcomes 7 Project scope 8 Management, monitoring and reporting arrangements 9 Timescale and Budget 10 Form of Tender 11 Copyright 12 Selection Process 13 Further information 14 References

Appendix 1 Historic Character Types derived from draft EH HLC Thesaurus Appendix 2 Provisional list of Cornish and ports and harbours

2 1 Project name: Cornish ports and harbours; assessing heritage significance, threats, protection and opportunities.

2 Summary description of project This project aims to improve understanding of a range of aspects of Cornish and Scillonian ports and harbours in order to help a range of agents (owners, users, planners, advisers, statutory and non-statutory agencies, etc) make more fully considered decisions. As such it aims to produce tangible, practical benefits for the historic environment of these important but vulnerable places. The project’s objectives include establishment of effective methodologies for assessing fabric, significance and character of English ports and harbours generally by using the study of those of and Scilly as a pilot. Consequently it will always have an eye on nationwide patterns, variety and processes, and any existing studies of those, while it concentrates on the ports and harbours of Cornwall in particular. With regard to the latter it sets out to achieve the following. • Improve understanding of the historic, archaeological and architectural significance of the ports and harbours of Cornwall and Scilly • Draw together understanding of the range of forces for change acting upon Cornwall’s ports and harbours and consider the predictable effects of these on the resource as a whole and on the selection subjected to individual study. • Consider the general or typical condition of the ports and harbours of Cornwall and Scilly, and also consider the actual condition of the selection that will be subjected to individual study, identifying heritage at risk as appropriate. • Assess the ways that elements of ports and harbours (both fabric and character) are typically or specifically vulnerable to those forces for change, so as to concentrate attention on actions required to alleviate such vulnerability. • Consider the extent to which some of those forces for change present opportunities that will benefit the historic environment of ports and harbours. • Establish means of assessing the significance of historic ports and harbours by first considering the factors that affect established ways of judging historic, archaeological and architectural value (e.g. via the ways set out in Conservation Principles; English Heritage 2008, or those that underpin national and local designation processes). It will then set these against the various other ways that other stakeholders also assess the value of these places (economically, socially, ecologically, aesthetically, etc) so that consideration of protection is as nuanced as it can realistically be. • Critically review current levels of protection of the resource, including designation, management, policy, strategy, and make structured recommendations for any appropriate strengthening of protection (with input on designation from English Heritage’s Designation West team). • Produce material that will inform practical management and targeted protection and conclude by setting in train a range of protection outcomes.

3 3 Background Ports and harbours, in Cornwall, Scilly and elsewhere in make a major contribution to local character and distinctiveness, forming significant landscape features and reflecting the varied history, use and development of maritime settlements, their hinterlands and the sea. They typically include ranges of substantial and varied specialised buildings, structures, equipment, earthworks and spaces. Being at the interface of land and sea (whether that is open or within estuaries), they are, or in some cases were, important hubs that reveal much about both historic and current terrestrial and maritime activities. As the points where individuals and groups occasionally or routinely either cast off into or returned from the uncertain world of the sea, their histories are often unusually colourful. Indeed, the economic value and importance of ports and harbours is in part currently derived from their contribution to Cornwall and Scilly’s tourism industry. As many ports and harbours are still in active use and so continue to develop and require maintenance in the face of natural and anthropogenic forces for change (see below), they form an especially dynamic part of the coastal historic environment resource. Range within the resource In Cornwall and Scilly, and elsewhere in England, there is great variety in ports and harbours. Some are fairly simple, serving single purposes, but many became the focus of several or numerous activities, including those listed below, and their great variety in scale, form and components reflects this. • Fishing (itself a multifarious activity) • Exporting and importing, or more local transportation, of materials, including: o industrial o commercial o agricultural o horticultural • Victualling naval and mercantile vessels • Building, making and repairing ships, boats and related materials (ropes, sails, engines, etc) • Pleasure (inshore and offshore sailing, boating, swimming, bathing, promenading, eating, relaxing, etc) • Ferrying • Serving and servicing maritime activities and infrastructures (lighthousing, coastguarding, etc) • Defence and aggression Chronologies also range widely, from probable prehistoric landing places at or near distinctive promontories, medieval coastal harbours and seasonal fishing centres and the apparently equally early tiny quays serving medieval farming hamlets on Cornwall’s creeks, to the numerous post-medieval and modern constructions that made industry

4 and commerce viable. The list of Cornish and Scillonian ports and harbours in Appendix 2 includes many small-scale, but probably relatively early and harbour sites, such as 8 ‘havens’ (mainly in the north), 30 ‘coves’ (north and south-west) and 73 ‘porths’ (throughout, including 30 on Scilly). The latter place-name element, ‘porth’, is the Cornish for harbour or cove, sometimes transformed into ‘port’ as in , ‘per’ as in Percolan or ‘pol’ as in . All those minor sites have some evidence for use as a landing (often a road or lane leading down to the shore) and archaeological remains (quays, building plats, etc) are either known or likely. The late Professor Harold Fox instigated study of similar sites in neighbouring Devon (Fox 2001). Some of the forces for change discussed below may be expected to threaten such remains. Forces for change affecting ports and harbours Most port and harbour structures were designed and built to withstand the pressures of use and the forces of nature, and most contain within them the evidence of both routine maintenance and more or less radical change. Ports and harbours in Cornwall, Scilly and elsewhere continue to be affected by changes in both use and activity levels (i.e. by neglect as well as development) and changes wrought by natural forces, including those that accompany climate change. Anthropogenic forces for change in Cornwall and Scilly currently include the following: • Expansion, intensification or change of use: o docks (Falmouth, , Par, etc), o ferry termini (, St Mary’s, , Caffa Mill, etc), o fishing (, , East , , etc), o pleasure provision (, St Ives, , , , , Looe etc) o utilisation as hubs or part of the infrastructure of maritime renewable energy generation • Changes in method and scale of use, for example shifts of fishing to deep sea trawling, of warehousing to containerisation, of ferries to ro-ro, of small fishing boats to larger ones, etc • Changes in function, with numerous examples of switches of ports, harbours and their associated settlements to: o maritime leisure activities (yachting, swimming, diving, surfing etc) o serving tourism, including much that involves enjoyment of the heritage values of ports and harbours (Polperro, Portloe, , St Ives, etc) o primarily non-maritime residential use • Repair and restoration of elements of complexes. It might be noted that, as in much modern management of historic structures, the use of modern techniques and materials can be variably appropriate and effective, creating in some cases threats to both character and fabric. • Settlement expansion, including onto the ‘brownfield’ areas of yards, ,

5 works, etc (as at , , Falmouth, Penzance, ) • Other forms of successional use of buildings, structures (cellars, warehouses, lifeboat houses, capstan houses, etc) and spaces • Developmental responses to climate change (strengthening of structures, placement of material to diffuse the force of waves, etc) • Reduction or cessation of use leading to: o neglect o abandonment o dismantlement Natural forces acting on the physical remains of ports and harbours include: • gradual submergence (exemplified by Scilly but also a factor elsewhere; see, for example, the National Trust’s Shifting Shores in the South West, or for mapped models of likely risk due to sea-level rise, see http://mapping.cornwall.gov.uk/website/sfra/sfra.asp), • gradual transformation often accelerated by exposure to water and chemicals o weathering o erosion o decay • the effects of storms (perhaps increasing in frequency and violence): o from the sea o and from floods of rivers (as recently at , , etc) • the continued siltation of estuaries • an indirect force is local topography, especially where it allows little or no room for manoeuvre in accommodating structures, etc as sea levels rise (as at Ropehaven, , Polperro, etc) Consequent effects – threats and opportunities Risks consequent on the above forces for change include the following. • Physical loss of or damage to significant heritage assets, and incidentally, harbour structures that also serve as de facto flood and storm defence structures protecting land and settlements that contain other heritage assets. • Loss of legibility of history • Change of character and consequent diminishment of distinctiveness and contribution to sense of place and local identity It may be difficult to imagine substantial opportunities deriving from the largely destructive natural forces for change, although they do highlight the need for resolution of cultural relationships with natural processes along the coast and thus for sustainable development. There are opportunities consequent to the anthropogenic forces for change, notably the following.

6 • Retaining economic use of failing or redundant structures and processes by thoughtful design of alternative uses • Maintaining viability of local economy and society and thus retaining functionality that ensures or encourages maintenance of assets and processes (the latter including sluicing silt from enclosed harbours) Designations and protection The evidential, historic, aesthetic and communal values (terms derived from Conservation Principles; EH 2008) of ports and harbours have been recognised in several forms of designation. The following summary figures for designation in Cornwall and Scilly should be regarded as provisional, being the results of a rapid first trawl through available records (mainly via EH’s WebGIS). Final counts, especially for the smaller-scale designations like Listed Buildings and Scheduled Monuments, may be expected to rise. Here the ports and harbours have been defined as the focal parts of maritime settlements and complexes, the quays, wharves, and immediately related structures and areas. Of the 299 ports and harbours so far identified in Cornwall and Scilly, 271 have some form of designation (a little over 90%). 96 ports and harbours contain one or more Listed Buildings 42 either contain or are immediately adjacent to Scheduled Monuments; 29 of these are on Scilly, which was subjected to more intensive Monuments Protection Programme work than the mainland 116 are within Conservation Areas (CAs) of which 57 are within tightly drawn CAs on the Cornish mainland and 59 are on Scilly, the whole of which is a particularly extensive CA, covering all rural and intertidal areas and extending some way out to sea 18 are within the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscapes World Heritage Site 5 are within (though usually on the edge of) Registered Parks and Gardens (St Michael’s Mount, Caerhays, , Mount Edgcumbe and Antony) 228 are within an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB); the Cornwall AONB (which includes 11 stretches of coastline, generally the less fully developed parts), the Tamar and Lynher Valleys AONB, and the AONB. This last designation (AONB status) reflects the aesthetic value placed on not just the coast, but also on the ports and harbours themselves. They serve as key punctuation marks within the coastal landscape: places of immediate human interest that catch the eye, fire the historical imagination and draw visitors in. The Cornwall AONB service recognises their value in the current (2011-15) Management Plan through the following policy. Policy RCM 8 ‘Support AONB harbours as focal points for sensitive and sustainable fishing and maritime activity that enhances coastal character…’

In addition, ports and harbours have been incorporated in a fairly systematic way into the HBSMR element of the Cornwall and Scilly HER and for Scilly a Rapid Coastal

7 Zone Assessment (RCZA, which included some port and harbour elements) has also been completed (Johns et al 2004).

4 Aims and Objectives This project will review the current levels of protection, improve understanding of construction techniques and attendant issues, and where feasible identify buildings and structures at risk so that the use of heritage resources can be prioritised on them. It will set out gaps in knowledge that existed before the project began and remain once it is complete. In so doing it will set out priorities for future research and recording. It will use a study of the ports and harbours of this distinctive part of Britain as an opportunity to develop assessment methods that will have national relevance and national application. This will include developing means of assessing significance. The project will also gather material that will help owners and managers to actively repair, maintain, manage and champion individual ports and harbours.

Particular objectives are set out here. • Improve understanding of the historic character of the ports and harbours of Cornwall and Scilly and similar ports and harbours elsewhere in England. It will develop a set of repeating Historic Character Types which will enable understanding derived from the study of particular examples to be translated with reasonable confidence to other places that have not been studied so closely. • Improve understanding of key component types found in Cornish and Scillonian ports and harbours – features such as harbour gates, sluicing reservoirs and leats, capstans, bollards, quay walls, piers, fish cellars, slipways, harbour lights, etc. • Inform practical management and targeted protection. This part of the study will also place particular emphasis on the following: o the range of construction methods used in quays, seawalls, harbour walls, etc; o implications for maintenance of structural aspects of ports and harbours, including weaknesses and elements requiring specialist maintenance; o the types and forms of ancillary structures and features directly associated with the use of ports and harbours (specialist buildings and components, harbour maintenance systems such as sluices, etc and interfaces with inland transport infrastructure such as canals, navigable rivers, roads, railways and tramways). • Consider the general or typical condition of the ports and harbours of Cornwall, and will also consider the particular condition of the selection that will be subjected to individual study. The project will produce a methodology for assessing condition, perhaps based on 3 grades (i.e. traffic light) or, if

8 considered appropriate, five or more. • Draw together understanding of the range of forces for change acting upon Cornwall’s ports and harbours (including statistics and trend data, for example detailed GIS-based material provided on licence from the Environment Agency), and will also consider the predictable effects of these changes on the ports and harbours resource throughout the study area as a whole as well as on the selection subjected to individual study. • Assess the ways that elements of ports and harbours are typically or specifically vulnerable to those forces for change, so as to concentrate attention on actions required to alleviate such vulnerability. • Consider the extent to which some of those forces for change present opportunities that will benefit the historic environment of ports and harbours. • Establish means of assessing the significance of historic ports and harbours by first considering the factors that affect established ways of judging historic, archaeological and architectural value (e.g. via the ways set out in Conservation Principles; English Heritage 2008, or those that underpin national and local designation processes). It will then set these against the ways that other stakeholders assess the value of these places (economically, socially, ecologically, aesthetically, etc) so that consideration of all forms of protection, as expanded upon immediately below, is as nuanced as it can realistically be. • Critically review current levels of protection of the resource, including designation, and make structured recommendations for any appropriate strengthening, in consultation with the English Heritage Designation Department West team. The study will consider the general or typical forms and levels of protection of ports and harbours in Cornwall, and will also consider the specific protection positions of a sample of ports and harbours selected because they are either known to be subject to proposals for various forms of change or are vulnerable to such. Forms of protection to be considered will include the following.

o Designation: ƒ Are features designated at appropriate grades? ƒ Are there nationally important sites currently undesignated? ƒ Are there other types of port and harbour related features that ought also to be reviewed in terms of suitability for selected designation? ƒ Are there opportunities for the development of local lists covering ports and harbours? o Ownership: ƒ Are ports and harbours or features within them protected through forms of ownership? o Private, o Public, o Held in trust, o Active, o Consolidated, o Fragmented,

9 o Common. o Management regime: ƒ Are ports and harbours or features within them protected (or threatened) through the ways that they are managed? o Use types and intensities o Forms and levels of maintenance o Policy: ƒ Are ports and harbours or features within them protected (or threatened) through adherence to accepted policy? o Formal planning policy (as gathered together in the National Planning Policy Framework, or specified in legislation such as the Harbours Act 1964) o Policies developed and adopted by owners, agencies and others, regarding o utilisation o maintenance o protection o Strategy: ƒ Are ports and harbours or features within them protected (or threatened) through the effects of accepted strategy? o Spatial planning o Management o Utilisation

• Utilise all of the above to prepare material that will lead to actual protection outcomes. These may include o devising (in liaison with EH’s Designation Department) a shortlist of sites and features to be further assessed with designation in mind; o using the research undertaken for this project to draft History and Description sections of Designation Consultation Reports; o setting out model management recommendations and if appropriate applying these to particular sites; o suggesting what factors may be taken into account when owners, authorities and agencies are considering establishing policies and strategies. These aims and objectives, and much of the proposed method, will lead to the creation of two of the project’s main outputs assessments of sensitivity to various change scenarios and an Historic Environment Action Plan (HEAP) for Cornwall and Scilly’s ports and harbours. These should be incorporated into the final report. This project is to act as a pilot and establish methods of rapid practical assessment of ports and harbours that can be applied more widely, within England and beyond. Its conclusions though initially tailored for Cornwall and Scilly may also be expected to guide or shape those that might also be developed for ports and harbours that have similar histories, forms, vulnerabilities and potentials.

5 Business case and interfaces

10 This project aims to produce a pragmatic understanding of Cornish and Scillonian ports and harbours, within the wider context of the increasing understanding of the significance and character of England’s ports and harbours that is being developed through NHPP Activity 4A3 Ports, harbours and coastal settlements. It will therefore be of practical use to English Heritage and its numerous partners, national and local, who have an interest in protecting and managing the historic dimension of these valued places. The Project will support all four main priorities set out in the English Heritage Corporate Plan (2011-15): understanding (identifying and protecting our most important heritage), valuing (championing heritage whenever change or maintenance is being planned), caring (supporting owners, local authorities, etc when looking after England’s heritage) and enjoying (helping people appreciate heritage). Several key means of delivering that EH Corporate Plan in relation to ports and harbours are addressed by this project. • Designating features of national or local importance, to help statutorily protect them and guide the actions of a range of agents. • Addressing Heritage at Risk, whether that has already been formally identified as part of ongoing monitoring of assets at risk by English Heritage or by other interested bodies, or is recognised as a result of this study. • Providing the material to enable the development of robust and realistic responses to planning applications, policies and strategies. • Increasing understanding of sustainable practices that can inform the development of management and maintenance strategies. • Developing the materials that would enable owners, managers, heritage agencies, local authorities etc to develop partnership working with other bodies and agencies with a direct interest in ports and harbours. • It should be anticipated that a key working partner, both within this project and also beyond it, would be the Environment Agency. EH understands that the EA would make material available to this project, possibly in the form of GIS layers and related databases. This might be expected to include models and data relating to sea level change, coastal erosion, flooding, climate change, predictions of increased storminess and wave height, potential of coastal land slippage dues to excessive rainfall and flooding from the land, etc. Project outputs (including those on GIS, but also including critical evaluation of the usefulness of EA material for the purposes of assessing effects of different levels and types of ‘natural threat’) will in turn be of direct benefit to the EA who have an interest in looking after all aspects of the environment, including the historic.

The project is lodged within the National Heritage Protection Programme as follows: Measure 4. Understanding: assessment of character and significance Topic 4A. Urban and public realm Activity 4A3. Ports, harbours and coastal settlements

11 Project 4A3.204 ‘Understanding the significance of Cornish ports and harbours as a basis for assessing appropriate protection.’

Other projects within 4A3 that will benefit from 4A3.204 (and which will in turn inform aspects of it) include: • 4A3.106 (Seafront structures), • 4A3.101 (National review of state of knowledge of ports and harbours, generic threats and opportunities facing them, principal points of significance, survival rate, principal research gaps, etc), • 4A3.303 (Coastal communities), • 4A3. 304 (Port master plans), • 4A3.103 (Fishing ports), • 4A3.205 (Threatened ports), • 4A3.104 (Mineral ports), • 4A3.102 (Rapid threat review, covering specific ports and seaside resorts and identifying adequacy of existing designation and priority targets for research). There may also be expected to be active interfaces with several other NHPP measures and activities, including: • 2A1 (Development pressure), • 2B1 (Neglect), • 2C1 (Major environmental threats), • 3A1 (Unknown marine assets and landscapes - includes completion of national coverage of HSC), • 3A2 (Coastal surveys - includes south-western RCZAs in 2013 and 2014), • 5A1 (Strategic designation - not currently scheduled, but this Activity is intended to pick up recommendations from projects in Measures 3 and 4, such as this one), • 5A2 (Designation Upgrade).

Other interfaces include the following. The Rapid Coastal Zone Assessments of the South and North coasts of the South West peninsula (two separate commissions), will which occur concurrently in 2013 and 2014 and should benefit indirectly from the outputs of this project (they do not include Cornwall, but do cover Devon’s south coast, Dorset and Hampshire). If they adopt the methods of earlier RCZAs then they will supplement HER data with information from historic maps and charts, NMP, lidar, secondary literature, etc, consider shoreline change, and assess threats to the coastal zone’s historic environment. Ports, harbours, quays etc, will be accommodated in RCZAs, so this project should generate material that is compatible with their needs. It may also be noted that Phase 3 of the Yorkshire RCZAS will include detailed surveys of

12 Bridlington, Scarborough, Flamborough and Whitby harbours; once finalised, these may influence the design of Stage 2 work on selected Cornish and Scillonian ports and harbours. Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC), undertaken in Cornwall in 1994 and on Scilly in 1996, broadly contextualises ports and harbours. Both have been enhanced in places subsequently (relevant to this project are: Scilly, including an experimental seascapes characterisation (see below), Lynher valley, N coast from to Devon, estate, Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site candidate and nomination areas). These enhancements also involve drawing time-depth into the HLC by characterising place as portrayed on historic mapping and early aerial photography. The proposed completion of national coverage of the established and agreed method of Historic Seascape Characterisation includes the SW peninsula within the 3.5 years from late 2011-12 to 2014-15 (covered by NHPP 3A1). HSC involves a HLC-based characterisation of the four layers of the marine landscape (sea surface, water column, sea bed and sub-bed) and also characterises the margins of the land from a maritime perspective. Ports and harbours are therefore incorporated into HSC. Again, HSC uses historic representations to characterise former seascape, allowing past change to be drawn in. The HSC project for the south-west peninsula is now underway, being undertaken by Cornwall HE Projects, and is due for completion by the end of August 2013.

6 Methodology The project is expected to comprise four clearly defined stages. Stage 1 Assessment of the whole Cornish and Scillonian ports and harbours resource This stage, a rapid desk-based overview of Cornish ports and harbours, will consider their significance, protection, condition, forces for change, vulnerability and opportunities. It will itself comprise five consecutive sub-stages. A Rapidly assess the following in order to better define the purposes of the main assessment, the sources and methods to be employed, and the forms of analysis to be undertaken. The results from two other pieces of work commissioned as part of NHPP Activity 4A3 should also be reviewed when compiling this material (4A3.101, national review of ports and harbours, and 4A3.102, rapid review of threats and opportunities affecting them). o Forces for change, natural and anthropogenic, acting on the fabric and character England’s ports, harbours, etc in general and of Cornwall and Scilly’s in particular in order to establish the range of likely change scenarios that will be assessed. This will involve literature, web and other sources as well as structured discussions with bodies with interests in and knowledge of such forces for change. o Previous work on the history and archaeology of England’s ports, harbours, quays etc in general and of Cornwall and Scilly’s in particular, identifying the range of processes and events that led to ports and harbours being established and changed and thus influenced the form of

13 their consequent material remains. o Potential of systematically organised sources to inform more detailed and focussed recording, analysis and characterisation of England’s ports, harbours, etc in general and of Cornwall and Scilly’s in particular. These might be expected to include HER, modern and historic mapping (including charts held by UKHO and other archives), aerial photography and NMP, designation documentation, extant historic characterisations, etc. B Shifting to Cornwall and Scilly in particular, confirm the list of potential sites contained here as Appendix 2 o Transform that list into an outline classification of sites using variables (to be also added to the list) that can be recorded from those systematically organised sources. These may be expected to include ƒ types of use, ƒ topography, ƒ chronology, ƒ scale, ƒ key maritime components (buildings, structures, spaces, etc) ƒ current activity levels, ƒ associated settlement (its form, scale, character, etc), ƒ condition Each port or harbour can then be assigned to a Class that reflects morphology, functions, scale, chronology, etc. It might be expected that there would be roughly ten distinct Classes. C Rapidly model for each of those Classes of ports and harbours the likely vulnerabilities to the change scenarios or forces for change; model the capabilities of historic ports and harbours to benefit from those change scenarios; and rapidly assess the significance of each Class using the four forms of valuing identified in Conservation Principles, in order to prioritise those sites that should be subject to the more detailed work to be undertaken in the project’s main phase. o Identify the Classes of ports, harbours and quays that are most likely to be at risk from each major force for change. o And those that are most likely to benefit. D Draw up from those lists of ports and harbours with greater vulnerability or capability those ports and harbours that will be subjected to closer scrutiny in the project’s Stage 2 (see below). The list should also include examples from each Class of port or harbour. Add to that list (if they have not been already identified) those other ports and harbours for which liaison with appropriate departments in and other relevant bodies indicates there is a likelihood of substantial change or development in the short to medium term, places like Hayle, Penzance, Mevagissey, Portreath, and Newquay (Simon Ramsden pers. comm.). o The list of ports and harbours selected for closer scrutiny might also

14 include some of those currently in public ownership (especially Cornwall Council), or are part of the holdings of the National Trust, , and other such bodies. o It may be reasonable then to consider partnership working (eg with the three bodies just mentioned, and others) as part of this project, in order to increase resources available to it and to better secure commitment to future management, and so increase protection outcomes. Alternatively, this project may act as a stimulant for further follow-on projects in which other ports and harbours could be examined, with support from those partners. E Refine project design for Stage 2, bearing in mind the length of the list of ports and harbours identified for further study, what detailed assessment is feasible within the NHPP resource (and any other available resource that might be drawn from interested partners), what level that assessment should take, all tailored to each of the Classes of ports and harbours.

Stage 2 Assessment of selected ports and harbours This stage, and the next two, remain less precisely defined, being to some extent contingent on the outcomes of the first stage. At the end of Stage 1 a sample of individual ports and harbours will have been selected for further more detailed study. As noted these include those that have been identified as being most susceptible and vulnerable to change. It will, however, also include others that are representative of Classes and whose study will ensure that generic advice and recommendations for those classes is well informed. For each selected port or harbour it is envisaged that the following research, recording, characterisation and assessment is undertaken, always with the refinement of the Stage 1 assessments of significance, forces for change, threats and opportunities, in mind. o Delineate a study area that includes all parts that are likely to be affected by the forces for change identified in Stage 1. This will usually mean that substantial parts of associated settlements are excluded, but may draw in the cultural topography of the immediately adjacent sea, cliffs and intertidal zone. • Undertake a rapid characterisation of the port, harbour and any directly associated area. o Use a GIS and a related database in which attributes can be systematically recorded and assessed as part of a desk-based study. Characterisation might be done at the scale of 1:2500 and should include at least two ‘previous’ layers (suggest c1907, Epoch 2 OS and c 1840 parish Tithe mapping). Assign all distinguishable parts of the complex to a Historic Characterisation Type. These HC Types will have shared form, history and issues and it is to these that specific and generic recommendations will eventually be attached. For the working parts of harbours and the immediately adjacent sea or river the HC Types may build upon those set out in the draft EH HLC

15 thesaurus (see Appendix 2 for those HLC Types most closely aligned to the needs of this stage of the project. These may be tailored and subdivided as appropriate for the purposes of the larger scale and more fine-grained work that will be undertaken in this project. Each of the HLC thesaurus entries already has a brief draft scope note, two or three sentences in length). Types may also be sought within the HSC Method Statement (Tapper and Hooley 2010, Appendix 1). • In order to produce material that benefits as many users as possible, assess certain types of component either typically or often located at the hearts of ports and harbours – quays, jetties, breakwaters, sea walls, docks etc – and buildings, structures and spaces that have direct links with ports and harbours (fish cellars, boat houses, lifeboat slips, winches, mooring posts, yards, etc). This element will require fairly rapid field examination, recording such variables as materials, building styles, evidence for past change, distinctive details, condition, obvious issues and threats, etc. It might be expected that this part of the research of a port or harbour will take around 75% of the resource allocated to Stage 2. As there is great variety in scale and complexity of Cornish and Scillonian ports and harbours, the revised PD for this stage will set out individual timings for each element of the work for each selected site. NB As noted above, the selection of ports and harbours and will be proposed at he end of Stage 1 within an updated project design. The resource for the whole project will not be expected to increase or diminish at this point. Given the ports and harbours that have already been identified as being susceptible to imminent substantial change, and the likelihood that there will be around ten Classes to draw examples from, it may be expected that Stage 2 will examine between 12 and 15 ports and harbours. These will range greatly in scale and complexity. The tender should outline expected timings and costs for examples at each range of a scale extending from a minor landing place with minimal structural remains (like a creekside quay) to complex active docks (like Penzance).

Stage 3 Collation of results and reporting The results of stages 1 and 2 will be reported in an attractive, easily readable, jargon- light and fully illustrated report that is expected to contain the following sections. • Summary (less than 1 page). Outlines of aims, objectives, methods and results • Background • Brief historical overview of Cornish and Scillonian ports and harbours leading to summary explanations of ranges in chronology, form, scale and components o Introduce through discussion of key attributes of each Class the classification of Cornish and Scillonian ports and harbours o Introduce through discussion of key attributes of each Type the Historic Character Types employed in the characterisation of selected ports and harbours o Introduce through discussion of key attributes of each Component

16 Type the components studied in the assessment of the selected ports and harbours • Set out the method of applying EH’s Conservation Values when assessing and summarising the heritage significance of each Class, each HC Type and each Component Type • Identification of principal anthropogenic and natural forces for change affecting Cornish and Scillonian ports and harbours o Set out improved understanding of trends, impacts, opportunities • Briefly present selection criteria for identifying the sites for Stage 2’s closer study and introduce the selection made • Briefly present the Historic Character Types used in the characterisations of the selected sites • Briefly present the range of historic components recorded and assessed within the selected ports and harbours. • Relate each principal force for change to each Class of port and harbour, to each HC Type and to each type of port and harbour component, emphasising vulnerabilities and capabilities • Set out generic issues and recommendations based on the above, and apply them to each Class of port and harbour, to each HC Type and to each type of port and harbour component that have been mapped, described and assessed as part of Stage 2 • Summarise enhancements in understanding of significance, issues, opportunities and consequent recommendations for each selected port and harbour (ideally less than 1 page each, bearing in mind that fuller reports will be lodged in an appendix) • Summarise how individual studies have improved understanding of the Classes of ports and harbours and Types of components that they are representatives of, and how their study has contributed to better understanding of issues and opportunities, and responses to these. • Set out how the material presented in this report can be most effectively utilised by a range of actors, including planners, managers, historic environment advisers, those involved in improving presentation and access, etc. This serves as a published summary of the protection outcomes addressed as Stage 4 • References and lists of primary sources consulted • Index to project archives (including GIS) Appendices • Enhanced table of all known Cornish and Scillonian ports and harbours, based on stage 1 work • Method statement for stage 1 assessment • Method statement for stage 2 assessment • Individual reports for selected ports and harbours. Because each will have local

17 currency, these should be in the form of easily detachable reports, as in the Wild Cornwall assessment of c40 reserves (Herring 2001). They might be expected to include the following. o Introduction (location, scale, main functions) o Outline history (origins, change, maintenance, association with industry, land and sea use, and with settlement) o Description (components, disposition, relationship with natural topography, evidence for growth, contraction, change, material, condition) o Forces for change and consequent vulnerabilities and opportunities. o Designation status, ownership, occupancy, utilisation, management and planning arrangements. o Assessment of significance of whole complex and key components o Summary of recommendations o Images (historic and contemporary photographs and other representations – recognising that Cornish ports and harbours have long been subjects for artists); record shots of significant components (recognising that resources will not extend to professionally taken photography); historic maps showing change and continuity; location maps of the port and harbour within Cornwall and of key components within each port and harbour; characterisation maps, utilising the suggested three time slices. The report should be widely disseminated by the contractor to an agreed list of organisations to be provided by English Heritage both as hard copy and as a pdf that can be made available through the websites of all bodies with a stake in Cornwall’s ports and harbours. It should also be lodged on the ADS website. The detachable reports covering individual ports and harbours should also be distributed by the contractor as appropriate in their localities. To enable other more distant interested parties to benefit from the establishment of an effective approach and method, a summary of the project’s method and main findings should also be produced and disseminated by the contractor to all local authorities in England that possess coastlines. The project may have wider interest, being broadly applicable to ports and harbours in other British, Irish and European countries; there should therefore be an easily located route to first the summary and then links to the websites that contain the project report and archives that host the GIS and the project’s other products. A second substantial output will be a project GIS that records and describes (through a relational database) a range of historical and contemporary attributes of each port and harbour and each polygon delineated in the characterisations of the selected ports and harbours. This GIS is expected to be archived with the Cornwall HER and be curated by its officers. But it should also be made available to the range of stakeholders, including EH itself, EA, and other relevant departments of the Cornwall Council. As there will be wide interest in this project, provision should also be made for

18 developing an illustrated talk that can be presented by stakeholders.

Stage 4 Securing protection outcomes This project is lodged within Measure 4 of the National Heritage Protection Plan (NHPP). This Measure addresses the identified need to assess the significance and character of aspects of the historic environment that are under threat but whose significance and character are poorly understood. To ensure that such assessment leads directly to actual protection, projects dealing with thematic subjects, such as this one, whether undertaken by EH internally or externally commissioned, should have as a final stage the setting out of reasonable and realistic routes towards increased protection. For this project it may be anticipated that these protection outcomes would include the following. Designation. Following on from examples established in recent thematic assessments under NHPP Measure 4, this should include preparation of a gazetteer of sites and features that are candidates for consideration by EH’s Designation Department. These may be either candidates for new designation or features already designated that may be proposed for review of extent or grade of protection. To best utilise the research undertaken for this project, this stage should also include formal discussion with relevant members of the EH Designation Department West so that the gazetteer’s long list is reduced to a short list, and then for each shortlisted site the abstraction from the report of draft text for the History and Description sections of Consultation Reports. As well as the statutory designation via EH of those features of national or special importance, there is a likelihood that Local Authorities would consider adding other valued port and harbour structures to any Local Lists they may hold or create. Management. The increased understanding of construction and maintenance techniques used in Cornish ports and harbours should be utilised to develop model management recommendations for port and harbour structures and features. Where it is appropriate to do so (in terms of there being receptive owners or managers) these recommendations may also be directed towards particular sites and features. Planning. The assessment of significance, character, threats, opportunities and condition that will form important parts of this project can be reviewed to draw out key messages that those with the authority to do so can use when drawing up various forms of policy (as in Local Plans and Neighbourhood Plans) and strategy, whether these are related to planning change, conservation or maintenance, guiding the design of change, or taking opportunities to extend or improve presentation of the history, significance and value of ports and harbours.

7 Project scope • For Stage 1 All of Cornwall and Scilly. All ports, quays, docks, seawalls, harbours, etc as expanded from the initial long list (Appendix 2); • For Stage 2, a selection drawn from the long list.

19 NB Appendix 2 which lists c300 easily identified ports and harbours includes numerous minor sites with few known remains. Many more such sites may be predicted to lie either on the coast or in Cornwall’s intricate patterns of creeks. For example over 60 minor estate and farm quays have been recorded on the Fowey estuary alone (Parkes 2000). Such sites should again be covered in a generic way as part of stage 1, with just one example of each type selected and treated as an exemplar within Stage 2. One thing that the project can not achieve is replacement of the need for more detailed assessments of individual harbours in response to specific development proposals or management issues, but it will provide the background material to set such proposals in a Cornwall-wide context. Care will be taken not to unnecessarily repeat work already undertaken adequately elsewhere. For example the work should complement but not repeat work either already done under the 2004 Scilly RCZA or due to be undertaken as part of the SW England RCZAs (currently scheduled for 2013 and 2014). And there is no need to re- do urban characterisations already previously undertaken (for example through the Cornwall and Scilly Urban Survey and Cornwall Industrial Settlements Initiative; CSUS and CISI respectively), though there may be benefit from deepening such characterisation work, at larger scales, in the areas immediately around the harbours themselves. Some relevant definitions (drawn from scope notes in the EH monuments thesaurus, draft EH HLC/HSC thesaurus and Cornwall and Isles of Scilly HER) Port A settlement area that combines a harbour and terminal facilities at the interface between land and water transportation systems (EH Monument Thesaurus). Harbour An area of the coast where ships can find shelter or safe . Harbours require features that provide shelter and a pool area large and deep enough to accommodate vessels at anchor which may be provided by natural or artificial features (EH draft HLC thesaurus). Quay An artificial bank or landing place, largely of solid construction, built parallel to, or projecting out from, the shoreline to facilitate the loading and unloading of vessels (EH draft HLC thesaurus). Sea wall A massive revetment constructed to face the sea, at or below the high water mark. Often curved at the top so as to deflect the waves, a sea wall is single-sided and defends the land behind it from storm and tide (CIOS HER scope notes). Breakwater A structure which protects a beach or harbour by breaking the force of waves. It may be constructed entirely offshore at a strategic location or with one end attached to land. Commonly associated with ports and navigable river mouths. Dock An artificial area of open water, enclosed by masonry and fitted with dock gates in which ships can be repaired, loaded/unloaded or berthed (EH Monument Thesaurus).

8 Management, monitoring and reporting arrangements

20

The grant award will be administered via a standard English Heritage NHPCP contract. If the tender is a sole trader, rather than a limited company, association or partnership, then we would advise that early contact be made in order that an Employment Status Questionnaire (a requirement of English Heritage by Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC)) can be completed in advance of submission of a tender.

The project will be administered through the National Heritage Protection Commissions Programme; for guidance see http://www.englishheritage.org.uk/professional/funding/grants/grants-available/nhpcp/.

The project will be MoRPHE compliant (http://www.englishheritage. org.uk/MoRPHE).

The Project Manager will be responsible for liaison with the English Heritage Project Assurance Officer, and expected to produce highlight reports (see MoRPHE p48) at appropriate points throughout the project and an end-of-project report (see MoRPHE p49).

The project team Project Executive, and project team member responsible for internal Project Assurance should be specified in the Project Design (please note these roles can be undertaken by one person, but Project Assurance should not be part of the Project Manager’s role (see MoRPHE pp16-18))

English Heritage Project Assurance and routine monitoring of standards and progress will be undertaken by an NHPC Project Assurance Officer.

9 Timescale and Budget

Research should be complete and the final written report with associated GIS signed off by March 2015

NB Having considered the tasks against resource available the stages may be expected to run sequentially, and in general terms be divided proportionately as follows: Stage 1 10% Stage 2 60% Stage 3 20% Stage 4 10%

English Heritage has a budget of £46,000 - £54,000 (exclusive of VAT) for this project.

10 Form of Tender

The tender submission should refer to the National Heritage Protection Commissions

21 Programme Guidance for Applicants (Release 6) and be in the form of a Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE) Project Design.

The Project Design should set out:

• the key roles and responsibilities to be taken by each member of the Project Team • present a health and safety statement covering working practices within the office and in the field, recognising that ports and harbours can be especially hazardous locations. Refer where appropriate to the organisation’s established policies • set out how each of the four Stages will be broken down into individual Tasks, each of which should have a number, be allocated to a named member of the project team, given start and end dates (and number of days to be completed within), and have its product numbered and described (in summary in a task table and in more detail in an appendix, as set out in the MoRPHE guidance) • use the table of stages and tasks to support a detailed presentation of the project budget, itemising staff costs, any contractor costs, non-staff costs, overheads and capital purchases • explain how the team will communicate both internally (meetings, telecons, email traffic, etc) and externally (with stakeholders, EH, etc) • suggest project review points, typically after each major execution stage, though long stages (such as Stage 2) should be subdivided; review points to be discussed and agreed with PAO and NHPC team in due course. • set out a draft timetable of meetings with and means of communication with the EH Project Assurance Officer (PAO), to be discussed and agreed with the PAO and NHPC team in due course • set out how the products will be disseminated and archived • present a risk log that identifies all possible issues that can be foreseen, numbers and describes them, sets out their likelihood of occurring, the maximum impact on the success of the project should they arise, what can be done, by whom to counter them or minimise their impact. The Project Design should also include: • a document-control grid with contact details (see MoRPHE p42) • costs calculated according to Section 12 of the Guidance for Applicants and set out per financial year (see Guidance for Applicants, Appendix 5) • detailed task and products list which included days per person, per task (see Guidance for Applicants, Appendix 5) • a Gantt chart and/or detailed timetable with clearly identified milestones to enable effective monitoring of progress by the contractor’s own management team and by EH’s Project Assurance Officer (PAO).

Some of the material used in the PD may be derived from this brief.

22

The relevant documentation to assist in producing the Project Design can be downloaded at: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/MoRPHE and the guidance notes www.english-heritage.org.uk/nhpcp.

11 Copyright

The reports and all associated documentation, databases and photographs will be the copyright of English Heritage, but all material copied from other sources will be fully acknowledged and relevant copyright conditions pertaining to that data will be observed. Copyright on all reports submitted will reside with English Heritage, although a third-party in-perpetuity licence will automatically be given for reproduction of the works by the originator, subject to agreement in writing from English Heritage.

12 Selection Process

Tenders will be appraised at a formal tender board comprising three or more appropriate English Heritage officers, and will be scored in accordance with the English Heritage Procurement Regulations. English Heritage may consult externally as well as internally when appraising the tenders. Successful and unsuccessful tenders will be notified of the results of the tender board in writing usually within a week.

13 Further information

For questions about the project please contact Allan Brodie (Allan.Brodie@english- heritage.org.uk) or Peter Herring ([email protected])

For further queries about the application process, deadlines etc please contact Charlotte Winter at [email protected]

14 References

English Heritage, 2008. Conservation Principles, Swindon (English Heritage) English Heritage, 2011. Understanding Place: Conservation Area Designation, Appraisal and Management, Swindon (English Heritage) English Heritage, 2011. Understanding Place: Character and Context in Local Planning, Swindon (English Heritage) English Heritage, 2010. Understanding Place: Historic Areas Assessment: Principles and Practice, Swindon (English Heritage) English Heritage, 2012. Good Practice Guide for Local Heritage Listing, Swindon (English Heritage) Fox, HAS, 2001. The Evolution of the Fishing Village: Landscape and Society along the South Devon Coast, 1086-1550s Herring, P, 2001. Wild Cornwall, (Cornwall County Council) Johns, C, Larn, R and Tapper, B, 2004. Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment for the Isles of Scilly, Truro (Cornwall County Council)

23 Kirkham, G, 2003. Cornwall and Scilly Urban Survey, historic characterisation for regeneration, Truro, Truro (Cornwall County Council) Parkes, CA, 2000. Fowey Estuary, Historic Audit, Truro (Cornwall County Council) Tapper, B and Hooley, D, 2010. England’s Historic Seascapes, Historic Seascape Characterisation (HSC) National HSC Method Statement, Truro (Cornwall County Council)

If you would like this document in a different format, please contact our Customer Services department: Telephone: 0870 333 1181 Fax: 01793 414926 Textphone: 01793 414878 Email: [email protected]

24 Appendix 1 Potential suite of Historic Character Types, as derived from the draft English Heritage HLC Thesaurus. Classes here refer to the Broad Types of HLC. Each class is internally hierarchical, with those indented being sub-types of those they are indented from. CIVIC AMENITIES CLASS LIST FLOOD AND EROSION DEFENCE FLOOD DEFENCE SEA DEFENCE BREAKWATER GROYNES SEA WALL COMMERCE CLASS LIST COMMERCE MARKET FISH MARKET MARKET PLACE STORAGE AND HANDLING WAREHOUSING FISH WAREHOUSE

COMMUNICATIONS AND MOVEMENT CLASS LIST

WATER TRANSPORT ANCHORAGE JETTY MARITIME SAFETY BUOYAGE COASTGUARD STATION DAYMARK LANDMARK TOWER LIFEBOAT STATION LIGHTHOUSE ROCKET STATION SAFETY AREA NAVIGATION ANCHORAGE DREDGED AREA NAVIGATION CHANNEL ACTIVE NAVIGATION CHANNEL DISUSED NAVIGATION CHANNEL BURIED NAVIGATION CHANNEL NAVIGATION HAZARD DRYING HAZARD HAZARDOUS WATER MARITIME DEBRIS ROCK OUTCROPS

25 ROUGH WATER SHALLOWS AND FLATS SUBMERGED ROCKS WATER TURBULENCE WRECK HAZARD NAVIGATION ROUTE COMMERCIAL SHIPPING ROUTE FERRY CROSSING RESTRICTED AREA PORT AND DOCK INSTALLATION BREAKWATER DOCKYARD DRY DOCK WET DOCK HARBOUR HARBOUR POOL LANDING POINT MARINA PORT QUARANTINE AREA QUAY SEA TERMINAL CONTAINER TERMINAL FERRY TERMINAL TERMINAL BUILDING WAREHOUSING WHARVES WORKING PIER SLIPWAY

CULTURAL TOPOGRAPHY CLASS LIST COASTAL AND INTERTIDAL BEACH CLIFF CREEK FORESHORE FORESHORE (ROCKY) FORESHORE (SANDY) FORESHORE (SHINGLE) LAGOON SANDBANK SPIT SUBMERGED LANDSCAPE SUBMERGED FOREST MARINE COARSE SEDIMENT PLAIN EXPOSED BEDROCK FINE SEDIMENT PLAIN MIXED SEDIMENT PLAIN

26 MUD PLAIN SANDBANKS WITH SANDWAVES PALAEOLANDSCAPE COMPONENT PALAEOCHANNEL

FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE CLASS LIST AQUACULTURE FISH FARMING SHELLFISH FARMING COCKLE BEDS MUSSEL BEDS OYSTER BEDS BAIT DIGGING AREA FISH MARKET FISH PROCESSING AREA FISHING AREA DRIFT NETTING AREA FISH TRAPPING FISHING GROUND FIXED NETTING HAND NETTING LONGLINING POTTING AREA SEINE NETTING SHELLFISH COLLECTION SHELLFISH DREDGING FISHING VILLAGE

INDUSTRY CLASS LIST ENERGY INDUSTRY ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION SUBMARINE POWER CABLE ELECTRICITY GENERATION POWER STATION RENEWABLE ENERGY INSTALLATION TIDAL POWER WAVE POWER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ICE WORKS PIPELINE PROCESSING INDUSTRY SALT PRODUCTION SITE SALT WORKS SHIPPING INDUSTRY MARINE CONSTRUCTION BOATYARD DOCKYARD DRY DOCK WET DOCK SHIPYARD

27

MILITARY CLASS LIST DEFENCE ANTI INVASION DEFENCE ANTI LANDING OBSTACLE ANTI TANK DEFENCE COASTAL DEFENCES COASTAL BATTERY FORTIFICATION ARTILLERY FORT MILITARY INSTALLATION MILITARY BASE MILITARY DEPOT FUEL DEPOT ORDNANCE DUMP MILITARY PRACTICE AREA FIRING RANGE NAVAL FIRING RANGE SUBMARINE TRAINING AREA MILITARY TRANSPORT NAVAL DOCKYARD SUBMARINE BASE

RECREATION AND LEISURE CLASS LIST

RECREATION COASTAL RECREATION BATHING/SWIMMING BEACH HUT CLIFF GARDENS LEISURE BEACH PLEASURE PIER PROMENADE INDOOR RECREATION AQUARIUM AMUSEMENTS CINEMA LEISURE CENTRE RECREATION GROUND LIDO RECREATIONAL ACCOMMODATION HOTEL SPORTS FACILITY WATER SPORTS SWIMMING POOL SAILING AREA FISHING AREA RECREATIONAL DIVE AREA ROWING LAKE

28 Appendix 2 Provisional list of Cornish and Scillonian ports and harbours Notes on Appendix 2 Like many another list, this one, which has been prepared by Pete Herring for this brief, is less certain than it appears. There will be some ports and harbours that have slipped through its net and some designations, previous studies and many key components will also have been missed. But the table does help in the designing of what has the potential to be a fairly amorphous project. Name and topography are taken from modern OS mapping; topography can be expected to be made more refined in the project. Settlement form is based on present-day built environment; again this gives a rough idea at present and requires more refinement. But it allows us to gauge the scale and form of any settlement characterisation that may be required. City 1 (Truro) Town 38 (includes swollen villages, edges of towns) Village 49 (includes swollen hamlets and reduced towns) Churchtown 9 (may include some particularly early harbours: Mylor, St Just and St Anthony in Roseland, St Anthony in , and ) Resort 26 Hamlet 50 Industrial estate 1 (Newham) Country house 2 (Caerhays and Antony) Cottage 24 Cellars 1 Fort 1 (Picklecombe) None survives 97 (some may never had settlements, but sites like Palace Cove suggest that many will have had complex remains of cellars, houses, quays, piers, etc.). Scale was gauged rapidly and subjectively by Pete Herring using Web GIS. 1 is smallest, 5 largest. • Only 2 complexes are scale 5, Falmouth and Penzance. • Just 7 are scale 4: , Hayle, Newlyn, Mevagissey, , Fowey china-clay port and East Looe. • There are 33 at scale 3 (typified by Port Isaac, , Mousehole, Portleven, , Fowey town, Southdown and Rat Island on St Mary’s, Scilly)

29 • Another 84 are at scale 2 (places like Boscastle, Rock, Sennen Cove, Roundwood, , and on Tresco, Scilly) • That leaves 173 at scale 1, mainly places with just a quay or limited wharfs, or a track or lane leading to a landing place.

Designations were drawn from English Heritage’s WebGIS, but again were identified rapidly and some of the smaller scale designations may have been missed, notably Listed Buildings. Of the 299 ports and harbours so far identified, 271 have some form of designation (90%); see Section 3 for details. Key components are again usually based on modern OS mapping, occasionally from personal knowledge or from scanning published accounts. Again this will be far from comprehensive, but does give an impression of relative complexity. Previous study refers to survey, assessment and characterisation work done by Cornwall Council. Almost all will be high level, small-scale work and not detailed appraisal. • ACVP = Atlantic Coast and Valleys Project, stage 2, involving rapid field visit, no detailed recording. 5 ports and harbours covered by this study. • Assessment = Individually commissioned surveys, often quite detailed recording. 2 ports and harbours • CAA = Conservation Area Appraisal. These generally concentrated on the settlement elements and treated the ports relatively rapidly. 2 ports and harbours • CISI = Cornwall Industrial Settlements Initiative. Like CAA, concentrated on the settlement elements and treated the ports relatively rapidly. 7 ports and harbours • CSUS = Cornwall and Scilly Urban Survey. Again concentrated on settlement and treated ports rapidly. 15 ports and harbours (some towns, like Hayle, having more than one port or harbour) • Excavation = Duckpool Roman period and E Med settlement. 1 port and harbour • Survey = measured survey (Trevaunance). 1 port and harbour • Fal audit = rapid appraisal of all aspects of the ’s estuarine historic environment. Included quick field visits to most sites. 18 ports and harbours • Fowey audit = 13 ports and harbours • Harbour survey () • Helford audit = 11 ports and harbours

30 • NT (National Trust) survey = 13 ports and harbours • Plymouth defences survey = 1 ports and harbours • RIS (Rapid Identification Survey (N Cornwall and Tamar Valley) = 7 ports and harbours • Roseland () audit = 15 ports and harbours • Scilly archaeological audit = 59 ports and harbours • Sewage treatment scheme assessment = 3 ports and harbours • Sheppard (assessment of Cornwall’s historic towns) = 1 ports and harbours • Slate quays assessment = 1 ports and harbours • Slipway survey (Mevagissey) • assessment = 2 ports and harbours • Town survey = Charlestown • Urban survey = Boscastle • Victoria County History (VCH) study = Mousehole • Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site (WHS) nomination study = 2 ports and harbours

Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Marsland Beach None 1 AONB Road and building platform ACVP Mouth head survives Duckpool Beach None 1 AONB Road, Roman and E Med floors, WW2 defences, Excavation report; head survives smuggling associations ACVP Sandy Beach None 1 AONB Road, WW2 defences ACVP Mouth head survives Northcott Beach Hamlet 1 AONB Road, WW2 defences RIS Mouth head Crooklets Beach Resort 1 Road, resort features, 'submerged forest', WW2 RIS head town defences,

31 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Bude Haven Tidal Resort 3 Conservation Area, SM Canal, breakwater, site of chapel, WW2 defences, RIS estuary town (canal), LBs (breakwater, slips, 19C Storm Tower, boat houses, 1920s beach storm tower, canal sea- swimming pool lock) Beach None 1 Slip, WW2 defences RIS Mouth head survives Beach Hamlet 1 AONB Boat houses, road RIS Haven head Crackington Beach Resort 1 AONB Sea defences, WW2 defences RIS Haven head village Tremoutha Cliff port None 1 AONB Road, stacks of slates RIS Haven (slate) survives Boscastle Tidal cove Swollen 2 Conservation Area; LBs Pier, slip, , warehouses, rocket station, lime Urban survey medieval (pier, sea walls, fish kiln, fish cellars town cellar), AONB Beach Reduced 1 AONB No/few structures NT survey Haven head medieval town Beach Medieval 1 AONB; SM Beach-head structures, landing stage, road Slate quays Haven head town assessment (Trevena), now a resort Trebarwith Beach Small port 1 AONB Beach-head structures, sea wall ACVP Strand head hamlet Port Cliff port None 1 AONB Road and winch hard, rock-cut platform William (slate) survives

32 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Backways Cliff port None 1 AONB Roads and winch hards, yard, ruined buildings ACVP Cove (slate) survives Dannonchap Cliff port None 1 AONB Roads and winch hards; tunnel to port ACVP el (slate) survives Port Beach Fishing 2 LBs (fish cellars, Quays, roads, fish cellars Gaverne head village cottages), AONB Port Isaac Beach Swollen 3 Conservation Area, LBs Piers, quays, roads, slips, fish cellars, lifeboat house, head fishing (slips, walls, cellars, breakwater, coastguard station village cottages, etc), AONB Port Quin Beach Hamlet 2 LBs (walls, slip, cellars), Fish cellars, slip, sea walls, boat houses head AONB Markham's Beach None 1 AONB Road Quay head survives Sandiway Beach None 1 AONB Road Beach head survives Pentire Beach None 1 AONB Road Haven head survives Pentireglaze Beach Cottage 1 Road Haven head Beach Hamlet, 1 Road head now a resort Beach Resort 1 Road head Rock Tidal Hamlet, 2 LBs (warehouse, quay, Quay, walls, slips, warehouse, posts estuary now a walls) resort

33 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Porthilly Tidal Churchtow 1 AONB Wall, road, lime kiln estuary n Gentle Jane Tidal Cottage 1 AONB Road, boathouses estuary Trevilling Tidal hamlet 1 AONB Quay, vitriol factory, estuary Tidal Town 2 LBs (quay walls) Quay, landing stages, road, warehouses, boatyards estuary Wadebridge Tidal Town 3 Conservation Area, SM Quays, warehouses, medieval bridge, swing bridge, estuary (bridge), LBs, railway station, sidings, slips, crane bases Penquean Tidal None 1 AONB Quays, posts, railway, ruined buildings estuary survives Padstow Tidal Swollen 4 Conservation Area, LBs Quays, docks, slips, custom house, warehouses, Assessment and estuary medieval (quays, walls, warehouse, boat yard, ship-building yard, fish shed, , mooring recording of town etc) posts, breakwater, lime kilns, site of chapel harbour Harbour Tidal none 1 AONB Road Cove estuary survives Hawker's Tidal Hamlet 2 AONB Watch house, lifeboat house, slip, coastguard Cove estuary station, road, walls Porthmissen Beach Hamlet, 1 AONB Road head now a resort Onjohn Beach Cellars 1 AONB Fish cellars, boat house, road Cove head Beach Hamlet, 1 AONB Road head now a resort

34 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Porthmear Rocky None 1 AONB Road cove survives Mawgan Beach Resort 1 Coastguard station, road, WW2 defences Porth head Porth Beach resort 1 Road, submerged forest, sea wall, Beach, St head Columb Newquay Beach Resort 3 LBs (both piers) Piers, lighthouse, jetty, rail terminal, warehouses, CSUS head sea walls Porth Joke Beach None 1 Road head survives Perranporth Beach Resort 2 Canal, road, site of chapel head Trevaunanc Beach Mining town 2 WHS Piers, quay, lime kiln, landing rock, road Cove survey; CISI e head Porthtowan Beach Hamlet, 1 WHS Road head now a resort Portreath Beach Mining town 3 WHS, SM (daymark), LB Piers, docks, inclined tramway, sidings, coal yard, CISI head (pier) lime kiln, crane bases Porth- Rocky None 1 AONB Road cadjack cove survives Fishing Cove None 1 AONB Track Cove survives Pentowan Tidal Town 1 WHS, Conservation Quay, wharfs CSUS, WHS estuary (Hayle) Area nomination study, town survey, CISI

35 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Copperhous Tidal Town 2 WHS, LB (dock), Dock, quay, walls, mooring posts, warehouses, CSUS, WHS e estuary Conservation Area sidings nomination study, town survey, CISI Hayle Tidal Town 4 WHS, LBs (docks, Quays, docks, wharves, warehouses, bridges, CSUS, WHS estuary warehouses, bridges, foundry, sawmill, reservoirs, custom house, nomination study, wharfs gasworks, railway station town survey, CISI Griggs Quay Tidal Town 2 WHS Quays estuary Tidal Village 1 WHS Quay, wharfs Wharf estuary St Ives Beach Town 3 Conservation Area, LBs Piers, quay, wharves, harbour office, lighthouses, CSUS head (quays, lighthouses, site of chapel, slips, custom house, lifeboat house, warehouses, walls, fish fish cellars, boat houses cellars) Beach Town 1 Conservation Area, LBs Sea wall, fish cellars, slips CSUS Beach head (fish cellars) Treen Cove Rocky Cottage 2 AONB Fish cellar, boat house, track, coastguard station cove Priest's Rocky Hamlet 2 WHS, AONB Slip, boat houses., site of capstan, building WHS Nomination Cove cove platforms survey Porth Rocky None 1 WHS, AONB Road WHS Nomination Nanven cove survives survey Sennen Beach Hamlet, 2 Conservation Area, LBs Pier, walls, capstan house, lifeboat station, stores, Cove head now a (breakwater, slip, walls, slips resort castan house, stores), AONB Rocky Hamlet 1 AONB Slip, tunnel, capstan, stores, gulleys NT survey

36 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form cove Porth Rocky Hamlet 1 AONB Track, site of chapel NT survey Chapel cove Porthcurno Beach Hamlet 1 AONB Road, WW2 defences, Cables w head Rocky Hamlet 2 LBs (windlass, bridge), Windlass, fish cellar, stores, road NT survey cove AONB Rocky Hamlet 2 LB (quay), AONB Pier, quay, sea walls, slip, crane, Cove cove Mousehole Rocky Village 3 Conservation Area, LBs Piers, slips, sea walls, fish cellars, coastguard VCH study cove (piers, fishing cellars etc), station, site of chapel AONB Newlyn Beach Town 4 Conservation Area, LBs Med, 19C and 20C piers; sea walls, lighthous, slips, CSUS, VCH study head (old piers, fish cellars, mooring posts, landing stage, jetties, coastguard etc) station, fish cellars, fish works, icehouse, timber yard, etc Lariggan Beach Edge of 2 Sea walls, timber yard. Baths head town Penzance Beach Town 5 Conservation Area. LBs Piers, quays, wahrves, docks, slips, swing bridge, Sheppard, CSUS, head (piers, docks, foundry, viaduct, warehouses, lighthouse, custom house, Harbour warehouses, depot, lifeboat house, lighthouse depot and museum, assessment quays, etc) foundry, mooring posts, capstans, cranes, railway terminus, lido, battery, etc Beach Edge of 1 Road CSUS head town Beach Village 1 Road head

37 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Beach Town 2 Conservation Area, LBs Sea walls, gazebo, site of chapel, jetty, slips, Sheppard head (gazebo) boatyards, causeway St Michael's Beach Village 3 Conservation Area, LBs Piers, slips, sea walls, wharves, warehouses, NT survey Mount head (piers, bollards, barge boathouses, fish cellars, causeway, steps, bollards, house, fish cellars, etc warehouses, etc), Reg Park & Gdn Perranuthno Beach Churchtow 1 AONB Road e head n Bessy's Rocky Hamlet 2 AONB Slip, rock-cut roadway, sea walls, stores, winch Cove cove King's Cove Rocky Hamlet 2 AONB Slip, winch, road, coastguard station, stores, etc cove Beach None 1 AONB Road head survives Praa Sands Beach Resort 1 AONB Road, WW2 defences head Beach None 1 WHS, AONB Road (Porthcew) head survives Porth Beach None 1 AONB Road Sulinces head survives Rocky Village 3 Conservation Area, LBs, Piers, quays, wharves, warehouses, harbour office, CISI cove AONB lime kiln, timber yard, lifeboat house, pier light, sea walls, Beach Hamlet 2 AONB Road, coastguard station, stores, capstans (sites Fishing head of), WW2 defences Cove

38 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Halzephron Rocky Cottage 1 AONB Zigzag track Cove cove Gunwalloe Beach Churchtow 1 SM (cliff castle). LBs Road, E Med settlement, churchtown Church head n (church etc), AONB Cove Poldhu Beach Cottage 1 AONB Road, WW2 defences Cove head Pollurian Beach Resort 1 AONB Road, boathouses Cove head Mullion Beach Hamlet 3 LBs (harbour walls, Piers, slip, lifeboat house, stores, cellars, road, Harbour survey Cove head winch house), AONB winch Kynance Beach Hamlet 2 AONB Road, stores NT survey Cove head Point Rocky Hamlet 2 AONB Lifeboat house, slip, road, sea walls, lighthouse cove complex Church Rocky Hamlet 1 LBs (lifeboat house, Road, slip, capstan house, cellars, stores Cove cove cellars), AONB Cadgwith Rocky Village 2 Conservation Area, LBs Slips, sea walls, cellars, lifeboat house, winch, cove (lifeboat house, cellars, stores, boat houses coastguard lookout), AONB Rocky Cottage 2 LBs (serpentine factory, Road, serpentine factory, capstan house, canal NT survey cove capstan house), AONB Kennack Beach Cottage 1 AONB Road, WW2 defences Assessment Sands head Rocky Village 3 Conservation Area, LBs Pier, harbourmaster's house, lifeboat house, slips, cove (pier, quays, slips, walls, rocket station, coastguard station, fish cellars, sea

39 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form cellars), AONB walls Lowland Rocky None 1 AONB Quay St Keverne Point cove survives assessment Dean Point Cliff port None 2 AONB Jetty, roads, quarries (gabbro) survives Beach None 1 AONB Road, site of jetty Cove (St head survives Keverne) Porthoustoc Beach Hamlet 2 AONB Pier, jetties, roads, lifeboat house, cellars, stores k head Porthkerris Beach Hamlet 2 AONB Quay, sea walls, slip, road, stores St Keverne head assessment Beach Village 2 AONB Slips, sea walls, cellars, stores head Gillan Cove Tidal Hamlet 1 AONB Road, site of cellars, boathouses, stores, slip, NT survey; Helford estuary WW2 defences audit Flushing Tidal Cottage 1 AONB Sea walls, slip, Helford audit Cove estuary St Anthony Tidal Churchtow 1 AONB Slip, stores, road, WW2 defences Helford audit in Meneage estuary n Ponsence Beach None 1 AONB Road, sea wall Helford audit Cove head survives Bosahan Beach None 1 AONB Road, boathouse Helford audit Cove head survives Kennels Tidal Cottage 1 LB (lime kiln), AONB Slip, road, lime kiln Helford audit estuary

40 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Tidal Hamlet 2 Conservation Area, LBs Pier, quay, sea walls, cellars, slips, jetties Helford audit estuary (cottages), AONB Helford Tidal Village 2 Conservation Area, LBs, Quays, slips, stores, Helford audit estuary (quays, cottages), AONB Tidal Village 3 LBs (quays, cottages, Quays, wharves, warehouses, timber yards, coal Helford audit estuary etc), AONB yards, roads, bridges, mills, cranes, slips Porth Navas Tidal Hamlet 2 AONB Quays, slips, stores, wharves, jetties Helford audit estuary Helford Tidal Hamlet 2 AONB Road, ferry, coastguard station, boat houses, Helford audit Passage estuary stores, WW2 defences Durgan Tidal Hamlet 2 LBs (quay walls, cottages, Quays, road, sea walls Helford audit estuary etc) Beach Hamlet, 1 AONB Road, coastguard station, boat house, WW2 Fal audit head now a defences resort Swanpool Beach Resort 1 Road, sea walls Beach head Gyllingvase Beach Resort 1 Conservation Area Road, sea walls Beach head Falmouth Promon- Town 5 Breakwaters, piers, jetties, dry docks, wet docks, CSUS, Fal audit Docks tory lifeboat house, railway sidings, warehouses, shipyards, cranes. Depots, foundry, coastguard station Falmouth Rocky Town 3 Conservation Area, LBs Quays, slips, bonded store, mooring posts, piers, CSUS, Fal audit Town fore-shore (quay walls, offices) coal stores, ship building yard, landing stages, stores, warehouses, ferries Ponsharden Tidal Hamlet, 2 Quays, road, cellars, warehouses Fal audit

41 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form estuary now a town Penryn Tidal Town 3 Conservation Area, LBs Quays, piers, warehouses, wharves, cranes, stores, CSUS, Fal audit; estuary (quays, warehouses, etc) drawbridge, custom house Anchor Warehouse study Little Tidal Hamlet 2 LBs (docks), AONB Docks, slips, wharves, landing stages Fal audit Falmouth estuary Flushing Tidal Village 3 Conservation Area, LBs Piers, quays, sea walls, stores, slips, boat houses Fal audit estuary (quays, stores, etc), AONB Kiln Quay Tidal Hamlet 1 LB (quay), AONB Quay, road, mooring posts Fal audit estuary Mylor Tidal Churchtow 3 SM (D-Day preparation Pier, landing stages, gridiron, dockyard, sea walls, Fal audit estuary n point), LBs (pier), AONB slips, mooring posts Mylor Tidal Village 2 Conservation Area, LBs Quays, lime kiln, sea walls, stepping stones, stores Fal audit Bridge estuary (quay, etc), AONB Restronguet Tidal Swollen 2 LB (quay), AONB Quay, slip, mooring posts, timber pond, jetty, slips Fal audit Passage estuary hamlet Perran Tidal Village 2 WHS, Conservation Timber ponds, , limekilns, , wharf Fal audit, site Wharf estuary Area, LBs survey Tidal Village 3 WHS, Conservation Quays, bollards, wharves, sidings, yards, stores, WHS Nomination estuary Area, LBs (bollards, ore ore hutches, sluicing pond, shipyard survey, Fal audit; hutches) wharves survey Point Tidal Swollen 2 WHS, LBs (quay, store), Quay, wharf, slips, stores, sidings Fal audit estuary hamlet AONB Penpol Tidal Swollen 2 AONB Quays, wharves, slips, stepping stones Fal audit estuary hamlet King Harry Tidal Hamlet 1 LBs (quay, cottage), Quay, mooring posts, steps, slips, chain ferry Fal audit

42 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Ferry (W) estuary AONB Roundwood Tidal Cottage 2 LBs (quay, lime kiln), Quay, wharves, lime kiln, slip Fal audit; quay estuary AONB survey Newham Tidal Industrial 3 Quay, wharves, factories, stores, warehouses Fal audit estuary estate Truro Tidal City 3 Conservation Area, LBs Quays, warehouses, wharves, mooring posts, CSUS, CAA, Fal estuary (quay walls, warehouses) stores, audit Malpas Tidal Vvillage 2 AONB Quays, slips, wharves, pontoon, ferry Fal audit estuary Malpas Tidal Cottage 1 LBs (ferry house, Ferry, ferryhouse, quay, slip Fal audit Point estuary cottage), AONB Tolvern Tidal Cottage 2 AONB WW2 hard, jetty, store Fal audit estuary King Harry Tidal none 1 AONB Slip, road, ferry Fal audit Ferry (E) estuary survives Turnaware Tidal None 1 AONB WW2 hard, quay, road NT survey estuary survives St Just in Tidal Churchtow 2 AONB Sea walls, slips, stores, road Fal audit Roseland estuary n Tidal Town 2 Conservation Area, LBs Quay, pier, sea walls, slips, stores, watch house Fal audit; sea wall estuary (quay, cottages), AONB assessment Tidal Hamlet 1 AONB Slip, sea walls, stores, boatyard Fal audit estuary St Anthony Tidal Churchtow 2 AONB Quay, slips, mooring posts, roads, cellar Fal audit, Roseland in Roseland estuary n audit Porthbeor Beach None 1 AONB Road Roseland audit head survives

43 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Towan Beach None 1 AONB Road Roseland audit head survives Portscatho Rocky Village 2 Conservation Area, LBs Pier, steps, sea walls, stores, cellars, slips, Roseland audit cove (quays, cottages, etc), coastguard station AONB Porthcurnic Beach None 1 AONB Roads Roseland audit k head survives Porthbean Beach None 1 AONB Road Roseland audit head survives Pendower Beach None 1 AONB Road, WW2 defences Roseland audit head survives Carne Beach None 1 AONB Road, WW2 defences Roseland audit Beach head survives Tregagle's Rocky None 1 AONB Track, ruined cottage Roseland audit Holes cove survives Kiberick Beach None 1 AONB Road Roseland audit Cove head survives Portloe Rocky Village 3 Conservation Area, LBs Sea walls, slips, stores, roads, lifeboat station, Roseland audit cove (cottages), AONB coastguard station, boat houses, lime kiln, flag staff Percolan Rocky None 1 AONB Track Roseland audit cove survives Great Rocky None 1 AONB Track Roseland audit Perlea cove survives Catchole Rocky None 1 AONB Track Roseland audit cove survives West Beach Hamlet 2 LB (lime kiln), AONB Sea wall, cellars, lime kiln, WW2 defences Roseland audit, head buildings survey;

44 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Caerhays survey East Beach Village 2 AONB Sea wall, stores, lime kiln, WW2 defences Roseland audit, Portholland head buildings survey; Caerhays survey Porthluney Beach Country 1 LBs (lodges), Reg Park & Sea wall, WW2 defences, Roseland audit, head house Gdn; AONB buildings survey; Caerhays survey Hemmick Beach Cottage 1 LB (cottage), AONB Road, store Roseland audit, NT head survey Beach None 1 AONB Road Roseland audit, NT head survives survey Gorran Beach Village 3 Conservation Area, LBs Pier, quay, sea walls, lime kiln, cellars, roads, Roseland audit Haven head (quay, cellars, cottages, coastguard station, WW2 defences etc), AONB Colona Beach None 1 AONB Road Roseland audit Beach head survives Beach Swollen 2 LBs (cottages, inn), Sea wall, slip, stores head hamlet AONB Mevagissey Rocky Village 4 Conservation Area, LBs Piers, breakwater, quays, wharves, stores, cellars, Slipway survey cove (quays, piers, cellars, boat houses, lifeboat house, slips, mooring posts, stores, cottages, etc), rope walk, coastguard station, light house, watch AONB house, battery Polstreath Beach None 1 AONB Road head survives Pentewan Tidal Village 3 Conservation Area, LBs Breakwater, pier, quays, basin, watch house, CISI, CAA estuary (harbour quays), AONB reservoirs (sluicing), canal, mooring posts, Hallane Beach Cottage 1 AONB Road, mill, store

45 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form head Ropehaven Rocky Cottage 2 AONB Pier, quay, wharves, stores, cottage, sea walls, cove track, slip Porthpean Beach Hamlet 2 Sea walls, slip, cellars, road head Beach Resort 1 Road, slip head Charlestow Beach Village 3 WHS, Conservation Piers, quays, basins, sea walls, capstan, slips, Town survey n head Area, LBs (quays, basins, coastguard station, stores, boat houses, sluicing weighbridge, boat house, reservoir, custom house cottages, etc) Crinnis Beach Resort 2 Sea defences, road, WW2 defences ( head Bay) Shorthorn Beach None 1 Sea defences, road, WW2 defences Beach head survives Par Docks Beach Village 4 Piers, quays, harbour, sluicing ponds, wharves, clay head dries, yards, offices, slips, stores Par Beach Beach Village 1 AONB Roads head Beach Village 3 Conservation Area, LBs Pier, sea walls, lime kiln, cellars, slip, roads, head (pier, lime kiln, cellars, bollards inn, etc), AONB Polridmouth Beach Cottage 2 Reg Park & Gdn, AONB Roads, sea walls, boat house, ornamental grounds NT survey; Fowey head audit Coombe Beach None 1 AONB Track, platforms NT survey; Fowey head survives audit

46 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Readymone Beach Hamlet 1 Conservation Area, SM Sea walls, stores, road, Henrician castle NT survey; Fowey y head (St Catherine's Castle), audit AONB Whitehouse Tidal Town 2 Conservation Area, Lighthouse, quay, ferry, slip Fowey audit Point estuary AONB Fowey Tidal Town 3 Conservation Area, LBs Quay, wharves, warehouses, cellars, stores, slips, Fowey audit estuary (stores, cottages, etc), steps, mooring posts, custom house, jetties AONB Caffamill Tidal Town 2 Conservation Area, Sea walls, stores, slips, ferry, rail station Fowey audit estuary AONB Fowey china Tidal Edge of 4 AONB Sea walls, stores, jetties, conveyors, cranes, rail Fowey audit clay port estuary town sidings Pill Tidal Cottage 1 AONB Quays, road, railway Fowey audit estuary Tidal Village 2 AONB Sea walls, slips, stores, boat houses Fowey audit estuary Lostwithiel Tidal Town 3 Conservation Area, LBs Quays, sea walls, bridge, stores, rail sidings, lime Fowey audit; town estuary (bridge, cottages, etc) kilns, mooring posts survey St Winnow Tidal Churchtow 1 LB (quay), AONB Quay, boat yard, sea walls, WW2 defences Fowey audit estuary n Ethy Rock Tidal None 1 AONB Quay, boat house, dock Fowey audit, NT estuary survives survey Tidal Village 3 Conservation Area, SM Bridge, quays, bollards, stepping stones, lime kiln, Fowey audit estuary (bridge), LBs (lime kilns, stores, boat houses bridge, store, cottages, etc), AONB Cliff Pill Tidal Cottage 1 AONB Quay, lime kiln, road Fowey audit

47 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form estuary Penpol Tidal Hamlet 1 LB (limekiln), AONB Quays, roads, lime kilns Fowey audit estuary Tidal Hamlet 2 LBs (cottages), AONB Quays, slips, roads, stores, pontoons Fowey audit estuary Tidal Village 2 Conservation Area, Quay, sea walls, ferry, stores, boatyard Fowey audit estuary AONB Tidal Hamlet 2 LBs (quay, lime kiln, Piers, quay, bridge, lime kiln, ware house, boat Fowey audit, NT estuary warehouse, boat house), house, sea walls, stores survey AONB Tidal Village 3 Conservation Area, SM Piers, quays, wharves, sea walls, slips, steps, Fowey audit estuary (blockhouse), LBs mooring posts, ferry, cranes, watch house, ship (Blockhouse, cottages, yard, boat yard, sardine factory, jetty etc), AONB Lantic Bay Beach None 1 AONB Track, building platform NT survey head survives Palace Cove Beach None 2 AONB Ruined pier, quay, cellars, tanks, building platforms, NT survey head survives steps, track Beach None 1 AONB Track, Sanding way, building platform, road NT survey head survives Polperro Rocky Village 3 Conservation Area, LBs Piers, quays, cellars, warehouses, sea walls, slips, Sewage treatment cove (piers, quays, cellars, land mark, site of chapel, coastguard station, watch scheme assessment cottages, etc), AONB house Bay Beach Cottage 1 AONB Road, lime kiln, building platforms, WW2 defences head Old Mills Beach None 1 AONB Road Cove head survives

48 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Lamanna Rocky Resort 1 Quay, track cove Looe Island Rocky Cottage 1 Track, slip E cove Looe Island Beach Cottage 1 Track, slip N head West Looe Tidal Town 2 Conservation Area, LBs Quay, sea walls, warehouses, stores, steps, slip, CISI estuary (quay walls, warehouse, site of chapel, bridge, roads cottages, etc) East Looe Tidal Town 4 Conservation Area, LBs Piers, quays, warehouses, cellars, slips, steps, CISI estuary (piers, quays, bridge, promenade, fish stores, fish processing sheds, cottages, etc) cranes, bridge, rail sidings, light, lifeboat house, cellars, boat houses Beach Resort 1 Sea walls, slips, tidal swimming pool head Seaton Beach Resort 1 Road, sea wall head Beach Village 1 Track, coastguard station head Portwrinkle Beach Swollen 2 Conservation Area, LBs Piers, quay, lifeboat house, coastguard station, slip head hamlet (harbour, cottages) Finnygook Beach Resort 1 Road head Long Sands Beach none 1 Road head survives Whitesand Beach Resort 1 Zigzag track Bay head

49 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Polhawn Rocky Hamlet 1 LB (fort), AONB Zigzag tracks, coastguard station, Palmerstonian cove fort Penlee Point Rocky none 1 LB (grotto), Reg Park & Zigzag track, grotto cove survives Gdn, AONB Pier Cellars Rocky Cottage 2 AONB Harbour, cellars, sea walls, track, slip cove Cawsand Beach Village 2 Conservation Area, LBs Sea wall, slips, cellars, lime kiln, road, Sewage treatment head (cottages, etc), AONB Palmerstonian fort scheme assessment Beach Village 2 Conservation Area, LBs Sea walls, pier, slips, stores, cellars Sewage treatment head (sea wall, cottages, etc), scheme assessment AONB Picklecombe Rocky Fort 2 LB (fort), AONB Quay, slip, landing stage, jetty, Palmerstonian fort, Plymouth defences cove roads, breakwater survey Tidal Village 3 Conservation Area, LBs Piers, quays, harbour, boat yards, ferry, ferry office, estuary (quays, ferry office, warehouse, slips cottages, etc) Empacombe Tidal Hamlet 2 LBs (quays, cottages, etc) Piers, quay, sea wall, mooring posts, roads, estuary designed landscape features Wear Tidal Cottages 1 Sea walls, quay, landing stage Cottages estuary Millbrook Tidal Town 2 Sea walls, landing stages, slips, lime kiln, quays, mill estuary pond Foss Tidal Hamlet 1 Pier, quay, sea wall, stores, quarry estuary Southdown Tidal Hamlet 3 LBs (quay, cooperage) Quays, sea walls, former brickworks, slips, jetties estuary Carbeile Tidal Edge of 1 LB (tide mill) Tide mill, landing place, boat house, boat yard,

50 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form estuary town hulks Torpoint Tidal Town 2 SM (ballast pond). LBs Quays, jetties, ballast pond, chain ferry, ferry CSUS estuary (ballast pond, manure offices, slips, steps, factory) Antony Tidal Country 1 Reg Park & Gdn, AONB Quay, ferry, boat houses, jetties, stores estuary House Polbathic Tidal Village 2 LB (lime kiln, fish cellar), Quays, slips, fish cellar, lime kiln estuary AONB St Germans Tidal Town 2 Conservation Area, LBs Quays, slips, sea walls, boat houses, lime kilns, estuary (lime kiln, boat house), ferry hards, viaducts, boat yards, roads AONB Antony Tidal Hamlet 2 Conservation Area, LB Quays, ferry, ferry house, piers, slips, quarries, Passage estuary (ferry house), AONB stores Forder Tidal Cottages 2 Conservation Area, LBs Quays, sea walls, tide mill, mill pond, roads, estuary (tide mill, Mill pond walls, viaduct, landing stage mill house), AONB Wearde Tidal Hamlet 2 SM (Civil War battery), Piers, quays, landing stages, slips, stores, Civil War Quay estuary LB (lime kiln), AONB battery Saltash Tidal Town 2 SM (D-Day landing craft Pier, quay, sea wall, landing stage, boat houses, CSUS estuary maintenance area), wharf, pontoon, warehouses Conservation Area Tidal Village 2 Conservation Area, Quays, slips, mooring posts estuary AONB Halton Tidal Hamlet 2 LB (lime kiln), AONB Quays, lime kiln, roads, estuary Tidal none 2 WHS, SM (lime kiln, quay Quay, slip, lime kiln NT survey estuary survives etc), LB (lime kiln),

51 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form AONB Cotehele Tidal Hamlet 3 WHS, LBs (quays, lime Quays, slips, ferry, lime kilns, warehouses, boat NT survey Quay estuary kilns, stores, cottages, houses, barge, crane etc), AONB Calstock Tidal Town 2 WHS, Conservation Quays, slips, wharves, stores, ferry, viaduct, roads, CISI estuary Area, LBs (lime kiln, sidings cottages, etc), AONB Rat Island, Beach Town 3 Conservation Area, LB Piers, quay, jetties, warehouse, mooring posts, CSUS, Scilly audit St Mary's head (quay and breakwater), steps AONB Old Town, Beach Village 2 SM (quays, WW2 Quays, sea walls, slips, WW2 defences, trough Scilly audit St Mary's head pillboxes), Conservation Area, LB (fish salting trough), AONB Porth Beach None 1 SMs (WW2 pillboxes, Track, jetty Scilly audit Hellick, St head survives breastworks), Mary's Conservation Area, AONB Porth Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Wreck, St head survives AONB Mary's South Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit , St head survives AONB Mary's New Quay, Rocky None 1 SM (breastwork), Track, cleared passage through boulders, Scilly audit St Mary's cove survives Conservation Area, breastwork AONB

52 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Watermill Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Cove, St head survives AONB Mary's Bar Point, St Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Mary's head survives AONB Little Porth, Rocky None 1 SM (breastwork), Track, cleared passage through boulders, Scilly audit St Mary's cove survives Conservation Area, breastwork AONB Halangy Beach None 1 SM (battery), Track, battery Scilly audit Porth, St head survives Conservation Area, Mary's AONB Porth Loo, Beach Village 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit St Mary's head AONB Newford Rocky None 1 Conservation Area, Quay Scilly audit Island, St island survives AONB Mary's Thomas Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Porth, St head survives AONB Mary's Porth Beach Hamlet 1 SM (smugglers' cache), Track, smugglers' cache, WW1 seaplane station Scilly audit Mellon, St head Conservation Area, Mary's AONB Town Beach Town 2 Conservation Area, LBs Sea wall, slips, lifeboat house, custom house, Scilly audit Beach, St head (Custom house, coastguard station, WW2 defences Mary's cottages, etc), AONB Porthconger Rocky Hamlet 1 Conservation Area, Quay, slip, coastguard station, road, landing stage Scilly audit , St Agnes cove AONB

53 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Porth Rocky None 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit Killier, St cove survives settlement and fields), Agnes Conservation Area, AONB Porth Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Coose, St head survives AONB Agnes Periglis, St Beach Hamlet 2 SMs (two quays), Quays, slips, track, lifeboat house, stores Scilly audit Agnes head Conservation Area, AONB Berge Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Cooth, St head survives AONB Agnes Porth Askn, Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit St Agnes head survives AONB Beady Pool, Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit St Agnes head survives AONB Cove Vean, Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track, boat house Scilly audit St Agnes head survives AONB The Bar, St Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Agnes head survives AONB Dropnose Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Porth, head survives AONB West Porth, Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric fields, Track Scilly audit Samson head survives settlements, cairns etc), Conservation Area, AONB

54 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form East Porth, Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric fields, Track Scilly audit Samson head survives settlements, cairns etc), Conservation Area, AONB The Town, Beach Churchtow 1 Conservation Area, Quay, road, stores Scilly audit head n AONB The Bar, Beach Hamlet 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit Bryher head boundary, cairns etc), Conservation Area, AONB Kitchen Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Porth, head survives AONB Bryher Great Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Popplestone head survives AONB s, Bryher Stinking Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Porth, head survives AONB Bryher Great Beach Hamlet 1 SM (quay, prehistoric Track, quay, boat houses Scilly audit Porth, head field system etc), Bryher Conservation Area, AONB Rushy Bay, Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Bryher head survives AONB Green Bay, Beach Hamlet 1 SM (prehistoric fields, Track Scilly audit Bryher head Civil War battery),

55 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Conservation Area, AONB New Beach Village 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Grimsby, head AONB Tresco Appletree Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit Bay, Tresco head survives settlement and fields), Conservation Area, AONB Bathinghous Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit e Porth, head survives settlement and fields), Tresco Conservation Area, AONB Crab's Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit Ledge, head survives settlement and fields), Tresco Conservation Area, AONB Pentle Bay, Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit Tresco head survives settlement and fields), Conservation Area, AONB Borough Beach None 1 SM (Battery), Track Scilly audit Beach, head survives Conservation Area, Tresco AONB Old Beach None 2 SM (Battery), Quay, coastguard station, rocket house, track Scilly audit Grimsby, head survives Conservation Area, Tresco AONB

56 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Gimble Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Porth, head survives AONB Tresco St Helen's Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric Track, pest house Scilly audit head survives settlement and fields, post-med quarantine station), Conservation Area, AONB West Porth, Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit Tean head survives settlement and fields), Conservation Area, AONB St Helen's Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit Porth, Tean head survives settlement and fields), Conservation Area, AONB Back Porth, Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit Tean head survives settlement and fields), Conservation Area, AONB East Porth, Beach None 1 SM (post-med quay, kelp Track, quay, kelp pits Scilly audit Tean head survives pits, prehistoric settlement and fields), Conservation Area, AONB The Porth, Beach Village 1 Conservation Area, Track, quay, boat houses Scilly audit St Martin's head AONB

57 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form Porth Seal, Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit St Martin's head survives AONB Butter Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit Porth, St head survives AONB Martin's The Cove, Beach None 1 Conservation Area, Track Scilly audit St Martin's head survives AONB Little Bay, St Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit Martin's head survives settlement and fields), Conservation Area, AONB Great Bay, Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit St Martin's head survives settlement and fields), Conservation Area, AONB Bull's Porth, Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit St Martin's head survives settlement and fields), Conservation Area, AONB Stony Porth, Rocky None 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit St Martin's cove survives settlement and fields), Conservation Area, AONB Perpitch, St Beach None 1 SM (prehistoric Track Scilly audit Martin's head survives settlement and fields), Conservation Area, AONB

58 Name Topograp Settlement Scale Designations Key components Previous study hy form New Quay, Beach Village 1 Conservation Area, Quay Scilly audit St Martin's head AONB Old Quay, Rocky Village 1 Conservation Area, Quay Scilly audit St Martin's cove AONB Neck of the Beach None 1 Conservation Area,, Track Scilly audit Pool, St head survives AONB Martin's

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