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Propagating Crops from Seed, and Greenhouse Management

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Propagating Crops from Seed, and Greenhouse Management 1.3 Propagating Crops from Seed, and Greenhouse Management Introduction 97 Lecture 1: Seed Biology, Germination, and Development: 99 Environmental Conditions and Cultural Requirements Lecture 2: Managing Environmental Conditions— 105 Using Greenhouses to Optimize Seedling Production Lecture 3: Heating, Cooling, Lighting, Irrigation, and 113 Climate Control Systems Lecture 4: Soil Media, Fertility, and Container Formats 119 Demonstration 1: Greenhouse Management Instructor’s Demonstration Outline 127 Demonstration 2: Propagation Media Instructor’s Demonstration Outline 128 Demonstration 3: Sowing Seed Instructor’s Demonstration Outline 129 Demonstration 4: Transplanting or “Pricking Out” Instructor’s Demonstration Outline 130 Demonstration 5: Greenhouse Irrigation Instructor’s Demonstration Outline 132 Demonstration 6: Seedling Development and the “Hardening Off” Process Instructor’s Demonstration Outline 133 Assessment Questions and Key 135 Resources 139 Supplements: 1. Examples of Daily Cool- and Warm-Season Greenhouse 145 Management in a Passive Solar Greenhouse 2. Conserving Water and Protecting Water 148 Quality 3. Low-Cost and Sustainable Alternatives to 149 Traditional Greenhouse Propagation Glossary 151 Appendices 1. Characteristics of Open-Pollinated (OP) and 153 Hybrid Seed 2. Seed Viability Chart 154 3. Soil Temperature Conditions for Vegetable 155 Seed Germination 4. Days Required for Seedling Emergence at 156 Various Soil Temperatures from Seed Planted 1/2-inch Deep 5. Approximate Monthly Temperatures for 157 Best Growth and Quality of Vegetable Crops 6. Examples of Propagation Containers 158 7. Propagation Media—Ingredients and Properties 159 Imparted 8. Sample Soil Mix Recipes 160 9. “Pricking Out” Technique, Depth of Planting 161 10. Flat-Grown and Cell-Grown Seedlings 162 11. Propagation and Crop Performance Records Sheet 163 12. Greenhouse Records Sheet 164 Part 1 – 96 | Unit 1.3 Propagation/Greenhouse Management Introduction: Propagation/Greenhouse Management UNIT OVERVIEW MODES OF INSTRUCTION Getting plants off to a healthy > LECTURES (4 LECTURES, 1.5 HOURS EACH) start is critical to successful crop Lecture 1 covers seed biology, and the cultural require- production. This unit introduces ments for germination and healthy seedling development. Lecture 2 examines the rationale and associated costs and students to the basic skills, concepts, benefits of solar and conventional greenhouse structures, and equipment associated with and the prevention/management of common greenhouse the sexual propagation of crop pest and pathogens. plants, and the use of greenhouses Lecture 3 takes a closer look at greenhouse technology: heating, cooling, lighting, and irrigation systems. to promote healthy seedling Lecture 4 addresses desirable characteristics of propaga- production. Lectures, exercises, tion media, common container formats, and supplemental and supporting material emphasize fertility. the roles of temperature, moisture, > DEMONSTRATION 1: GREENHOUSE MANAGEMENT air circulation, and fertility in (1–1.5 HOURS) germination, seedling development, The greenhouse demonstration illustrates the way that air temperature, soil moisture, and air circulation are man- and pest and disease control. aged to create optimal environmental conditions for seed germination and seedling growth. Students will also be Four lectures examine cultural require- introduced to the steps used to prepare seedlings for field ments of seeds and seedlings, as well as the transplanting. technology, costs, advantages, and disad- vantages of various greenhouse structures, > DEMONSTRATIONS 2–6: PROPAGATION MEDIA, SEED and options for propagation media and SOWING, TRANSPLANTING, IRRIGATION, AND SEEDLING container formats. A series of demonstra- DEVELOPMENT (1–1.5 HOURS EACH) tions then introduces the skills involved in The propagation demonstrations illustrate the techniques sowing seeds and the cultural practices used used to produce propagation media, sow seeds, transplant to manage passive solar greenhouses to pro- seedlings, and manage irrigation and seedling development. mote successful development of organically > ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (0.5–1 HOUR) grown seedlings. Supplements address ex- amples of daily greenhouse practices, along Assessment questions reinforce key unit concepts and skills. with ways to conserve water, protect water > POWERPOINT, VIDEOS quality, and lower expenses associated with See casfs.ucsc.edu/about/publications and click on Teaching greenhouse propagation. Organic Farming & Gardening. Unit 1.3 | Part 1 – 97 Introduction Propagation/Greenhouse Management LEARNING OBJECTIVES CONCEPTS SKILLS • Definition of sexual propagation • How to create propagation media • Propagation media: Components, properties and • How to sow seeds into flats and cell trays ratios of materials used • How to manage a greenhouse/cold frame: • Containers: Advantages and disadvantages of Maintaining optimal environmental commonly used formats conditions for germination and early stages of • Accurate documentation of propagation for seedling growth trouble shooting • How to transplant/“prick out” seedlings • Germination requirements of various crops: • How to manage seedlings in preparation for Seed physiology, seed treatments, temperature field transplanting ranges, light, air circulation, and moisture conditions • How to identify appropriate life stage for transplanting to field/garden • Physiological process of seed germination and seedling development, and its relationship to • When and how to deliver supplemental environmental conditions fertilization • Optimal conditions for early stages of plant • How to manage pests and pathogens: growth up to transplanting stage, including the Monitoring, identification resources, and hardening off process and movement of plants active management through facilities • The role, timing, and tools used in supplemental fertilization • Preventive and active pest and pathogen management Part 1 – 98 | Unit 1.3 Propagation/Greenhouse Management Introduction Lecture 1: Seed Biology, Germination, & Development—Environmental Conditions & Cultural Requirements Pre-Assessment Questions 1. What are the advantages of propagating annual vegetables in a greenhouse or similar climate control structure compared to direct seeding crops? 2. What conditions must be met for a seed to successfully germinate and grow into a viable seedling? 3. What are the key environmental conditions that facilitate germination and influence seedling development of annual vegetables? 4. What are the characteristics of seedlings when ready for transplanting to the field or garden? What actions may growers take to prepare seedlings for transplanting into the garden or field? 5. What is the most effective way to manage/prevent the development of pest and diseases in a propagation facility? Where would you seek information to identify pests or pathogens and to find Organic Materials Review Institute- (OMRI-)/National Organic Program-certified active control options if pest and or diseases should affect your seedlings? A. Sexual Propagation 1. Definition: The intentional reproduction of a new generation of plants by the germination and growth of seeds that were created in the previous generation through the fertilization of a plant ovary via the union of male and female sex cells. Results in a genetically unique plant generation. For comparison, asexual propagation is the reproduction of plants by means of division, cuttings, tissue culture, etc. This process occurs in nature, but is a primary method for reproducing many ornamental cultivars and the vast majority of fruits, berries, and nuts. Clonal or asexual propagation results in a new generation of plants genetically identical to the parent or source plant, thus carrying forward all desirable/known characteristics in a predictable manner. 2. Types of plants grown from seed a) Annuals: Plants that germinate, grow vegetatively, flower, and produce seeds, thus completing their entire life cycle within a single year. Sexual propagation (propagation using seeds) is the only practical means of propagation for annuals. b) Biennials: Plants that complete their entire life cycle within two years. Growth is primarily vegetative in year one. In year two, growth is directed primarily toward reproduction in response to vernalization: The process wherein plants are exposed to decreasing day length and temperature followed by increasing day length and temperature. This process occurs in temperate climates when plants go from one growing season, through Winter and into the following Spring. Sexual propagation is the only practical means of reproducing biennial crops. Unit 1.3 | Part 1 – 99 Lecture 1: Seed Biology, Germination, & Development Propagation/Greenhouse Management c) Perennials: Plants that live more than two years. Once beyond their juvenile life phase, perennials grow vegetatively, flower, and produce seeds every year. The life span of perennials depends on the genetics of the species and the environmental conditions in which the plants are growing. By definition, perennials can live three to thousands of years, but lifespan within a particular species tends to vary. Perennials can be grown from seed, although many are reproduced asexually/vegetatively to hasten maturity, maintain genetic uniformity, and therefore retain desired morphological characteristics. 3. Open pollinated (OP) and hybrid seed (see also Appendix 1, Characteristics of Open- Pollinated (OP) and Hybrid Seed) a) Open-pollinated seed:
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