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E XP O SIÇÃ O / E XHIBITI O N 19.05.2015–30.05.2016 19.05.2015–30.05.2016 O CABO SUBMARINO NUM MAR DE CONETIVI DADES F THE SUBMARINE UNDAÇÃ CABLE IN A SEA O OF CONNECTIVITY PO RTUGUESA DAS DAS RTUGUESA Co MUNICAÇÕES O CABO SUBMARINO NUM MAR DE CONETIVI DADES THE SUBMARINE CABLE IN A SEA OF CONNECTIVITY EXPOSIÇÃO/EXHIBITION 19.05.2015–30.05.2016 FUNDAÇÃO PORTUGUESA DAS CoMUNICAÇÕES Índice/Contents 7 Depoimentos/Testemonies 17 Introdução/Introduction 19 O fundo marinho, a plataforma natural dos cabos submarinos The seabed, the natural platform for submarine cables 21 O cabo submarino na comunicação telegráfica The submarine cable in telegraphic communication 28 O cabo submarino coaxial na comunicação telefónica The coaxial submarine cable in telephone communication 31 O cabo submarino ótico na comunicação multimédia The optical submarine cable in multimedia communication 35 Tecnologia, técnicas e configurações dos atuais sistemas Technology, techniques and configurations of current optical submarine systems 37 A Comemoração do 150º Aniversário da União Internacional de Telecomunicações (UIT) Commemoration of the 150th Anniversary of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 43 Anexos/Appendices 49 Bibliografia/Bibliography 53 Ficha técnica da exposição e catálogo Exhibition and catalogue datasheet Mapa da Cable & Wireless mostrando as ligações entre o Reino Unido e o seu vasto Império (1945). Cable &Wireless map showing the links between the United Kingdom and their vast Empire (1945). 6 DEPOIMENto/INTRoductioN AutoRidade NacioNAL DE COMUNicaÇÕES Ao longo dos seus 150 anos de existência a Over its 150 year history, the International União Internacional das Telecomunicações Telecommunication Union (ITU)1 , the world’s (UIT)1, a mais antiga organização intergo- oldest intergovernmental organisation, has vernamental, tem vindo a dar um contributo made an invaluable contribution to the rapid inestimável para o desenvolvimento acelerado development of worldwide telecommunications, das telecomunicações a nível global, contri- helping to shrink distances, bring peoples and buindo para diminuir distâncias, aproximar cultures together and facilitate widespread os povos e culturas e facilitar o acesso à access to information, including among the informação também entre as populações mais world’s most disadvantaged populations. desfavorecidas. Given that Portugal has been a signatory Sendo Portugal signatário da UIT desde a to the ITU since its establishment at the sua constituição, na primeira conferência first conference in Paris in 1865, Autoridade em Paris, em 1865, a Autoridade Nacional de Nacional de Comunicações (ANACOM)2 Comunicações (ANACOM)2 não podia deixar could not but take part in the celebrations de se juntar às comemorações dos 150 anos marking the ITU’s 150th anniversary. And da UIT. Para isso decidiu promover uma so it was that ANACOM decided to organise exposição centrada num tema no qual an exhibition focused on an area in which Portugal se destacou, a nível mundial, e Portugal has been a world leader, an area contribuiu para o desenvolvimento das tele- which has contributed to the development comunicações no panorama internacional: a of telecommunications at an international rede de cabos submarinos. De facto, a posição level: the submarine cable network. Indeed, geoestratégica de Portugal e a sua vocação given its geo-strategic location and its Atlantic atlântica, aliada a uma forte capacidade de outlook, combined with a strong capacity for inovação, permitiram que Portugal tivesse innovation, Portugal has been able to take tido um papel relevante no desenvolvimento a key role in the development of submarine de tecnologias e equipamentos relacionados cable technologies and equipment. com os cabos submarinos. “The Submarine Cable in a Sea of Connectivity” “O cabo submarino num mar de conetividades” has been organised by ANACOM as an é assim o tema da exposição organizada pela exhibition that will demonstrate the importance ANACOM com o intuito de dar a conhecer of the submarine cable in electromagnetic a importância dos cabos submarinos nas communications over the past 150 years. comunicações eletromagnéticas ao longo The exhibition has been granted the High dos últimos 150 anos. A exposição conta Patronage of His Excellency, the President com o Alto Patrocínio de Sua Excelência o of the Republic of Portugal and is coordinated Presidente da República tendo os trabalhos by Fundação Portuguesa das Comunicações (Portuguese Communications Foundation). (1) A União Internacional das Telecomunicações (UIT) teve a sua génese em 17 de maio de 1865, (1) The International Telecommunication Union quando em Paris foi assinada por 20 países, entre (ITU) was conceived on 17 May 1865, when the first os quais Portugal, a primeira Convenção Telegráfica International Telegraph Convention was signed in Paris by Internacional. A UIT (desde 1947 agência especializada 20 countries, including Portugal. The ITU (a specialized das Nações Unidas para as telecomunicações) é agency of the United Nations for telecommunications composta por 193 Estados Membros e mais de 700 since 1947) is made up of 193 Member States and over entidades com interesses no sector das telecomunica- 700 entities with interests in the telecommunications ções, incluindo operadores e fabricantes. O objetivo da sector, including operators and manufacturers. The ITU’s UIT é assegurar a cooperação internacional nas áreas objective is to provide international cooperation in the de regulação, normalização e desenvolvimento das areas of regulation, standardization and development of telecomunicações, incluindo a gestão do espectro e as telecommunications, including spectrum management órbitas de satélites. and satellite orbits. (2) A ANACOM assume a função de administração (2) ANACOM assumes the function of the Portuguese portuguesa junto da UIT, assegurando a regular repre- administration at the ITU, providing ongoing represen- sentação de Portugal na organização, sem prejuízo das tation of Portugal at the Union, notwithstanding the competências do Governo. authority of the Government. 7 de coordenação ficado a cargo da Fundação Many of us are unaware that the submarine Portuguesa das Comunicações. cable is the single medium of communication that supports almost all international traffic, Muitos desconhecem que o cabo submarino and therefore unaware how instrumental the é o meio de comunicação que suporta a submarine cable is to the development and quase totalidade do tráfego internacional sustainability of today’s information society. permitindo por isso o desenvolvimento e a It also provides an excellent platform for the sustentabilidade da sociedade de informação. introduction of cutting edge technologies Este meio de comunicação é também uma which are then gradually adopted into other plataforma por excelência para a introdução networks, including Next Generation Access de tecnologias de ponta que gradualmente são Networks. adotadas noutras redes nomeadamente nas Redes de Acesso de Nova Geração. Over the last 150 years, the ITU’s work has contributed to the development and Ao longo dos seus 150 anos, as atribuições da improvement of open and non-discriminatory UIT têm contribuído para o desenvolvimento technical standards, keeping pace with tech- e aperfeiçoamento de normas técnicas abertas nological innovations in telecommunications, e não discriminatórias, acompanhando as and the challenges of the Internet age and inovações tecnológicas das telecomunicações, of the Information and Communication os desafios da era da Internet e do sector das Technology (ICT) sector. The ITU has made Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação and will continue to make an invaluable con- (TIC). A UIT teve e continuará a ter um tribution to the accomplishment of the more contributo inestimável para o “mundo ligado” inclusive “connected world” we live in today. e mais inclusivo em que hoje vivemos. Este é This is a goal that is shared by ANACOM in também um dos objetivos da ANACOM. its own work. Esta exposição pretende contribuir para a This exhibition aims to inform visitors about divulgação do papel desempenhado pelos cabos of the role of submarine cables in international submarinos nas comunicações internacionais communications and about their contribution e do seu contributo para o desenvolvimento to the development of the information society da sociedade da informação e da ligação entre and to connecting the world’s continents. continentes. ANACOM is grateful for the coordination A ANACOM agradece a coordenação da provided by FPC - Fundação Portuguesa das Fundação Portuguesa das Comunicações Comunicações (Portuguese Communications (FPC), ao comissariado, aos apoiantes institu- Foundation), the exhibition’s Commissary, cionais e a todos os que contribuíram para its institutional supporters and to everyone a realização da exposição. else who has contributed to the exhibition’s organisation and success. Fátima Barros Presidente do Conselho de Administração Fátima Barros da ANACOM Chair of ANACOM’s Board of Directors 8 DEPOIMENto/INTRoductioN FUNdaÇÃO PARA A CIÊNCIA E A TECNOLOGIA A Ciência é um empreendimento genuina- Science is a genuinely global endeavour, not mente global, tanto no seu impacto, como just in terms of its impact, but also in the way na forma como a investigação científica é scientific research is carried out – bringing realizada – reunindo cientistas em diferentes together scientists from different cities, diffe- cidades, diferentes países e até diferentes rent
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